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22,300 | Elo's system replaced earlier systems of competitive rewards with a system based on statistical estimation. Rating systems for many sports award points in accordance with subjective evaluations of the 'greatness' of certain achievements. For example, winning an important golf tournament might be worth an arbitrarily ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,301 | A statistical endeavor, by contrast, uses a model that relates the game results to underlying variables representing the ability of each player. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,302 | Elo's central assumption was that the chess performance of each player in each game is a normally distributed random variable. Although a player might perform significantly better or worse from one game to the next, Elo assumed that the mean value of the performances of any given player changes only slowly over time. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,303 | A further assumption is necessary because chess performance in the above sense is still not measurable. One cannot look at a sequence of moves and derive a number to represent that player's skill. Performance can only be inferred from wins, draws and losses. Therefore, if a player wins a game, they are assumed to have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,304 | Elo did not specify exactly how close two performances ought to be to result in a draw as opposed to a win or loss. Actually, there is a probability of a draw that is dependent on the performance differential, so this latter is more of a confidence interval than any deterministic frontier. And while he thought it was l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,305 | To simplify computation even further, Elo proposed a straightforward method of estimating the variables in his model (i.e., the true skill of each player). One could calculate relatively easily from tables how many games players would be expected to win based on comparisons of their ratings to those of their opponents.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,306 | From a modern perspective, Elo's simplifying assumptions are not necessary because computing power is inexpensive and widely available. Several people, most notably Mark Glickman, have proposed using more sophisticated statistical machinery to estimate the same variables. On the other hand, the computational simplicity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,307 | The USCF implemented Elo's suggestions in 1960, and the system quickly gained recognition as being both fairer and more accurate than the Harkness rating system. Elo's system was adopted by the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in 1970. Elo described his work in detail in "The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present", fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,308 | Subsequent statistical tests have suggested that chess performance is almost certainly not distributed as a normal distribution, as weaker players have greater winning chances than Elo's model predicts. In practice, there is little difference between the shape of the logistic and normal curve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,309 | So it does not matter whether the logistic or normal distribution is used to calculate the expected scores. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,310 | The development of the Percentage Expectancy Table (table 2.11) is described in more detail by Elo as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,311 | The normal and logistic distributions are, in a way, arbitrary points in a spectrum of distributions which would work well. In practice, both of these distributions work very well for a number of different games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,312 | The phrase "Elo rating" is often used to mean a player's chess rating as calculated by FIDE. However, this usage may be confusing or misleading because Elo's general ideas have been adopted by many organizations, including the USCF (before FIDE), many other national chess federations, the short-lived Professional Chess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,313 | Instead one may refer to the organization granting the rating. For example: "As of August 2002, Gregory Kaidanov had a FIDE rating of 2638 and a USCF rating of 2742." The Elo ratings of these various organizations are not always directly comparable, since Elo ratings measure the results within a closed pool of players ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,314 | For top players, the most important rating is their FIDE rating. FIDE has issued the following lists: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,315 | The following analysis of the July 2015 FIDE rating list gives a rough impression of what a given FIDE rating means in terms of world ranking: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,316 | The highest ever FIDE rating was 2882, which Magnus Carlsen had on the May 2014 list. A list of the highest-rated players ever is at Comparison of top chess players throughout history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,317 | Performance rating or special rating is a hypothetical rating that would result from the games of a single event only. Some chess organizations use the "algorithm of 400" to calculate performance rating. According to this algorithm, performance rating for an event is calculated in the following way: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,318 | FIDE, however, calculates performance rating by means of the formula: Opponents' Rating Average + Rating Difference. Rating Difference formula_6 is based on a player's tournament percentage score formula_7, which is then used as the key in a lookup table where formula_7 is simply the number of points scored divided by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,319 | FIDE updates its ratings list at the beginning of each month. In contrast, the unofficial "Live ratings" calculate the change in players' ratings after every game. These Live ratings are based on the previously published FIDE ratings, so a player's Live rating is intended to correspond to what the FIDE rating would be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,320 | Although Live ratings are unofficial, interest arose in Live ratings in August/September 2008 when five different players took the "Live" No. 1 ranking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,321 | The unofficial live ratings of players over 2700 were published and maintained by Hans Arild Runde at the Live Rating website until August 2011. Another website, 2700chess.com, has been maintained since May 2011 by Artiom Tsepotan, which covers the top 100 players as well as the top 50 female players. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,322 | Rating changes can be calculated manually by using the FIDE ratings change calculator. All top players have a K-factor of 10, which means that the maximum ratings change from a single game is a little less than 10 points. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,323 | The "K-factor", in the USCF rating system, can be estimated by dividing 800 by the effective number of games a player's rating is based on ("N") plus the number of games the player completed in a tournament (m). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,324 | The USCF maintains an absolute rating floor of 100 for all ratings. Thus, no member can have a rating below 100, no matter their performance at USCF-sanctioned events. However, players can have higher individual absolute rating floors, calculated using the following formula: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,325 | where formula_12 is the number of rated games won, formula_13 is the number of rated games drawn, and formula_14 is the number of events in which the player completed three or more rated games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,326 | Higher rating floors exist for experienced players who have achieved significant ratings. Such higher rating floors exist, starting at ratings of 1200 in 100-point increments up to 2100 (1200, 1300, 1400, ..., 2100). A rating floor is calculated by taking the player's peak established rating, subtracting 200 points, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,327 | There are two ways to achieve higher rating floors other than under the standard scheme presented above. If a player has achieved the rating of Original Life Master, their rating floor is set at 2200. The achievement of this title is unique in that no other recognized USCF title will result in a new floor. For players ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,328 | Pairwise comparisons form the basis of the Elo rating methodology. Elo made references to the papers of Good, David, Trawinski and David, and Buhlman and Huber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,329 | Performance is not measured absolutely; it is inferred from wins, losses, and draws against other players. Players' ratings depend on the ratings of their opponents and the results scored against them. The difference in rating between two players determines an estimate for the expected score between them. Both the aver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,330 | A player's "expected score" is their probability of winning plus half their probability of drawing. Thus, an expected score of 0.75 could represent a 75% chance of winning, 25% chance of losing, and 0% chance of drawing. On the other extreme it could represent a 50% chance of winning, 0% chance of losing, and 50% chanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,331 | If player A has a rating of formula_15 and player B a rating of formula_16, the exact formula (using the logistic curve with base 10) for the expected score of player A is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,332 | where formula_21 and formula_22 Note that in the latter case, the same denominator applies to both expressions, and it is plain that formula_23 This means that by studying only the numerators, we find out that the expected score for player A is formula_24 times greater than the expected score for player B. It then foll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,333 | When a player's actual tournament scores exceed their expected scores, the Elo system takes this as evidence that player's rating is too low, and needs to be adjusted upward. Similarly, when a player's actual tournament scores fall short of their expected scores, that player's rating is adjusted downward. Elo's origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,334 | Suppose player A (again with rating formula_27) was expected to score formula_28 points but actually scored formula_29 points. The formula for updating that player's rating is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,335 | This update can be performed after each game or each tournament, or after any suitable rating period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,336 | This updating procedure is at the core of the ratings used by FIDE, USCF, Yahoo! Games, the Internet Chess Club (ICC) and the Free Internet Chess Server (FICS). However, each organization has taken a different route to deal with the uncertainty inherent in the ratings, particularly the ratings of newcomers, and to deal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,337 | The principles used in these rating systems can be used for rating other competitions—for instance, international football matches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,338 | Elo ratings have also been applied to games without the possibility of draws, and to games in which the result can also have a quantity (small/big margin) in addition to the quality (win/loss). See Go rating with Elo for more. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,339 | The first mathematical concern addressed by the USCF was the use of the normal distribution. They found that this did not accurately represent the actual results achieved, particularly by the lower rated players. Instead they switched to a logistic distribution model, which the USCF found provided a better fit for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,340 | The second major concern is the correct "-factor" used. The chess statistician Jeff Sonas believes that the original formula_31 value (for players rated above 2400) is inaccurate in Elo's work. If the -factor coefficient is set too large, there will be too much sensitivity to just a few, recent events, in terms of a la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,341 | Elo's original -factor estimation was made without the benefit of huge databases and statistical evidence. Sonas indicates that a -factor of 24 (for players rated above 2400) may be more accurate both as a predictive tool of future performance, and also more sensitive to performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,342 | Certain Internet chess sites seem to avoid a three-level K-factor staggering based on rating range. For example, the ICC seems to adopt a global K=32 except when playing against provisionally rated players. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,343 | The USCF (which makes use of a logistic distribution as opposed to a normal distribution) formerly staggered the K-factor according to three main rating ranges: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,344 | Currently, the USCF uses a formula that calculates the -factor based on factors including the number of games played and the player's rating. The K-factor is also reduced for high rated players if the event has shorter time controls. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,345 | The gradation of the -factor reduces rating change at the top end of the rating range, reducing the possibility for rapid rise or fall of rating for those with a rating high enough to reach a low -factor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,346 | In theory, this might apply equally to online chess players and over-the-board players, since it is more difficult for all players to raise their rating after their rating has become high and their -factor consequently reduced. However, when playing online, 2800+ players can more easily raise their rating by simply sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,347 | The above expressions can be now formally derived by exploiting the link between the Elo rating and the stochastic gradient update in the logistic regression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,348 | If we assume that the game results are binary, that is, only a win or a loss can be observed, the problem can be addressed via logistic regression, where the games results are dependent variables, the players' ratings are independent variables, and the model relating both is probabilistic: the probability of the player... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,349 | denotes the difference of the players' ratings, and we use a scaling factor formula_35, and, by law of total probability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,350 | where formula_46 is the new adaptation step which absorbs formula_47 and formula_48, formula_49 if formula_50 wins and formula_51 if formula_52 wins, and the expected score is given by formula_53. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,351 | Since the very beginning, the Elo rating has been also used in chess where we observe wins, losses or draws and, to deal with the latter a fractional score value, formula_56, is introduced. We note, however, that the scores formula_57 and formula_58 are merely indicators to the events when the player formula_32 wins or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,352 | To address these difficulties, and to derive the Elo rating in the ternary games, we will define the explicit probabilistic model of the outcomes. Next, we will minimize the log loss via stochastic gradient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,353 | Since the loss, the draw, and the win are ordinal variables, we should adopt the model which takes their ordinal nature into account, and we use the so-called adjacent categories model which may be traced to the Davidson's work | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,354 | and formula_66 is a parameter. Introduction of a free parameter should not be surprising as we have three possible outcomes and thus, an additional degree of freedom should appear in the model. In particular, with formula_67 we recover the model underlying the logistic regression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,355 | where formula_57 iff formula_32 wins, formula_74 iff formula_75 wins, and formula_76 iff formula_32 draws. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,356 | Then, the stochastic gradient descent applied to minimize the log loss yields the following update for the rating formula_60 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,357 | where formula_87 and formula_88. Of course, formula_89 if formula_90 wins, formula_91 if formula_90 draws, and formula_93 if formula_90 loses. To recognize the origin in the model proposed by Davidson, this update is called a Elo-Davidson rating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,358 | where formula_100 and we obtained practically the same equation as in the Elo rating except that the expected score is given by formula_101 instead of formula_102. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,359 | Of course, as noted above, for formula_67, we have formula_104 and thus, the Elo-Davidson rating is exactly the same as the Elo rating. However, this is of no help to understand the case when the draws are observed (we cannot use formula_105 which would mean that the probability of draw is null). On the other hand, if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,360 | In some cases the rating system can discourage game activity for players who wish to protect their rating. In order to discourage players from sitting on a high rating, a 2012 proposal by British Grandmaster John Nunn for choosing qualifiers to the chess world championship included an activity bonus, to be combined wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,361 | Beyond the chess world, concerns over players avoiding competitive play to protect their ratings caused Wizards of the Coast to abandon the Elo system for "" tournaments in favour of a system of their own devising called "Planeswalker Points". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,362 | A more subtle issue is related to pairing. When players can choose their own opponents, they can choose opponents with minimal risk of losing, and maximum reward for winning. Particular examples of players rated 2800+ choosing opponents with minimal risk and maximum possibility of rating gain include: choosing opponent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,363 | Therefore, Elo ratings online still provide a useful mechanism for providing a rating based on the opponent's rating. Its overall credibility, however, needs to be seen in the context of at least the above two major issues described—engine abuse, and selective pairing of opponents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,364 | The ICC has also recently introduced "auto-pairing" ratings which are based on random pairings, but with each win in a row ensuring a statistically much harder opponent who has also won x games in a row. With potentially hundreds of players involved, this creates some of the challenges of a major large Swiss event whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,365 | The term "inflation", applied to ratings, is meant to suggest that the level of playing strength demonstrated by the rated player is decreasing over time; conversely, "deflation" suggests that the level is advancing. For example, if there is inflation, a modern rating of 2500 means less than a historical rating of 2500... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,366 | Analyzing FIDE rating lists over time, Jeff Sonas suggests that inflation may have taken place since about 1985. Sonas looks at the highest-rated players, rather than all rated players, and acknowledges that the changes in the distribution of ratings could have been caused by an increase of the standard of play at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,367 | The number of people with ratings over 2700 has increased. Around 1979 there was only one active player (Anatoly Karpov) with a rating this high. In 1992 Viswanathan Anand was only the 8th player in chess history to reach the 2700 mark at that point of time. This increased to 15 players by 1994. 33 players had a 2700+ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,368 | One possible cause for this inflation was the rating floor, which for a long time was at 2200, and if a player dropped below this they were struck from the rating list. As a consequence, players at a skill level just below the floor would only be on the rating list if they were overrated, and this would cause them to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,369 | Using a strong chess engine to evaluate moves played in games between rated players, Regan and Haworth analyze sets of games from FIDE-rated tournaments, and draw the conclusion that there had been little or no inflation from 1976 to 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,370 | In a pure Elo system, each game ends in an equal transaction of rating points. If the winner gains N rating points, the loser will drop by N rating points. This prevents points from entering or leaving the system when games are played and rated. However, players tend to enter the system as novices with a low rating and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,371 | In 1995, the USCF acknowledged that several young scholastic players were improving faster than the rating system was able to track. As a result, established players with stable ratings started to lose rating points to the young and underrated players. Several of the older established players were frustrated over what ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,372 | Because of the significant difference in timing of when inflation and deflation occur, and in order to combat deflation, most implementations of Elo ratings have a mechanism for injecting points into the system in order to maintain relative ratings over time. FIDE has two inflationary mechanisms. First, performances be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,373 | The current system in the United States includes a bonus point scheme which feeds rating points into the system in order to track improving players, and different K-values for different players. Some methods, used in Norway for example, differentiate between juniors and seniors, and use a larger K-factor for the young ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,374 | Rating floors in the United States work by guaranteeing that a player will never drop below a certain limit. This also combats deflation, but the chairman of the USCF Ratings Committee has been critical of this method because it does not feed the extra points to the improving players. A possible motive for these rating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,375 | Human–computer chess matches between 1997 (Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov) and 2006 demonstrated that chess computers are capable of defeating even the strongest human players. However, chess engine ratings are difficult to quantify, due to variable factors such as the time control and the hardware the program runs on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,376 | The Elo rating system is used in the chess portion of chess boxing. In order to be eligible for professional chess boxing, one must have an Elo rating of at least 1600, as well as competing in 50 or more matches of amateur boxing or martial arts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,377 | American college football used the Elo method as a portion of its Bowl Championship Series rating systems from 1998 to 2013 after which the BCS was replaced by the College Football Playoff. Jeff Sagarin of "USA Today" publishes team rankings for most American sports, which includes Elo system ratings for college footba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,378 | In other sports, individuals maintain rankings based on the Elo algorithm. These are usually unofficial, not endorsed by the sport's governing body. The World Football Elo Ratings is an example of the method applied to men's football. In 2006, Elo ratings were adapted for Major League Baseball teams by Nate Silver, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,379 | In tennis, the Elo-based Universal Tennis Rating (UTR) rates players on a global scale, regardless of age, gender, or nationality. It is the official rating system of major organizations such as the Intercollegiate Tennis Association and World TeamTennis and is frequently used in segments on the Tennis Channel. The alg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,380 | In pool, an Elo-based system called Fargo Rate is used to rank players in organized amateur and professional competitions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,381 | One of the few Elo-based rankings endorsed by a sport's governing body is the FIFA Women's World Rankings, based on a simplified version of the Elo algorithm, which FIFA uses as its official ranking system for national teams in women's football. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,382 | From the first ranking list after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, FIFA has used Elo for their FIFA World Rankings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,383 | In 2015, Nate Silver, editor-in-chief of the statistical commentary website FiveThirtyEight, and Reuben Fischer-Baum produced Elo ratings for every National Basketball Association team and season through the 2014 season. In 2014 FiveThirtyEight created Elo-based ratings and win-projections for the American professional... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,384 | The English Korfball Association rated teams based on Elo ratings, to determine handicaps for their cup competition for the 2011/12 season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,385 | An Elo-based ranking of National Hockey League players has been developed. The hockey-Elo metric evaluates a player's overall two-way play: scoring AND defense in both even strength and power-play/penalty-kill situations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,386 | Many video games use modified Elo systems in competitive gameplay. The MOBA game League of Legends used an Elo rating system prior to the second season of competitive play. The Esports game "Overwatch", the basis of the unique Overwatch League professional sports organization, uses a derivative of the Elo system to ran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,387 | Few video games use the original Elo rating system. According to Lichess, an online chess server, the Elo system is outdated, with Glicko-2 now being used by many chess organizations. "PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds" is one of the few video games that utilizes the very first Elo system. In "Guild Wars", Elo ratings are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,388 | Despite many video games using different systems for matchmaking, it is common for players of ranked video games to refer to all matchmaking ratings as "Elo". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,389 | The Elo rating system has been used in soft biometrics, which concerns the identification of individuals using human descriptions. Comparative descriptions were utilized alongside the Elo rating system to provide robust and discriminative 'relative measurements', permitting accurate identification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,390 | The Elo rating system has also been used in biology for assessing male dominance hierarchies, and in automation and computer vision for fabric inspection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,391 | Moreover, online judge sites are also using Elo rating system or its derivatives. For example, Topcoder is using a modified version based on normal distribution, while Codeforces is using another version based on logistic distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,392 | Elo rating system has also been noted in dating apps, such as in the matchmaking app Tinder, which uses a variant of the Elo rating system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,393 | The Elo rating system was featured prominently in "The Social Network" during the algorithm scene where Mark Zuckerberg released Facemash. In the scene Eduardo Saverin writes mathematical formulas for the Elo rating system on Zuckerberg's dormitory room window. Behind the scenes, the movie claims, the Elo system is emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,394 | Rust is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language. Rust emphasizes performance, type safety, and concurrency. Rust enforces memory safety—that is, that all references point to valid memory—without requiring the use of a garbage collector or reference counting present in other memory-safe languages. To simu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,395 | Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust as a personal project while working at Mozilla Research in 2006. Mozilla officially sponsored the project in 2009. Since the first stable release in May 2015, Rust has been adopted by companies including Amazon, Discord, Dropbox, Facebook (Meta), Google (Alphabet), and Micr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,396 | Rust has been noted for its growth as a newer language and has been the subject of academic programming languages research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,397 | Rust grew out of a personal project begun in 2006 by Mozilla Research employee Graydon Hoare. Mozilla began sponsoring the project in 2009 as a part of the ongoing development of an experimental browser engine called Servo. The project was officially announced by Mozilla in 2010. During the same year, work had shifted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,398 | Rust's type system underwent significant changes between versions 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. In version 0.2, which was released in March 2012, classes were introduced for the first time. Four months later, version 0.3 added destructors and polymorphism through the use of interfaces. In October 2012, version 0.4 was released an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,399 | In January 2014, the editor-in-chief of "Dr. Dobb's Journal", Andrew Binstock, commented on Rust's chances of becoming a competitor to C++ in addition to the languages D, Go, and Nim (then Nimrod). According to Binstock, while Rust was "widely viewed as a remarkably elegant language", adoption slowed because it repeate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
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