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22,600 | During the Iran–Iraq War, Iran made heavy use of its US-bought equipment, and lost at least eight CH-47s during the 1980–1988 period, most notably during a clash on 15 July 1983, when an Iraqi Mirage F1 destroyed three Iranian Chinooks transporting troops to the front line, and on 25–26 February 1984, when Iraqi MiG-21... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,601 | Despite the arms embargo in place upon Iran, it has managed to keep its Chinook fleet operational. Some of the Chinooks have been rebuilt by Panha. As of 2015, 20 to 45 Chinooks were operational in Iran. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,602 | In 1976, the Libyan Air Force purchased 24 Italian-built CH-47C helicopters, 14 of which were transferred to the Libyan Army during the 1990s. The Libyan Air Force recruited Western pilots and technicians to operate the CH-47 fleet. The Libyan Chinooks flew transport and support missions into Chad to supply Libyan grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,603 | In 2002, Libya sold 16 helicopters to the United Arab Emirates, as due to the Western embargo and lack of funds, maintaining them was difficult. The sale to UAE was a $939 million package that included equipment, parts, and training. How many CH-47s are still in existence or operational during the ongoing Libyan civil ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,604 | The Argentine Air Force and the Argentine Army each deployed two CH-47C helicopters, which were widely used in general transport duties. Of the Army's aircraft, one was destroyed on the ground by 30 mm cannon fire from an RAF GR3 Harrier, while the other was captured by the British and reused after the war. Both Argent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,605 | Three British Chinooks were destroyed on 25 May 1982 when "Atlantic Conveyor" was struck by an Exocet sea-skimming missile fired by an Argentine Super Étendard. The sole surviving British Chinook, Bravo November, did outstanding service in the Falklands, lifting 81 troops on one occasion and is still in service 38 year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,606 | About 163 CH-47Ds of various operators were deployed to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq during Operation Desert Shield and the subsequent Operation Desert Storm in 1990–91. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,607 | The CH-47D has seen wide use in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. The Chinook is being used in air assault missions, inserting troops into fire bases, and later bringing food, water, and ammunition. It is also the casualty evacuation aircraft of choice in the British Armed F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,608 | The Chinook helicopters of several nations have participated in the Afghanistan War, including aircraft from Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Canada, and Australia. Despite the age of the Chinook, it is still in heavy demand, in part due its proven versatility and ability to operate in demanding environments suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,609 | In May 2011, an Australian Army CH-47D crashed during a resupply mission in Zabul Province, resulting in one fatality and five survivors. The helicopter was unable to be recovered and was destroyed in place. To compensate for the loss, the ADF added two ex-U.S. Army CH-47Ds to the fleet which are expected to be in serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,610 | On 6 August 2011, a Chinook crashed near Kabul, killing all of the 38 aboard. The Chinook was reportedly shot down with a rocket-propelled grenade by the Taliban while attempting to assist a group of U.S. Army Rangers. The 38 were members of NATO and allied forces, including 22 Naval Special Warfare operators, five U.S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,611 | According to Suresh Abraham, the Chinook's ability to carry large, underslung loads has been of significant value in relief operations in the aftermath of natural disasters. Numerous operators have chosen to deploy their Chinook fleets to support humanitarian efforts in stricken nations overseas. Following the 2004 Asi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,612 | In August 1992, six CH-47Ds were deployed from Fort Bragg in North Carolina to provide relief in the wake of Hurricane Andrew in what was one of the first major helicopter disaster relief operations on US soil. Then President George H. W. Bush ordered the military to assist. The Chinooks arrived at Miami-Opa Locka Exec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,613 | Three of Japan's CH-47s were used to cool Reactors 3 and 4 of the Fukushima Nuclear power plant following the 9.0 earthquake in 2011; they were used to collect sea water from the nearby ocean and drop it over the affected areas. In order to protect the crew from the heightened radiation levels present, a number of lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,614 | Since the type's inception, the Chinook has carried out various secondary missions, including medical evacuation, disaster relief, search and rescue, aircraft recovery, fire fighting, and heavy construction assistance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,615 | In February 2007, the Royal Netherlands Air Force became the first international customer of the CH-47F model, expanding their Chinook fleet to 17. On 10 August 2009, Canada signed a contract for 15 extensively modified and upgraded CH-47Fs for the Canadian Forces, later delivered in 2013–2014 with the Canadian designa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,616 | In February 2020, the Indian Air Force started using Chinooks at theatres such as Ladakh and Siachen Glacier to assist Indian forces deployed at the Indian borders with China and Pakistan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,617 | The pre-1962 designation for Model 114 development aircraft that would be redesignated CH-47 Chinook. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,618 | The all-weather, medium-lift CH-47A Chinook was powered initially by Lycoming T55-L-5 engines rated at , but then replaced by the T55-L-7 rated at engines or T55-L-7C engines rated at . The CH-47A had a maximum gross weight of , allowing for a maximum payload around Initial delivery of the CH-47A Chinook to the U.S. Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,619 | The ACH-47A was originally known as the Armed/Armored CH-47A (or A/ACH-47A). It was officially designated ACH-47A as a U.S. Army Attack Cargo Helicopter, and unofficially referred to as "Guns A Go-Go". Four CH-47A helicopters were converted to gunships by Boeing Vertol in late 1965. Three were assigned to the 53rd Avia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,620 | The ACH-47A carried five 7.62 × 51 mm M60D machine guns or .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2HB heavy machine guns, provided by the XM32 and XM33 armament subsystems, two 20 mm M24A1 cannons, two 19-tube Folding Fin Aerial Rocket launchers (XM159B/XM159) or sometimes two M18/M18A1 7.62 × 51 mm gun pods, and a single 40 mm M75 gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,621 | The CH-47B was an interim solution while Boeing worked on a more substantially improved CH-47C. The CH-47B was powered by two Lycoming T55-L-7C engines. It featured a blunted rear rotor pylon, redesigned asymmetrical rotor blades, and strakes along the rear ramp and fuselage to improve flying characteristics. It could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,622 | The CH-47C principally featured more powerful engines and transmissions. Three sub-versions were built; the first had Lycoming T55-L-7C engines delivering . The "Super C" included Lycoming T55-L-11 engines delivering , an upgraded maximum gross weight of , and a pitch stability augmentation system. The T55-L-11 engines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,623 | The type was unable to receive FAA certification to engage in civil activities due to the nonredundant hydraulic flight boost system drive. A redesign of the hydraulic boost system drive was incorporated in the succeeding CH-47D, allowing that model to achieve certification as the Boeing Model 234. A total of 233 CH-47... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,624 | The CH-47D shares the same airframe as earlier models, the main difference being the adoption of more powerful engines. Early CH-47Ds were originally powered by two T55-L-712 engines, the most common engine is the later T55-GA-714A. With its triple-hook cargo system, the CH-47D can carry heavy payloads internally and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,625 | The Netherlands acquired all seven of the Canadian Forces' surviving CH-147Cs and upgraded them to CH-47D standard. Six more new-build CH-47Ds were delivered in 1995 for a total of 13. The Dutch CH-47Ds feature a number of improvements over U.S. Army CH-47Ds, including a long nose for Bendix weather radar, a "glass coc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,626 | The MH-47D variant was developed for special forces operations and has inflight refueling capability, a fast rope-rappelling system, and other upgrades. The MH-47D was used by U.S. Army 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Twelve MH-47D helicopters were produced. Six were conversions from CH-47A models and six w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,627 | The MH-47E has been used by U.S. Army Special Operations. Beginning with the E-model prototype manufactured in 1991, a total of 26 Special Operations Aircraft were produced. All aircraft were assigned to 2–160th SOAR(A) "Nightstalkers", home based at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. E models were conversions from existing CH-4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,628 | In 1995, the Royal Air Force ordered eight Chinook HC3s, effectively a low-cost version of the MH-47E for the special operations role. They were delivered in 2001, but never entered operational service due to technical issues with their avionics fit, unique to the HC3. In 2008, work started to revert the HC3s to HC2 st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,629 | In 2001, the first CH-47F, an upgraded CH-47D, made its maiden flight; the first production model rolled out on 15 June 2006 at Boeing's facility in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, and first flew on 23 October 2006. Upgrades include Honeywell engines and the airframe featuring greater single-piece construction to lower main... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,630 | A CH-47F Block 2 is planned to be introduced after 2020. The Block 2 aims for a payload of with and high and hot hover performance, eventually increased up to , to carry the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle; maximum takeoff weight would be raised to . It features the composite-based Advanced Chinook Rotor Blade (derived fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,631 | The U.S. Army plans for a Block 3 upgrade after 2025, which could include a new class engine with boosted power capacity of the transmission and drive train developed under the future affordable turbine engine (FATE) program and a lengthened fuselage. The Future Vertical Lift program plans to begin replacing the Army's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,632 | The German government announced in June 2022 that Boeing's CH-47F Chinook Block II standard range was selected as the winner of its heavy helicopter program to replace its Sikorsky CH-53G Sea Stallion fleet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,633 | The MH-47G Special Operations Aviation (SOA) version is currently being delivered to the U.S. Army. It is similar to the MH-47E, but features more sophisticated avionics including a digital Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS). The CAAS is a common glass cockpit used by different helicopters such as MH-60K/Ls, CH... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,634 | The new modernization program improves MH-47D and MH-47E Special Operations Chinooks to the MH-47G design specs. A total of 25 MH-47E and 11 MH-47D aircraft were upgraded by the end of 2003. In 2002, the army announced plans to expand the Special Operations Aviation Regiment via an additional 12 MH-47G helicopters. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,635 | On 1 September 2020, Boeing announced that their Philadelphia plant had delivered the first example of the MH-47G Block II helicopter to U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), saying that the delivery was made "recently", and was "on time". This is the first MH-47G Block II from an initial order of 24, with a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,636 | The British MOD confirmed that while the U.S. does not currently export the model, the two countries are currently in discussion regarding the MH-47G. On 19 October 2018, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of a possible sale of 16 H-47 Chinooks (Extended Range) to the UK. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,637 | The CH-47J is a medium-transport helicopter for the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The differences between the CH-47J and the CH-47D are the engine, rotor brake and avionics, for use for general transportation, SAR and disaster activity like U.S. forces. The CH-47... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,638 | The Japan Defense Agency ordered 54 aircraft of which 39 were for the JGSDF and 15 were for the JASDF. Boeing supplied flyable aircraft, to which Kawasaki added full avionics, interior, and final paint. The CH-47J model Chinook (N7425H) made its first flight in January 1986, and it was sent to Kawasaki in April. Boeing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,639 | On 9 November 2006, the HH-47, a new variant of the Chinook based on the MH-47G, was selected by the U.S. Air Force as the winner of the Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR-X) competition. Four development HH-47s were to be built, with the first of 141 production aircraft planned to enter service in 2012. However, in Februa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,640 | For years U.S. Navy has been operating different versions of the single-rotor CH-53 helicopter as its heavy-lift helicopter. CH-47s regularly conduct ship-based operations for U.S. Special Forces and other international operators. Due to budget issues, technical problems and delays with CH-53K, the director of the Pent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,641 | In 1969, work on the experimental Model 347 was begun. It was a CH-47A with a lengthened fuselage, four-blade rotors, detachable wings mounted on top of the fuselage and other changes. It first flew on 27 May 1970 and was evaluated for a few years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,642 | In 1973, the Army contracted with Boeing to design a "Heavy Lift Helicopter" (HLH), designated XCH-62A. It appeared to be a scaled-up CH-47 without a conventional body, in a configuration similar to the S-64 Skycrane (CH-54 Tarhe), but the project was canceled in 1975. The program was restarted for test flights in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38005 |
22,643 | Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen (32.1% and 30.1%, respectively), forming much of Earth's outer and inner core... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,644 | In its metallic state, iron is rare in the Earth's crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. Iron ores, by contrast, are among the most abundant in the Earth's crust, although extracting usable metal from them requires kilns or furnaces capable of reaching or higher, about higher than that required to smelt co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,645 | Pristine and smooth pure iron surfaces are mirror-like silvery-gray. However, iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to give brown to black hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. Unlike the oxides of some other metals that form passivating layers, rust occupies more volume than the metal and thus flakes off, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,646 | The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams (0.005% body weight) of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. These two proteins play essential roles in vertebrate metabolism, respectively oxygen transport by blood and oxygen storage in muscles. To maintain the necessary levels, human iron metabolism requires a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,647 | Chemically, the most common oxidation states of iron are iron(II) and iron(III). Iron shares many properties of other transition metals, including the other group 8 elements, ruthenium and osmium. Iron forms compounds in a wide range of oxidation states, −2 to +7. Iron also forms many coordination compounds; some of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,648 | At least four allotropes of iron (differing atom arrangements in the solid) are known, conventionally denoted α, γ, δ, and ε. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,649 | The first three forms are observed at ordinary pressures. As molten iron cools past its freezing point of 1538 °C, it crystallizes into its δ allotrope, which has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. As it cools further to 1394 °C, it changes to its γ-iron allotrope, a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal struct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,650 | The physical properties of iron at very high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively, because of their relevance to theories about the cores of the Earth and other planets. Above approximately 10 GPa and temperatures of a few hundred kelvin or less, α-iron changes into another hexagonal close-pack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,651 | Some controversial experimental evidence exists for a stable β phase at pressures above 50 GPa and temperatures of at least 1500 K. It is supposed to have an orthorhombic or a double hcp structure. (Confusingly, the term "β-iron" is sometimes also used to refer to α-iron above its Curie point, when it changes from bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,652 | The inner core of the Earth is generally presumed to consist of an iron-nickel alloy with ε (or β) structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,653 | The melting and boiling points of iron, along with its enthalpy of atomization, are lower than those of the earlier 3d elements from scandium to chromium, showing the lessened contribution of the 3d electrons to metallic bonding as they are attracted more and more into the inert core by the nucleus; however, they are h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,654 | The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa. For greater pressures, published data (as of 2007) still varies by tens of gigapascals and over a thousand kelvin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,655 | Below its Curie point of , α-iron changes from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic: the spins of the two unpaired electrons in each atom generally align with the spins of its neighbors, creating an overall magnetic field. This happens because the orbitals of those two electrons (d and d) do not point toward neighboring atoms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,656 | In the absence of an external source of magnetic field, the atoms get spontaneously partitioned into magnetic domains, about 10 micrometers across, such that the atoms in each domain have parallel spins, but some domains have other orientations. Thus a macroscopic piece of iron will have a nearly zero overall magnetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,657 | Application of an external magnetic field causes the domains that are magnetized in the same general direction to grow at the expense of adjacent ones that point in other directions, reinforcing the external field. This effect is exploited in devices that need to channel magnetic fields to fulfill design function, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,658 | Similar behavior is exhibited by some iron compounds, such as the ferrites including the mineral magnetite, a crystalline form of the mixed iron(II,III) oxide (although the atomic-scale mechanism, ferrimagnetism, is somewhat different). Pieces of magnetite with natural permanent magnetization (lodestones) provided the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,659 | Iron has four stable isotopes: Fe (5.845% of natural iron), Fe (91.754%), Fe (2.119%) and Fe (0.282%). 20-30 artificial isotopes have also been created. Of these stable isotopes, only Fe has a nuclear spin (−). The nuclide Fe theoretically can undergo double electron capture to Cr, but the process has never been observ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,660 | Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life (2.6 million years). It is not found on Earth, but its ultimate decay product is its granddaughter, the stable nuclide Ni. Much of the past work on isotopic composition of iron has focused on the nucleosynthesis of Fe through studies of meteorites and ore formation. In th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,661 | In phases of the meteorites "Semarkona" and "Chervony Kut," a correlation between the concentration of Ni, the granddaughter of Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes provided evidence for the existence of Fe at the time of formation of the Solar System. Possibly the energy released by the decay of Fe, along... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,662 | The most abundant iron isotope Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis. Since Ni (14 alpha particles) is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), it is the endpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,663 | Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing Ni, which has a marginally higher binding energy than Fe, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process. Element production in supernovas and distribution on Earth greatly favor iron over nickel, and in any case, Fe still has a lower mass per ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,664 | In the far future of the universe, assuming that proton decay does not occur, cold fusion occurring via quantum tunnelling would cause the light nuclei in ordinary matter to fuse into Fe nuclei. Fission and alpha-particle emission would then make heavy nuclei decay into iron, converting all stellar-mass objects to cold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,665 | Iron's abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production during the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae, which scatters the iron into space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,666 | Metallic or native iron is rarely found on the surface of the Earth because it tends to oxidize. However, both the Earth's inner and outer core, that account for 35% of the mass of the whole Earth, are believed to consist largely of an iron alloy, possibly with nickel. Electric currents in the liquid outer core are bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,667 | The rare iron meteorites are the main form of natural metallic iron on the Earth's surface. Items made of cold-worked meteoritic iron have been found in various archaeological sites dating from a time when iron smelting had not yet been developed; and the Inuit in Greenland have been reported to use iron from the Cape ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,668 | Ferropericlase , a solid solution of periclase (MgO) and wüstite (FeO), makes up about 20% of the volume of the lower mantle of the Earth, which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after silicate perovskite ; it also is the major host for iron in the lower mantle. At the bottom of the transit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,669 | While iron is the most abundant element on Earth, most of this iron is concentrated in the inner and outer cores. The fraction of iron that is in Earth's crust only amounts to about 5% of the overall mass of the crust and is thus only the fourth most abundant element in that layer (after oxygen, silicon, and aluminium)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,670 | Most of the iron in the crust is combined with various other elements to form many iron minerals. An important class is the iron oxide minerals such as hematite (FeO), magnetite (FeO), and siderite (FeCO), which are the major ores of iron. Many igneous rocks also contain the sulfide minerals pyrrhotite and pentlandite.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,671 | Large deposits of iron are banded iron formations, a type of rock consisting of repeated thin layers of iron oxides alternating with bands of iron-poor shale and chert. The banded iron formations were laid down in the time between and . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,672 | Materials containing finely ground iron(III) oxides or oxide-hydroxides, such as ochre, have been used as yellow, red, and brown pigments since pre-historical times. They contribute as well to the color of various rocks and clays, including entire geological formations like the Painted Hills in Oregon and the Buntsands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,673 | Significant amounts of iron occur in the iron sulfide mineral pyrite (FeS), but it is difficult to extract iron from it and it is therefore not exploited. In fact, iron is so common that production generally focuses only on ores with very high quantities of it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,674 | According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global stock of iron in use in society is 2,200 kg per capita. More-developed countries differ in this respect from less-developed countries (7,000–14,000 vs 2,000 kg per capita). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,675 | Ocean science demonstrated the role of the iron in the ancient seas in both marine biota and climate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,676 | Iron shows the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals, namely the ability to form variable oxidation states differing by steps of one and a very large coordination and organometallic chemistry: indeed, it was the discovery of an iron compound, ferrocene, that revolutionalized the latter field in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,677 | Iron forms compounds mainly in the oxidation states +2 (iron(II), "ferrous") and +3 (iron(III), "ferric"). Iron also occurs in higher oxidation states, e.g. the purple potassium ferrate (KFeO), which contains iron in its +6 oxidation state. Although iron(VIII) oxide (FeO) has been claimed, the report could not be repro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,678 | Iron is the first of the transition metals that cannot reach its group oxidation state of +8, although its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium can, with ruthenium having more difficulty than osmium. Ruthenium exhibits an aqueous cationic chemistry in its low oxidation states similar to that of iron, but osmium does ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,679 | Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with mercury. As a result, mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks (34 kg) made of iron. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,680 | Iron is by far the most reactive element in its group; it is pyrophoric when finely divided and dissolves easily in dilute acids, giving Fe. However, it does not react with concentrated nitric acid and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer, which can nevertheless react with hydrochlori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,681 | Iron forms various oxide and hydroxide compounds; the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (FeO), and iron(III) oxide (FeO). Iron(II) oxide also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. Despite their names, they are actually all non-stoichiometric compounds whose compositions may vary. These oxides are the prin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,682 | The binary ferrous and ferric halides are well-known. The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding hydrohalic acid to give the corresponding hydrated salts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,683 | Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,684 | Ferric iodide is an exception, being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe and the high reducing power of I: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,685 | Ferric iodide, a black solid, is not stable in ordinary conditions, but can be prepared through the reaction of iron pentacarbonyl with iodine and carbon monoxide in the presence of hexane and light at the temperature of −20 °C, with oxygen and water excluded. Complexes of ferric iodide with some soft bases are known t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,686 | The standard reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common iron ions are given below: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,687 | The red-purple tetrahedral ferrate(VI) anion is such a strong oxidizing agent that it oxidizes nitrogen and ammonia at room temperature, and even water itself in acidic or neutral solutions: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,688 | The Fe ion has a large simple cationic chemistry, although the pale-violet hexaquo ion is very readily hydrolyzed when pH increases above 0 as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,689 | As pH rises above 0 the above yellow hydrolyzed species form and as it rises above 2–3, reddish-brown hydrous iron(III) oxide precipitates out of solution. Although Fe has a d configuration, its absorption spectrum is not like that of Mn with its weak, spin-forbidden d–d bands, because Fe has higher positive charge and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,690 | Many coordination compounds of iron are known. A typical six-coordinate anion is hexachloroferrate(III), [FeCl], found in the mixed salt tetrakis(methylammonium) hexachloroferrate(III) chloride. Complexes with multiple bidentate ligands have geometric isomers. For example, the "trans"-chlorohydridobis(bis-1,2-(diphenyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,691 | Iron(III) complexes are quite similar to those of chromium(III) with the exception of iron(III)'s preference for "O"-donor instead of "N"-donor ligands. The latter tend to be rather more unstable than iron(II) complexes and often dissociate in water. Many Fe–O complexes show intense colors and are used as tests for phe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,692 | Among the halide and pseudohalide complexes, fluoro complexes of iron(III) are the most stable, with the colorless [FeF(HO)] being the most stable in aqueous solution. Chloro complexes are less stable and favor tetrahedral coordination as in [FeCl]; [FeBr] and [FeI] are reduced easily to iron(II). Thiocyanate is a comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,693 | Iron(II) complexes are less stable than iron(III) complexes but the preference for "O"-donor ligands is less marked, so that for example is known while is not. They have a tendency to be oxidized to iron(III) but this can be moderated by low pH and the specific ligands used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,694 | Organoiron chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds of iron, where carbon atoms are covalently bound to the metal atom. They are many and varied, including cyanide complexes, carbonyl complexes, sandwich and half-sandwich compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,695 | Prussian blue or "ferric ferrocyanide", Fe[Fe(CN)], is an old and well-known iron-cyanide complex, extensively used as pigment and in several other applications. Its formation can be used as a simple wet chemistry test to distinguish between aqueous solutions of Fe and Fe as they react (respectively) with potassium fer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,696 | Another old example of an organoiron compound is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO), in which a neutral iron atom is bound to the carbon atoms of five carbon monoxide molecules. The compound can be used to make carbonyl iron powder, a highly reactive form of metallic iron. Thermolysis of iron pentacarbonyl gives triiron dodeca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,697 | A landmark in this field was the discovery in 1951 of the remarkably stable sandwich compound ferrocene , by Pauson and Kealy and independently by Miller and colleagues, whose surprising molecular structure was determined only a year later by Woodward and Wilkinson and Fischer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,698 | Iron-centered organometallic species are used as catalysts. The Knölker complex, for example, is a transfer hydrogenation catalyst for ketones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
22,699 | The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are iron(II) sulfate (FeSO·7HO) and iron(III) chloride (FeCl). The former is one of the most readily available sources of iron(II), but is less stable to aerial oxidation than Mohr's salt (). Iron(II) compounds tend to be oxidized to iron(III) compounds in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14734 |
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