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2,800 | Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis may be problems. The cost and difficulty of screening and assessment can delay diagnosis. Conversely, the increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has motivated providers to overdiagnose ASD. There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,801 | There are questions about the external validity of the AS diagnosis. That is, it is unclear whether there is a practical benefit in distinguishing AS from HFA or PDD-NOS; different screening tools may render different diagnoses for the same person. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,802 | Many children with AS are initially misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Diagnosing adults is more challenging, as standard diagnostic criteria are designed for children and the expression of AS changes with age. Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough medica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,803 | Conditions that must be considered in a differential diagnosis along with ADHD include other ASDs, the schizophrenia spectrum, personality disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, semantic pragmatic disorder, nonverbal learning disorder, social anxiety disorder, Tourette syndrome, stereotypi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,804 | Parents of children with Asperger syndrome can typically trace differences in their children's development to as early as 30 months of age. Developmental screening during a routine check-up by a general practitioner or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation. The United States Preventive Serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,805 | Different screening instruments are used to diagnose AS, including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS); Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ); Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), previously called the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test; Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale (GADS); Krug Asperger's Disor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,806 | Treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication, and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development. Intervention is tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment. Although progress has been made, data supporting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,807 | Managing AS ideally involves multiple therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder. While most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention, the better, there is no treatment combination that is recommended above others. AS treatment resembles that of other high-functioning ASDs, except that it takes i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,808 | Of the many studies on behavior-based early intervention programs, most are case reports of up to five participants and typically examine a few problem behaviors such as self-injury, aggression, noncompliance, stereotypies, or spontaneous language; unintended side effects are largely ignored. Despite the popularity of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,809 | No medications directly treat the core symptoms of AS. Although research into the efficacy of pharmaceutical intervention for AS is limited, it is essential to diagnose and treat comorbid conditions. Deficits in self-identifying emotions or in observing effects of one's behavior on others can make it difficult for indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,810 | Care must be taken with medications, as side effects may be more common and harder to evaluate in individuals with AS, and tests of drugs' effectiveness against comorbid conditions routinely exclude individuals from the autism spectrum. Abnormalities in metabolism, cardiac conduction times, and an increased risk of typ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,811 | There is some evidence that children with AS may see a lessening of symptoms; up to 20% of children may no longer meet the diagnostic criteria as adults, although social and communication difficulties may persist. , no studies addressing the long-term outcome of individuals with Asperger syndrome are available and ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,812 | Although many attend regular education classes, some children with AS may attend special education classes such as separate classroom and resource room because of their social and behavioral difficulties. Adolescents with AS may exhibit ongoing difficulty with self-care or organization, and disturbances in social and r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,813 | Education of families is critical in developing strategies for understanding strengths and weaknesses; helping the family to cope improves outcomes in children. Prognosis may be improved by diagnosis at a younger age that allows for early interventions, while interventions in adulthood are valuable but less beneficial.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,814 | Frequency estimates vary enormously. In 2015, it was estimated that 37.2 million people globally are affected. A 2003 review of epidemiological studies of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1; combining the geometric me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,815 | Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time; comorbidity of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65%. Reports have associated AS with medical conditions such as aminoaciduria and ligamentous laxity, but these have been case reports or small studies and no fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,816 | Named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger (1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism, though a syndrome like it was described as early as 1925 by Soviet child psychiatrist Grunya Sukhareva (1891–1981), leading some of those diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome to instead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,817 | Unlike today's AS, autistic psychopathy could be found in people of all levels of intelligence, including those with intellectual disability. Asperger defended the value of so-called "high-functioning" autistic individuals, writing: "We are convinced, then, that autistic people have their place in the organism of the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,818 | Asperger's paper was published during World War II and in German, so it was not widely read elsewhere. Lorna Wing used the term "Asperger syndrome" in 1976, and popularized it to the English-speaking medical community in her February 1981 publication of case studies of children showing the symptoms described by Asperge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,819 | Hundreds of books, articles, and websites now describe AS and prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with AS recognized as an important subgroup. Whether it should be seen as distinct from high-functioning autism is a fundamental issue requiring further study, and there are questions about the empiri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,820 | People identifying with Asperger syndrome may refer to themselves in casual conversation as "aspies" (a term first used in print in the "Boston Globe" in 1998). Some autistic people have advocated a shift in perception of autism spectrum disorders as complex syndromes rather than diseases that must be cured. Proponents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,821 | Some researchers have argued that AS can be viewed as a different cognitive style, not a disorder, and that it should be removed from the standard "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual", much as homosexuality was removed. In a 2002 paper, Simon Baron-Cohen wrote of those with AS: "In the social world, there is no great be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,822 | By contrast, Pier Jaarsma and Welin wrote in 2011 that the "broad version of the neurodiversity claim, covering low-functioning as well as high-functioning autism, is problematic. Only a narrow conception of neurodiversity, referring exclusively to high-functioning autists, is reasonable." They say that "higher functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37556 |
2,823 | The Sukhoi Su-57 (; NATO reporting name: Felon) is a twin-engine stealth multirole fighter aircraft developed by Sukhoi. It is the product of the PAK FA (, ) programme, which was initiated in 1999 as a more modern and affordable alternative to the MFI (Mikoyan Project 1.44/1.42). Sukhoi's internal designation for the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,824 | A multirole fighter capable of aerial combat as well as ground and maritime strike, the Su-57 incorporates stealth, supermaneuverability, supercruise, integrated avionics, and substantial internal payload capacity. The aircraft is expected to succeed the MiG-29 and Su-27 in the Russian military service and has also bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,825 | In 1979, the Soviet Union outlined a need for next-generation fighter aircraft intended to enter service in the 1990s. The programme became the I-90 (, ) and required the fighter to be "multifunctional" (i.e., multirole) by having substantial ground attack capabilities, and would eventually replace the MiG-29 and Su-27... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,826 | Sukhoi's approach to the PAK FA competition differed fundamentally from Mikoyan's; whereas Mikoyan proposed for the three design bureaus (Mikoyan, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev) to cooperate as a consortium with the winning team leading the design effort, Sukhoi's proposal had itself as the lead designer from the beginning and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,827 | In April 2002, the Ministry of Defence selected Sukhoi over Mikoyan as the winner of the PAK FA competition and the lead design bureau of the new aircraft. In addition to the merits of the proposal, Sukhoi's experience in the 1990s was taken into account, with the successful development of various Su-27 derivatives and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,828 | The research and development programme of the PAK FA was called "Stolitsa" (). In 2002, Alexander Davidenko selected as the T-50's chief designer at Sukhoi. The Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (NAPO) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAZ) would manufacture the new multi-role fighter,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,829 | Sukhoi used existing airframes as testbeds for various subsystems and concepts; the Su-47 tested internal weapon bays, and Su-27M prototypes served as testbeds for the flight control system and engines. To reduce developmental risk and spread out associated costs, as well as to bridge the gap with extant fourth generat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,830 | In December 2004, the T-50's conceptual design and shape was complete and approved by the Ministry of Defence; government funding of the programme began in 2005 and drastically increased in 2006 when detailed design was underway. On 8 August 2007, Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief Alexander Zelin was quoted by Russi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,831 | Since the early stages of the PAK FA programme, Russia sought after foreign partnerships on the project to increase funding for its development and also secure large export orders. On 18 October 2007, Russia and India signed a contract for Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to jointly develop a derivative o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,832 | The T-50's maiden flight was repeatedly postponed from early 2007 after encountering unspecified technical problems. In August 2009, Alexander Zelin acknowledged that problems with the engine and in technical research remained unsolved. On 28 February 2009, Sukhoi general director Mikhail Pogosyan announced that the ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,833 | A total of ten flying and three non-flying T-50 prototypes would be built for preliminary flight tests and state trials. Initially, the program was planned to have up to six prototypes before the start of serial production; however testing would reveal that the initial prototypes did not have adequate fatigue life, wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,834 | The procurement plans for the PAK FA have been considerably scaled back and delayed from original plans. In 2011, the Ministry of Defence had planned on buying the first 10 aircraft for evaluation after 2012 and 60 production standard aircraft after 2015. These plans were refined under the State Armament Programme from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,835 | Plans were greatly cut down in 2015 as a result of technical obstacles encountered during testing, India's unclear commitment to the partnership, and Russia's economic downturn due to Western sanctions after its annexation of Crimea and the drop in oil prices. Russian Deputy Minister of Defence Yury Borisov stated in 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,836 | Due to the substantially higher cost of the Su-57 compared to the Su-35S and Su-30SM, the design was placed on hold for mass production until the need arises. On 22 August 2018, during the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2018», the Defence Ministry and Sukhoi signed the first contract for delivery of two s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,837 | However, on 15 May 2019, the acquisition plan drastically changed when Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that 76 aircraft would be purchased and delivered to the Aerospace Forces by 2028. This came after the negotiations were able to lower the price of the Su-57 and equipment by 20%. The contract for the 76 ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,838 | In 2004, Sukhoi anticipated that the Su-57 could become the basis for a family of combat aircraft for the Russian Aerospace Forces, similar to the Su-27 family. Under the program name "Megalopolis" (), the company is developing a new variant, designated Su-57M, that augments the base Su-57 design with improved mission ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,839 | Sukhoi has also used technology from the Su-57 to produce a mockup of a more affordable lightweight single-engine aircraft, designated as the LTS (, ). At the 2021 Moscow Air Show (MAKS-2021), Sukhoi revealed its LTS mockup, named Checkmate, which shares many systems with the Su-57, including radar, main weapons bay, v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,840 | , international sanctions on Russia's defence industries may hamper development of the Su-57, as Russia could not import semiconductors and high-tech machining equipment from the European Union. Potential export sales of Russian products -including military aircraft- also stalled because Russia cannot trade using U.S. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,841 | The UAC reported that an upgraded Su-57 aircraft made its first flight on October 21 2022. It is yet unclear whether this airframe represents a Su-57M, as the "second-stage engine" (alluding to the "Izdeliye" 30) was reportedly not mounted. The flight was carried out by Russian test-pilot Sergey Bogdan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,842 | The Su-57 is a fifth-generation multirole fighter aircraft and the first operational stealth aircraft for the Russian armed forces. In addition to stealth, the fighter emphasizes supermaneuverability in all aircraft axes, capacious internal payload bays for multirole versatility, and advanced sensor systems such as act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,843 | The aircraft has a wide blended wing body fuselage with two widely spaced engines and has all-moving horizontal and vertical stabilisers, with the vertical stabilisers canted for stealth; the trapezoid wings have leading edge flaps, ailerons, and flaperons. The aircraft incorporates thrust vectoring and large leading e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,844 | Designed from the outset as a multirole aircraft, the Su-57 has substantial internal payload capacity that allows the carriage of multiple large air-to-surface ordnance. Weapons are housed in two tandem main weapons bays in the large ventral volume between the widely spaced engine nacelles and smaller side bays with bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,845 | The high degree of static instability (or relaxed stability) in both pitch and yaw, advanced KSU-50 flight control system, and canted thrust vectoring nozzles make the Su-57 departure-resistant and highly maneuverable in all axes and enables the aircraft to perform very high angles of attack maneuvers such as the Pugac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,846 | The first aircraft in Russian military service to emphasize stealth, the Su-57 employs a variety of methods to reduce its radar signature. Similar to other stealth fighters such as the F-22, the aircraft aligns the planform edges to reduce its radar cross-section (RCS); the leading and trailing edges of the wings and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,847 | The combined effect of airframe shape and RAM of the production aircraft is estimated to have reduced the aircraft's RCS to a value thirty times smaller than that of the Su-27. Sukhoi's patent for the T-50 stealth features cites an intention to reduce average RCS to approximately 0.1 to 1 m, compared to the Su-27's RCS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,848 | The Su-57 is powered by a pair of NPO Lyulka-Saturn "izdeliye" 117, or AL-41F1, augmented turbofans. The engine is a highly improved and uprated variant of the AL-31 and produces 9 tonnes (88.3 kN, 19,840 lbf) of dry thrust, 14.5 tonnes (142.2 kN, 31,970 lbf) of thrust in afterburner, and 15 tonnes (147.1 kN, 33,070 lb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,849 | The aircraft employs thrust vector control (TVC) where the vectoring nozzles' rotational axes are each canted at an angle, similar to the nozzle arrangement first employed on the Su-30MKI and also used on Su-35S. The nozzles themselves vector in only one plane; the canting allows roll and yaw moments by vectoring each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,850 | The planned Su-57M will be equipped with a new engine from NPO Saturn in the mid-2020s under the development designation "izdeliye" 30. The engine is designed with an estimated thrust of 11 tonnes (107.9 kN, 24,300 lbf) dry and 17.5 tonnes (171.7 kN, 38,600 lbf) in afterburner. In addition to improved performance, reli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,851 | The Su-57 has two tandem main internal weapon bays each approximately long and wide and two side weapon bays with triangular section fairings under the fuselage near the wing root. The main bays have two types of ejection launchers made by Vympel, the UVKU-50L for missiles weighing up to and the UVKU-50U for ordnance w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,852 | For air-to-air combat, the Su-57 carries four beyond-visual-range missiles in its two main weapons bays and two short-range missiles in the side bays. The primary medium-range missile is the active radar-homing R-77M ("izdeliye" 180), an upgraded R-77 variant with AESA seeker, dual-pulse motor, and conventional rear fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,853 | For striking surface targets, the aircraft can carry the KAB-250 or KAB-500 precision guided bombs in its main bays. Internal weapons also include the Kh-38M air-to-ground missile, Kh-35U (AS-20 "Kayak") anti-ship missile, Kh-58UShK (AS-11 "Kilter") anti-radiation missile, and Kh-59MK2 cruise missile. For missions that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,854 | The aircraft has a 9A1-4071K (GSh-30-1) 30 mm autocannon with 150 cartridges mounted internally near the right LEVCON root. The weapon has an effective range of against aerial targets and against surface targets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,855 | The Su-57 has a glass cockpit with no analogue gauges; information is displayed on two main multi-functional LCD displays similar to the arrangement of the Su-35S. Supplementing the primary display is a smaller multi-functional display and digital control panel. The cockpit has a wide-angle (30° by 22°) head-up display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,856 | The aircraft uses the NPP Zvezda K-36D-5 ejection seat and the SOZhE-50 life support system, which comprises the anti-g and oxygen generating system. The pilot is equipped with ZSh-10B helmet which mounts the NSTsI-50 digital display system, which enhances pilot situational awareness through pupil tracking and allows e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,857 | One of the main technical goals of the PAK FA programme is to achieve total integration of avionics systems, or sensor fusion, increase the pilot's situational awareness and reduce workload. Integration of the Su-57's onboard systems is controlled by an IUS (, ), with its computer system developed by GRPZ from Ryazan. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,858 | The Sh-121 consists of the N036 Byelka radar system and L402 Himalayas electronic countermeasures (ECM) system. Developed by Tikhomirov NIIP Institute, the N036 consists of the main nose-mounted N036-1-01 X band active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, or in Russian nomenclature, active phased array radar (, )... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,859 | The UOMZ 101KS "Atoll" electro-optical system consisted of the 101KS-V infrared search and track (IRST), 101KS-O directional infrared counter measures (DIRCM), 101KS-U ultraviolet missile approach warning sensors (MAWS), 101KS-P thermal imager for low altitude flight and landing, and 101KS-N navigation and targeting po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,860 | For in-flight navigation, the Su-57 uses the BINS-SP2M inertial navigation system developed by Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies (KRET). The system can also integrate with GLONASS, and is controlled by the IVS-50 computing system. In 2016, KRET announced it is developing a multifunctional video processing system ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,861 | Even before the first flight of the T-50 prototype, several subsystems were tested on other aircraft for validation and risk reduction; an Su-27M was used to test the AL-41F1 engine on 21 January 2010, while another tested the KSU-50 flight control system. The T-50 prototype conducted its first high speed taxi run on 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,862 | The Su-57 tests consisted of preliminary trials PI (, ) conducted by Sukhoi at the Gromov Flight Research Institute (LII) () at Zhukovsky, as well as two stages of joint state trials GSI (, ) conducted by the Ministry of Defence at the 929th State Flight Test Centre (GLITs) () at Akhtubinsk. The completion of GSI-1 res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,863 | Early flight tests revealed that the initial T-50 design had problems with structural strength and fatigue; when the first two prototypes were showcased publicly in MAKS-2011, the airframes cracked despite flying with a restrictive 5–"g" limit, which necessitated grounding and structural reinforcing for over a year as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,864 | By February 2014, the first phase of preliminary trials, PI-1, had concluded; in the same month, the 929th GLITs received its first T-50 at Akhtubinsk for further testing and GSI state trials. However, severe issues were discovered during PI-1; in addition to the structural issues, the aircraft suffered from engine pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,865 | As the Su-57 is gradually being inducted into Russian military service, Sukhoi is testing upgrades for the improved Su-57M variant. First flight of the "izdeliye" 30 engine occurred on 5 December 2017 with the second prototype (T-50-2, bort no. 052). Prototypes were also used for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teaming t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,866 | On 21 February 2018, two Su-57s performed their first international flight as they were spotted landing at the Russian Khmeimim air base in Syria. The aircraft were deployed along with four Sukhoi Su-35 fighters, four Sukhoi Su-25s, and one Beriev A-50 AEW&C aircraft. Three days later two more Su-57s were reported to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,867 | On 18 December 2019, the Chief of the Russian General Staff, Valery Gerasimov said that Russian Defence Ministry has once again tested the Su-57 in Syria, and all tasks have been successfully fulfilled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,868 | On 25 December 2020, the Russian Defence Ministry announced that the Su-57 had entered service upon the delivery of the first production aircraft to one of the aviation regiments of the Southern Military District. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,869 | In May 2022, Russian sources claimed that Su-57 fighters were used two or three weeks after the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, striking targets with missiles outside of the zone of activity of Ukrainian air defenses, just like other Russian aircraft that are also restricted mainly to Russian airspace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,870 | In June 2022, RIA Novosti reported four Su-57s working in a network were used in SEAD role over Ukraine to identify and destroy Ukrainian air defense systems. The source also noted that its low radar visibility was demonstrated in combat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,871 | On 19 October 2022, Russian army general Sergey Surovikin, commander of all Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine, stated the Su-57 has been used both in air-to-air and air-to-ground role during the war in Ukraine and that it has scored kills in both roles. Subsequently, some Russian sources claimed the Su-57 shot down a Ukr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,872 | In the early stages of the PAK FA programme, India had planned to be one of the largest foreign customers by procuring the FGFA derivative. It originally planned on buying 166 single-seat and 48 two-seat fighters, but later changed it to 214 single-seat fighters, and later reduced its purchase to 144 fighters by 2012. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,873 | Sukhoi states that the main export advantage of the PAK FA is its lower cost than current US fifth generation jet fighters. Russia was reported to be offering the PAK FA for South Korea's next generation jet fighter. South Korea's defence procurement agency stated that the Sukhoi PAK FA was a candidate for the Republic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,874 | In May 2019, as Turkish participation in the F-35 program was in doubt due to Turkey's procurement of the S-400 missile system, CEO of Rostec Sergey Chemezov said that Russia was ready to cooperate with Turkey on the export and local production of the Su-57. On 14 September 2019, an Su-57 took part in the 2019 Technofe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,875 | On 27 December 2019, Algeria reportedly signed a contract for 14 aircraft as part of large military deal that also includes the purchase of Su-34 and Su-35 fighters. The decision was reportedly taken in summer 2019, when Algerian delegation personally inspected the Su-57 at the MAKS-2019 air show. Once Sukhoi fulfill d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,876 | It has been reported that Vietnam may become a customer of the Su-57. The country is expected to acquire the fighters to replace its aging fleet of 11 Su-27s. On 9 July 2021, Vietnam announced its intention to buy Su-57 aircraft, but it is critical of the aircraft's workmanship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,877 | Russia has offered Su-57E fighters to the United Arab Emirates during IDEX 2021. During the 2019 Dubai Air Show, Chemezov talked about the possibility of "localization" of portions of the Su-57 supply chain within other countries that decide to buy those jets, including "…United Arab Emirates, India or Turkey…", depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,878 | In 2021, Iraqi military leadership including its inspector for the Iraqi Ministry of Defence Imad Al-Zuhairin stated the country's interest in the Su-57. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,879 | Su-57 is the first production variant for the Russian Aerospace Forces. Flight testing began with the T-50 prototype in 2010, and serial production began in 2019. A total of three regiments, 76 aircraft, are planned with the first aircraft delivered in December 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,880 | Su-57E is the export version of Su-57. On 28 March 2019, The aircraft first promoted to international customers during the 2019 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition. The aircraft was officially unveiled at the MAKS-2019 air show on 28 March 2019. Rosoboronexport is marketing the aircraft as "Perspec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,881 | Su-57M is an upgraded variant of the base Su-57 under the program name "Megapolis", and incorporates improved mission systems, reliability and maintenance enhancements, new flight control actuators, and the Saturn izdeliye 30 engines. Flight testing is planned to begin in 2022, and serial production is planned for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,882 | Sukhoi/HAL FGFA was a planned version of Su-57 for Indian Air Force but India withdrew from the FGFA programme in 2018 before any prototype was built. The FGFA was intended to be the primary export version of the PAK FA and was to differ in 43 ways with improvements to stealth, supercruise, sensors, networking, and com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,883 | In 2008, UAC president Alexei Fedorov has said that any decision on applying fifth-generation technologies to produce a smaller fighter (comparable to the F-35) must wait until after the development of the PAK FA is completed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,884 | A naval version of the Su-57 was proposed for the Project 23000E or "Shtorm" supercarrier. Models of the aircraft carrier project are showing Su-57 on board, with folding wings and stabilators. The Su-57 should be able to use the takeoff ramp as well as the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System. The draft of the futur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,885 | The aircraft is used as a testbed for integration with UAVs as well as various subsystems (including weapon, control and navigation systems) being developed for Russia's future sixth-generation combat system, both in manned and unmanned version. In January 2019, it was reported the third flyable Su-57 prototype (bort. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,886 | In July 2021, it was officially announced that a two-seater variant of the Su-57 was under development, to be used for training pilots and for ensuring the control of the Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik UCAV. This variant was also mentioned at the Army-2022 forum in August 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,887 | On 10 June 2014, the fifth flying prototype, aircraft T-50-5, was severely damaged by an engine fire after landing. The pilot managed to escape unharmed. The aircraft was subsequently written off, and its salvageable parts were cannibalized to finish the sixth "first stage" prototype, which was then given the fifth pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,888 | On 24 December 2019, the first serial Su-57 (bort number "01 blue") crashed 110–120 km away from the Dzyomgi Airport, Khabarovsk Krai, during the final stage of its factory trials due to a control system malfunction. The pilot ejected and was recovered by helicopter. According to TASS, the test flight took place at an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192 |
2,889 | The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,890 | The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech—such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,891 | Segments are transcribed by one or more IPA symbols of two basic types: letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter: , or with a letter plus diacritics: , depending on how precise one wishes to be. Slashes are used to signal phonemic transcription;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,892 | Occasionally, letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 segmental letters, an indefinitely large number of suprasegmental letters, 44 diacritics (not counting composites), and four extra-lexical prosodic marks in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,893 | In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, ). Their original alphabet was based on a spelling reform for English known as the Romic alphabet, but to make it usable for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,894 | Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After revisions and expansions from the 1890s to the 1940s, the IPA remained primarily unchanged until the Kiel Convention in 1989. A minor revision took place in 1993 with the addition of four letters for mid central vowels and the removal of letters for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,895 | Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology (extIPA) were created in 1990 and were officially adopted by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,896 | The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (speech segment). This means that: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,897 | The alphabet is designed for transcribing sounds (phones), not phonemes, though it is used for phonemic transcription as well. A few letters that did not indicate specific sounds have been retired (, once used for the "compound" tone of Swedish and Norwegian, and , once used for the moraic nasal of Japanese), though on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,898 | Among the symbols of the IPA, 107 letters represent consonants and vowels, 31 diacritics are used to modify these, and 17 additional signs indicate suprasegmental qualities such as length, tone, stress, and intonation. These are organized into a chart; the chart displayed here is the official chart as posted at the web... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
2,899 | The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet. For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, , originally had the form of a dotless question mark, and derives from an apostro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14761 |
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