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8,400 | Modern historians, working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope, also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm—from the Seven Wonders of the "Ancient World" to the Seven Wonders of the "World". The "seven wonders" label has spawned inn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19342760 |
8,401 | Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New Yor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,402 | Columbia was established by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,403 | Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain-computer interface; the laser and maser; nuclear magnetic resonance; the first nuclear pile; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift; and much ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,404 | Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM. Columbia is a foundin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,405 | The university's endowment stands at $13.3 billion in 2022, among the largest of any academic institution. , its alumni, faculty, and staff have included: seven Founding Fathers of the United States; four U.S. presidents; 33 foreign heads of state; two secretaries-general of the United Nations; ten justices of the Unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,406 | Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,407 | Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now low... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,408 | In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton. The Irish anat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,409 | After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand. The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College hereto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,410 | On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected president of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. For a period in the 1790s, with Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,411 | In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,412 | Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project. In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,413 | There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II. In 1995, the School of General S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,414 | In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history. The Columbia Univer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,415 | During the 1960s Columbia experienced large-scale student activism, which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk, and the establishment of the University Senate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,416 | Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,417 | During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,418 | The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White. Colu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,419 | The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as "South Hall" by the university's former president Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,420 | Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio. Also listed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,421 | A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called "Alma Mater" is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,422 | "The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,423 | In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of Internati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,424 | NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University. According to "U.S. News & World Report"s "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals. Columbia's medical sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,425 | In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Neighb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,426 | Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city. In addition, from April to November Hodgson's farm, a local New York gardening center, joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers. The market is one o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,427 | According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak ("104") with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest ("25"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,428 | Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university, operated by Academy Bus Lines. The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all TSC students can ride the buses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,429 | Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%. Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,430 | Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,431 | Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applican... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,432 | In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by "The New York Times" as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,433 | Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York". The university's first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,434 | The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,435 | The president of Columbia University, who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior exec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,436 | Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: Columbia College, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,437 | Joint degree programs are available through Union Theological Seminary, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, as well as through the Juilliard School. Teachers College and Barnard College are official faculties of the university; both colleges' presidents are deans under the university governance structure. The C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,438 | The university also has several Columbia Global Centers, in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Mumbai, Nairobi, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, and Tunis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,439 | Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as Sciences Po, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), École normale supérieure (ENS), Panthéon-Sorbonne University, King's College London, London School of Economics, University College London and the University of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,440 | Columbia University is ranked 18th in the United States and seventh globally for 2022–2023 by "U.S. News & World Report". In the previous year, Columbia was ranked sixth in the United States, although this was later found to have partly resulted from inaccurate statistics submitted by the university, resulting in its t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,441 | In 2021, Columbia was ranked seventh in the world (sixth in the United States) by "Academic Ranking of World Universities", sixth in the world by "U.S. News & World Report", 19th in the world by "QS World University Rankings", and 11th globally by "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". It was ranked in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,442 | Columbia's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation was ranked the second most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,443 | In 2015, Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries. In 2011, the ranked Columbia third best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,444 | Columbia is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". Columbia was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of "Principles of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,445 | Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Bene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,446 | Columbia is a long-standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program, allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years. As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program (ELDP) in partnership with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,447 | Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University, most notably the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in history. Other prizes, which are awarded by the Graduate School of Journalism, include the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, the National Magazine Awards, the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,448 | In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority. Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. 16% of students at Columbia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,449 | On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,450 | Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life. Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,451 | The "Columbia Daily Spectator" is the nation's second-oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper. "The Blue and White" is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics. "Bwog", originally an offshoot of "The Blue and White" but now fully independent, is an onli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,452 | Political publications include "The Current", a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; the "Columbia Political Review", the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; and "AdHoc", which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,453 | "Columbia Magazine" is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include "The Columbia Review", the nation's oldest college literary magazine; "Surgam", the literary magazine of The Philolexian Society; "Quarto", Columbia University's official under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,454 | Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The "Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal" prints original science research in its two annual publications. The "Journal of Politics & Society" is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences; "Publius" is an undergraduate journal of poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,455 | Humor publications on Columbia's campus include "The Fed", a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the "Jester of Columbia." Other publications include "The Columbian", the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook; the "Gadfly", a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,456 | Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the "Columbia Journalism Review" (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,457 | Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, WBAR. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the universit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,458 | The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country. The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest. The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,459 | The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's Model United Nations activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,460 | Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,461 | The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,462 | CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer. The Fu Foundation School... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,463 | On June 14, 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry. Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, New York University, and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,464 | A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in Division I FCS, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,465 | Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman, Marcellus Wiley, and world champion women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall. On May 17, 1939, fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,466 | Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second intercollegiate rugby football game in the history of the sport. Eight years later, Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first-ever defeat ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,467 | Established in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,468 | Past forum speakers include former president of the United States Bill Clinton, the prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former president of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, president of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,469 | The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergradu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,470 | The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,471 | Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,472 | The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact (CI). Founded in 1981, CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,473 | Columbia has several secret societies, including St. Anthony Hall, which was founded at the university in 1847, and two senior societies, the Nacoms and Sachems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,474 | In one of the school's longest-lasting traditions, begun in 1975, at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam—often the first day of final exams—the Columbia University Marching Band invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in Butler Library to distract and entertain studying students with som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,475 | In December 2016, following several years of complaints from students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters were offensive to minority groups, as well as a "The New York Times" article on the Band's crass treatment of sexual assault on campus, University administrators banned the Marching Band f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,476 | The Band's official alumni organization, the Columbia University Band Alumni Association, registered protests with the administration, and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name "A. Hamiltonius" published a series of pamphlets addressing their dissatisfaction with the ban, but at the end of the spring 2017 se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,477 | The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,478 | Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War, but lapsed before being revived by President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1910. A troop of students dressed as Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,479 | The Varsity Show is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894, making it one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L. Diamond, Herman Wouk and Eric Garcetti. The show has one of the lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,480 | The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five Founding Fathers of the United States, an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five. Three United States presidents have attended Columbia, as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, including t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,481 | In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,482 | Former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President Barack Obama, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, former chairman of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,483 | Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the Astor family attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett, former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman, chairman of Wal-Mart S. Robson Walton, Bain Capital Co-Managi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,484 | In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of IBM Herman Hollerith; inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong; Francis Mechner; integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover; founder of Google China Kai-Fu Lee; scientists Stephen Jay Gould, Robert Millikan, Helium–neon laser inventor Ali J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,485 | Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, Lorenz Hart, and Art Garfunkel; and painter Georgia O'Keeffe. Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,486 | University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards (). Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet ("12 Angry Men") and Kathryn Bigelow ("The Hurt Locker"), screenwriters Howard K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,487 | As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine. In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates, 12 National Medal of Science recipients, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,488 | Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during World War II and the creation of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who attended Columbia Law School. The three core members of Roosevelt's Brain Trust: Adolf A. Berle, Raymond Moley, and Rexford Tugwell, were law professors at Colu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,489 | Following the rise of Nazi Germany, the exiled Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950. It was during this period that thinkers including Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse wrote and published some of the most seminal works of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,490 | Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion. The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of liberal Christianity in the United States, having served as the birthplace of Black theology through the efforts of faculty including James H. Cone and Cornel W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,491 | Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the Dunning School, founded by William Archibald Dunning; the anthropological schools of historical particularism and cultural relativism, founded by Franz Boas; and functional psychology, whose founders and pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,492 | Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower, 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton, Founding Father and U.S. Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nicholas Murray Butler, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310 |
8,493 | The Eurofighter Typhoon is a European multinational twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter. The Typhoon was designed originally as an air-superiority fighter and is manufactured by a consortium of Airbus, BAE Systems and Leonardo that conducts the majority of the project through a joint holding company, Euro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
8,494 | The aircraft's development effectively began in 1983 with the Future European Fighter Aircraft programme, a multinational collaboration among the UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Previously, Germany, Italy and the UK had jointly developed and deployed the Panavia Tornado combat aircraft and desired to collaborate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
8,495 | The sudden end of the Cold War reduced European demand for fighter aircraft and led to debate over the aircraft's cost and work share and protracted the Typhoon's development: the Typhoon entered operational service in 2003 and is now in service with the air forces of Austria, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
8,496 | The Eurofighter Typhoon is a highly agile aircraft, designed to be an effective dogfighter in combat. Later production aircraft have been increasingly better equipped to undertake air-to-surface strike missions and to be compatible with an increasing number of different armaments and equipment, including Storm Shadow, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
8,497 | In the UK, as early as 1971, work commenced on the development of a manoeuvrable, tactical aircraft to replace the SEPECAT Jaguar (that was then about to enter service with the RAF). This work soon expanded to include an air superiority capability. A specification titled "Air Staff Target 403" (AST 403), in 1972, led t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
8,498 | Simultaneously, in West Germany, the requirement for a new fighter had resulted in competition between Dornier, VFW-Fokker and Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) for a future "Luftwaffe" contract known as "Taktisches Kampfflugzeug 90" ("Tactical Combat Aircraft 90"; TKF-90). Dornier collaborated with Northrop in the US o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
8,499 | In 1979, MBB and British Aerospace (BAe) presented a formal proposal to their respective governments for a collaboration, to be known as the European Collaborative Fighter, or "European Combat Fighter" (ECF). In October 1979, French firm Dassault joined the ECF project. It was at this stage of development the Eurofight... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167667 |
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