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144,079 | The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded. The phospholipid bilayer gives fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=340440 |
175,354 | The plum pudding model usefully guided his student, Ernest Rutherford, to devise experiments to further explore the composition of atoms. Also, Thomson's model was an improvement upon previous solar system models of Joseph Larmor and the Saturnian ring model for atomic electrons put forward in 1904 by Nagaoka (after Ja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2840 |
179,962 | The resting potential must be established within a cell before the cell can be depolarized. There are many mechanisms by which a cell can establish a resting potential, however there is a typical pattern of generating this resting potential that many cells follow. The cell uses ion channels, ion pumps, and voltage-gate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531587 |
232,442 | To calculate the bands including electron-electron interaction many-body effects, one can resort to so-called Green's function methods. Indeed, knowledge of the Green's function of a system provides both ground (the total energy) and also excited state observables of the system. The poles of the Green's function are th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
240,870 | The best known example of quantum interference is the double-slit experiment. In this experiment, electrons, atoms or other quantum mechanical objects approach a barrier with two slits in it. If the quantum object succeeds in passing through the slits, its position is measured with a detection screen a certain distance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15112 |
261,052 | The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the total energy contained within it. It is the energy necessary to create or prepare the system in its given internal state, and includes the contributions of potential energy and internal kinetic energy. It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=340757 |
301,365 | Determining the thermodynamic state of the stagnation point is more difficult under an equilibrium gas model than a perfect gas model. Under a perfect gas model, the "ratio of specific heats" (also called "isentropic exponent", adiabatic index, "gamma", or "kappa") is assumed to be constant along with the gas constant.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45294 |
315,359 | From 2007 onwards, the scope of the course (along with that of Math 25) was changed to more strictly cover the contents of four semester-long courses in two semesters: Math 25a (linear algebra and real analysis) and Math 122 (group theory and vector spaces) in Math 55a; and Math 25b (real analysis) and Math 113 (comple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22008131 |
322,380 | There are 11 distinct organ systems in human beings, which form the basis of human anatomy and physiology. The 11 organ systems include the respiratory system, digestive and excretory system, circulatory system, urinary system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=419100 |
350,980 | Probability logic is interested in how the probability of the premises of an argument affects the probability of its conclusion. It differs from classical logic, which assumes that propositions are either true or false but does not take into consideration the probability or certainty that a proposition is true or false... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61093 |
446,215 | Although there are many other implementations for quantum information processing (QIP) and quantum computation, optical quantum systems are prominent candidates, since they link quantum computation and quantum communication in the same framework. In optical systems for quantum information processing, the unit of light ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41312173 |
514,381 | A programming model is an execution model coupled to an API or a particular pattern of code. In this style, there are actually two execution models in play: the execution model of the base programming language and the execution model of the programming model. An example is Spark where Java is the base language, and Spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4045128 |
540,524 | Another concept is that data is considered as a form of public good. Researchers from Stanford University proposed the use of such a framework, to think about data and the development of AI; they were thinking about radiology data specifically. They concluded that clinical data should be a form of public good, used for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37451236 |
542,016 | Electroreception and electrogenesis are the closely-related biological abilities to perceive electrical stimuli and to generate electric fields. Both are used to locate prey; stronger electric discharges are used in a few groups of fishes to stun prey. The capabilities are found almost exclusively in aquatic or amphibi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1166387 |
558,779 | The system in this experiment consists of both compartments; that is, the entire region occupied by the gas at the end of the experiment. Because this system is thermally isolated, it cannot exchange heat with its surroundings. Also, since the system's total volume is kept constant, the system cannot perform work on it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1867005 |
563,320 | An accumulator is an energy storage device: a device which accepts energy, stores energy, and releases energy as needed. Some accumulators accept energy at a low rate (low power) over a long time interval and deliver the energy at a high rate (high power) over a short time interval. Some accumulators accept energy at a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3664546 |
595,816 | The European Union's new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) demands that stored data on people in the EU undergo either anonymization or a pseudonymization process. GDPR Recital (26) establishes a very high bar for what constitutes anonymous data, thereby exempting the data from the requirements of the GDPR, nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41669781 |
626,256 | The ink is controlled in the flexographic printing process by the ink system. The ink system contains an ink pump, anilox roll and either a fountain roll system or doctor blade system. The fountain roll or two-roll system has one roll spinning in an ink pan pressed against the anilox roll to transfer a layer of ink to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169534 |
649,121 | Cell proliferation is the process by which "a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells". Cell proliferation leads to an exponential increase in cell number and is therefore a rapid mechanism of tissue growth. Cell proliferation requires both cell growth and cell division to occur at the same time, such that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=594336 |
650,927 | Whenever a function is discontinuously truncated in one FT domain, broadening and rippling are introduced in the other FT domain. A perfect example from optics is in connection with the point spread function, which for on-axis plane wave illumination of a quadratic lens (with circular aperture), is an Airy function, "J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312008 |
687,863 | Subjectivists, also known as Bayesians or followers of epistemic probability, give the notion of probability a subjective status by regarding it as a measure of the 'degree of belief' of the individual assessing the uncertainty of a particular situation. Epistemic or subjective probability is sometimes called credence,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23538 |
704,269 | In June 2019, the Korean government confirmed the Third Energy Master Plan, also called a constitutional law of the energy sector and renewed every five years. Its goal is to achieve sustainable growth and enhance the quality of life through energy transition. There are five major tasks to achieve this goal. First, wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39208945 |
712,502 | A chemical reactor is an enclosed volume in which a chemical reaction takes place. In chemical engineering, it is generally understood to be a process vessel used to carry out a chemical reaction, which is one of the classic unit operations in chemical process analysis. The design of a chemical reactor deals with multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1162781 |
730,799 | Representation broadly depends on scope of the metadata management and reference point of interest. Data lineage provides sources of the data and intermediate data flow hops from the reference point with backward data lineage, leads to the final destination's data points and its intermediate data flows with forward dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44783487 |
733,465 | In control theory, a time-invariant (TIV) system has a time-dependent system function that is not a direct function of time. Such systems are regarded as a class of systems in the field of system analysis. The time-dependent system function is a function of the time-dependent input function. If this function depends "o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291319 |
780,093 | The essential job of this system is to find a suitable balance between fixing dirty data and maintaining the data as close as possible to the original data from the source production system. This is a challenge for the Extract, transform, load architect. The system should offer an architecture that can cleanse data, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3575651 |
785,329 | Another possibility for increased efficiency is to convert the frequency of light down towards the bandgap energy with a fluorescent material. In particular, to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit, it is necessary for the fluorescent material to convert a single high-energy photon into several lower-energy ones (quantum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20055670 |
844,162 | At resting potential, both the voltage gated sodium and potassium channels are closed but as the cell membrane becomes depolarized the voltage gated sodium channels begin to open up and the neuron begins to depolarize, creating a current feedback loop known as the Hodgkin cycle. However, potassium ions naturally move o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=518565 |
856,148 | Consider a mechanical system consisting of two partial systems "A" and "B" which interact with each other only during a limited time. Let the "ψ" function [i.e., wavefunction] before their interaction be given. Then the Schrödinger equation will furnish the "ψ" function after the interaction has taken place. Let us now... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211602 |
864,965 | The adaptive immune response is the body's second line of defense. The cells of the adaptive immune system are extremely specific because during early developmental stages the B and T cells develop antigen receptors that are specific to only certain antigens. This is extremely important for B and T cell activation. B a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=147561 |
894,807 | In the Copenhagen view of this experiment, Alice's measurement—and particularly her measurement choice—has a direct effect on Bob's state. However, under the assumption of locality, actions on Alice's system do not affect the "true", or "ontic" state of Bob's system. We see that the ontic state of Bob's system must be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8978774 |
913,839 | The quantile function is one way of prescribing a probability distribution, and it is an alternative to the probability density function (pdf) or probability mass function, the cumulative distribution function (cdf) and the characteristic function. The quantile function, "Q", of a probability distribution is the invers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10167616 |
913,898 | Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time. This length of time can be as short as a few decades to as long as millions of years. The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=142440 |
942,543 | A basic workflow for reproducible research involves data acquisition, data processing and data analysis. Data acquisition primarily consists of obtaining primary data from a primary source such as surveys, field observations, experimental research, or obtaining data from an existing source. Data processing involves the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47651 |
944,161 | It is often convenient in calculation that the invariant mass of a system is the total energy of the system (divided by ) in the COM frame (where, by definition, the momentum of the system is zero). However, since the invariant mass of any system is also the same quantity in all inertial frames, it is a quantity often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491022 |
961,328 | This means that during a transfer, all communication is started by the Bus Controller, and a terminal device cannot start a data transfer on its own. In the case of an RT to RT transfer the sequence is as follows: An application or function in the subsystem behind the RT interface (e.g. RT1) writes the data that is to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1441618 |
965,557 | Non-mechanical work also contrasts with shaft work. Shaft work is the other of the two mainly considered kinds of mechanical contact work. It transfers energy by rotation, but it does not eventually change the shape or volume of the system. Because it does not change the volume of the system it is not measured as press... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3616613 |
1,020,547 | In the original Hopfield model of associative memory, the variables were binary, and the dynamics were described by a one-at-a-time update of the state of the neurons. An energy function quadratic in the formula_60 was defined, and the dynamics consisted of changing the activity of each single neuron formula_62 only if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1170097 |
1,023,156 | In lambda calculus, each function has exactly one parameter. What is thought of as functions with multiple parameters is usually represented in lambda calculus as a function which takes the first argument, and returns a function which takes the rest of the arguments; this is a transformation known as currying. Some pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324375 |
1,024,086 | The model evidence formula_74 is the probability of the data given the model formula_75. It is also known as the marginal likelihood, and as the "prior predictive density". Here, the model is defined by the likelihood function formula_76 and the prior distribution on the parameters, i.e. formula_77. The model evidence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7519917 |
1,040,295 | A silicon solar cell was first patented in 1946 by Russell Ohl when working at Bell Labs and first publicly demonstrated at the same research institution by Fuller, Chapin, and Pearson in 1954; however, these first proposals were monofacial cells and not designed to have their rear face active. The first bifacial solar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65342312 |
1,048,200 | In the United Kingdom, at least some statistics has been taught in schools since the 1930s. At present, A-level qualifications (typically taken by 17- to 18-year-olds) are being developed in "Statistics" and "Further Statistics". The coverage of the former includes: Probability; Data Collection; Descriptive Statistics;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24985094 |
1,080,350 | Penicillin, its derivatives and methicillin, and other beta-lactam antibiotics inhibits activity of the cell-wall forming penicillin-binding protein family (PBP 1, 2, 3 and 4). This disrupts the cell wall structure, causing the cytoplasm to leak and cell death. However, "mecA" codes for PBP2a that has a lower affinity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19372852 |
1,130,514 | It has been mentioned that a quantum well is basically a potential well that confines particles to move in two dimensions instead of three, forcing them to occupy a planar region. In coupled quantum wells there are two possible ways for electrons and holes to be bound into an exciton: indirect exciton and direct excito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7206727 |
1,154,864 | External memory algorithms are analyzed in an idealized model of computation called the external memory model (or I/O model, or disk access model). The external memory model is an abstract machine similar to the RAM machine model, but with a cache in addition to main memory. The model captures the fact that read and wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1881722 |
1,190,210 | Given the genetic makeup of an organism, the complete set of possible reactions constitutes its reactome. Reactome, located at http://www.reactome.org is a curated, peer-reviewed resource of human biological processes/pathway data. The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1872854 |
1,205,452 | Domestically, the Clean Energy Act 2011 addresses GHG with an emissions cap, carbon price, and subsidies. Emissions by the electric sector are addressed by Renewable Energy targets at multiple scales, Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), carbon capture and storage flagshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20802345 |
1,231,296 | where formula_29 is the area of the moving plate and the stagnant plate, formula_30 is the spatial coordinate normal to the plates. In this experimental setup, value for the force formula_31 is first selected. Then a maximum velocity formula_32 is measured, and finally both values are entered in the equation to calcula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56541610 |
1,326,567 | Complete stimulation of T helper cells requires the B7 molecule present on the antigen presenting cell to bind with CD28 molecule present on the T cell surface (in close proximity with the T cell receptor). Likewise, a second interaction between the CD40 ligand or CD154 (CD40L) present on T cell surface and CD40 presen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9335254 |
1,362,559 | By introducing more energy thresholds above the low-energy threshold, a PCD can be divided into several discrete energy bins. Each registered photon is thus assigned to a specific bin depending on its energy, such that each pixel measures a histogram of the incident X-ray spectrum. This spectral information provides se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55862624 |
1,391,799 | DB2, VSAM, and other data storage formats achieve greater I/O performance thanks to a new System z9 feature called a MIDAW. Also, the System z9 introduces the , a new type of processor that accelerates certain specific DB2 tasks. Modified Indirect Data Address Words (MIDAWs) are a channel programming capability of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458789 |
1,421,902 | The Real-Time Solar Wind (RTSW) system is continuously monitoring the solar wind and producing warnings of impending major geomagnetic activity, up to one hour in advance. Warnings and alerts issued by NOAA allow those with systems sensitive to such activity to take preventative action. The RTSW system gathers solar wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1009525 |
1,531,053 | Overall, the status scientific data remains a flexible point of discussion among individual researchers, communities and policy-makers: "In broader terms, whatever 'data' is of interest to researchers should be treated as 'research data'" Important policy reports, like the 2012 collective synthesis of the National Acad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31915311 |
1,573,134 | Patch-seq integrative dataset allows for a comprehensive characterization of cell types, particularly in neurons. Neuroscientists have applied this technique to a variety of experiments and protocols to discover new cell subtypes based on correlations between transcriptomic data and neuronal morpho-electric properties.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66692692 |
1,601,103 | One of the problems facing real-time ocean observatories is the ability to provide a fast and accurate assessment of the data quality. Ocean Networks Canada is in the process of implementing real-time quality control on incoming data. For scalar data, the aim is to meet the guidelines of the Quality Assurance of Real T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19175774 |
1,603,986 | The use of 3D cell cultures in microfluidic devices has led to a field of study called organ-on-a-chip. The first report of these types of microfluidic cultures was used to study the toxicity of naphthalene metabolites on the liver and lung (Viravaidya et al.). These devices can grow a stripped-down version of an organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
1,618,324 | In the original Hopfield model of associative memory, the variables were binary, and the dynamics were described by a one-at-a-time update of the state of the neurons. An energy function quadratic in the formula_2 was defined, and the dynamics consisted of changing the activity of each single neuron formula_4 only if d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68440670 |
1,634,641 | An ideal quantum system is not realistic because it should be completely isolated while, in practice, it is influenced by the coupling to an environment, which typically has a large number of degrees of freedom (for example an atom interacting with the surrounding radiation field). A complete microscopic description of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67944523 |
1,689,913 | The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model is a specialized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and is used to forecast the track and intensity of tropical cyclones. The model was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Naval Research La... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4142447 |
1,835,180 | Computer system architectures such as Hadoop and HPCC which can support data-parallel applications are a potential solution to the terabyte and petabyte scale data processing requirements of data-intensive computing. Clusters of commodity hardware are commonly being used to address Big Data problems. The fundamental ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31733715 |
1,899,201 | The purpose of establishing renewable energy cooperatives touches upon environmental, economic, and social issues. They first work to encourage a shift in the energy system to a cleaner and more sustainable line of renewable energy sources, helping to reduce the impacts of climate change. They also disseminate renewabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65691512 |
1,920,572 | Type free λ-calculus treats functions as rules and does not differentiate functions and the objects which they are applied to, meaning λ-calculus is type free. A by-product of type free λ-calculus is an effective computability equivalent to general recursion and Turing machines. The set of λ-terms can be considered a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36075414 |
1,925,475 | As a system is formed from a solid surface and a drop of liquid, energy minima and maxima are produced by the free energy of the system. When the solid surface is rough or homogeneous, the system, which is made up of a solid, a liquid, and a fluid, could have multiple minima produced from the free energy at different m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45330103 |
1,996,892 | In the theory of quantum communication, the entanglement-assisted classical capacity of a quantum channel is the highest rate at which classical information can be transmitted from a sender to receiver when they share an unlimited amount of noiseless entanglement. It is given by the quantum mutual information of the ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31477835 |
2,022,924 | Interatomic potentials were developed for amino acids as early as in the late 1960s, for example, serving the CHARMM program. The fraction of covered chemical space was small considering the size of the periodic table, and compatible interatomic potentials for inorganic compounds remained largely unavailable. Different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64170778 |
2,073,189 | The IIE, based out of the Hubrecht Institute (aka "Hubrecht Laboratories) in the Netherlands, changed its name in 1968 to the International Society of Developmental Biologists (ISDB). In 1997 the ISDB took over the functions of a parallel organization, the European Developmental Biology Organisation (EDBO), becoming th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37257608 |
2,112,199 | A differential equation model is one that describes the value of dependent variables as they evolve in time or space by giving equations involving those variables and their derivatives with respect to some independent variables, usually time and/or space. An ordinary differential equation is one in which the system's d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15507968 |
2,116,182 | Free-floating ribosomes can become membrane bound through a process called translocation. Through translocation, ribosomes that are found in the cytosol producing proteins are moved and attached to the membrane. This process is responsible for development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. First, ribosomes begin prote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21151506 |
2,134,913 | Energy-based generative neural networks is a class of generative models, which aim to learn explicit probability distributions of data in the form of energy-based models whose energy functions are parameterized by modern deep neural networks. Its name is due to the fact that this model can be derived from the discrimin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63637933 |
2,169,220 | Frontiers of Physics (formerly "Frontiers of Physics in China" from 2006 to 2010) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 2006 and co-published by Higher Education Press (China) and Springer Verlag (Germany). Topics covered include quantum mechanics and quantum information; gravitation, cosmology a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28921943 |
11,760 | Machine learning approaches in particular can suffer from different data biases. A machine learning system trained specifically on current customers may not be able to predict the needs of new customer groups that are not represented in the training data. When trained on man-made data, machine learning is likely to pic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
21,549 | The reactants in the electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion cell are materials of anode and cathode, both of which are compounds containing lithium atoms. During discharge, an oxidation half-reaction at the anode produces positively charged lithium ions and negatively charged electrons. The oxidation half-reaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201485 |
54,101 | An object moves at different speeds in different frames of reference, depending on the motion of the observer. This implies the kinetic energy, in both Newtonian mechanics and relativity, is 'frame dependent', so that the amount of relativistic energy that an object is measured to have depends on the observer. The "rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422481 |
54,106 | For an isolated system of particles moving in different directions, the invariant mass of the system is the analog of the rest mass, and is the same for all observers, even those in relative motion. It is defined as the total energy (divided by ) in the center of momentum frame. The "center of momentum frame" is define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422481 |
60,942 | In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking device that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=76086 |
64,373 | Work and heat are expressions of actual physical processes of supply or removal of energy, while the internal energy formula_6 is a mathematical abstraction that keeps account of the exchanges of energy that befall the system. Thus the term 'heat' for formula_3 means "that amount of energy added or removed as heat in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166404 |
66,083 | A research question that is asked about big data sets is whether it is necessary to look at the full data to draw certain conclusions about the properties of the data or if is a sample is good enough. The name big data itself contains a term related to size and this is an important characteristic of big data. But sampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27051151 |
108,411 | A time series is one type of panel data. Panel data is the general class, a multidimensional data set, whereas a time series data set is a one-dimensional panel (as is a cross-sectional dataset). A data set may exhibit characteristics of both panel data and time series data. One way to tell is to ask what makes one dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406624 |
118,563 | The notion of a zero-point energy is also important for cosmology, and physics currently lacks a full theoretical model for understanding zero-point energy in this context; in particular, the discrepancy between theorized and observed vacuum energy in the universe is a source of major contention. Physicists Richard Fey... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400 |
148,049 | In laboratory systems, either 10–30 mm beam diameter non-monochromatic Al K or Mg K anode radiation is used, or a focused 20-500 micrometer diameter beam single wavelength Al K monochromatised radiation. Monochromatic Al K X-rays are normally produced by diffracting and focusing a beam of non-monochromatic X-rays off o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70847 |
159,138 | There are two primary ways of constructing statistical models: in a "static" model, the data is analyzed and a model is constructed, then this model is stored with the compressed data. This approach is simple and modular, but has the disadvantage that the model itself can be expensive to store, and also that it forces ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18209 |
162,777 | The highest order of derivation that appears in a (linear) differential equation is the "order" of the equation. The term , which does not depend on the unknown function and its derivatives, is sometimes called the "constant term" of the equation (by analogy with algebraic equations), even when this term is a non-const... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=379868 |
175,518 | In a 2005 well-to-wheels analysis, the DOE estimated that fuel cell electric vehicles using hydrogen produced from natural gas would result in emissions of approximately 55% of the CO per mile of internal combustion engine vehicles and have approximately 25% less emissions than hybrid vehicles. In 2006, Ulf Bossel stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1252085 |
221,036 | In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that if an isolated system is subject only to conservative forces, then the mechanical energy is constant. If an object moves in the opposite direction of a conservative n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=859234 |
257,070 | In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that provides a probability distribution for the outcomes of each possible measurement on a system. Knowledge of the quantum state together with the rules for the system's evolution in time exhausts all that can be predicted about the system's behavior. A mix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30876419 |
280,725 | An example of a simple type system is that of the C language. The portions of a C program are the function definitions. One function is invoked by another function. The interface of a function states the name of the function and a list of parameters that are passed to the function's code. The code of an invoking functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199701 |
282,502 | A data model instance is created by applying a data model theory. This is typically done to solve some business enterprise requirement. Business requirements are normally captured by a semantic logical data model. This is transformed into a physical data model instance from which is generated a physical database. For e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=82871 |
283,334 | The Residential Energy Services Network is a crucial benchmark for energy reduction (RESNET). The Home Energy Rating System (HERS) of RESNET, which is based on the International Code Council's (ICC) energy code, is used to rate home energy consumption with a standard numerical scale that examines factors in home energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=478933 |
311,820 | Other important mechanisms fall under the category of asymmetric cell divisions, divisions that give rise to daughter cells with distinct developmental fates. Asymmetric cell divisions can occur because of asymmetrically expressed maternal cytoplasmic determinants or because of signaling. In the former mechanism, disti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152611 |
317,181 | The internal state variables are the smallest possible subset of system variables that can represent the entire state of the system at any given time. The minimum number of state variables required to represent a given system, formula_4, is usually equal to the order of the system's defining differential equation, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548156 |
320,011 | Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wave function, a mathematical representation of the quantum state of a system; a probabilistic interpretation of the wave function is used to explain various quantum effects. As long as there exist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185732 |
331,046 | The term "data mining" is a misnomer because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the extraction ("mining") of data itself. It also is a buzzword and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or information processing (collection, extraction, warehousing, anal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42253 |
331,053 | The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s) and regression analysis (1800s). The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology have dramatically increased data collection, storage, and manipula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42253 |
381,714 | Assume a model with one or more unknown parameters, and a data set to which the model can be fit (the training data set). The fitting process optimizes the model parameters to make the model fit the training data as well as possible. If an independent sample of validation data is taken from the same population as the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=416612 |
389,154 | In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's "energy spectrum" or its set of "energy eigenvalues", is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14381 |
409,119 | Green's function is not necessarily unique since the addition of any solution of the homogeneous equation to one Green's function results in another Green's function. Therefore if the homogeneous equation has nontrivial solutions, multiple Green's functions exist. In some cases, it is possible to find one Green's funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=311001 |
410,237 | Other weaknesses are that it has not been determined if the statistically most accurate method for combining results is the fixed, IVhet, random or quality effect models, though the criticism against the random effects model is mounting because of the perception that the new random effects (used in meta-analysis) are e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62329 |
422,808 | Unlike the traditional extract, transform, load ("ETL") process, the data remains in place, and real-time access is given to the source system for the data. This reduces the risk of data errors, of the workload moving data around that may never be used, and it does not attempt to impose a single data model on the data ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26041421 |
443,467 | In an extension of classical dynamical systems theory, rather than coupling the environment's and the agent's dynamical systems to each other, an “open dynamical system” defines a “total system”, an “agent system”, and a mechanism to relate these two systems. The total system is a dynamical system that models an agent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=355240 |
449,403 | Quantum neural networks are computational neural network models which are based on the principles of quantum mechanics. The first ideas on quantum neural computation were published independently in 1995 by Subhash Kak and Ron Chrisley, engaging with the theory of quantum mind, which posits that quantum effects play a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3737445 |
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