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2,147,669 | Stem cell genomics analyzes the genomes of stem cells. Currently, this field is rapidly expanding due to the dramatic decrease in the cost of sequencing genomes. The study of stem cell genomics has wide reaching implications in the study of stem cell biology and possible therapeutic usages of stem cells. Application of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5747184 |
2,164,952 | Neuro: of or having to do with the nervous system. Nervous System: An organ system that coordinates the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses and initiates actions. The human nervous system coordinates the functions of itself and all organ systems including but n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49292146 |
2,235,722 | Probabilistic Approach for protein NMR Assignment Validation (PANAV) is a freely available stand-alone program that is used for protein chemical shift re-referencing. Chemical shift referencing is a problem in protein nuclear magnetic resonance as >20% of reported NMR chemical shift assignments appear to be improperly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42516350 |
11,699 | Machine learning and data mining often employ the same methods and overlap significantly, but while machine learning focuses on prediction, based on "known" properties learned from the training data, data mining focuses on the discovery of (previously) "unknown" properties in the data (this is the analysis step of know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,710 | Supervised learning algorithms build a mathematical model of a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. The data is known as training data, and consists of a set of training examples. Each training example has one or more inputs and the desired output, also known as a supervisory signal. In th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,743 | An ANN is a model based on a collection of connected units or nodes called "artificial neurons", which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit information, a "signal", from one artificial neuron to another. An artificial neuron that receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
17,547 | Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
18,768 | Quantum computing began in 1980 when physicist Paul Benioff proposed a quantum mechanical model of the Turing machine. Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin later suggested that a quantum computer had the potential to simulate things a classical computer could not feasibly do. In 1986 Feynman introduced an early version of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25220 |
20,846 | Electricity generation is often done by a process of converting mechanical energy to electricity. Devices such as steam turbines or gas turbines are involved in the production of the mechanical energy, which is passed on to electric generators which produce the electricity. Electricity can also be supplied by chemical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9550 |
27,182 | The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA and some of its organelles, and the subsequent partitioning of its cytoplasm into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. In eukaryotes (i.e., ani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9127632 |
34,211 | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9649 |
34,213 | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy, that has been available since the Big Bang, being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9649 |
48,776 | In unsupervised learning, input data is given along with the cost function, some function of the data formula_1 and the network's output. The cost function is dependent on the task (the model domain) and any "a priori" assumptions (the implicit properties of the model, its parameters and the observed variables). As a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21523 |
54,103 | The conservation of energy is a universal principle in physics and holds for any interaction, along with the conservation of momentum. The classical conservation of mass, in contrast, is violated in certain relativistic settings. This concept has been experimentally proven in a number of ways, including the conversion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422481 |
55,072 | In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21944 |
70,218 | The kinetic energy of any entity depends on the reference frame in which it is measured. However, the total energy of an isolated system, i.e. one in which energy can neither enter nor leave, does not change over time in the reference frame in which it is measured. Thus, the chemical energy converted to kinetic energy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17327 |
87,746 | A "wet cell" battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are "flooded cell", since the liquid covers all internal parts or "vented cell", since gases produced during operation can escape to the air. Wet cells were a precursor to dry cells and are commonly used as a learning tool for electrochemistry. They can be buil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19174720 |
88,156 | where formula_1 denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system (for which heat or work through the system boundary are possible, but matter transfer is not possible), formula_2 denotes the quantity of energy supplied "to" the system as heat, and formula_3 denotes the amount of thermodynamic work done "by"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952 |
93,758 | Probability distributions usually belong to one of two classes. A discrete probability distribution is applicable to the scenarios where the set of possible outcomes is discrete (e.g. a coin toss, a roll of a die) and the probabilities are encoded by a discrete list of the probabilities of the outcomes; in this case th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23543 |
97,446 | Helper T cells express T cell receptors that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (such as Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker associa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14958 |
100,996 | There are various types of potential energy, each associated with a particular type of force. For example, the work of an elastic force is called elastic potential energy; work of the gravitational force is called gravitational potential energy; work of the Coulomb force is called electric potential energy; work of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23703 |
118,576 | In 1912, Max Planck published the first journal article to describe the discontinuous emission of radiation, based on the discrete quanta of energy. In Planck's "second quantum theory" resonators absorbed energy continuously, but emitted energy in discrete energy quanta only when they reached the boundaries of finite c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400 |
118,683 | In 1951 Callen and Welton proved the quantum fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) which was originally formulated in classical form by Nyquist (1928) as an explanation for observed Johnson noise in electric circuits. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem showed that when something dissipates energy, in an effectively irreve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400 |
128,214 | In Bayesian inference, although one can speak about the likelihood of any proposition or random variable given another random variable: for example the likelihood of a parameter value or of a statistical model (see marginal likelihood), given specified data or other evidence, the likelihood function remains the same en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44968 |
128,865 | In the model of computation used in this article (the quantum circuit model), a classic computer generates the gate composition for the quantum computer, and the quantum computer behaves as a coprocessor that receives instructions from the classical computer about which primitive gates to apply to which qubits. Measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=888587 |
130,496 | Molecular biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants, attempting to answer the questions regarding the mechanisms of genetic inheritance and the structure of the gene. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick described the structure of DNA and the interactions within the molecu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34413 |
164,050 | Data integrity contains guidelines for data retention, specifying or guaranteeing the length of time data can be retained in a particular database. To achieve data integrity, these rules are consistently and routinely applied to all data entering the system, and any relaxation of enforcement could cause errors in the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40995 |
165,863 | Rectification is the translation of the raw EMG signal to a signal with a single polarity, usually positive. The purpose of rectifying the signal is to ensure the signal does not average to zero, due to the raw EMG signal having positive and negative components. Two types of rectification are used: full-wave and half-w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=997173 |
184,899 | In chemistry and physics, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be provided for compounds to result in a chemical reaction. The activation energy ("E") of a reaction is measured in joules per mole (J/mol), kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). Activation energy can be t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38413 |
184,905 | A catalyst is able to reduce the activation energy by forming a transition state in a more favorable manner. Catalysts, by nature, create a more "comfortable" fit for the substrate of a reaction to progress to a transition state. This is possible due to a release of energy that occurs when the substrate binds to the ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38413 |
196,505 | A study by Natural Resources Canada found that cold climate air source heat pumps (CC-ASHPs) work in Canadian winters, based on testing in Ottawa (Ontario) in late December 2012 to early January 2013 using a ducted CC-ASHP. (The report does not explicitly state whether backup heat sources should be considered for tempe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6453717 |
227,040 | The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun and radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy and the passage of the energy through the climate system is Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, Earth's energy budget is posi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47512 |
238,327 | Dialog in "Datalore" establishes some of Data's backstory. It is stated that he was deactivated in 2336 on Omicron Theta before an attack by the Crystalline Entity, a spaceborne creature which converts life forms to energy for sustenance. He was found and reactivated by Starfleet personnel two years later. Data went to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47676 |
252,396 | A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a collection of information, while descriptive statistics (in the mass noun sense) is the process of using and analysing those statistics. Descriptive statistic is distinguished from infere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8187 |
260,517 | CDMA is a spread-spectrum multiple-access technique. A spread-spectrum technique spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. A spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrow ambiguity function, unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7143 |
261,068 | At any temperature greater than absolute zero, microscopic potential energy and kinetic energy are constantly converted into one another, but the sum remains constant in an isolated system (cf. table). In the classical picture of thermodynamics, kinetic energy vanishes at zero temperature and the internal energy is pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=340757 |
261,069 | The microscopic kinetic energy portion of the internal energy gives rise to the temperature of the system. Statistical mechanics relates the pseudo-random kinetic energy of individual particles to the mean kinetic energy of the entire ensemble of particles comprising a system. Furthermore, it relates the mean microscop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=340757 |
266,748 | Oftentimes, the collection of primary data may be difficult and deemed proprietary or confidential by the owner. An alternative to primary data is secondary data, which is data that comes from LCA databases, literature sources, and other past studies. With secondary sources, it is often you find data that is similar to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=604896 |
268,899 | The heat pump is a refrigeration based appliance which reverses refrigerant flow between the indoor and outdoor coils. This is done by energizing a reversing valve (also known as a "4-way" or "change-over" valve). During cooling, the indoor coil is an evaporator removing heat from the indoor air and transferring it to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=265822 |
271,503 | The black hole information paradox is a puzzle that appears when the predictions of quantum mechanics and general relativity are combined. The theory of general relativity predicts the existence of black holes that are regions of spacetime from which nothing — not even light — can escape. In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=851008 |
274,437 | Two independent dual-CPU computers, A and B, form the controller; giving redundancy to the system. The failure of controller system A automatically leads to a switch-over to controller system B without impeding operational capabilities; the subsequent failure of controller system B would provide a graceful shutdown of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=680000 |
275,147 | DNA methylation marks – genomic regions with specific methylation patterns in a specific biological state such as tissue, cell type, individual – are regarded as possible functional regions involved in gene transcriptional regulation. Although various human cell types may have the same genome, these cells have differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1137227 |
277,328 | All biomass goes through at least some of these steps: it needs to be grown, collected, dried, fermented, distilled, and burned. All of these steps require resources and an infrastructure. The total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting ethanol fuel is known as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=608623 |
277,357 | While the discrete unit sample function and the Kronecker delta function use the same letter, they differ in the following ways. For the discrete unit sample function, it is more conventional to place a single integer index in square braces; in contrast the Kronecker delta can have any number of indexes. Further, the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182890 |
282,475 | In the 1960s data modeling gained more significance with the initiation of the management information system (MIS) concept. According to Leondes (2002), "during that time, the information system provided the data and information for management purposes. The first generation database system, called Integrated Data Store... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=82871 |
282,495 | Another kind of data model describes how to organize data using a database management system or other data management technology. It describes, for example, relational tables and columns or object-oriented classes and attributes. Such a data model is sometimes referred to as the "physical data model", but in the origin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=82871 |
283,324 | Since the oil embargoes and price spikes of the 1970s, energy efficiency and conservation have been fundamental tenets of U.S. energy policy. The scope of energy conservation and efficiency measures has been broadened throughout time by U.S. energy policies and programs, including federal and state legislation and regu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=478933 |
300,847 | In the same year, building on de Broglie's hypothesis, [[Erwin Schrödinger]] developed the equation that describes the behavior of a quantum-mechanical wave. The mathematical model, called the [[Schrödinger equation]] after its creator, is central to quantum mechanics, defines the permitted stationary states of a quant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2796131 |
301,367 | When running a Gibbs free energy equilibrium program, the iterative process from the originally specified molecular composition to the final calculated equilibrium composition is essentially random and not time accurate. With a non-equilibrium program, the computation process is time accurate and follows a solution pat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45294 |
306,496 | In crystallography, there is the concept of a unit cell which comprises the space between adjacent lattice points as well as any atoms in that space. A unit cell is defined as a space that, when translated through a subset of all vectors described by formula_2, fills the lattice space without overlapping or voids. (I.e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=661808 |
311,807 | Among dividing cells, there are multiple levels of cell potency, the cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A greater potency indicates a larger number of cell types that can be derived. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as "totipotent". In mamma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=152611 |
311,957 | Compressed-air energy storage (CAES) plants can bridge the gap between production volatility and load. CAES storage addresses the energy needs of consumers by effectively providing readily available energy to meet demand. Renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy vary. So at times when they provide little pow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24130 |
330,574 | In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be "conserved" over time. This law, first proposed and tested by Émilie du Châtelet, means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67088 |
330,624 | However, when the non-unitary Born rule is applied, the system's energy is measured with an energy that can be below or above the expectation value, if the system was not in an energy eigenstate. (For macroscopic systems, this effect is usually too small to measure.) The disposition of this energy gap is not well-under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67088 |
352,739 | The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the "valence shell atom" model. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4831 |
353,340 | The second signal comes from co-stimulation, in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli, usually products of pathogens, but sometimes breakdown products of cells, such as necrotic-bodies or heat shock proteins. The only co-stimulatory receptor expressed constitutively by n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170417 |
378,511 | An electric "charge," such as a single proton in space, has a magnitude defined in coulombs. Such a charge has an electric field surrounding it. In pictorial form, the electric field from a positive point charge can be visualized as a dot radiating electric field lines (sometimes also called "lines of force"). Conceptu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43590 |
380,409 | Usually, the easiest part of model evaluation is checking whether a model fits experimental measurements or other empirical data. In models with parameters, a common approach to test this fit is to split the data into two disjoint subsets: training data and verification data. The training data are used to estimate the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20590 |
399,977 | Bayesian statistical methods use Bayes' theorem to compute and update probabilities after obtaining new data. Bayes' theorem describes the conditional probability of an event based on data as well as prior information or beliefs about the event or conditions related to the event. For example, in Bayesian inference, Bay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=404412 |
404,895 | Supervised learning (SL) is a machine learning paradigm for problems where the available data consists of labelled examples, meaning that each data point contains features (covariates) and an associated label. The goal of supervised learning algorithms is learning a function that maps feature vectors (inputs) to labels... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20926 |
411,078 | Various assumptions and approximations adapted to the system under study lead to expressions for the free energy. Correlation functions are used to calculate the free-energy functional as an expansion on a known reference system. If the non-uniform fluid can be described by a density distribution that is not far from u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209874 |
443,385 | As the application of precise algorithm to solve problem is very limited, we often use approximate algorithm or heuristic algorithm. The result of the algorithm can be assessed by C / C* ≤ ε . C is the total travelling distance generated from approximate algorithm; C* is the optimal travelling distance; ε is the upper ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45036001 |
461,236 | The flow of the cytoplasm in the cell of "Chara corallina" is belied by the "barber pole" movement of the chloroplasts. Two sections of chloroplast flow are observed with the aid of a microscope. These sections are arranged helically along the longitudinal axis of the cell. In one section, the chloroplasts move upward ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=656613 |
468,561 | While geothermal energy has had many uses in Iceland throughout history, its use there for electricity generation did not come until relatively recently. Iceland’s power was largely derived from fossil fuels until the 1970s, when the national government looked to address energy price inequities across the country. A re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=113657 |
477,751 | This definition can be derived from the microcanonical ensemble, which is a system of a constant number of particles, a constant volume and that does not exchange energy with its environment. Suppose that the system has some external parameter, x, that can be changed. In general, the energy eigenstates of the system wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5529757 |
489,545 | Based on this, in 1978, Jorma Rissanen published an MDL learning algorithm using the statistical notion of information rather than algorithmic information. Over the past 40 years this has developed into a rich theory of statistical and machine learning procedures with connections to Bayesian model selection and averagi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331325 |
499,150 | A thermodynamic system is not simply a physical system. Rather, in general, infinitely many different alternative physical systems comprise a given thermodynamic system, because in general a physical system has vastly many more microscopic characteristics than are mentioned in a thermodynamic description. A thermodynam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2747182 |
504,873 | Spin waves are observed through four experimental methods: inelastic neutron scattering, inelastic light scattering (Brillouin scattering, Raman scattering and inelastic X-ray scattering), inelastic electron scattering (spin-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy), and spin-wave resonance (ferromagnetic resonance).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
509,649 | Within the field of developmental biology, one goal is to understand how a particular cell develops into a final cell type, known as fate determination. Within an embryo, several processes play out at the cellular and tissue level to create an organism. These processes include cell proliferation, differentiation, cellu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8285473 |
514,494 | Focal adhesions are integrin-containing, multi-protein structures that form mechanical links between intracellular actin bundles and the extracellular substrate in many cell types. Focal adhesions are large, dynamic protein complexes through which the cytoskeleton of a cell connects to the ECM. They are limited to clea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2440776 |
516,823 | Synthetic data is generated to meet specific needs or certain conditions that may not be found in the original, real data. This can be useful when designing any type of system because the synthetic data are used as a simulation or as a theoretical value, situation, etc. This allows us to take into account unexpected re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25270778 |
533,808 | The mutual transformation of quantum information between light and matter is the focus of quantum informatics. The interaction between a single photon and a cooled crystal doped with rare earth ions is investigated. Crystals doped with rare earth have broad application prospects in the field of quantum storage because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60448457 |
541,165 | The dual-cell voltage clamp technique is a specialized variation of the two electrode voltage clamp, and is only used in the study of gap junction channels. Gap junctions are pores that directly link two cells through which ions and small molecules flow freely. When two cells in which gap junction proteins, typically c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=603690 |
561,576 | In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is any Poincaré covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). This theory is applicable to massive particles propagating at all velocities up to those comparable to the speed of light "c", and can accommodate massless particles. The theory has application in high ener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19389837 |
569,486 | A data structure is an abstract construct that embeds data in a well defined manner. An efficient data structure allows manipulation of the data in efficient ways. The data manipulation may include data insertion, deletion, updating and retrieval in various modes. A certain data structure type may be very effective in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209503 |
575,215 | All HST science data are permanently archived after passing through the calibration pipeline. NASA policy mandates a one-year proprietary period on all data, which means that only the initial proposal team can access the data for the first year after it has been obtained. Subsequent to that year, the data become availa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177098 |
581,403 | In 1969 scientists D. Wilshaw, O. P. Buneman and H. Longuet-Higgins proposed an alternative, non-holographic model that fulfilled many of the same requirements as Gabor's original holographic model. The Gabor model did not explain how the brain could use Fourier analysis on incoming signals or how it would deal with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1896271 |
596,956 | Mark H. Ashcraft defines math anxiety as "a feeling of tension, apprehension, or fear that interferes with math performance" (2002, p. 1). It is a phenomenon that is often considered when examining students' problems in mathematics. According to the American Psychological Association, mathematical anxiety is often link... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8111444 |
612,896 | Retinal cell fate determination relies on positional cell–cell signaling that activates signal transduction pathways, rather than cell lineage. Cell–cell signal that is released from R8 photoreceptors (already differentiated retinal cells) of each ommatidium is received by neighboring progenitor retinal cells, stimulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=358597 |
613,082 | The separation of static (cold) and dynamic (hot) data to reduce write amplification is not a simple process for the SSD controller. The process requires the SSD controller to separate the LBAs with data which is constantly changing and requiring rewriting (dynamic data) from the LBAs with data which rarely changes and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27560356 |
614,819 | The most general causal LTI transfer function can be uniquely factored into a series of an all-pass and a minimum phase system. The system function is then the product of the two parts, and in the time domain the response of the system is the convolution of the two part responses. The difference between a minimum phase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548131 |
625,587 | Data confidentiality is the property in that data contents are not made available or disclosed to illegal users. Outsourced data is stored in a cloud and out of the owners' direct control. Only authorized users can access the sensitive data while others, including CSPs, should not gain any information about the data. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25619904 |
632,046 | Historically, the term "data presentation architecture" is attributed to Kelly Lautt: "Data Presentation Architecture (DPA) is a rarely applied skill set critical for the success and value of Business Intelligence. Data presentation architecture weds the science of numbers, data and statistics in discovering valuable i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3461736 |
632,386 | Source energy, in contrast, is the term used in North America for the amount of primary energy consumed in order to provide a facility’s site energy. It is always greater than the site energy, as it includes all site energy and adds to it the energy lost during transmission, delivery, and conversion. While source or pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1413688 |
632,387 | Either site or source energy can be an appropriate metric when comparing or analyzing energy use of different facilities. The U.S Energy Information Administration, for example, uses primary (source) energy for its energy overviews but site energy for its Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey and Residential Bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1413688 |
638,898 | In physics, the no-communication theorem or no-signaling principle is a no-go theorem from quantum information theory which states that, during measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is not possible for one observer, by making a measurement of a subsystem of the total state, to communicate information to another... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1488320 |
641,566 | In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability. Specifically, if one thinks of probability as a heterogeneous fluid, then the probability current is the rate of flow of this fluid. It is a real vector that changes with spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3545648 |
649,124 | Cell size depends on both cell growth and cell division, with a disproportionate increase in the rate of cell growth leading to production of larger cells and a disproportionate increase in the rate of cell division leading to production of many smaller cells. Cell proliferation typically involves balanced cell growth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=594336 |
659,505 | Recent advances in both AI and quantum information theory have given rise to the concept of quantum neural networks. These hold promise in quantum information processing, which is challenging to classical networks, but can also find application in solving classical problems. In 2018, a physical realization of a quantum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10667750 |
666,639 | In computer programming, a function prototype or function interface is a declaration of a function that specifies the function’s name and type signature (arity, data types of parameters, and return type), but omits the function body. While a function definition specifies "how" the function does what it does (the "imple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1311431 |
681,185 | Data at rest in information technology means data that is housed physically on computer data storage in any digital form (e.g. cloud storage, file hosting services, databases, data warehouses, spreadsheets, archives, tapes, off-site or cloud backups, mobile devices etc.). Data at rest includes both structured and unstr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33993923 |
688,511 | Transformation is the direct alteration of a cell's genetic components by passing the genetic material through the cell membrane. About 1% of bacteria are naturally able to take up foreign DNA, but this ability can be induced in other bacteria. Stressing the bacteria with a heat shock or electroporation can make the ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37319629 |
722,893 | If we have a function which describes the system's potential energy, we can determine the system's equilibria using calculus. A system is in mechanical equilibrium at the critical points of the function describing the system's potential energy. We can locate these points using the fact that the derivative of the functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92290 |
722,946 | A Hammerstein equation is a nonlinear first-kind Volterra integral equation of the form:formula_94Under certain regularity conditions, the equation is equivalent to the implicit Volterra integral equation of the second-kind:formula_95where:formula_96The equation may however also be expressed in operator form which moti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=474234 |
723,145 | In the cloud computing industry the terms "data temperature", or "hot data" and "cold data" have emerged to describe how data is stored in this respect. Hot data is used to describe mission-critical data that needs to be accessed frequently while cold data describes data that is needed less often and less urgently, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1942477 |
730,838 | The first case can be debugged by tracing the data-flow. By using lineage and data-flow information together a data scientist can figure out how the inputs are converted into outputs. During the process actors that behave unexpectedly can be caught. Either these actors can be removed from the data flow or they can be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44783487 |
735,957 | Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a small quantum computer being able to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2325953 |
774,661 | Interphase is the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by visible changes under the microscope, and includes the G1, S and G2 phases. During interphase, the cell grows (G1), replicates its DNA (S) and prepares for mitosis (G2). A cell in interphase is not simply quiescent. The term quiescent (i.e. dormant)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=222320 |
783,230 | The likelihood is the probability or probability density of what was observed, viewed as a function of parameters in an assumed model. To incorporate censored data points in the likelihood the censored data points are represented by the probability of the censored data points as a function of the model parameters given... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11548952 |
794,129 | The origins of the Dirac sea lie in the energy spectrum of the Dirac equation, an extension of the Schrödinger equation consistent with special relativity, an equation that Dirac had formulated in 1928. Although this equation was extremely successful in describing electron dynamics, it possesses a rather peculiar featu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312308 |
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