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503,742 | The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm is a quantum algorithm designed to solve a toy problem with a smaller query complexity than is possible with a classical algorithm. The toy problem asks whether a function formula_82 is constant or balanced, those being the only two possibilities. The only way to evaluate the function formul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24092190 |
568,447 | In artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML), ablation is the removal of a component of an AI system. An ablation study investigates the performance of an AI system by removing certain components to understand the contribution of the component to the overall system. The term is an analogy with bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65434605 |
578,132 | One theorized application would be to use topologically ordered states as media for quantum computing in a technique known as topological quantum computing. A topologically ordered state is a state with complicated non-local quantum entanglement. The non-locality means that the quantum entanglement in a topologically o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3087602 |
608,684 | The second risk is the AI race itself, whether or not the race is won by any one group. Due to the rhetoric and perceived advantage of being the first to develop advanced AI technology, there emerges strong incentives to cut corners on safety considerations which might leave out important aspects such as bias and fairn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56127293 |
634,732 | Gaia DR1, the first data release of the spacecraft "Gaia" mission, based on 14 months of observations made through September 2015, took place on 13 September 2016. The data release includes positions and magnitudes in a single photometric band for 1.1 billion stars using only "Gaia" data, positions, parallaxes and prop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28232 |
674,551 | The climate system receives energy from the Sun, and to a far lesser extent from the Earth's core, as well as tidal energy from the Moon. The Earth gives off energy to outer space in two forms: it directly reflects a part of the radiation of the Sun and it emits infra-red radiation as black-body radiation. The balance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5565588 |
678,856 | According to QBists, the advantages of adopting this view of probability are twofold: First, for QBists the role of quantum states, such as the wavefunctions of particles, is to efficiently encode probabilities; so quantum states are ultimately degrees of belief themselves. (If one considers any single measurement that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35611432 |
693,345 | During World War II, Pascual Jordan first suggested that since the positive energy of a star's mass and the negative energy of its gravitational field together may have zero total energy, conservation of energy would not prevent a star being created by a quantum transition of the vacuum. George Gamow recounted putting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26499561 |
693,752 | For the epistemic approach, we formulate the problem as if we want to attribute probability to a hypothesis. Unfortunately, this kind of approach is (for highly rigorous reasons) best answered with Bayesian statistics, where the interpretation of probability is straightforward because Bayesian statistics is conditional... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15537745 |
714,585 | The general audit (alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit or detailed energy audit or complete site energy audit) expands on the preliminary audit described above by collecting more detailed information about facility operation and by performing a more detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9728715 |
753,507 | Solutions of the Dirac equation contain negative energy quantum states. As a result, an electron could always radiate energy and fall into a negative energy state. Even worse, it could keep radiating infinite amounts of energy because there were infinitely many negative energy states available. To prevent this unphysic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1327 |
754,862 | A net zero-energy building (ZEB) is a building that over a year does not use more energy than it generates. The first 1979 Zero Energy Design building used passive solar heating and cooling techniques with airtight construction and super insulation. A few ZEBs fail to fully exploit more affordable conservation technolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1866599 |
781,899 | Ensemble models of allosteric regulation enumerate an allosteric system's statistical ensemble as a function of its potential energy function, and then relate specific statistical measurements of allostery to specific energy terms in the energy function (such as an intermolecular salt bridge between two domains). Ensem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=106256 |
787,996 | A "runtime system", also called "runtime environment", primarily implements portions of an execution model. This is not to be confused with the runtime lifecycle phase of a program, during which the runtime system is in operation. When treating the "runtime system" as distinct from the "runtime environment" (RTE), the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=418206 |
795,322 | The first term on the right hand side of the equation presents a stream of thermal energy into the system; the last term—a part of a stream of energy formula_13 coming into the system with the stream of particles of substances formula_14 that can be positive or negative, formula_15, where formula_16 is chemical potenti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=472429 |
810,316 | In exothermic chemical reactions, the heat that is released by the reaction takes the form of electromagnetic energy or kinetic energy of molecules. The transition of electrons from one quantum energy level to another causes light to be released. This light is equivalent in energy to some of the stabilization energy of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10201 |
824,782 | Franck and Hertz had proposed that the 4.9 V characteristic of their experiments was due to ionization of mercury atoms by collisions with the flying electrons emitted at the cathode. In 1915 Bohr published a paper noting that the measurements of Franck and Hertz were more consistent with the assumption of quantum leve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=381805 |
828,175 | Probability amplitudes provide a relationship between the quantum state vector of a system and the results of observations of that system, a link was first proposed by Max Born, in 1926. Interpretation of values of a wave function as the probability amplitude is a pillar of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=429425 |
842,940 | Tyrosine kinases function in a variety of processes, pathways, and actions, and are responsible for key events in the body. The receptor tyrosine kinases function in transmembrane signaling, whereas tyrosine kinases within the cell function in signal transduction to the nucleus. Tyrosine kinase activity in the nucleus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51903 |
858,859 | Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a program that enables computers to sense, reason, act and adapt. AI is not new, but it is growing rapidly and tremendously. AI can now deal with large data sets, solve problems, and provide more efficient operation. AI will be more potential in healthcare because it provides easier acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3255966 |
858,860 | AI brings many benefits to the healthcare industry. AI helps to detect diseases, administer chronic conditions, deliver health services, and discover the drug. Also, AI has the potential to address important health challenges. In healthcare organizations, AI is able to plan and relocate resources. AI is able to match p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3255966 |
871,997 | Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells. Importantly, cell growth and cell division can also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564779 |
872,020 | Pom1 forms polar gradients that peak at cell ends, which shows a direct link between size control factors and a specific physical location in the cell. As a cell grows in size, a gradient in Pom1 grows. When cells are small, Pom1 is spread diffusely throughout the cell body. As the cell increases in size, Pom1 concentr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564779 |
872,444 | Quantum annealing starts from a quantum-mechanical superposition of all possible states (candidate states) with equal weights. Then the system evolves following the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, a natural quantum-mechanical evolution of physical systems. The amplitudes of all candidate states keep changing, real... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5219389 |
879,375 | Scientists have recently looked for experimental evidence of this proposed energy transfer mechanism. A study published in 2007 claimed the identification of electronic quantum coherence at −196 °C (77 K). Another theoretical study from 2010 provided evidence that quantum coherence lives as long as 300 femtoseconds at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13537626 |
879,403 | If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure by plasmolysis: pressure decreases to the point where the protoplasm of the cell peels away from the cell wall, leaving gaps between the cell wall and the membrane and making the plant cell shrink and crumple. A con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=106270 |
890,124 | Most writers think that the new paradox can be defused, although the resolution requires concepts from mathematical economics. Suppose formula_20 for all "a". It can be shown that this is possible for some probability distributions of "X" (the smaller amount of money in the two envelopes) only if formula_21. That is, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2539764 |
894,310 | Hidden quantum Markov models (HQMMs) are a quantum-enhanced version of classical Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), which are typically used to model sequential data in various fields like robotics and natural language processing. Unlike the approach taken by other quantum-enhanced machine learning algorithms, HQMMs can be v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44108758 |
907,828 | Tokenization, when applied to data security, is the process of substituting a sensitive data element with a non-sensitive equivalent, referred to as a token, that has no intrinsic or exploitable meaning or value. The token is a reference (i.e. identifier) that maps back to the sensitive data through a tokenization syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61419 |
907,993 | A bound system is typically at a lower energy level than its unbound constituents because its mass must be less than the total mass of its unbound constituents. For systems with low binding energies, this "lost" mass after binding may be fractionally small, whereas for systems with high binding energies, the missing ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=125769 |
929,562 | ADP cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, the thermodynamic process of transferring energy from one source to another. There are two types of energy: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy can be thought of as stored energy, or usable energy that is available to do work. K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89226 |
940,183 | The rough idea of these inapproximability results is to form a graph that represents a probabilistically checkable proof system for an NP-complete problem such as the Boolean satisfiability problem. In a probabilistically checkable proof system, a proof is represented as a sequence of bits. An instance of the satisfiab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=249254 |
945,611 | All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. During this process, known as the cell cycle, a cell duplicates its contents and then divides in two. The purpose of the cell cycle is to accurately duplicate each organism's DNA and then divide the cell and its contents evenly betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3730562 |
945,612 | As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. This system acts like a timer, or a clock, which sets a fixed amount of time for the cell t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3730562 |
947,096 | Electric power is usually measured in kilowatts (kW). Electric energy is usually measured in kilowatt-hours (kW·h). For example, if an electric load that draws 1.5 kW of electric power is operated for 8 hours, it uses 12 kW·h of electric energy. In the United States, a residential electric customer is charged based on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2189642 |
965,160 | In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2292483 |
1,011,516 | In statistics, imputation is the process of replacing missing data with substituted values. When substituting for a data point, it is known as "unit imputation"; when substituting for a component of a data point, it is known as "item imputation". There are three main problems that missing data causes: missing data can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1309220 |
1,013,991 | A noise signal is typically considered as a linear addition to a useful information signal. Typical signal quality measures involving noise are signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or "S"/"N"), signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) in analog-to-digital conversion and compression, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) in image an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3966982 |
1,020,556 | Classical formulation of continuous Hopfield Networks can be understood as a special limiting case of the modern Hopfield networks with one hidden layer. Continuous Hopfield Networks for neurons with graded response are typically described by the dynamical equations and the energy function where formula_103, and formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1170097 |
1,020,558 | The neurons can be organized in layers so that every neuron in a given layer has the same activation function and the same dynamic time scale. If we assume that there are no horizontal connections between the neurons within the layer (lateral connections) and there are no skip-layer connections, the general fully conne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1170097 |
1,025,061 | In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum device can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time (irrespective of the usefulness of the problem). Conceptually, quantum supremacy involves both the engineer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54452801 |
1,025,064 | In 1994, further progress toward quantum supremacy was made when Peter Shor formulated Shor's algorithm, streamlining a method for factoring integers in polynomial time. Later on in 1995, Christopher Monroe and David Wineland published their paper, “Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate”, marking the first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54452801 |
1,025,079 | The best known algorithm for simulating an arbitrary random quantum circuit requires an amount of time that scales exponentially with the number of qubits, leading one group to estimate that around 50 qubits could be enough to demonstrate quantum supremacy. Bouland, Fefferman, Nirkhe and Vazirani gave, in 2018, theoret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54452801 |
1,035,058 | Immunomagnetic cell sorting is also known as immunomagnetic cell separation, immunomagnetic cell enrichment, or magnetic-activated cell sorting, and commonly known by the acronym MACS which is a trademark of Miltenyi GmbH. Immunomagnetic cell sorting is based on separation of beads passing a magnetic field. A variety o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22327978 |
1,041,561 | Here and below, formula_6 means proportional; a PDF is always scaled so that its integral over the whole space is one. This formula_7, called the "prior", was evolved in time by running the model and now is to be updated to account for new data. It is natural to assume that the error distribution of the data is known; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9553738 |
1,065,756 | Quantum probability provides a new way to explain human probability judgment errors including the conjunction and disjunction errors. A conjunction error occurs when a person judges the probability of a likely event L "and" an unlikely event U to be greater than the unlikely event U; a disjunction error occurs when a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30138821 |
1,078,204 | Torsional vibrations of drive systems usually result in a significant fluctuation of the rotational speed of the rotor of the driving electric motor. Such oscillations of the angular speed superimposed on the average rotor rotational speed cause more or less severe perturbation of the electromagnetic flux and thus addi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1203089 |
1,086,013 | where formula_27 is the dimensionality of the subspace. The conservation law in this case is expressed by the unitarity of the S-matrix. In either case, the considerations assume a closed isolated system. This closed isolated system is a system with (1) a fixed energy formula_28 and (2) a fixed number of particles form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10782759 |
1,161,243 | Model–view–adapter (MVA) or mediating-controller MVC is a software architectural pattern and multitier architecture. In complex computer applications that present large amounts of data to users, developers often wish to separate data (model) and user interface (view) concerns so that changes to the user interface will ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16570597 |
1,178,362 | Data-intensive is used to describe applications that are I/O bound or with a need to process large volumes of data. Such applications devote most of their processing time to I/O and movement and manipulation of data. Parallel processing of data-intensive applications typically involves partitioning or subdividing the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31107479 |
1,178,371 | The programming model for MapReduce architecture is a simple abstraction where the computation takes a set of input key–value pairs associated with the input data and produces a set of output key–value pairs. In the Map phase, the input data is partitioned into input splits and assigned to Map tasks associated with pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31107479 |
1,203,218 | Direct ammonia fuel cells are researched for this exact reason and new studies presented a new integrated solar-based ammonia synthesis and fuel cell. The solar base follows from excess solar power that is used to synthesize ammonia. This is done by using an ammonia electrolytic cell (AEC) in combination with a proton ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34504569 |
1,206,068 | In order to separate and define the photobaric and photothermal contributions in spongy samples (leaves, lichens) one uses the following properties of the photoacoustic signal: (1) At low frequencies (below roughly 100 Hz) the photobaric part of the photoacoustic signal may be quite large and the total signal decreases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35891052 |
1,280,517 | The description in terms of the virtual scheduling algorithm is given by the ITU-T as follows: "The virtual scheduling algorithm updates a Theoretical Arrival Time (TAT), which is the 'nominal' arrival time of the cell assuming cells are sent equally spaced at an emission interval of "T" corresponding to the cell rate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1616583 |
1,286,657 | In all approaches to quantum computing, it is important to know whether a task under consideration can be carried out efficiently by a classical computer. An algorithm might be described in the language of quantum mechanics, but upon closer analysis, revealed to be implementable using only classical resources. Such an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54782330 |
1,288,578 | In education, a data system is a computer system that aims to provide educators with student data to help solve educational problems. Examples of data systems include Student Information Systems (SISs), assessment systems, Instructional Management Systems (IMSs), and data-warehousing systems, but distinctions between d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24770596 |
1,288,711 | Schreiber has used small molecules to study three specific areas of biology, and then through the more general application of small molecules in biomedical research. Academic screening centers have been created that emulate the Harvard Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology and the Broad Institute; in the U.S., there ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4433942 |
1,309,044 | While gluons are massless, they still possess energy – chromodynamic binding energy. In this way, they are similar to photons, which are also massless particles carrying energy – photon energy. The amount of energy per single gluon, or "gluon energy", cannot be calculated. Unlike photon energy, which is quantifiable, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22472780 |
1,343,432 | These diagrammatic languages can be traced back to Penrose graphical notation, developed in the early 1970s. Diagrammatic reasoning has been used before in quantum information science in the quantum circuit model, however, in categorical quantum mechanics primitive gates like the CNOT-gate arise as composites of more b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28267626 |
1,366,075 | where formula_8 is the pair potential for interaction between particles, and formula_9 is the external-field potential. By integration over part of the variables, the Liouville equation can be transformed into a chain of equations where the first equation connects the evolution of one-particle probability density funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5703638 |
1,386,817 | A “system", therefore, has implicit as well as explicit definition of boundaries to which the systematic process of hazard identification, hazard analysis and control is applied. The system can range in complexity from a crewed spacecraft to an autonomous machine tool. The system safety concept helps the system designe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10708254 |
1,403,828 | Applying classical methods of machine learning to the study of quantum systems is the focus of an emergent area of physics research. A basic example of this is quantum state tomography, where a quantum state is learned from measurement. Other examples include learning Hamiltonians, learning quantum phase transitions, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61373032 |
1,424,288 | AI-generated "synthetic data" can be another option to generate test data. AI-powered synthetic data generators learn the patterns and qualities of a sample database. Once the training of the AI algorithm has taken place, it can produce as much or as little test data as defined. AI-generated synthetic data needs additi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476885 |
1,431,664 | A polyharmonic equation is a partial differential equation of the form formula_38 for any natural number formula_39, where formula_40 is the Laplace operator. For example, the biharmonic equation is formula_41 and the triharmonic equation is formula_42. All the polyharmonic radial basis functions are solutions of a pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6160804 |
1,437,664 | Both superconductivity and superinsulation rest on the pairing of conduction electrons into Cooper pairs. In superconductors, all the pairs move coherently, allowing for the electric current without resistance. In superinsulators, both Cooper pairs and normal excitations are confined and the electric current cannot flo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16864252 |
1,437,693 | Master Data Services allows the master data to be categorized by hierarchical relationships, such as employee data are a subtype of organization data. Hierarchies are generated by relating data attributes. Data can be automatically categorized using rules, and the categories are introspected programmatically. Master Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13430116 |
1,463,362 | The energy of a nucleon in a nucleus is its rest mass energy minus a binding energy. In addition to this, there is an energy due to degeneracy: for instance, a nucleon with energy "E" will be forced to a higher energy "E" if all the lower energy states are filled. This is because nucleons are fermions and obey Fermi–Di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26850357 |
1,471,503 | This is easy in the CA case because the relation ""a" commutes with "b"" is an equivalence relation on the non-identity elements. So the elements break up into equivalence classes, such that each equivalence class is the set of non-identity elements of a maximal abelian subgroup. The normalizers of these maximal abelia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1656473 |
1,497,297 | An adequate amount of training and validation data is required for machine learning. However, some very useful products like satellite remote sensing data only have decades of data since the 1970s. If one is interested in the yearly data, then only less than 50 samples are available. Such amount of data may not be adeq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68735447 |
1,512,895 | Ultrasound energy, simply known as ultrasound, is a type of mechanical energy called sound characterized by vibrating or moving particles within a medium. Ultrasound is distinguished by vibrations with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz, compared to audible sounds that humans typically hear with frequencies between 20 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14580514 |
1,517,975 | In operational numerical weather prediction, forecast models are used to predict future states of the atmosphere, based on how the climate system evolves with time from an initial state. The initial state provided as input to the forecast must consist of data values for a range of "prognostic" meteorological fields – t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25144285 |
1,533,349 | In the socio-political manner, data archaeology involves the analysis of data assemblages to reveal their discursive and material socio-technical elements and apparatuses. This kind of analysis can reveal the politics of the data being analysed and thus that of their producing institution. Archaeology in this sense, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2588620 |
1,567,179 | On a high level representation, the neurons can be viewed as connected to other neurons to form a neural network in one of three ways. A specific network can be represented as a physiologically (or anatomically) connected network and modeled that way. There are several approaches to this (see Ascoli, G.A. (2002) Sporns... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33818014 |
1,582,120 | The use of data in modern society brings about new ways of understanding and measuring the world, but also brings with it certain concerns or issues. Data scholars attempt to bring some of these issues to light in their quest to be critical of data. Rob Kitchin identifies both technical and organizational issues of dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51578025 |
1,612,667 | The efficiency and exhaustivity of generators are also related to the data structures. Unlike previous methods, AEGIS was a list-processing generator. Compared to adjacency matrices, list data requires less memory. As no spectral data was interpreted in this system, the user needed to provide substructures as inputs. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66452088 |
1,615,923 | NCP offers research in different branches of Physics such as particle Physics, computational physics, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Atmospheric physics, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics, Chemical physics, Condensed matter physics, (Fluid dynamics, Laser Physics, Mathematical physics, Plasma Physics·, Quantum field the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23541193 |
1,618,339 | Classical formulation of continuous Hopfield networks can be understood as a special limiting case of the Modern Hopfield networks with one hidden layer. Continuous Hopfield Networks for neurons with graded response are typically described by the dynamical equations and the energy function where formula_45, and formula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68440670 |
1,618,341 | The neurons can be organized in layers so that every neuron in a given layer has the same activation function and the same dynamic time scale. If we assume that there are no horizontal connections between the neurons within the layer (lateral connections) and there are no skip-layer connections, the general fully conne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68440670 |
1,678,011 | In many control applications, trying to write a mathematical model of the plant is considered a hard task, requiring efforts and time to the process and control engineers. This problem is overcome by "data-driven" methods, which fit a system model to the experimental data collected, choosing it in a specific models cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56275884 |
1,704,172 | In the "" paradigm, programmers provide an AI such as AlphaZero with an "objective function" that the programmers intend will encapsulate the goal or goals that the programmers wish the AI to accomplish. Such an AI later populates a (possibly implicit) internal "model" of its environment. This model encapsulates all th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64335737 |
1,705,435 | Solar cells operate as quantum energy conversion devices, and are therefore subject to the thermodynamic efficiency limit. Photons with an energy below the band gap of the absorber material cannot generate an electron-hole pair, and so their energy is not converted to useful output and only generates heat if absorbed. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32495538 |
1,706,380 | Some of the differences in approach described above are easier to understand if the macroscope is interpreted as a particular instance of the "value chain of big data" (with a particular focus on earth and/or biosphere observations), which as stated in Chen "et al." (2014) can be divided into four phases, namely data g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64208794 |
1,706,712 | Krylov has served on the editorial boards of numerous peer-review journals, including "Annual Review of Physical Chemistry", the "Journal of Chemical Physics", the "Journal of Physical Chemistry", "Chemical Physics Letters", the "International Journal of Quantum Chemistry," "Physical Chemistry–Chemical Physics, Molecul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11061937 |
1,713,598 | In logic and theoretical computer science, and specifically proof theory and computational complexity theory, proof complexity is the field aiming to understand and analyse the computational resources that are required to prove or refute statements. Research in proof complexity is predominantly concerned with proving p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801284 |
1,713,612 | A proof system "P" is "automatable" if there is an algorithm that given a tautology formula_1 outputs a "P"-proof of formula_1 in time polynomial in the size of formula_1 and the length of the shortest "P"-proof of formula_1. Note that if a proof system is not polynomially bounded, it can still be automatable. A proof ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801284 |
1,750,975 | The quantum jump method is an approach which is much like the master-equation treatment except that it operates on the wave function rather than using a density matrix approach. The main component of this method is evolving the system's wave function in time with a pseudo-Hamiltonian; where at each time step, a quantum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40325028 |
1,803,601 | QTT is compatible with the standard formulation of quantum theory, as described by the Schrödinger equation, but it offers a more detailed view. The Schrödinger equation can be used to compute the probability of finding a quantum system in each of its possible states should a measurement be made. This approach is funda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65266370 |
1,868,784 | Zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy was developed with the idea of collecting only the resonance ionization photoelectrons that have extremely low kinetic energy. The technique involves waiting for a period of time after a resonance ionization experiment and then pulsing an electric field to collect the lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4119397 |
1,884,125 | In most texts on statistical mechanics the statistical distribution functions formula_1 in Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics, Fermi–Dirac statistics) are derived by determining those for which the system is in its state of maximum probability. But one really requires those with average or mean prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51188793 |
1,907,518 | Behavioral malware detection has been researched more recently. Most approaches to behavioral detection are based on analysis of system call dependencies. The executed binary code is traced using strace or more precise taint analysis to compute data-flow dependencies among system calls. The result is a directed graph f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36181451 |
1,913,754 | In a model gated synapse, the gate is either open or closed by default. The gatekeeper neuron, therefore, serves as an external switch to the gate at the synapse of two other neurons. One of these neurons provides the input signal and the other provides the output signal. It is the role of the gatekeeper neuron to regu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9916386 |
1,916,920 | A cell suspension or suspension culture is a type of cell culture in which single cells or small aggregates of cells are allowed to function and multiply in an agitated growth medium, thus forming a suspension. Suspension culture is one of the two classical types of cell culture, the other being adherent culture. The h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60401671 |
1,958,810 | In some global optimization problems the analytical definition of the objective function is unknown and it is only possible to get values at fixed points. There are objective functions in which the cost of an evaluation is very high, for example when the evaluation is the result of an experiment or a particularly onero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52629507 |
1,996,275 | There is an increasing call for the energy models and datasets used for energy policy analysis and advice to be made public in the interests of transparency and quality. A 2010 paper concerning energy efficiency modeling argues that "an open peer review process can greatly support model verification and validation, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47926105 |
2,024,828 | UV-induced apoptosis is an adequate (physiological) reaction of a cell damaged by UV radiation (UVR) in a sufficiently large (lethal) dose and it prevents the disordered destruction of UV damaged cells by help necrosis. Cell elimination by apoptosis occurs when UV-induced cell damage which cannot be repaired by the int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7111771 |
2,025,408 | Sustainable Energy Utility (SEU) is a community-based model of development founded on energy conservation and the use of renewables, seeking to permanently decrease the use of source materials, water, and energy. The model prescribes the creation of independent and financially self-sufficient non-profit entities for en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42798343 |
2,040,345 | and SMPDB. As a metabolomics resource, the ECMDB is designed to facilitate research in the area gut/microbiome metabolomics and environmental metabolomics. The ECMDB contains two kinds of data: 1) chemical data and 2) molecular biology and/or biochemical data. The chemical data includes more than 2700 metabolite struct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42638967 |
2,073,008 | To construct a contour boxplot, data ordering is the first step. In functional data analysis, each observation is a real function, therefore data ordering is different from the classical boxplot where scalar data are simply ordered from the smallest sample value to the largest. More generally, data depth, gives a cente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40190398 |
2,096,597 | Increased energy efficiency has allowed wastewater treatment plants to comply with discharge limits reducing the energy demand even up to 50% without affecting treatment performances. However, energy efficiency strategies by themselves are not sufficient to achieve independence from the electricity grid and fossil fuel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55657441 |
2,113,330 | The SELDM user interface has one or more GUI forms that are used to enter four categories of input data, which include documentation, site and region information, hydrologic statistics, and water-quality data. The documentation data include information about the analyst, the project, and the analysis. The site and regi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45102490 |
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