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as was the origin of this code system.
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So that includes A through Z, 0 through 9,
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and the punctuation I alluded to earlier.
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But websites and apps nowadays should also
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support Unicode, including things like emoji and other accented characters
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or symbols that you might have in languages beyond English.
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Unfortunately, this is not really common practice, I dare say.
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Just yesterday, I created an account on a new website for the first time,
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and it made me jump through hoops, so to speak, figuring out
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the right number of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, punctuation,
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and even then it told me I can only use certain punctuation.
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So I had to think about now which symbols I'm using.
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That is a lot of friction that is not good for usability.
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And it's of questionable value for the security of the system
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if I can't even remember the thing afterward.
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So keep this in mind, in general, that your password should not only
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be eight characters, minimally, but most apps
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and websites you maybe yourself develop moving forward
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should allow much longer passwords as well.
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And you as the human can use longer passwords
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if systems allow them as well.
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Now, here's another set of recommendations from NIST.
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"Verifiers--" the website or the apps that we're using--
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"shall compare the prospective secrets--"
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the passwords you're choosing-- "against a list that contains
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values known to be commonly used, expected, or compromised."
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So that is to say when you type in a password,
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if it's already been a commonly used password,
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if it's very easily guessable, the website or app should probably
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say, uh, pick a better password than that
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just to decrease the probability that an adversary is
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going to get into that account.
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Specifically, NIST recommends that "passwords
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obtained from previous breached corpuses--"
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which is a fancy way of saying if some website, some database has been hacked,
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and that database contains usernames and passwords,
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and those passwords have now been uploaded
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to the internet for adversaries or anyone to download and browse,
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well, then you should not be allowed to pick a password from that list
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because it's essentially an alternative dictionary.
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It essentially is a list of passwords that a smart adversary should just
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start with before they even bother resorting to brute force, which
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we've seen would take much more time.
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Two, dictionary words.
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So this we've already stipulated would be a good thing
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to avoid because there's just much too easy for an adversary
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to go through a big list of English words or some other language
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and try those first.
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Three, repetitive or sequential characters, aaaaaa
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or a slightly more creatively but not good enough, 1235abcd.
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I would also add 0000 and so forth into that category as well.
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It's just too easy for the adversary to guess
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that maybe you're doing something repetitive like that too.
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And then lastly, context-specific words, such as the name of the service,
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the username, and derivatives thereof.
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This is to say, if you sign up for a Gmail account for the first time,
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you should not be allowed by Google to choose a password
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like "Gmail password," quote unquote.
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If you sign up for an Amazon account, you
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should not be allowed by Amazon to have your password be
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"Amazon password" or some such variant thereof because smart adversaries are
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going to try those same heuristics.
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And that's the catch too.
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If you can think of it, even if you think you're being clever,
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odds are a just-as-clever adversary can think of that heuristic as well
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and prioritize those tricks before they resort to brute force,
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like I did on my own laptop.
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A few other recommendations as well.
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"Memorized secret verifiers shall not permit the subscriber
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to store a hint that is inaccessible to an unauthenticated claimant.
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Verifiers shall now prompt subscribers to use specific types of information,
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for instance, 'what was the name of your first pet?' when choosing memorize
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secrets."
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So there are a lot of companies, a lot of websites, a lot of applications that
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violate this recommendation nowadays.
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And in fact, I bet you can think of one or more accounts
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that you have where you've had to tell them, for instance, what
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was the name of your first pet or your first car or your mother
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or father's name or the like.
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That's not good to collect either, nor is a hint
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a good thing because frankly, you and I are
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all too often in the habit of maybe typing into that hint field,
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if it's available, a question that's meant to help
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you remember what your password was.
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But if your hint is something like, my password is the name of my first pet,
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well, you're now just leaking information to the world.
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And anyone who can go online and figure out that information
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can now get into your account as well.
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And so that's really the threat, in this case.
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If you start using personally identifiable information
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in this age of social media and websites like LinkedIn and the like,
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there's just so much information out there about us that can be discovered.
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You don't want to fill all of these databases, all of these systems
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with each of these tidbits about you because a smart adversary
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with enough time and enough focus on you can probably
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figure out all of those same values.
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So what more?
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"Verifiers shall not require memorized secrets
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to be changed arbitrarily, for instance, periodically."
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So this one, too, is something that a lot of companies
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