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well, by slowing them down, it's going to significantly
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increase the risk, too, that they are the act while doing it.
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And hopefully, too, the goal is to just get
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them to lose interest in your phone, lose interest in your account,
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and have them move on to ideally no one else's, but at least, barring that,
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someone else's instead of yours.
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So what are other defenses against these kinds of brute force attacks,
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or even these dictionary attacks?
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Well, this is a system that you and I are increasingly being able to turn on,
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but also increasingly are being required to turn on
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as well, which is, in general, probably a good thing, 2-Factor Authentication,
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or 2FA more generally known as multifactor authentication,
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is a technology whereby in addition to having one factor that you use
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to log in, like your password, as is tradition,
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you also have a second or maybe more factors
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that you additionally have to use in order to log in.
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But these factors don't just generally mean one password, two passwords,
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three passwords, or the like.
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They're fundamentally different types of factors.
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And in general, they're broken down into these three categories.
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One is a knowledge category.
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A knowledge factor is just something like your password
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that ideally you keep secret, no one else knows,
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and that's why it enables you to authenticate yourself,
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prove that you because you and only you, hopefully, have that knowledge.
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But a second type of factor would be a possession factor,
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something that you physically have.
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So you might be in the habit at work of carrying around
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one of those little key fobs that has a little code on it that changes.
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Now, those things can be expensive.
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So increasingly the world is just using our own phones, your own Android phone,
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your own iPhone, that maybe has SMS support on it,
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text messaging, or maybe a specific app that
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displays a short code that you type in.
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The presumption is if that you challenge the user not only for a knowledge
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factor, like their password, but a second factor, like something
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they possess, you significantly decrease the probability that an adversary is
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going to be able to get into that account.
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Because whereas anyone on the internet, millions of people
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can be a threat to you by just figuring out or finding your password,
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a possession factor really narrows the scope
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of the threat to only the other customers in Starbucks or the coffee
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shop, only the other people physically near you
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because they would have to physically obtain that second possession factor.
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And then a third type of factor nowadays might
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be an inherence, something that is unique to you
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specifically, more generally described as biometrics.
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So maybe it's your fingerprints.
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Maybe it is your face nowadays.
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Something that's inherent to you can be a third factor
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nowadays because the presumption is that only you, ideally, in the world
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have exactly that factor as well.
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Now, this is a little different from what
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some companies, some websites, some apps describe as two-step authentication,
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where two steps might actually just be two passwords of some sort.
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But two factor more technically refers to two or more
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of these types of fundamentally different factors, that
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being the most common in our case here.
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Now, when it comes to those possession factors, those key fobs
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or the apps or the codes that you receive,
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specifically what you're receiving in those models
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is generally known as a One-Time Password, or OTP.
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The idea being that this is not a password
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that you know and keep remembering and keep using again and again.
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It's literally one time because it's texted to you,
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or it's sent via an app via push notification,
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or it's actually sent to something on your keychain, like this here key fob,
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for instance.
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Nowadays, your company can buy these.
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And what happens is on the screen here, this one-time password
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constantly changes every few seconds.
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And it's synchronized somehow with a server
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so that the presumption is if I am carrying around this device,
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and I type in when prompted, this particular code,
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and that code matches the synchronized code that's on the server,
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I should be allowed into the account because the presumption is
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that it's indeed David carrying this around and not necessarily
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some adversary.
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It might also be possible to plug it in as via USB or some other technology,
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thereby removing the human from the formula
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so that the device itself can just authenticate using
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special software on the system instead.
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Nowadays, though, you can download special apps,
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whether it's one from Google or other companies, that
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allow you to manage, all in one place, all of these one-time passwords
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that you might automatically see updating on the screen.
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And you can type any or all of them in when you're actually
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prompted by a website or app.
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But even in this space of one-time passwords and possession factors,
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it's worth keeping in mind that some of these technologies
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are more secure than others.
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Now, it's very common for websites or apps
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nowadays to want to send you one of these one-time passwords via text
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message, for instance.
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And you receive it via SMS.
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And then you can type in that six-digit code, as is often the case.
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More secure, though, would be something like an actual app
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that you install from the App Store or the Google Play
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store that actually talks directly to some server
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and does not just go over the cellular phone network.
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