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wiki_11800_chunk_0 | Insulin Resistance | This causes high blood insulin (hyperinsulinemia) to compensate for the high blood glucose. During this compensated phase of insulin resistance, beta cell function is upregulated, insulin levels are higher, and blood glucose levels are still maintained. If compensatory insulin secretion fails, then either fasting (impa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11801_chunk_0 | Insulin Resistance | Eventually, type 2 diabetes occurs when glucose levels become higher as the resistance increases and compensatory insulin secretion fails. The inability of the β-cells to produce sufficient insulin in a condition of hyperglycemia is what characterizes the transition from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes. Insulin r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11802_chunk_0 | Insulin Resistance | Insulin resistance often is found in people with visceral adiposity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia involving elevated triglycerides, small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. With respect to visceral adiposity, a great deal of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11803_chunk_0 | Insulin Resistance | Much of the attention on production of proinflammatory cytokines has focused on the IKK-beta/NF-kappa-B pathway, a protein network that enhances transcription of inflammatory markers and mediators that may cause insulin resistance. Second, visceral adiposity is related to an accumulation of fat in the liver, a conditio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11804_chunk_0 | Flight control law | In normal mode the PFCs transmit actuator commands to the ACEs, which convert them into analog servo commands. Full functionality is provided, including all enhanced performance, envelope protection and ride quality features. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11805_chunk_0 | Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome | In normal neuromuscular function, a nerve impulse is carried down the axon (the long projection of a nerve cell) from the spinal cord. At the nerve ending in the neuromuscular junction, where the impulse is transferred to the muscle cell, the nerve impulse leads to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11806_chunk_0 | Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome | Apart from skeletal muscle, the autonomic nervous system also requires acetylcholine neurotransmission; this explains the occurrence of autonomic symptoms in LEMS. P/Q voltage-gated calcium channels are also found in the cerebellum, explaining why some experience problems with coordination. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11807_chunk_0 | Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome | The antibodies bind particularly to the part of the receptor known as the "domain III S5–S6 linker peptide". Antibodies may also bind other VGCCs. Some have antibodies that bind synaptotagmin, the protein sensor for calcium-regulated vesicle fusion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11808_chunk_0 | Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome | Many people with LEMS, both with and without VGCC antibodies, have detectable antibodies against the M1 subtype of the acetylcholine receptor; their presence may participate in a lack of compensation for the weak calcium influx.Apart from the decreased calcium influx, a disruption of active zone vesicle release sites a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11809_chunk_0 | False brinelling | The bearing load is thus spread over much less area increasing the contact stress, causing pieces of each surface to break off or to become pressure-welded then break off when the bearing rolls on. The broken-off pieces are also called wear debris. Wear debris is bad because it is relatively large compared to the surro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11810_chunk_0 | Bacterial translocation | In normal physiology, glutamine plays a key role in signalling in enterocytes that are part of the intestinal barrier, but it is not clear if supplementing the diet with glutamine is helpful in conditions where there is increased intestinal permeability.Prebiotics and certain probiotics such as E.Coli strain Nissle 191... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11811_chunk_0 | Bacterial translocation | It seems to be a drug candidate for use in conjunction with a gluten-free diet in people with celiac disease, with the aim to reduce the intestinal permeability caused by gluten and its passage through the epithelium, and therefore mitigating the resulting cascade of immune reactions.Decreasing intestinal barrier funct... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11812_chunk_0 | Restrictive lung disease | In normal respiratory function, the air flows in through the upper airway, down through the bronchi and into the lung parenchyma (the bronchioles down to the alveoli) where gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs. During inspiration, the lungs expand to allow airflow into the lungs and thereby increasing total... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11813_chunk_0 | Restrictive lung disease | Generally, intrinsic causes are from lung parenchyma diseases that cause inflammation or scarring of the lung tissue, such as interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis, or from having the alveoli air spaces filled with external material such as debris or exudate in pneumonitis. As some diseases of the lung parenc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11814_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are prevented from doing so by the ewe require aid in order to live. If coaxing the pair to accept nursing does not work, one of several steps may then be taken. Ewes may be held or tied to force them to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11815_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | If a lamb is not eating, a stomach tube may also be used to force feed the lamb in order to save its life. In the case of a permanently rejected lamb, a shepherd may then attempt to foster an orphaned lamb onto another ewe. Lambs are also sometimes fostered after the death of their mother, either from the birth or othe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11816_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | Scent plays a large factor in ewes recognizing their lambs, so disrupting the scent of a newborn lamb with washing or over-handling may cause a ewe to reject it. Conversely, various methods of imparting the scent of a ewe's own lamb to an orphaned one may be useful in fostering. If an orphaned lamb cannot be fostered, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11817_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | After lambs are stabilized, lamb marking is carried out – this includes ear tagging, docking, castration and usually vaccination. Ear tags with numbers are the primary mode of identification when sheep are not named; it is also the legal manner of animal identification in the European Union: the number may identify the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11818_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | However, using tags improperly or using tags not designed for sheep may cause discomfort, largely due to excess weight of tags for other animals.Ram lambs not intended for breeding are castrated, though some shepherds choose to avoid the procedure for ethical, economic or practical reasons. Ram lambs that will be slaug... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11819_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | The tail may be removed just below the lamb's caudal tail flaps (docking shorter than this may cause health problems such as rectal prolapse), but in some breeds the tail is left longer, or is not docked at all. Docking is not necessary in short-tailed breeds, and it is not usually done in breeds in which a long tail i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11820_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | Long, wooly tails make shearing more difficult, interfere with mating, and make sheep extremely susceptible to parasites, especially those that cause flystrike. Both castration and docking can be performed with several instruments. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11821_chunk_0 | Domestic sheep reproduction | An elastrator places a tight band of rubber around an area, causing it to atrophy and fall off in a number of weeks. This process is bloodless and does not seem to cause extended suffering to lambs, who tend to ignore it after several hours. In addition to the elastrator, a Burdizzo, emasculator, heated chisel or knife... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11822_chunk_0 | Asymmetric cell division | In normal stem and progenitor cells, asymmetric cell division balances proliferation and self-renewal with cell-cycle exit and differentiation. Disruption of asymmetric cell division leads to aberrant self-renewal and impairs differentiation, and could therefore constitute an early step in the tumorogenic transformatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11823_chunk_0 | Asymmetric cell division | For example, it has been shown that gastrointestinal cancers contain rare subpopulation of cancer stem cells which are capable to divide asymmetrically. The asymmetric division in these cells is regulated by cancer niche (microenvironment) and Wnt pathway. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11824_chunk_0 | Asymmetric cell division | Blocking the Wnt pathway with IWP2 (WNT antagonist) or siRNA-TCF4 resulted in high suppression of asymmetric cell division.Another mutation in asymmetric cell divisions which are involved in tumor growth are loss-of-function mutations. The first suggestion that loss of asymmetric cell division might be involved in tumo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11825_chunk_0 | Radionuclide ventriculography | In normal subjects, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) should be about 50%(range, 50-80%). There should be no area of abnormal wall motion (hypokinesis, akinesis or dyskinesis). Abnormalities in cardiac function may be manifested as a decrease in LVEF and/or the presence of abnormalities in global and region... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11826_chunk_0 | STAT5A | In normal tissue, STAT5a mediates effects of prolactin in mammary glands. In breast cancer, STAT5a signaling is important for maintain tumor differentiation and suppressing disease progression. Studies originally showed a correlation between high STAT5a expression and tumor differentiation in mice models, but histopath... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11827_chunk_0 | Control coefficient (biochemistry) | In normal usage, the rate-limiting step or rate-determining step is defined as the slowest step of a chemical reaction that determines the speed (rate) at which the overall reaction proceeds. The flux control coefficients do not measure this kind of rate-limitingness. For example, in a linear chain of reactions at stea... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11828_chunk_0 | Control coefficient (biochemistry) | The flux control coefficient, instead, measures how much influence a given step has on the steady-state flux. A step with a high flux control coefficient means that changing the activity of the step (by changing the expression level of the enzyme) will have a large effect on the steady-state flux through the pathway an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11829_chunk_0 | Jam nut | In normal use, a nut-and-bolt joint holds together because the bolt is under a constant tensile stress called the preload. The preload pulls the nut threads against the bolt threads, and the nut face against the bearing surface, with a constant force, so that the nut cannot rotate without overcoming the friction betwee... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11830_chunk_0 | Jam nut | Specialized locking nuts exist to prevent this problem, but sometimes it is sufficient to add a second nut. For this technique to be reliable, each nut must be tightened to the correct torque. The inner nut is tightened to about a quarter to a half of the torque of the outer nut. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11831_chunk_0 | Jam nut | It is then held in place by a wrench while the outer nut is tightened on top using the full torque. This arrangement causes the two nuts to push against each other, creating a tensile stress in the short section of the bolt that lies between them. Even when the main joint is vibrated, the stress between the two nuts re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11832_chunk_0 | Jam nut | When the joint is assembled correctly, the outer nut bears the full tension of the joint. The inner nut functions merely to add a small additional force to the outer nut and does not need to be as strong, so a thin nut can be used.The jam nut essentially acts as the "other object", as the two nuts are tightened against... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11833_chunk_0 | Jam nut | The inner nut is then slackened back and tightened against the outer nut. Jam nuts can also be used in situations where a threaded rod must be rotated. Since threaded rods have no bolt heads, it is difficult or impossible to apply torque to a threaded rod. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11834_chunk_0 | Intrinsic safety | eliminating component spacing that would allow dust to short a circuit.Elimination of spark potential within components is accomplished by limiting the available energy in any given circuit and the system as a whole. Temperature, under certain fault conditions such as an internal short in a semiconductor device, become... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11835_chunk_0 | Intrinsic safety | In the highly compact electronic devices used today PCBs often have component spacing that create the possibility of an arc between components if dust or other particulate matter works into the circuitry, thus component spacing, siting and isolation become important to the design. The primary concept behind intrinsic s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11836_chunk_0 | Intrinsic safety | One of the most common methods for protection is to limit electric current by using series resistors (using types of resistors that always fail open); and limit the voltage with multiple zener diodes. In zener barriers dangerous incoming potentials are grounded, with galvanic isolation barriers there is no direct conne... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11837_chunk_0 | Intrinsic safety | Equipment or instrumentation for use in a hazardous area will be designed to operate with low voltage and current, and will be designed without any large capacitors or inductors that could discharge in a spark. The instrument will be connected, using approved wiring methods, back to a control panel in a non-hazardous a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11838_chunk_0 | Intrinsic safety | For example, during marine transfer operations when flammable products are transferred between the marine terminal and tanker ships or barges, two-way radio communication needs to be constantly maintained in case the transfer needs to stop for unforeseen reasons such as a spill. The United States Coast Guard requires t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11839_chunk_0 | Aqueous normal-phase chromatography | Thus, polar solutes (such as acids and amines) are most strongly retained, with retention decreasing as the amount of water in the mobile phase increases. Typically the amount of the nonpolar component in the mobile phase must be 60% or greater with the exact point of increased retention depending on the solute and the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11840_chunk_0 | Epa mask | According to Robert Thompson, 'the Epa cult stresses the transformation of young men into stalwart specimens able to bear pain and shoulder heavy weight'. King Arowolo of lloro distinguished between the type of energy belonging to the cult of Elefon, concerned with ancestral spirits, and the cult of Epa, connected with... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11841_chunk_0 | Pacific marten | In northeastern California, more time was spent traveling and hunting in summer than in winter, suggesting that reduced winter activity may be related to thermal and food stress or may be the result of larger prey consumption and consequent decrease in time spent foraging. Also in northeastern California, activity in t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11842_chunk_0 | Snowmelt | In northern Alaska, the melt-date has advanced by 8 days since the mid-1960s. Decreased snowfall in winter followed by warmer spring conditions seems to be the cause for the advance. In Europe, the 2012 heat wave has especially been anomalous at higher altitudes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11843_chunk_0 | Snowmelt | One well-known example is the Red River Flood of 1997, when the Red River of the North in the Red River Valley of the United States and Canada flooded. Flooding in the Red River Valley is augmented by the fact that the river flows north through Winnipeg, Manitoba and into Lake Winnipeg. As snow in Minnesota, North Dako... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11844_chunk_0 | Presqu'ile Formation | In northern Alberta and central Alberta, the Elk Point Group contains the following subdivisions, from top to base: In southern AlbertaThe Elk Point Group is dolomitic and is not differentiated. In Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Montana | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11845_chunk_0 | Dirty coal | In northern China, air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels, principally coal, is causing people to die on average 5.5 years sooner than they otherwise might. Coal and coal waste products (including fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag) release approximately 20 toxic-release chemicals, including arsenic, lead, mer... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11846_chunk_0 | African humid period | Decreased vegetation cover in the catchment of the Blue Nile has been correlated with increased sediment transport in the river beginning 3,600 – 4,000 years ago.The end of the AHP at Lake Turkana occurred about 5,000-5,300 years before present, accompanied by a lake level decline and the cessation of overflow from oth... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11847_chunk_0 | King cake | In northern France, Quebec, Luxembourg and Belgium it is called galette des rois in French or koningentaart in Flemish Dutch. In most of France it is a puff pastry filled with frangipane. As for the frangipane, it might come from Count Cesare Frangipani, who would have given the recipe that bears his name to Catherine ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11848_chunk_0 | Historical climatology | In northern Peru and central Chile climate change is cited as the driving force in a series of migration patterns from about 15,000 B.C. to approximately 4,500 B.C. Between 11,800 B.C. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11849_chunk_0 | Historical climatology | During this break, there exists no evidence of activity by the natives in the lakes area. The correlation between climate and migratory patterns leads historians to believe the Central Chilean natives favored humid, low-elevation areas especially during periods of increased aridity.The different inhabitants of Greenlan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11850_chunk_0 | Garage (residential) | In northern climates, temperatures inside an uninsulated attached residential garage can decrease to freezing levels during the winter. Temperatures inside an uninsulated attached garage in temperate climates can reach uncomfortable levels during summer months. Extreme temperatures can be a source of energy waste and d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11851_chunk_0 | Grace notes | In notation, a grace note is distinguished from a standard note by print size. A grace note is indicated by printing a note much smaller than an ordinary note, sometimes with a slash through the note stem (if two or more grace notes, there might be a slash through the note stem of the first note but not the subsequent ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11852_chunk_0 | Stopping power (particle radiation) | In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. Its application is important in areas such as radiation protection, ion implantation and nuclear medicine... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11853_chunk_0 | Lorentzian distribution | In nuclear and particle physics, the energy profile of a resonance is described by the relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution, while the Cauchy distribution is the (non-relativistic) Breit–Wigner distribution. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11854_chunk_0 | Final sigma | In nuclear and particle physics, σ is used to denote cross sections in general (see also RCS), while Σ represents macroscopic cross sections . The symbol is to denote the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. In relation to fundamental properties of material, σ is often used to signify electrical conductivity. In electrostatics, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11855_chunk_0 | Final sigma | In continuum mechanics, σ is used to signify stress. In condensed matter physics, Σ denotes self-energy. The symbol can be used to signify surface tension (alternatively, γ or T are also used instead). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11856_chunk_0 | Final sigma | In quantum mechanics, σ is used to indicate Pauli matrices. In astronomy, σ represents velocity dispersion. In astronomy, the prefix Σ is used to designate double stars of the Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve. In particle physics, Σ represents a class of baryons. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11857_chunk_0 | R process | The r-process entails a succession of rapid neutron captures (hence the name) by one or more heavy seed nuclei, typically beginning with nuclei in the abundance peak centered on 56Fe. The captures must be rapid in the sense that the nuclei must not have time to undergo radioactive decay (typically via β− decay) before ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11858_chunk_0 | R process | Traditionally this suggested the material ejected from the reexpanded core of a core-collapse supernova, as part of supernova nucleosynthesis, or decompression of neutron-star matter thrown off by a binary neutron star merger in a kilonova. The relative contribution of each of these sources to the astrophysical abundan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11859_chunk_0 | Spin coupling | In nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics, J-couplings (also called spin-spin coupling or indirect dipole–dipole coupling) are mediated through chemical bonds connecting two spins. It is an indirect interaction between two nuclear spins that arises from hyperfine interactions between the nuclei and local electrons. In N... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11860_chunk_0 | Actinide concept | In nuclear chemistry, the actinide concept (also known as actinide hypothesis) proposed that the actinides form a second inner transition series homologous to the lanthanides. Its origins stem from observation of lanthanide-like properties in transuranic elements in contrast to the distinct complex chemistry of previou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11861_chunk_0 | Microstrip detector | In nuclear electronics, a microstrip detector is a particle detector that consists of a large number of identical semiconductor strips laid out along one axis of a two-dimensional structure, generally by lithography. The geometrical layout of the components allows to accurately reconstruct the track of an incoming part... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11862_chunk_0 | Xenon compounds | In nuclear energy studies, xenon is used in bubble chambers, probes, and in other areas where a high molecular weight and inert chemistry is desirable. A by-product of nuclear weapon testing is the release of radioactive xenon-133 and xenon-135. These isotopes are monitored to ensure compliance with nuclear test ban tr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11863_chunk_0 | Xenon compounds | When a WIMP collides with a xenon nucleus, theory predicts it will impart enough energy to cause ionization and scintillation. Liquid xenon is useful for these experiments because its density makes dark matter interaction more likely and it permits a quiet detector through self-shielding. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11864_chunk_0 | Xenon compounds | It was later employed as a propellant for JPL's Deep Space 1 probe, Europe's SMART-1 spacecraft and for the three ion propulsion engines on NASA's Dawn Spacecraft.Chemically, the perxenate compounds are used as oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry. Xenon difluoride is used as an etchant for silicon, particularly in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11865_chunk_0 | Critical mass (nuclear) | In nuclear engineering, a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surrou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11866_chunk_0 | Delayed neutrons | However, the "delay" in the neutron emission is due to the delay in beta decay (which is slower since controlled by the weak force), since neutron emission, like gamma emission, is controlled by the strong nuclear force and thus either happens at fission, or nearly simultaneously with the beta decay, immediately after ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11867_chunk_0 | Neutron moderator | In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy. These thermal neutrons are immensely more susceptible than fast neutrons to propagate a nuclear chain reaction of u... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11868_chunk_0 | Prompt neutron | In nuclear engineering, a prompt neutron is a neutron immediately emitted (neutron emission) by a nuclear fission event, as opposed to a delayed neutron decay which can occur within the same context, emitted after beta decay of one of the fission products anytime from a few milliseconds to a few minutes later. Prompt n... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11869_chunk_0 | Prompt neutron | The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines a prompt neutron as a neutron emerging from fission within 10−14 seconds. This emission is controlled by the nuclear force and is extremely fast. By contrast, so-called delayed neutrons are delayed by the time delay associated with beta decay (mediated by the weak force) t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11870_chunk_0 | Fissionable material | In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material that can undergo nuclear fission when struck by a neutron of low energy. A self-sustaining thermal chain reaction can only be achieved with fissile material. The predominant neutron energy in a system may be typified by either slow neutrons (i.e., a thermal system) o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11871_chunk_0 | Prompt critical | In nuclear engineering, prompt criticality describes a nuclear fission event in which criticality (the threshold for an exponentially growing nuclear fission chain reaction) is achieved with prompt neutrons alone and does not rely on delayed neutrons. As a result, prompt supercriticality causes a much more rapid growth... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11872_chunk_0 | Negative temperature coefficient | A negative α T {\displaystyle \alpha _{T}} is broadly cited as important for reactor safety, but wide temperature variations across real reactors (as opposed to a theoretical homogeneous reactor) limit the usability of a single metric as a marker of reactor safety. In water moderated nuclear reactors, the bulk of react... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11873_chunk_0 | Plasma facing material | In nuclear fusion power research, the plasma-facing material (or materials) (PFM) is any material used to construct the plasma-facing components (PFC), those components exposed to the plasma within which nuclear fusion occurs, and particularly the material used for the lining the first wall or divertor region of the re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11874_chunk_0 | Plasma facing material | Limited number of negative nuclear transmutation effectsCurrently, fusion reactor research focuses on improving efficiency and reliability in heat generation and capture and on raising the rate of transfer. Generating electricity from heat is beyond the scope of current research, due to existing efficient heat-transfer... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11875_chunk_0 | Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor | In nuclear fusion, there are two types of reactors stable enough to conduct fusion: magnetic confinement reactors and inertial confinement reactors. The former method of fusion seeks to lengthen the time that ions spend close together in order to fuse them together, while the latter aims to fuse the ions so fast that t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11876_chunk_0 | Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor | However, with magnetic confinement reactors you avoid the problem of having to find a material that can withstand the high temperatures of nuclear fusion reactions. The heating current is induced by the changing magnetic fields in central induction coils and exceeds a million amperes. Magnetic fusion devices keep the h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11877_chunk_0 | Nuclear research | In nuclear fusion, two low-mass nuclei come into very close contact with each other so that the strong force fuses them. It requires a large amount of energy for the strong or nuclear forces to overcome the electrical repulsion between the nuclei in order to fuse them; therefore nuclear fusion can only take place at ve... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11878_chunk_0 | Nuclear research | Stars like the Sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos. The uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. A frontier in current research at various institutions, for example the Joint European Torus (JET) and ITER, is the dev... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11879_chunk_0 | Chemical shift anisotropy | Some atomic nuclei possess a magnetic moment (nuclear spin), which gives rise to different energy levels and resonance frequencies in a magnetic field. The total magnetic field experienced by a nucleus includes local magnetic fields induced by currents of electrons in the molecular orbitals (electrons have a magnetic m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11880_chunk_0 | Chemical shift anisotropy | This is reflected in the spin energy levels (and resonance frequencies). The variations of nuclear magnetic resonance frequencies of the same kind of nucleus, due to variations in the electron distribution, is called the chemical shift. The size of the chemical shift is given with respect to a reference frequency or re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11881_chunk_0 | Magic angle | In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, three prominent nuclear magnetic interactions, dipolar coupling, chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), and first-order quadrupolar coupling, depend on the orientation of the interaction tensor with the external magnetic field. By spinning the sample around a given axis, thei... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11882_chunk_0 | Magic angle | Magic angle spinning is a technique in solid-state NMR spectroscopy which employs this principle to remove or reduce the influence of anisotropic interactions, thereby increasing spectral resolution. For a time-independent interaction, i.e. heteronuclear dipolar couplings, CSA and first-order quadrupolar couplings, the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11883_chunk_0 | Ernst angle | In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging, the Ernst angle is the flip angle (a.k.a. "tip" or "nutation" angle) for excitation of a particular spin that gives the maximal signal intensity in the least amount of time when signal averaging over many transients. In other words, the highest ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11884_chunk_0 | Isotopomer | In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the highly abundant 12C isotope does not produce any signal whereas the comparably rare 13C isotope is easily detected. As a result, carbon isotopomers of a compound can be studied by carbon-13 NMR to learn about the different carbon atoms in the structure. Each individual st... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11885_chunk_0 | Isotopomer | Nearly all of the carbon in normal samples of carbon-based chemicals is 12C, with only about 1% abundance of 13C, so there is only about a 1% abundance of the total of the singly-substituted isotopologues, and exponentially smaller amounts of structures having two or more 13C in them. The rare case where two adjacent c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11886_chunk_0 | Nuclear cardiology | 3D: SPECT is a 3D tomographic technique that uses gamma camera data from many projections and can be reconstructed in different planes. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses coincidence detection to image functional processes. Nuclear medicine tests differ from most other imaging modalities in that diagnostic tests p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11887_chunk_0 | Nuclear cardiology | Nuclear medicine imaging studies are generally more organ-, tissue- or disease-specific (e.g.: lungs scan, heart scan, bone scan, brain scan, tumor, infection, Parkinson etc.) than those in conventional radiology imaging, which focus on a particular section of the body (e.g.: chest X-ray, abdomen/pelvis CT scan, head C... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11888_chunk_0 | Nuclear cardiology | While the ability of nuclear metabolism to image disease processes from differences in metabolism is unsurpassed, it is not unique. Certain techniques such as fMRI image tissues (particularly cerebral tissues) by blood flow and thus show metabolism. Also, contrast-enhancement techniques in both CT and MRI show regions ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11889_chunk_0 | Nuclear cardiology | For example, the ligand methylene-diphosphonate (MDP) can be preferentially taken up by bone. By chemically attaching technetium-99m to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for imaging. Any increased physiological function, such as due to a fracture in the bone, will usually... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11890_chunk_0 | Atomic (cocktail) | In nuclear medicine, an atomic cocktail is also used to describe a real-life radioactive mixture that is drunk by patients with hyperthyroidism and was discovered in 1941 through the work of Dr. Saul Hertz and others. The "Atomic Cocktail" song was released by Slim Gaillard in 1945 and included the following lyrics:"It... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11891_chunk_0 | Superdeformation | In nuclear physics a superdeformed nucleus is a nucleus that is very far from spherical, forming an ellipsoid with axes in ratios of approximately 2:1:1. Normal deformation is approximately 1.3:1:1. Only some nuclei can exist in superdeformed states. The first superdeformed states to be observed were the fission isomer... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11892_chunk_0 | Superdeformation | The strong force decays much faster than the Coulomb force, which becomes stronger when nucleons are greater than 2.5 femtometers apart. For this reason, these elements undergo spontaneous fission. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11893_chunk_0 | Superdeformation | In the late 1980s, high-spin superdeformed rotational bands were observed in other regions of the periodic table. Specific elements include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, and mercury. The existence of superdeformed states occurs because of a combination of macroscopic and micros... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11894_chunk_0 | Superdeformation | Macroscopically, the nucleus can be described by the liquid drop model. The liquid drop's energy as a function of deformation is at a minimum for zero deformation, due to the surface tension term. However, the curve may become soft with respect to high deformations because of the Coulomb repulsion (especially for the f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11895_chunk_0 | Superdeformation | Modulating this macroscopic behavior, the microscopic shell correction creates certain superdeformed magic numbers that are analogous to the spherical magic numbers. For nuclei near these magic numbers, the shell correction creates a second minimum in the energy as a function of deformation. Even more deformed states (... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11896_chunk_0 | Weak charge | In nuclear physics and atomic physics, weak charge refers to the Standard Model weak interaction coupling of a particle to the Z boson. For example, for any given nuclear isotope, the total weak charge is approximately −0.99 per neutron, and +0.07 per proton. It also shows an effect of parity violation during electron ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11897_chunk_0 | Q value (nuclear science) | In nuclear physics and chemistry, the Q value for a reaction is the amount of energy absorbed or released during the nuclear reaction. The value relates to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction or the energy of radioactive decay products. It can be determined from the masses of reactants and products. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11898_chunk_0 | Q value (nuclear science) | Q values affect reaction rates. In general, the larger the positive Q value for the reaction, the faster the reaction proceeds, and the more likely the reaction is to "favor" the products. Q = ( m r − m p ) × 0.9315 GeV {\displaystyle Q=(\,m_{\text{r}}-m_{\text{p}}\,)\times {\text{0.9315 GeV }}} where the masses are in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11899_chunk_0 | Nuclear reactions | In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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