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wiki_11600_chunk_0 | Madelung rule | Subshells with a lower n + l value are filled before those with higher n + l values. In the case of equal n + l values, the subshell with a lower n value is filled first. In general, subshells with the same n + l value have similar energies, but the s-orbitals (with l = 0) are exceptional: their energy levels are appre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11601_chunk_0 | Madelung rule | This is why the periodic table is usually drawn to begin with the s-block elements.The Madelung energy ordering rule applies only to neutral atoms in their ground state. There are twenty elements (eleven in the d-block and nine in the f-block) for which the Madelung rule predicts an electron configuration that differs ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11602_chunk_0 | Weak nuclear interaction | In neutral current interactions, a quark or a lepton (e.g., an electron or a muon) emits or absorbs a neutral Z boson. For example: e − → e − + Z 0 {\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{-}\to \mathrm {e} ^{-}+\mathrm {Z} ^{0}} Like the W± bosons, the Z0 boson also decays rapidly, for example: Z 0 → b + b ¯ {\displaystyle \mathr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11603_chunk_0 | Weak nuclear interaction | Since the weak mixing angle θ w ≈ 29 ∘ , {\displaystyle \ \theta _{\mathsf {w}}\approx 29^{\circ }\ ,} the parenthetic expression ( 1 − 4 sin 2 θ w ) ≈ 0.060 , {\displaystyle \ (1-4\,\sin ^{2}\theta _{\mathsf {w}})\approx 0.060\ ,} with its value varying slightly with the momentum difference (called “running”) betwee... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11604_chunk_0 | Limiting parallel | In neutral or absolute geometry, and in hyperbolic geometry, there may be many lines parallel to a given line l {\displaystyle l} through a point P {\displaystyle P} not on line R {\displaystyle R} ; however, in the plane, two parallels may be closer to l {\displaystyle l} than all others (one in each direction of R {\... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11605_chunk_0 | Perturbed angular correlation | In neutron activation, the probe is prepared directly from the sample material by converting very small part of one of the elements of the sample material into the desired PAC probe or its parent isotope by neutron capture. As with implantation, radiation damage must be healed. This method is limited to sample material... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11606_chunk_0 | Proton drip line | In neutron stars, neutron heavy nuclei are found as relativistic electrons penetrate the nuclei and produce inverse beta decay, wherein the electron combines with a proton in the nucleus to make a neutron and an electron-neutrino: As more and more neutrons are created in nuclei the energy levels for neutrons get filled... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11607_chunk_0 | Neutron time-of-flight scattering | In neutron time-of-flight scattering, a form of inelastic neutron scattering, the initial position and velocity of a pulse of neutrons is fixed, and their final position and the time after the pulse that the neutrons are detected are measured. By the principle of conservation of momentum, these pairs of coordinates may... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11608_chunk_0 | Superinsulation | In new construction, the extra insulation and wall framing cost may be offset by not requiring a dedicated central heating system. A central furnace is often justified or required to ensure sufficiently uniform temperatures in homes with numerous rooms, more than one floor, air conditioning, or large size. Small furnac... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11609_chunk_0 | Superinsulation | Hence, even electric resistance heaters may be used. Electric heaters are typically only used on cold winter nights when the overall demand for electricity in the rest of the house is low. Other backup heaters, such as wood pellets, wood stoves, natural gas boilers, or even furnaces, are widely used. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11610_chunk_0 | Configure script | In new development, library dependency checking has been done in great part using pkg-config via the m4 macro, PKG_CHECK_MODULES. Before pkg-config gained popularity, separate m4 macros were created to locate files known to be included in the distribution of libraries depended upon. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11611_chunk_0 | Home wiring | In new home construction, wiring for all electrical services can be easily installed before the walls are finished. In existing buildings, installation of a new system, such as a security system or home theatre, may require additional effort to install concealed wiring. Multiple-unit dwellings such as condominiums and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11612_chunk_0 | Home wiring | For electric power supply, a cable is run either overhead or underground into a distribution board in the home. A distribution board, or circuit breaker panel, is typically a metal box mounted on a wall of the home. In many new homes, the location of the electrical switchboard is on the outside of the external wall of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11613_chunk_0 | Capillary refill | In newborn infants, capillary refill time can be measured by pressing on the sternum for five seconds with a finger or thumb, and noting the time needed for the color to return once the pressure is released (central CRT). The upper normal limit for capillary refill in newborns is 3 seconds. Capillary refill time can al... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11614_chunk_0 | Car charger | Plus in newer cars, the power output from the lighter plug is so reliable that it can charge laptops, without any voltage problems. Standardized 12 volt DC automobile plugs are defined in the United States by UL Standard 2089 regarding vehicle battery adapters. This standard covers plugs and cord sets that insert into ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11615_chunk_0 | Car charger | Most cars nowadays are designed with a battery-negative earthing system and therefore have a +12V positive power distribution. In such a case, the centre pin of a plug/socket will be +12V DC and the outer casing 0V. While polarity is not an issue for a cigarette lighter, it is prudent to verify the correct matching of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11616_chunk_0 | Car charger | In some models, the cigarette lighter outlet is not powered when the ignition key is removed and charging is not possible, though modification of the fuse box may allow unlocking continuous power output, by establishing a parallel circuit from a continuously powered fuse slot through a "piggyback" connector.Since the c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11617_chunk_0 | Car charger | A second problem is that nominally "twelve-volt" power in cars fluctuates widely. The outlet is connected directly to the electrical system of the car. The actual voltage, matching the car battery's voltage, will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11618_chunk_0 | Car charger | When used, DC to DC converters will usually compensate for small fluctuations, but reliable power may not be available without an independent battery-powered uninterruptible power supply. Rarely, more extreme cases of voltage fluctuation can occur when the car battery is disconnected while the engine is running, or whe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11619_chunk_0 | Car charger | The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles. Also, a "double battery jump-start" is performed by some tow truck drivers in cold climates.Equipment inten... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11620_chunk_0 | Echo chamber (media) | On social media, it is thought that echo chambers limit exposure to diverse perspectives, and favor and reinforce presupposed narratives and ideologies.The term is a metaphor based on an acoustic echo chamber, in which sounds reverberate in a hollow enclosure. Another emerging term for this echoing and homogenizing eff... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11621_chunk_0 | Ni(CO)4 | In nickel tetracarbonyl, the oxidation state for nickel is assigned as zero, because the Ni-C bonding electrons come from the C atom and are still assigned to C in the hypothetical ionic bond which determines the oxidation states. The formula conforms to the 18-electron rule. The molecule is tetrahedral, with four carb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11622_chunk_0 | Renzapride | In nine diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy, renzapride reduced the mean lag phase of gastric emptying by 20–26 min at all doses (P < 0.01) In Phase 2a studies on subjects with constipation Renzapride was shown to accelerate colonic transit (p=0.016 vs placebo P=0.009) (Ref: ATL 1251/001/CL) as well as increase... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11623_chunk_0 | Renzapride | The mean number of months with relief of overall symptoms was 0.6, 0.55 and 0.44 for renzapride 2 mg twice a day, renzapride 4 mg once a day and placebo, respectively, with both renzapride doses being statistically superior to placebo (p=0.004 and p=0.027, respectively). On responder analysis, the proportion of respond... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11624_chunk_0 | Uniform 8-honeycomb | In nine-dimensional geometry, a nine-dimensional polytope or 9-polytope is a polytope contained by 8-polytope facets. Each 7-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 8-polytope facets. A uniform 9-polytope is one which is vertex-transitive, and constructed from uniform 8-polytope facets. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11625_chunk_0 | Trirectified 9-simplex | In nine-dimensional geometry, a rectified 9-simplex is a convex uniform 9-polytope, being a rectification of the regular 9-simplex. These polytopes are part of a family of 271 uniform 9-polytopes with A9 symmetry. There are unique 4 degrees of rectifications. Vertices of the rectified 9-simplex are located at the edge-... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11626_chunk_0 | Trirectified 9-simplex | Vertices of the birectified 9-simplex are located in the triangular face centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the trirectified 9-simplex are located in the tetrahedral cell centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the quadrirectified 9-simplex are located in the 5-cell centers of the 9-simplex. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11627_chunk_0 | Outdoor fitness | In nineteenth-century Germany, Turnplatz, an outdoor space for gymnastics, were promoted by German educator Friedrich Jahn and the Turners, a political and gymnastic movement. After the Second World War, as people did less exercise in their daily and work lives, individualistic, health-oriented physical and recreationa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11628_chunk_0 | Outdoor fitness | A variety of training courses for fitness professionals and certifications for companies specialising in outdoor fitness developed. Outdoor fitness can be studied as a specialism of exercise physiology. The trend towards outdoor fitness led to a proliferation of outdoor gyms.Growing participation was seen in organized ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11629_chunk_0 | Outdoor fitness | Street workouts have also become a popular outdoor fitness activity is some countries, with a world championship taking place since 2011. In recent years, more and schools have discovered the outdoors as a medium for education. Lakes, valleys and mountains are used for specific academic instruction in the realm of scie... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11630_chunk_0 | Nitrite ion | In nitrification, ammonium is converted to nitrite. Important species include Nitrosomonas. Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter, are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrite into nitrate. Nitrite can be reduced to nitric oxide or ammonia by many species of bacteria. Under hypoxic conditions, nitrite may rel... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11631_chunk_0 | Nitrile reduction | In nitrile reduction a nitrile is reduced to either an amine or an aldehyde with a suitable chemical reagent. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11632_chunk_0 | Non-integer base of numeration | In no positional number system can every number be expressed uniquely. For example, in base ten, the number 1 has two representations: 1.000... and 0.999.... The set of numbers with two different representations is dense in the reals (Petkovšek 1990), but the question of classifying real numbers with unique β-expansion... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11633_chunk_0 | MgH | In noble gas matrices MgH can form two kinds of dimer: HMgMgH and a rhombic shaped (◊) (HMg)2 in which a dihydrogen molecule bridges the bond between two magnesium atoms. MgH also can form a complex with dihydrogen HMg·H2. Photolysis increases reactions which form the dimer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11634_chunk_0 | MgH | The energy to break up the dimer HMgMgH into two MgH radicals is 197 kJ/mol. Mg(μ-H2)Mg has 63 kJ/mol more energy than HMgMgH. In theory gas phase HMgMgH can decompose to Mg2 and H2 releasing 24 kJ/mol of energy exothermically. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11635_chunk_0 | MgH | The distance between the magnesium atoms in HMgMgH is calculated to be 2.861 Å. HMgMgH can be considered a formal base compound for other substances LMgMgL that have a magnesium to magnesium bond. In these magnesium can be considered to be in oxidation state +1 rather than the normal +2. However these sort of compounds... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11636_chunk_0 | Closed Ecological Life Support Systems | In non-CELSS environments, air replenishment and CO2 processing typically consists of stored air tanks and CO2 scrubbers. The drawback to this method lies in the fact that upon depletion the tanks would have to be refilled; the scrubbers would also require replacement after they become ineffective. There is also the is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11637_chunk_0 | Gender ideology | In non-English speaking countries, many anti-gender activists avoid using vernacular translations of the word "gender" in favor of the English word to promote the idea that gender is a foreign concept.The concept of gender ideology does not have a coherent definition and covers a variety of issues; for this reason, it ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11638_chunk_0 | Parallel (geometry) | In non-Euclidean geometry, it is more common to talk about geodesics than (straight) lines. A geodesic is the shortest path between two points in a given geometry. In physics this may be interpreted as the path that a particle follows if no force is applied to it. In non-Euclidean geometry (elliptic or hyperbolic geome... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11639_chunk_0 | Square | In non-Euclidean geometry, squares are more generally polygons with 4 equal sides and equal angles. In spherical geometry, a square is a polygon whose edges are great circle arcs of equal distance, which meet at equal angles. Unlike the square of plane geometry, the angles of such a square are larger than a right angle... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11640_chunk_0 | Square | In hyperbolic geometry, squares with right angles do not exist. Rather, squares in hyperbolic geometry have angles of less than right angles. Larger hyperbolic squares have smaller angles. Examples: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11641_chunk_0 | Poincaré half-plane model | In non-Euclidean geometry, the Poincaré half-plane model is the upper half-plane, denoted below as H = { ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∣ y > 0 ; x , y ∈ R } {\displaystyle =\{\langle x,y\rangle \mid y>0;x,y\in \mathbb {R} \}} , together with a metric, the Poincaré metric, that makes it a model of two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. Equiv... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11642_chunk_0 | Poincaré half-plane model | This model is conformal which means that the angles measured at a point are the same in the model as they are in the actual hyperbolic plane. The Cayley transform provides an isometry between the half-plane model and the Poincaré disk model. This model can be generalized to model an n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} dimensiona... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11643_chunk_0 | RAM limit | In non-PAE modes of 32-bit x86 processors, the usable RAM may be limited to less than 4 GB. Limits on memory and address space vary by platform and operating system. Limits on physical memory for 32-bit platforms also depend on the presence and use of Physical Address Extension (PAE), which allows 32-bit systems to use... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11644_chunk_0 | Polyrhythm | In non-Saharan African music traditions, cross-rhythm is the generating principle; the meter is in a permanent state of contradiction. Cross-rhythm was first explained as the basis of non-Saharan rhythm in lectures by C.K. Ladzekpo and the writings of David Locke. From the philosophical perspective of the African music... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11645_chunk_0 | Strong coupling constant | In non-abelian gauge theories, the beta function can be negative, as first found by Frank Wilczek, David Politzer and David Gross. An example of this is the beta function for quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and as a result the QCD coupling decreases at high energies.Furthermore, the coupling decreases logarithmically, a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11646_chunk_0 | Strong coupling constant | This means that the coupling becomes large at low energies, and one can no longer rely on perturbation theory. Hence, the actual value of the coupling constant is only defined at a given energy scale. In QCD, the Z boson mass scale is typically chosen, providing a value of the strong coupling constant of αs(MZ2 ) = 0.1... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11647_chunk_0 | Raw mode | In non-canonical mode, data are accumulated in a buffer (which may or may not be the line editing buffer — some implementations having separate "processed input" and "raw input" queues) and become "available for reading" according to the values of two input control parameters, the c_cc and c_cc members of the termios d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11648_chunk_0 | Inhibition of enzymes | In non-competitive inhibition the binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme reduces its activity but does not affect the binding of substrate. As a result, the extent of inhibition depends only on the concentration of the inhibitor. Vmax will decrease due to the inability for the reaction to proceed as efficiently, but Km... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11649_chunk_0 | Atomic-force microscope | In non-contact atomic force microscopy mode, the tip of the cantilever does not contact the sample surface. The cantilever is instead oscillated at either its resonant frequency (frequency modulation) or just above (amplitude modulation) where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm) down to ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11650_chunk_0 | Atomic-force microscope | Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface. Non-contact mode AFM does not suffer from tip or sample degradation effects that are sometimes observed after taking numerous scans with contact AFM. This makes non-contact ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11651_chunk_0 | Atomic-force microscope | In the case of rigid samples, contact and non-contact images may look the same. However, if a few monolayers of adsorbed fluid are lying on the surface of a rigid sample, the images may look quite different. An AFM operating in contact mode will penetrate the liquid layer to image the underlying surface, whereas in non... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11652_chunk_0 | Atomic-force microscope | Schemes for dynamic mode operation include frequency modulation where a phase-locked loop is used to track the cantilever's resonance frequency and the more common amplitude modulation with a servo loop in place to keep the cantilever excitation to a defined amplitude. In frequency modulation, changes in the oscillatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11653_chunk_0 | Atomic-force microscope | Stiff cantilevers provide stability very close to the surface and, as a result, this technique was the first AFM technique to provide true atomic resolution in ultra-high vacuum conditions.In amplitude modulation, changes in the oscillation amplitude or phase provide the feedback signal for imaging. In amplitude modula... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11654_chunk_0 | Microdispensing | In non-contact dispensing, the drop also forms at the end of a nozzle, but far enough away from the target area that the drop separates from the nozzle before it hits. This, too, is a very old technique, as old as squirting liquid from a tube. Because of increasing requirements in regards to cycle time and accuracy in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11655_chunk_0 | Kidney problem | In non-diabetics and people with type 1 diabetes, a low protein diet is found to have a preventive effect on progression of chronic kidney disease. However, this effect does not apply to people with type 2 diabetes. A whole food, plant-based diet may help some people with kidney disease. A high protein diet from either... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11656_chunk_0 | Keldysh formalism | In non-equilibrium physics, the Keldysh formalism is a general framework for describing the quantum mechanical evolution of a system in a non-equilibrium state or systems subject to time varying external fields (electrical field, magnetic field etc.). Historically, it was foreshadowed by the work of Julian Schwinger an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11657_chunk_0 | GENERIC formalism | In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, GENERIC is an acronym for General Equation for Non-Equilibrium Reversible-Irreversible Coupling. It is the general form of dynamic equation for a system with both reversible and irreversible dynamics (generated by energy and entropy, respectively). GENERIC formalism is the theory buil... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11658_chunk_0 | Fuzzy clustering | In non-fuzzy clustering (also known as hard clustering), data are divided into distinct clusters, where each data point can only belong to exactly one cluster. In fuzzy clustering, data points can potentially belong to multiple clusters. For example, an apple can be red or green (hard clustering), but an apple can also... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11659_chunk_0 | Fuzzy clustering | Here, the apple can be red to a certain degree as well as green to a certain degree. Instead of the apple belonging to green and not red , the apple can belong to green and red . These value are normalized between 0 and 1; however, they do not represent probabilities, so the two values do not need to add up to 1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11660_chunk_0 | Equine coat color genetics | In non-grey, non-white horses, the genes extension (MC1R) and agouti (ASIP) together determine whether a horse will be chestnut, bay or black.The agouti gene codes for a molecule called the agouti-signaling protein, or ASIP. The ASIP protein blocks the signal for black pigment production, causing the elimination of bla... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11661_chunk_0 | Equine coat color genetics | This can be observed in horses which have their winter coats clipped. When shaved close, the black tip is shorn off leaving the phaeomelanic bottom of the shaft. This produces a dull, orange-gold appearance on the body coat which is lost with the spring shed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11662_chunk_0 | Equine coat color genetics | This is not usually seen in dark bays, which have little red in the hair shaft. A mutation to agouti removes the ability to block the black signal, resulting in a fully black horse. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11663_chunk_0 | Equine coat color genetics | The dominant, wildtype, allele of agouti is called A, and the non-agouti mutation is called a.The extension gene codes for a molecule called the Melanocortin 1 receptor, or MC1R. This receptor straddles the membrane of pigment cells, and when activated it signals the cell to produce black pigment instead of red. Extens... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11664_chunk_0 | Diffusion constant | In non-homogeneous media, the diffusion coefficient varies in space, D = D(x). This dependence does not affect Fick's first law but the second law changes: In anisotropic media, the diffusion coefficient depends on the direction. It is a symmetric tensor Dji = Dij. Fick's first law changes to it is the product of a ten... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11665_chunk_0 | Diffusion constant | It is needed to make the right hand side operator elliptic. For inhomogeneous anisotropic media these two forms of the diffusion equation should be combined in The approach based on Einstein's mobility and Teorell formula gives the following generalization of Fick's equation for the multicomponent diffusion of the perf... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11666_chunk_0 | Diffusion constant | Here, indices i and j are related to the various components and not to the space coordinates.The Chapman–Enskog formulae for diffusion in gases include exactly the same terms. These physical models of diffusion are different from the test models ∂tφi = Σj Dij Δφj which are valid for very small deviations from the unifo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11667_chunk_0 | Theta rhythm | Cortical theta oscillations were observed during the transition from sleep and during quiet wakefulness; however, the authors were unable to find any correlation between hippocampal and cortical theta waves, and concluded that the two processes are probably controlled by independent mechanisms. Studies have shown an as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11668_chunk_0 | Kambo cleanse | In non-indigenous use, the frog secretion is described and marketed as a "detox" treatment, cleanse, purge, and as a "vaccine", which is "good for everything". Kambo has been marketed both as a "scientific" remedy, emphasizing the biochemistry, and as a "spiritual" remedy, emphasizing its indigenous origins. Purging (d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11669_chunk_0 | Four-acceleration | In non-inertial coordinates, which include accelerated coordinates in special relativity and all coordinates in general relativity, the acceleration four-vector is related to the four-velocity through an absolute derivative with respect to proper time. In inertial coordinates the Christoffel symbols Γ λ μ ν {\displayst... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11670_chunk_0 | Terrorist network analysis | If 0 < α < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\alpha <1} , NLPA is referred to as "sub-linear" and the degree distribution of the network tends to a stretched exponential distribution. If α > 1 {\displaystyle \alpha >1} , NLPA is referred to as "super-linear" and a small number of nodes connect to almost all other nodes in the network... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11671_chunk_0 | Implant induction welding of thermoplastics | In non-magnetic electrical conductors like aluminum, nickel, or copper, an alternating electromagnetic field will induce Eddy currents in the material. These currents generate thermal energy through Joule heating. Ferromagnetic materials like iron and carbon steels will see heating from both Eddy current formation and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11672_chunk_0 | Area formula | In non-metric units, the conversion between two square units is the square of the conversion between the corresponding length units. 1 foot = 12 inches,the relationship between square feet and square inches is 1 square foot = 144 square inches,where 144 = 122 = 12 × 12. Similarly: 1 square yard = 9 square feet 1 square... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11673_chunk_0 | Actin cytoskeleton | In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are formed proximal to membrane surfaces. Their formation and turnover are regulated by many proteins, including: Filament end-tracking protein (e.g., formins, VASP, N-WASP) Filament-nucleator known as the Actin-Related Protein-2/3 (or Arp2/3) complex Filament cross-linkers (e.g., α... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11674_chunk_0 | Actin cytoskeleton | The primary substrate for these elongation motors is profilin-actin-ATP complex which is directly transferred to elongating filament ends. The pointed-end of each filament is oriented toward the cell's interior. In the case of lamellipodial growth, the Arp2/3 complex generates a branched network, and in filopodia a par... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11675_chunk_0 | Median slope | In non-parametric statistics, the Theil–Sen estimator is a method for robustly fitting a line to sample points in the plane (simple linear regression) by choosing the median of the slopes of all lines through pairs of points. It has also been called Sen's slope estimator, slope selection, the single median method, the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11676_chunk_0 | Median slope | It can be used for significance tests even when residuals are not normally distributed. It can be significantly more accurate than non-robust simple linear regression (least squares) for skewed and heteroskedastic data, and competes well against least squares even for normally distributed data in terms of statistical p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11677_chunk_0 | Respiratory burst | In non-phagocytic cells, oxidative burst products are used in intracellular signalling pathways. The generated ROS achieve this via shifting the cell redox state. This may be monitored by the ratio of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione to its oxidised product, glutathione disulphide (GSH:GSSG). Antioxidant enzymes coun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11678_chunk_0 | Respiratory burst | Redox signalling is critical for normal processes such as proliferation, differentiation, as well as vascular function and neurotransmission. It is also involved in disease states such as cancer. The NADPH oxidase isoform NOX1 transiently produces a burst of superoxide in response to growth factor (e.g. EGF) stimulatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11679_chunk_0 | Respiratory burst | Superoxide is dismutated to hydrogen peroxide at a rate close to the diffusion-limited rate. This spatial restriction for superoxide‘s dismutation allows for specificity of redox signalling. Specificity is also ensured by NOX1 localisation in specific microdomains in the cell’s plasma membrane. Through channels such as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11680_chunk_0 | Δ-aminolevulinic acid | In non-photosynthetic eukaryotes such as animals, fungi, and protozoa, as well as the class Alphaproteobacteria of bacteria, it is produced by the enzyme ALA synthase, from glycine and succinyl-CoA. This reaction is known as the Shemin pathway, which occurs in mitochondria.In plants, algae, bacteria (except for the cla... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11681_chunk_0 | Porphyrin ring | In non-photosynthetic eukaryotes such as animals, insects, fungi, and protozoa, as well as the α-proteobacteria group of bacteria, the committed step for porphyrin biosynthesis is the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA, 5-ALA or dALA) by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric ac... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11682_chunk_0 | Porphyrin ring | Intermediates are used in different species to form particular substances, but, in humans, the main end-product protoporphyrin IX is combined with iron to form heme. Bile pigments are the breakdown products of heme. The following scheme summarizes the biosynthesis of porphyrins, with references by EC number and the OMI... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11683_chunk_0 | Goto (command) | In non-procedural paradigms, goto is less relevant or completely absent. One of the main alternatives is message passing, which is of particular importance in concurrent computing, interprocess communication, and object oriented programming. In these cases, the individual components do not have arbitrary transfer of co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11684_chunk_0 | Time measurement | In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently we... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11685_chunk_0 | Probability flux | In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the probability current j of the wave function Ψ of a particle of mass m in one dimension is defined as where ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the reduced Planck constant; Ψ ∗ {\displaystyle \Psi ^{*}} denotes the complex conjugate of the wave function; ℜ {\displaystyle \Re } denotes t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11686_chunk_0 | Feynman propagator | The quantum-mechanical propagator may also be found by using a path integral: K ( x , t ; x ′ , t ′ ) = ∫ exp D , {\displaystyle K(x,t;x',t')=\int \exp \leftD,} where the boundary conditions of the path integral include q(t) = x, q(t′) = x′. Here L denotes the Lagrangian of the system. The paths that are summed ove... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11687_chunk_0 | Feynman propagator | In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the propagator lets one find the wave function of a system, given an initial wave function and a time interval. The new wave function is specified by the equation ψ ( x , t ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ ψ ( x ′ , t ′ ) K ( x , t ; x ′ , t ′ ) d x ′ . {\displaystyle \psi (x,t)=\int _{-\infty }^{\inf... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11688_chunk_0 | Relativistic quantum mechanics | In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the square modulus of the wavefunction ψ gives the probability density function ρ = |ψ|2. This is the Copenhagen interpretation, circa 1927. In RQM, while ψ(r, t) is a wavefunction, the probability interpretation is not the same as in non-relativistic QM. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11689_chunk_0 | Relativistic quantum mechanics | Some RWEs do not predict a probability density ρ or probability current j (really meaning probability current density) because they are not positive-definite functions of space and time. The Dirac equation does: ρ = ψ † ψ , j = ψ † γ 0 γ ψ ⇌ J μ = ψ † γ 0 γ μ ψ {\displaystyle \rho =\psi ^{\dagger }\psi ,\quad \mathbf {... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11690_chunk_0 | Relativistic quantum mechanics | Instead, what appears look at first sight a "probability density" and "probability current" has to be reinterpreted as charge density and current density when multiplied by electric charge. Then, the wavefunction ψ is not a wavefunction at all, but reinterpreted as a field. The density and current of electric charge al... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11691_chunk_0 | Transmission factor | In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the transmission coefficient and related reflection coefficient are used to describe the behavior of waves incident on a barrier. The transmission coefficient represents the probability flux of the transmitted wave relative to that of the incident wave. This coefficient is often u... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11692_chunk_0 | Transmission factor | The transmission coefficient is defined in terms of the incident and transmitted probability current density J according to: T = J → t r a n s ⋅ n ^ J → i n c ⋅ n ^ , {\displaystyle T={\frac {{\vec {J}}_{\mathrm {trans} }\cdot {\hat {n}}}{{\vec {J}}_{\mathrm {inc} }\cdot {\hat {n}}}},} where J → i n c {\displaystyle {\... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11693_chunk_0 | Good quantum number | In non-relativistic treatment, l {\displaystyle l} and s {\displaystyle s} are good quantum numbers but in relativistic quantum mechanics they are no longer good quantum numbers as L {\displaystyle L} and S {\displaystyle S} do not commute with H {\displaystyle H} (in Dirac theory). J = L + S {\displaystyle J=L+S} is a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11694_chunk_0 | Hyperspectral imaging | In non-scanning, a single 2-D sensor output contains all spatial (x, y) and spectral (λ) data. HSI devices for non-scanning yield the full datacube at once, without any scanning. Figuratively speaking, a single snapshot represents a perspective projection of the datacube, from which its three-dimensional structure can ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11695_chunk_0 | Hyperspectral imaging | The most prominent benefits of these snapshot hyperspectral imaging systems are the snapshot advantage (higher light throughput) and shorter acquisition time. A number of systems have been designed, including computed tomographic imaging spectrometry (CTIS), fiber-reformatting imaging spectrometry (FRIS), integral fiel... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11696_chunk_0 | Unilateral contact | In non-smooth method, unilateral interactions between bodies are fundamentally modelled by the Signorini condition for non-penetration, and impact laws are used to define the impact process. The Signorini condition can be expressed as the complementarity problem: g ≥ 0 , λ ≥ 0 , λ ⊥ g {\displaystyle g\geq 0,\quad \lamb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11697_chunk_0 | Unilateral contact | When implementing non-smooth theory based methods, the velocity Signorini condition or the acceleration Signorini condition are actually employed in most cases. The velocity Signorini condition is expressed as: U N + ≥ 0 , λ ≥ 0 , U + λ = 0 {\displaystyle U_{\rm {N}}^{+}\geq 0,\quad \lambda \geq 0,\quad U^{+}\lambda =0... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11698_chunk_0 | Unilateral contact | The acceleration Signorini condition is considered under closed contact ( g = 0 , U N + = 0 {\displaystyle g=0,U_{\rm {N}}^{+}=0} ), as: g ¨ ≥ 0 , λ ≥ 0 , g ¨ λ = 0 {\displaystyle {\ddot {g}}\geq 0,\quad \lambda \geq 0,\quad {\ddot {g}}\lambda =0} , where the overdots denote the second-order derivative with respect to ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11699_chunk_0 | Limit (mathematics) | In non-standard analysis (which involves a hyperreal enlargement of the number system), the limit of a sequence ( a n ) {\displaystyle (a_{n})} can be expressed as the standard part of the value a H {\displaystyle a_{H}} of the natural extension of the sequence at an infinite hypernatural index n=H. Thus, lim n → ∞ a n... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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