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wiki_12800_chunk_0 | Pythagorean equation | In this way they also form two boxes, this time in consecutive corners, with areas a 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}} and b 2 {\displaystyle b^{2}} which will again lead to a second square of with the area 2 a b + a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle 2ab+a^{2}+b^{2}} . English mathematician Sir Thomas Heath gives this proof in his commenta... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12801_chunk_0 | Future-proof | In one region of New Zealand, Hawke's Bay, a study was conducted to determine what would be required to future-proof the regional economy with specific reference to the water system. The study specifically sought to understand the existing and potential water demand in the region as well as how this potential demand mi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12802_chunk_0 | Model of hierarchical complexity | In one representative study, Commons, Goodheart, and Dawson (1997) found, using Rasch analysis (Rasch, 1980), that hierarchical complexity of a given task predicts stage of a performance, the correlation being r = 0.92. Correlations of similar magnitude have been found in a number of the studies. The following are exam... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12803_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a graph is an ordered pair G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} comprising: V {\displaystyle V} , a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); E ⊆ { { x , y } ∣ x , y ∈ V and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle E\subseteq \{\{x,y\}\mid x,y\in V\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} ,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12804_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges that join the same two vertices. In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a graph is an ordered triple G = ( V , E , ϕ ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E,\phi )} comprising: V {\displaystyle V} , a set of vertices (also called node... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12805_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | Graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex x {\displaystyle x} to itself is the edge (for an undirected simple graph) or is incident on (for an undirected multigraph) { x , x } = { x } {\displaystyle \{x,x\}=\{x\}} which is not in { { x , y } ∣ x , y ∈ V and x ≠ y ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12806_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | For undirected multigraphs, the definition of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } should be modified to ϕ: E → { { x , y } ∣ x , y ∈ V } {\displaystyle \phi :E\to \{\{x,y\}\mid x,y\in V\}} . To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called undirected simple graph permitting loops and undirected multigraph permitting loops ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12807_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | V {\displaystyle V} and E {\displaystyle E} are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. Moreover, V {\displaystyle V} is often assumed to be non-empty, but E {\displaystyle E} is al... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12808_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | The size of a graph is | E | {\displaystyle |E|} , its number of edges. The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it, where a loop is counted twice. The degree of a graph is the maximum of the degrees of its vertices. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12809_chunk_0 | Algorithmic graph theory | In an undirected simple graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 and the maximum size of the graph is n(n − 1)/2. The edges of an undirected simple graph permitting loops G {\displaystyle G} induce a symmetric homogeneous relation ∼ {\displaystyle \sim } on the vertices of G {\displaystyle G} that i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12810_chunk_0 | Platoon (automobile) | The cars have power steering and automatic speed controls, which are controlled by a computer. The cars organize themselves into platoons of 8 to 25 cars. The cars within a platoon drive themselves a meter apart, so that air resistance is minimized. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12811_chunk_0 | Platoon (automobile) | The distance between platoons is the conventional braking distance. If anything goes wrong, the maximum number of harmed cars should be one platoon. An overview of platooning systems is given in Bergenhem et al.Platooning of trucks has been proposed as a concept to reduce the energy consumption of semi-trucks and impro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12812_chunk_0 | Programmable matter | In one school of thought the programming could be external to the material and might be achieved by the "application of light, voltage, electric or magnetic fields, etc." (McCarthy 2006). For example, a liquid crystal display is a form of programmable matter. A second school of thought is that the individual units of t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12813_chunk_0 | Programmable matter | At the nanoscale end of the spectrum there are a tremendous number of different bases for programmable matter, ranging from shape changing molecules to quantum dots. Quantum dots are in fact often referred to as artificial atoms. In the micrometer to sub-millimeter range examples include MEMS-based units, cells created... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12814_chunk_0 | Discourse Representation Theory | Under a Montagovian approach, the indefinite a donkey, which is assumed to be inherently an existential quantifier, ends up becoming a universal quantifier, an unwelcome result because the change in quantificational force cannot be accounted for in any principled way. DRT avoids this problem by assuming that indefinite... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12815_chunk_0 | Representation Theory | In one sense, associative algebra representations generalize both representations of groups and Lie algebras. A representation of a group induces a representation of a corresponding group ring or group algebra, while representations of a Lie algebra correspond bijectively to representations of its universal enveloping ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12816_chunk_0 | Holistic view | His theory agrees with Bohm that whole systems were not merely composed of their parts and it identifies properties such as position and momentum as those of whole systems beyond those of its components. But Bohr states that these holistic properties are only meaningful in experimental contexts when physical systems ar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12817_chunk_0 | Diffusing capacity | In one sense, it is remarkable that DLCO has retained such clinical utility. The technique was invented to settle one of the great controversies of pulmonary physiology a century ago, namely the question of whether oxygen and the other gases were actively transported into and out of the blood by the lung, or whether ga... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12818_chunk_0 | Toxic positivity | Accordingly, positivity becomes toxic when a person rejects negative feelings even when they are appropriate.People with a constant requirement for positive experiences may be inadvertently stigmatizing their own negative emotions, such as depression, or suppressing natural emotional responses, such as sadness, regret,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12819_chunk_0 | Linguistic intelligence | In one series of tests, it was shown that when children were given verbal fluency tests, a larger portion of their cortex activated compared to adults, as well as activation of both the left and right hemispheres. This is most likely due to the high plasticity of newly developing brains. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12820_chunk_0 | Modified sine wave | In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the center tap of the primary winding. A relay switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12821_chunk_0 | Modified sine wave | The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electrom... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12822_chunk_0 | Modified sine wave | A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo machines. As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs. Certain ratings, especially for large systems (many kilowatts) use thyri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12823_chunk_0 | Modified sine wave | SCRs provide large power handling capability in a semiconductor device, and can readily be controlled over a variable firing range. The switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as opposed to the sinus... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12824_chunk_0 | Modified sine wave | The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves, called harmonics, that are included in the series have frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. Fourier analysis can be used to calculate the total harmonic distorti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12825_chunk_0 | Mesterolone | In one small scale clinical trial of depressed patients, an improvement of symptoms which included anxiety, lack of drive and desire was observed. In patients with dysthymia, unipolar, and bipolar depression significant improvement was observed. In this series of studies, mesterolone lead to a significant decrease in l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12826_chunk_0 | Zincke reaction | In one solid-phase synthesis application, the amine is covalently attached to Wang resin. Another example is the synthesis of a chiral isoquinolinium salt. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12827_chunk_0 | Thirring model | In one space dimension and one time dimension the model can be solved by the Bethe Ansatz. This helps one calculate exactly the mass spectrum and scattering matrix. Calculation of the scattering matrix reproduces the results published earlier by Alexander Zamolodchikov. The paper with the exact solution of Massive Thir... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12828_chunk_0 | Thirring model | Ultraviolet renormalization was done in the frame of the Bethe Ansatz. The fractional charge appears in the model during renormalization as a repulsion beyond the cutoff. Multi-particle production cancels on mass shell. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12829_chunk_0 | Smoluchowski equation | In one spatial dimension x, for an Itô process driven by the standard Wiener process W t {\displaystyle W_{t}} and described by the stochastic differential equation (SDE) with drift μ ( X t , t ) {\displaystyle \mu (X_{t},t)} and diffusion coefficient D ( X t , t ) = σ 2 ( X t , t ) / 2 {\displaystyle D(X_{t},t)=\sigma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12830_chunk_0 | Integrodifference equation | In one spatial dimension, the dispersal kernel often depends only on the distance between the source and the destination, and can be written as k ( x − y ) {\displaystyle k(x-y)} . In this case, some natural conditions on f and k imply that there is a well-defined spreading speed for waves of invasion generated from co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12831_chunk_0 | Integrodifference equation | This can be written as the convolution n t + 1 = f ′ ( 0 ) k ∗ n t {\displaystyle n_{t+1}=f'(0)k*n_{t}} Using a moment-generating-function transformation M ( s ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ e s x n ( x ) d x {\displaystyle M(s)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{sx}n(x)dx} it has been shown that the critical wave speed c ∗ = min w > 0 {\disp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12832_chunk_0 | Lasso regression | In one special case two covariates, say j and k, are identical for each observation, so that x ( j ) = x ( k ) {\displaystyle x_{(j)}=x_{(k)}} , where x ( j ) , i = x ( k ) , i {\displaystyle x_{(j),i}=x_{(k),i}} . Then the values of β j {\displaystyle \beta _{j}} and β k {\displaystyle \beta _{k}} that minimize the la... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12833_chunk_0 | Cyanuric chloride | In one specialized application, cyanuric chloride is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis for the conversion of carboxylic acids into acyl chlorides: It is also used as a dehydrating agent and for the activation of carboxylic acids for reduction to alcohols. Heating with DMF gives "Gold's reagent" Me2NCH=NCH=NMe2... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12834_chunk_0 | Bromide ion | In one specialized report, bromide is an essential cofactor in the peroxidising catalysis of sulfonimine crosslinks in collagen IV. This post-translational modification occurs in all animals and bromine is an essential trace element for humans.Eosinophils need bromide for fighting multicellular parasites. Hypobromite i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12835_chunk_0 | Radical addition | In one specific type of radical addition called self-terminating oxidative radical cyclization, alkynes are oxidized to ketones through intramolecular radical cyclization where the radical species are inorganic rather than carbon based. This type of reaction is self-terminating because propagating is not possible and t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12836_chunk_0 | On-water reaction | In one study a coupling reaction between an indole and a quinone takes place at room temperature without catalyst in water in 82% chemical yield even though reactants and products are insoluble in this medium. The reaction is much less efficient in homogeneous systems such as dichloromethane, toluene and acetonitrile o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12837_chunk_0 | On-water reaction | The primary regioselective dipolar cycloaddition product then rearranges to a dihydroisoxazole with regeneration of the phosphine. This reaction only takes place in water with lithium chloride added even though the reactants do not dissolve in this medium. In organic solvents such as toluene or dichloromethane no react... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12838_chunk_0 | Stair Climbing | In one study based on mean oxygen uptake and heart rate, researchers estimated that ascending a 15 cm (5.9 inches) step expends 0.46 kJ (0.11 kcal) for the average person, and descending a step expends 0.21 kJ (0.05 kcal). The study concluded that stair-climbing met the minimum requirements for cardiorespiratory benefi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12839_chunk_0 | Silylene | In one study diphenylsilylene is generated by flash photolysis of a trisilane:In this reaction diphenylsilylene is extruded from the trisila ring. The silylene can be observed with UV spectroscopy at 520 nm and is short-lived with a chemical half-life of two microseconds. Added methanol acts as a chemical trap with a s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12840_chunk_0 | Self affirmation | In one study investigating the effects of self-affirmation on stress response, undergraduate participants completed the Trier social stress test, a standardized laboratory paradigm used to induce stress in participants. In the Trier Social Stress task, participants are asked to give a short speech in front of a panel o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12841_chunk_0 | Self affirmation | Participants who completed the values list had significantly lower stress response than individuals in the control condition, as indicated by a lower cortisol response in affirmed participants compared to participants who did not complete the self-affirmation condition.In a different experiment, undergraduate students ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12842_chunk_0 | Self affirmation | For the individuals who did not complete the self-affirmation task, low-stress participants performed significantly better than high-stress participants. For individuals in the self-affirmation condition, high-stress individuals performed equally as well as low-stress individuals. Findings suggest that self-affirmation... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12843_chunk_0 | Self affirmation | All participants collected urine samples for 24 hours two weeks prior to their midterm (baseline) as well as for the 24 hours prior to their midterm examination so levels their catecholamine levels could be measured. Catecholamine levels are thought to be high when individuals are experiencing higher stress. Half of pa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12844_chunk_0 | Self affirmation | Participants who did not complete the self-affirmation condition demonstrated increased catecholamine response from baseline to their midterm exam. However, participants who completed the two values essays did not show an increase in catecholamine levels from baseline to their midterm.Preliminary research results sugge... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12845_chunk_0 | Occipital neuralgia | In one study investigating the incidence of facial pain in a Dutch population, ON comprised 8.3% of facial pain cases. The total incidence of ON was 3.2 per 100,000 people, with a mean age of diagnosis of 54.1 years. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12846_chunk_0 | Freeze branding | In one study involving young cattle measurable proxies for pain were identified. Such proxies included heart rate and the plasma concentrations of the stress hormones cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and catecholamine. Heart rate was monitored with standard veterinary ECG equipment and hormone concentrations deter... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12847_chunk_0 | Freeze branding | An increase in any of these stress hormones or vocalization by the animal was assumed to register an increase in pain. A small microphone taped to the calves' throat was used to capture their vocalization response. Twenty-seven calves were divided into three groups. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12848_chunk_0 | Freeze branding | Each group received either a hot-iron brand, a freeze brand using liquid nitrogen, or a "sham" brand. The sham brand was an iron kept at room temperature and pressed to the calves' skin for the same duration as a hot brand. The sham branding created a control group used to determine baseline levels of vocalization and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12849_chunk_0 | Freeze branding | While being branded, ten blood samples were collected, heart rate measurements were taken, and vocalizations recorded with the microphone. These samplings occurred at uneven intervals during a 25 minute period, from five minutes before to twenty minutes after branding.This study determined that mean concentrations of p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12850_chunk_0 | Freeze branding | Heart rates, hormone concentrations, and epinephrine levels, the study's primary pain proxy, were all elevated in hot-branded calves. In terms of vocalization, one hot-branded and two freeze-branded calves expressed distress during branding, although this may have been due to the absence of other cattle in the calf's f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12851_chunk_0 | Pagophagia | In one study of pica in iron deficient versus iron replete blood donors, "pica was reported in 11% of donors with iron depletion/deficiency, compared with 4% of iron-replete donors," with pagophagia accounting for 94% of reported pica cases. A case series of pagophagia in men with iron-deficiency anemia concluded "that... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12852_chunk_0 | Circannual Cycle | As a result of the study, the researchers concluded that treatments for this disorder can be implemented following an observation of the patient’s cycle and annual rhythm that they follow.Gwinner observed the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) which is a bird species that migrates seasonally to tropical and southe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12853_chunk_0 | Circannual Cycle | Lastly, to clarify the significance of the circannual control of the A. verbasci life cycle, larvae were reared under natural photoperiod and temperature from the various times of the year. The results showed that the critical day-length was between 13 and 14 hours of light, that a decrease in temperature of 5°C did no... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12854_chunk_0 | Circannual Cycle | These rhythms are influenced by variable environmental cues, and in some species are influenced by internal cues. In a study conducted by Catalina Reyes, the authors took a further look into how red-eared sliders showed circadian and circannual rhythms in metabolism, and if metabolic rates overall influenced the circad... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12855_chunk_0 | Circannual Cycle | At temperate latitudes, circannual rhythms align with the day lengths, and in mammals, the hormone melatonin is reactive to the proportional length of evenings. Authors that collaborated on this study focused on the circannual alignment of, (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), better known as arctic reindeer. They are known t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12856_chunk_0 | Condition-dependant signaling | In one study researchers conducted an experiment to better understand condition dependent signaling of acoustic calling in relation to food availability. They studied crickets in the wild where they supplemented the experimental groups food supply to see if that would allow the males to allocate more energy toward call... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12857_chunk_0 | Condition-dependant signaling | The food supplementation had an effect on the frequency of calls however the call itself remained consistent between the experimental and control group. This higher frequency of calls was effective in increasing the attraction of female crickets. This study concluded that condition dependent signaling is an imperative ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12858_chunk_0 | Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis | In one study the Erlenmeyer amino acid synthesis was used in the heart of an L-m-tyrosine synthesis | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12859_chunk_0 | Mefway (18F) | In one study the uptake and retention of mefway (18F) was found to be similar to that found for 11C-WAY-100,635. Head-to-head comparison of mefway (18F) and 11C-WAY-100,635 have been evaluated. Since 11C-WAY-100,635 is the current 'gold standard' and difficult to synthesize, a suitable fluorine-18 replacement as in mef... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12860_chunk_0 | Mefway (18F) | Multiple injection mefway PET experiments can be used for the in-vivo measurement of 5-HT1A receptor density.Imaging studies of mefway on in vivo and ex vivo rat brains indicate that the substance binds to the known 5-HT1A receptor regions including the dorsal raphe. These findings support that the dorsal raphe is meas... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12861_chunk_0 | Schwartz's reagent | In one study the usual regioselectivity of an alkyne hydrozirconation is reversed with the addition of zinc chloride: One example of a one-pot hydrozirconation - carbonylation - coupling is depicted below: With certain allyl alcohols, the alcohol group is replaced by nucleophilic carbon forming a cyclopropane ring: The... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12862_chunk_0 | Primary consciousness | In one study, 10 adult males underwent positron emission tomography scans in three different scenarios: During generation of moderate thirst by infusion of intravenous hypertonic saline 0.51 M After wetting of the mouth with water to remove the sensation of dryness 3, 14, 45, and 60 minutes after drinking water to full... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12863_chunk_0 | Carbonization | In one study, carbonization was used to create a new catalyst for the generation of biodiesel from ethanol and fatty acids. The catalyst was created by carbonization of simple sugars such as glucose and sucrose. The sugars were processed for 15 hours at 400 °C under a nitrogen flow to a black carbon residue consisting ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12864_chunk_0 | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | In one study, excessive consumption of eggs, processed meats, and red meat was associated with increased rates of cancer of the head and neck, while consumption of raw and cooked vegetables seemed to be protective.Vitamin E was not found to prevent the development of leukoplakia, the white plaques that are the precurso... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12865_chunk_0 | Art psychology | Experts look to art for a challenging experience, while naive participants view art more for pleasure. Systematic preferences for viewing portraiture (left or right 3/4 profiles) have been found across media, artists, styles, gender/sex, and historical epoch. Both experiential tendencies and innate predispositions have... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12866_chunk_0 | Online volunteering | It can build self-confidence and self-esteem while enhancing skills and extending networks and social ties. Online volunteering also allows participants to adapt their program of volunteer work to their unique skills and passions.People engaged in virtual volunteering undertake a variety of activities from locations re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12867_chunk_0 | Time-saving bias | In one study, participants were asked to judge which of two road improvement plans would be more efficient in reducing mean journey time. Respondents preferred a plan that would increase the mean speed from 70 to 110 km/h (43 to 68 mph) more than a plan that would increase the mean speed from 30 to 40 km/h (19 to 25 mp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12868_chunk_0 | Confusion of the inverse | In one study, physicians were asked to give the chances of malignancy with a 1% prior probability of occurring. A test can detect 80% of malignancies and has a 10% false positive rate. What is the probability of malignancy given a positive test result? Approximately 95 out of 100 physicians responded the probability of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12869_chunk_0 | Confusion of the inverse | Most accidents occur within 25 miles from home; therefore, you are safest when you are far from home. Terrorists tend to have an engineering background; so, engineers have a tendency towards terrorism.For other errors in conditional probability, see the Monty Hall problem and the base rate fallacy. Compare to illicit c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12870_chunk_0 | Baldwin's rules | In one study, seven-membered rings were constructed in a tandem 5-exo-dig addition reaction / Claisen rearrangement: A 6-endo-dig pattern was observed in an allene - alkyne 1,2-addition / Nazarov cyclization tandem catalysed by a gold compound: A 5-endo-dig ring closing reaction was part of a synthesis of (+)-Preussin: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12871_chunk_0 | Birth spacing | In one study, the average birth interval across all countries was 32.1 months (2.7 years). The region with the greatest percentage of short interbirth intervals was central Asia, where a third of children were born less than 24 months apart. The region with lowest burden was Sub-Saharan Africa, with 20% of births havin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12872_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | In one theory, meiosis is primarily an adaptation for repairing DNA damage. Environmental stresses often lead to oxidative stress within the cell, which is well known to cause DNA damage through the production of reactive forms of oxygen, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). DNA damages, if not repaired, can kill a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12873_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | However, ROS also cause a type of damage that is difficult to repair, referred to as double-strand damage. One common example of double-strand damage is the double-strand break. In this case, genetic information (nucleotide sequence) is lost from both strands in the damaged region, and proper information can only be ob... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12874_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | The process that the cell uses to accurately accomplish this type of repair is called recombinational repair. Meiosis is distinct from mitosis in that a central feature of meiosis is the alignment of homologous chromosomes followed by recombination between them. The two chromosomes which pair are referred to as non-sis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12875_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | Recombination between non-sister chromosomes at meiosis is known to be a recombinational repair process that can repair double-strand breaks and other types of double-strand damage. In contrast, recombination between sister chromosomes cannot repair double-strand damages arising prior to the replication which produced ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12876_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | If left unrepaired, this damage would likely be lethal to gametes and inhibit production of viable progeny. Even in multicellular eukaryotes, such as humans, oxidative stress is a problem for cell survival. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12877_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | In this case, oxidative stress is a byproduct of oxidative cellular respiration occurring during metabolism in all cells. In humans, on average, about 50 DNA double-strand breaks occur per cell in each cell generation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12878_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | Meiosis, which facilitates recombinational repair between non-sister chromosomes, can efficiently repair these prevalent damages in the DNA passed on to germ cells, and consequently prevent loss of fertility in humans. Thus with the theory that meiosis arose from prokaryotic sex, recombinational repair is the selective... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12879_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | Prokaryotes do have DNA repair mechanism enriched with recombinational repair, and the existence of prokaryotic life in severe environment indicates the extreme efficiency of this mechanism to help them survive many DNA damages related to the environment. This implies that an extra costly repair in the form of meiosis ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12880_chunk_0 | Origin and function of meiosis | They primarily do not require a second homologous chromosome for the recombination that promotes a more extensive repair. Thus, despite the efficiency of recombinational repair involving sister chromatids, the repair still needs to be improved, and another type of repair is required. Moreover, due to the more extensive... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12881_chunk_0 | Micro switch | In one type of microswitch, internally there are two conductive springs. A long flat spring is hinged at one end of the switch (the left, in the photograph) and has electrical contacts on the other. A small curved spring, preloaded (i.e., compressed during assembly) so it attempts to extend itself (at the top, just rig... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12882_chunk_0 | Micro switch | Because the flat spring is anchored and strong in tension the curved spring cannot move it to the right. The curved spring presses, or pulls, the flat spring upward, that is away, from the anchor point. Owing to the geometry, the upward force is proportional to the displacement which decreases as the flat spring moves ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12883_chunk_0 | Micro switch | (Actually, the force is proportional to the sine of the angle, which is approximately proportional to the angle for small angles.) As the actuator depresses it flexes the flat spring while the curved spring keeps the electrical contacts touching. When the flat spring is flexed enough it will provide sufficient force to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12884_chunk_0 | Micro switch | As the flat spring moves downward the upward force of the curved spring reduces causing the motion to accelerate even in the absence of further movement of the actuator until the flat spring impacts the normally-open contact. Even though the flat spring unflexes as it moves downward, the switch is designed so the net e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12885_chunk_0 | Micro switch | In the actuated position the curved spring provides some upward force. If the actuator is released this will move the flat spring upward. As the flat spring moves, the force from the curved spring increases. This results in acceleration until the normally-closed contacts are hit. Just as in the downward direction, the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12886_chunk_0 | Curtius rearrangement | In one variation called the Darapsky degradation, or Darapsky synthesis, a Curtius rearrangement takes place as one of the steps in the conversion of an α-cyanoester to an amino acid. Hydrazine is used to convert the ester to an acylhydrazine, which is reacted with nitrous acid to give the acyl azide. Heating the azide... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12887_chunk_0 | Courcelle's theorem | In one variation of monadic second-order graph logic known as MSO1, the graph is described by a set of vertices and a binary adjacency relation adj ( . , . ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {adj} (.,.)} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12888_chunk_0 | Courcelle's theorem | , and the restriction to monadic logic means that the graph property in question may be defined in terms of sets of vertices of the given graph, but not in terms of sets of edges, or sets of tuples of vertices. As an example, the property of a graph being colorable with three colors (represented by three sets of vertic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12889_chunk_0 | Courcelle's theorem | (It would also be possible to add clauses to the formula to ensure that the three color classes are disjoint, but this makes no difference to the result.) Thus, by Courcelle's theorem, 3-colorability of graphs of bounded treewidth may be tested in linear time. For this variation of graph logic, Courcelle's theorem can ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12890_chunk_0 | Gewald reaction | In one variation of the Gewald reaction a 3-acetyl-2-aminothiophene is synthesized starting from a dithiane (an adduct of sulfur and acetone if R = CH3 or acetaldehyde if R = H) and the sodium salt of cyanoacetone which in itself is very unstable: == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12891_chunk_0 | Reformatsky reaction | In one variation of the Reformatsky reaction an iodolactam is coupled with an aldehyde with triethylborane in toluene at -78 °C. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12892_chunk_0 | Mercury beating heart | Once there is no oxide coating left on the mercury blob, the surface tension increases and the blob rounds up and loses contact with the nail, ready to start the process over again. The net reaction is that the dichromate oxidizes the iron. This favorable reaction drives the mercury oxidations/reductions and the oscill... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12893_chunk_0 | Mercury beating heart | When the dichromate is fully reduced, the reaction stops. There may be other mechanisms involved, however. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12894_chunk_0 | Mercury beating heart | Lin et al. appear to report that the oscillations occur without the presence of the oxidizing agent, though the mercury does not appear to get an oxidizing layer on it and the oscillations are much weaker. An electrical double layer forms between the surface of the mercury droplet and the electrolyte solution. At rest ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12895_chunk_0 | ManpowerGroup | By this account, in 1948, Scheinfeld conceived of Manpower, arrived at the name and early logo over lunch with friend and advertiser Marvin Frank, and invited Winter to invest as a minority stockholder and co-founder. The two incorporated the company in Delaware, and in June 1948, opened offices in downtown Milwaukee a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12896_chunk_0 | Laser spray | In one version of the laser spray interface, explosive vaporization and mist formation occur when an aqueous solution effusing from the tip of the stainless steel capillary is irradiated from the opposite side of the capillary by a 10.6 μm infrared laser. Weak ion signals could be detected when the plume was sampled th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12897_chunk_0 | Laser spray | This approach to laser spray ionization is a hybrid of three basic techniques for the generation of gaseous ions from the condensed phase, i.e., energy-sudden activation, nebulization and the action of an electric field.Laser spray mass spectrometry can faithfully reflect the solution-phase characteristics of biomolecu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12898_chunk_0 | Histone methylation | In one-carbon metabolism, the amino acids glycine and serine are converted via the folate and methionine cycles to nucleotide precursors and SAM. Multiple nutrients fuel one-carbon metabolism, including glucose, serine, glycine, and threonine. High levels of the methyl donor SAM influence histone methylation, which may... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12899_chunk_0 | Connectedness locus | In one-dimensional complex dynamics, the connectedness locus of a parameterized family of one-variable holomorphic functions is a subset of the parameter space which consists of those parameters for which the corresponding Julia set is connected. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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