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wiki_12900_chunk_0 | Instanton | In one-dimensional field theory or quantum mechanics one defines as "instanton" a field configuration which is a solution of the classical (Newton-like) equation of motion with Euclidean time and finite Euclidean action. In the context of soliton theory the corresponding solution is known as a kink. In view of their an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12901_chunk_0 | Instanton | In the limit of infinite period these periodic instantons – frequently known as "bounces", "bubbles" or the like – reduce to instantons. The stability of these pseudoclassical configurations can be investigated by expanding the Lagrangian defining the theory around the pseudoparticle configuration and then investigatin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12902_chunk_0 | Gray langur | In one-male groups, the resident male is usually the sole breeder of the females and sires all the young. In multiple-male groups, the highest-ranking male fathers most of the offspring, followed by the next-ranking males and even outside males will father young. Higher-ranking females are more reproductively successfu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12903_chunk_0 | Gray langur | When langurs mate, they are sometimes disrupted by other group members. Females have even been recorded mounting other females.The gestation period of gray langur lasts around 200 days, at least at Jodhpur, India. In some areas, reproduction is year-around. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12904_chunk_0 | Gray langur | Year-round reproduction appears to occur in populations that capitalize on human-made foods. Other populations have seasonal reproduction.Infanticide is common among gray langurs. Most infanticidal langurs are males that have recently immigrated to a group and driven out the prior male. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12905_chunk_0 | Gray langur | These males only kill infants that are not their own. Infanticide is more commonly reported in one-male groups, perhaps because one male monopolizing matings drives the evolution of this trait. In multiple-male groups, the costs for infanticidal males are likely to be high as the other males may protect the infants and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12906_chunk_0 | Gray langur | As they approach their sixth week of life, infants vocalize more. They use squeaks and shrieks to communicate stress. In the following months, the infants are capable of quadrupedal locomotion and can walk, run and jump by the second and third months. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12907_chunk_0 | Perovskite solar cell | In one-step solution processing, a lead halide and a methylammonium halide can be dissolved in a solvent and spin coated onto a substrate. Subsequent evaporation and convective self-assembly during spinning results in dense layers of well crystallized perovskite material, due to the strong ionic interactions within the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12908_chunk_0 | Perovskite solar cell | Simple solution processing results in the presence of voids, platelets, and other defects in the layer, which would hinder the efficiency of a solar cell. Another technique using room temperature solvent-solvent extraction produces high-quality crystalline films with precise control over thickness down to 20 nanometers... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12909_chunk_0 | Perovskite solar cell | Then, instead of heating, the substrate is bathed in diethyl ether, a second solvent that selectively grabs the NMP solvent and whisks it away. What's left is an ultra-smooth film of perovskite crystals. "In another solution processed method, the mixture of lead iodide and methylammonium halide dissolved in DMF is preh... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12910_chunk_0 | Degree of anonymity | In onion routing let's assume the attacker can exclude a subset of the nodes from the network, then the entropy would easily be H ( X ) ← lg ( S ) {\displaystyle H(X)\gets \lg(S)} , where S {\displaystyle S} is the size of the subset of non-excluded nodes. Under an attack model where a node can both globally listen t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12911_chunk_0 | Emergent gameplay | Completing games without getting certain items or by skipping seemingly required portions of gameplay results in sequence breaking, a technique that has developed its own dedicated community. Often, speed of completion and/or minimalist use of items are respectable achievements. This technique has long been used in the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12912_chunk_0 | Trickster god | The Grass Mud Horse relies on the interpretative capacity of storytelling in order to skirt internet censorship while simultaneously commenting on the experience of censorship in China. In this sense Cuffe proposes the Grass Mud Horse trickster as 'a heuristic cultural function to aid the perceiver to re-evaluate their... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12913_chunk_0 | Apple pointing devices | In only its third major redesign in ten years, the Apple mouse shed its blocky exterior for rounded curves. The so-called tear-drop mouse, was essentially the same as its predecessor but with a new case subsequently held as the ideal shape of mice. Indeed, the basic design has persevered into current models, as well as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12914_chunk_0 | Gene-for-gene relationship | This lack of evidence for a direct interaction led to the formation of the guard hypothesis for the NBS-LRR class of R genes.This model proposes that the R proteins interact, or guard, a protein known as the guardee which is the target of the Avr protein. When it detects interference with the guardee protein, it activa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12915_chunk_0 | Gene-for-gene relationship | The guardee protein is RIN4, which is hyperphosphorylated by the Avr proteins. Another high profile study that supports the guard hypothesis shows that the RPS5 pair uses PBS1, a protein kinase as a guardee against AvrPphB.Yeast two-hybrid studies of the tomato Pto/Prf/AvrPto interaction showed that the Avirulence prot... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12916_chunk_0 | Formal Ontology | In ontologies designed to serve natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU) systems, ontology concepts are usually connected and symbolized by terms. This kind of connection represents a linguistic realization. Terms are words or a combination of words (multi-word units), in different lan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12917_chunk_0 | Piston effect | In open air, when a vehicle travels along, air pushed aside can move in any direction except into the ground. Inside a tunnel, air is confined by the tunnel walls to move along the tunnel. Behind the moving vehicle, as air has been pushed away, suction is created, and air is pulled to flow into the tunnel. In addition,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12918_chunk_0 | Critical flow | In open channel flows, Belanger 1828 introduced first the ratio of the flow velocity to the square root of the gravity acceleration times the flow depth. When the ratio was less than unity, the flow behaved like a fluvial motion (i.e., subcritical flow), and like a torrential flow motion when the ratio was greater than... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12919_chunk_0 | Specific force | In open channel hydraulics, specific force ( F s {\displaystyle F_{s}} ) has a different meaning: F s = Q 2 g A + z A {\displaystyle F_{s}={\frac {Q^{2}}{gA}}+zA} where Q is the discharge, g is the acceleration due to gravity, A is the cross-sectional area of flow, and z is the depth of the centroid of flow area A. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12920_chunk_0 | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | In open cholecystectomy, a surgical incision of around 8 to 12 cm is made below the edge of the right rib cage and the gallbladder is removed through this large opening, typically using electrocautery. Open cholecystectomy is often done if difficulties arise during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, for example, the patie... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12921_chunk_0 | Iron-oxidizing bacteria | In open ocean systems full of dissolved iron, iron-oxidizing bacterial metabolism is ubiquitous and influences the iron cycle. Nowadays, this biochemical cycle is undergoing modifications due to pollution and climate change; nonetheless, the normal distribution of ferrous iron in the ocean could be affected by global w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12922_chunk_0 | Iron-oxidizing bacteria | Furthermore, the temperature of the ocean has increased by almost one degree (0.74 °C) causing the melting of big quantities of glaciers contributing to the sea-level rise. This lowers the O2 solubility by inhibiting the oxygen exchange between surface waters, where O2 is very abundant, and anoxic deep waters.All these... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12923_chunk_0 | Movement and Surveying Radar | In open pit mining operations, people and equipment are constantly at the base of a steep, man-made slope (the highwall or pit-wall). Instances where this slope fails resulting in a rock or earthfall can result in loss of life, injuries and damage or destruction of equipment (see mining). It has been found that, over t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12924_chunk_0 | Movement and Surveying Radar | The system is intended to monitor mine slopes to detect this movement and generate a warning of impending failure (slope stability), so that personnel and equipment may be removed prior to the failure. The radar element provides very accurate, real-time, all weather slope movement measurements with sub millimetre detec... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12925_chunk_0 | Movement and Surveying Radar | A second function of the Movement and Surveying Radar is to determine the absolute range to the electromagnetic reflective centroid of an area on a body of material or geographical feature. This functionality, combined with the accurately surveyed position of the measurement origin of the Movement and Surveying Radar a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12926_chunk_0 | Uranium mining | Due to the high energy density of uranium, it is often sufficient to fill in the former mine with the overburden, but in case of a mass deficit exceeding the height difference between the previous surface level and the natural water table, artificial lakes develop when groundwater removal ceases. If sulfites, sulfides ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12927_chunk_0 | Open microfluidics | In open-channel microfluidics, a surface tension-driven capillary flow occurs and is referred to as spontaneous capillary flow (SCF). SCF occurs when the pressure at the advancing meniscus is negative. The geometry of the channel and contact angle of fluids has been shown to produce SCF if the following equation is tru... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12928_chunk_0 | Trimix (breathing gas) | In open-circuit scuba, two classes of trimix are commonly used: normoxic trimix—with a minimum PO2 at the surface of 0.18 and hypoxic trimix—with a PO2 less than 0.18 at the surface. A normoxic mix such as "19/30" is used in the 30 to 60 m (100 to 200 ft) depth range; a hypoxic mix such as "10/50" is used for deeper di... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12929_chunk_0 | Recycled plastic | Recycling can displace demand for fresh plastic. However, if it is used to produce items that would not otherwise have been made, then it is not displacing production and is of little or no benefit to the environment. The reduction in polymer quality can be offset by mixing recycled and new materials. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12930_chunk_0 | Murder of Travis Alexander | He said that Arias had likely been suffering from acute stress at the time of the murder, sending her body into a "fight or flight" mode to defend herself, which caused her brain to stop retaining memory. In response to a juror's question asking whether this scenario could occur even if this was a premeditated murder, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12931_chunk_0 | Murder of Travis Alexander | No." Samuels also diagnosed Arias with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Martinez attacked Samuels' credibility, accusing him of bias and of having formed a relationship with Arias; Samuels had previously testified that he had compassion for Arias. The Arizona Court of Appeals later castigated Martinez's impeachme... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12932_chunk_0 | Negative reinforcement | When both the concurrent schedules are variable intervals, a quantitative relationship known as the matching law is found between relative response rates in the two schedules and the relative reinforcement rates they deliver; this was first observed by R.J. Herrnstein in 1961. Matching law is a rule for instrumental be... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12933_chunk_0 | Positive punishment | Punishment has been used in applied behavioral analysis, specifically in situations to try and punish dangerous behaviors like head banging. Punishment has also been used to psychologically manipulate individuals to gain control over victims. It has also been used in scenarios where an abuser may try punishment in orde... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12934_chunk_0 | Matching law | In operant conditioning, the matching law is a quantitative relationship that holds between the relative rates of response and the relative rates of reinforcement in concurrent schedules of reinforcement. For example, if two response alternatives A and B are offered to an organism, the ratio of response rates to A and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12935_chunk_0 | Matching law | For example, an animal pressing a lever for food might pause for a drink of water. The matching law was first formulated by R.J. Herrnstein (1961) following an experiment with pigeons on concurrent variable interval schedules. Pigeons were presented with two buttons in a Skinner box, each of which led to varying rates ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12936_chunk_0 | Charge transfer coefficient | In operating batteries and fuel cells, charge transfer coefficient is the parameter that signifies the fraction of overpotential that affects the current density. This parameter has had a mysterious significance in electrochemical kinetics for over three quarters of the previous century. It can also be said that charge... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12937_chunk_0 | Reference monitor | The reference validation mechanism must be Always invoked. Without this property, it is possible for the mechanism to not perform when intended, allowing an attacker to violate the security policy. The reference validation mechanism must be Tamper-proof. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12938_chunk_0 | Feedback vertex set | The feedback vertex set problem has applications in VLSI chip design. Another application is in complexity theory. Some computational problems on graphs are NP-hard in general, but can be solved in polynomial time for graphs with bounded FVS number. Some examples are graph isomorphism and the path reconfiguration probl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12939_chunk_0 | Memory management (operating systems) | In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. : 105–208 The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding which gets memor... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12940_chunk_0 | Wheelabrator Incinerator | In operation since 1985, the incinerator's tall white smokestack that reads "Baltimore" is considered to be a distinctive landmark for travelers on nearby Interstate 95 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway. Formally known as BRESCO (Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co. ), the incinerator has been plagued by controversy ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12941_chunk_0 | Wheelabrator Incinerator | based Environmental Integrity Project (EIP), the Baltimore Harbor Waterkeeper, the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, and Clean Water Action have successfully intervened in the Wheelabrator's permit-renewal process, which prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to order the Maryland Department of the En... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12942_chunk_0 | Precision Guidance Kit | In operation the PGK screws into the nose of the projectile much like conventional fuzes. In addition to the fuzing function it provides a GPS guidance package and control surfaces to correct the flight of the shell. This is analogous to the addition of a Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) tail-kit to a dumb iron bomb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12943_chunk_0 | Precision Guidance Kit | This has made unguided artillery dangerous to use in close combat for fear of friendly fire and collateral damage. The M982 Excalibur was fielded as a guided shell that effectively hit within 6 m (20 ft) of a target, but the Army developed the XM1156 as a cheaper alternative. The PGK fuse can be screwed onto existing M... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12944_chunk_0 | Precision Guidance Kit | Its GPS receiver compares the PGK's flight pattern to the coordinates of where it should hit, and the fins adjust its path to match where the round will actually impact. A fail safe exists where if the shell does not impact within 150 m (490 ft) of the intended target, it will land but not explode; the PGK "decides" fi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12945_chunk_0 | Precision Guidance Kit | The PGK fuze weighs 3 lb (1.4 kg), 1 lb (0.45 kg) more than a standard fuze because of the addition of fins and an alternator. The self-contained system does not need a battery since the alternator inside generates power in flight. Not only is the PGK fuze cheaper to produce than whole purpose-built guided artillery sh... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12946_chunk_0 | SCR-277 | In operation the transmitter sends out signals coded "A" or "N" in each of the four quadrants around the beacon. The signals overlap on the range, providing the pilot of the aircraft an indication of his position in relation to location of the beacon. Thus, if he is heading toward the beacon he will receive an aural si... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12947_chunk_0 | Speaker driver | In operation, a signal is delivered to the voice coil by means of electrical wires, from the amplifier through speaker cable, then through flexible tinsel wire to the moving coil. The current creates a magnetic field that causes the diaphragm to be alternately forced one way or the other, by the magnetic field produced... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12948_chunk_0 | Schmidt coupling | In operation, all three discs of a Schmidt coupling rotate with equal velocity. The bearing-mounted connections of links to discs are spaced 120° apart on same-diameter pitch circles. The distance between the shafts can be varied steplessly between the minimum value and a maximum of twice the length of the links. While... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12949_chunk_0 | Schmidt coupling | The constant-velocity relationship between input and output shafts joined by a Schmidt coupling is unaffected by changes in radial displacement. This relationship is similarly unaffected by initial radial reaction forces which could otherwise imbalance the system. Schmidt couplings maintain constant velocity between th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12950_chunk_0 | Enhanced geothermal system | In operation, fluid is injected at pressures high enough to hold open the interconnected network of joints against the Earth stresses, and to effectively circulate fluid through the HDR reservoir at a high rate. During routine energy production, the injection pressure is maintained at just below the level that would ca... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12951_chunk_0 | Progressive cavity pump | In operation, progressing cavity pumps are fundamentally fixed flow rate pumps, like piston pumps and peristaltic pumps, and this type of pump needs a fundamentally different understanding than the types of pumps to which people are more commonly introduced, namely ones that can be thought of as generating pressure. Th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12952_chunk_0 | Progressive cavity pump | At the points where the rotor touches the stator, the surfaces are generally traveling transversely, so small areas of sliding contact occur. These areas need to be lubricated by the fluid being pumped (hydrodynamic lubrication). This can mean that more torque is required for starting, and if allowed to operate without... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12953_chunk_0 | Ignition interlock device | In operation, the driver blows into IIDs to enable the car's starter. After a variable time period of approximately 20–40 minutes, the driver is required to re-certify (blow again) within a time period consistent with safely pulling off the roadway. If the driver fails to re-certify within the time period, the car will... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12954_chunk_0 | Meteorological reanalysis | In operational numerical weather prediction, forecast models are used to predict future states of the atmosphere, based on how the climate system evolves with time from an initial state. The initial state provided as input to the forecast must consist of data values for a range of "prognostic" meteorological fields – t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12955_chunk_0 | Red Steer | These units were known as ARI 5952 in service.Mark 2 units remained in service through the lifetime of the V-force, leaving front-line bomber service in 1984. Their only use in combat was on the Vulcans taking part in Operation Black Buck during the 1982 Falklands War. In this case, the unit aboard XM607 failed when th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12956_chunk_0 | Production flow analysis | In operations management and industrial engineering, production flow analysis refers to methods which share the following characteristics: Classification of machines Technological cycles information control Generating a binary product-machines matrix (1 if a given product requires processing in a given machine, 0 other... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12957_chunk_0 | Programming bugs | In operations on numerical values, problems can arise that result in unexpected output, slowing of a process, or crashing. These can be from a lack of awareness of the qualities of the data storage such as a loss of precision due to rounding, numerically unstable algorithms, arithmetic overflow and underflow, or from l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12958_chunk_0 | Criticality matrix | In operations research and engineering, a criticality matrix is a representation (often graphical) of failure modes along with their probabilities and severities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12959_chunk_0 | Cuckoo search | In operations research, cuckoo search is an optimization algorithm developed by Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb in 2009. It was inspired by the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their eggs in the nests of host birds of other species. Some host birds can engage direct conflict with the intruding cuck... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12960_chunk_0 | Cuckoo search | Some cuckoo species such as the New World brood-parasitic Tapera have evolved in such a way that female parasitic cuckoos are often very specialized in the mimicry in colors and pattern of the eggs of a few chosen host species. Cuckoo search idealized such breeding behavior, and thus can be applied for various optimiza... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12961_chunk_0 | Big M method | In operations research, the Big M method is a method of solving linear programming problems using the simplex algorithm. The Big M method extends the simplex algorithm to problems that contain "greater-than" constraints. It does so by associating the constraints with large negative constants which would not be part of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12962_chunk_0 | Cutting stock problem | In operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal, into pieces of specified sizes while minimizing material wasted. It is an optimization problem in mathematics that arises from applications in industry. In terms of co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12963_chunk_0 | Koecher–Vinberg theorem | In operator algebra, the Koecher–Vinberg theorem is a reconstruction theorem for real Jordan algebras. It was proved independently by Max Koecher in 1957 and Ernest Vinberg in 1961. It provides a one-to-one correspondence between formally real Jordan algebras and so-called domains of positivity. Thus it links operator ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12964_chunk_0 | Toeplitz algebra | In operator algebras, the Toeplitz algebra is the C*-algebra generated by the unilateral shift on the Hilbert space l2(N). Taking l2(N) to be the Hardy space H2, the Toeplitz algebra consists of elements of the form T f + K {\displaystyle T_{f}+K\;} where Tf is a Toeplitz operator with continuous symbol and K is a comp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12965_chunk_0 | Toeplitz algebra | This extension is called the Toeplitz extension. By Atkinson's theorem, an element of the Toeplitz algebra Tf + K is a Fredholm operator if and only if the symbol f of Tf is invertible. In that case, the Fredholm index of Tf + K is precisely the winding number of f, the equivalence class of f in the fundamental group o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12966_chunk_0 | Toeplitz algebra | This is a special case of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem. Wold decomposition characterizes proper isometries acting on a Hilbert space. From this, together with properties of Toeplitz operators, one can conclude that the Toeplitz algebra is the universal C*-algebra generated by a proper isometry; this is Coburn's theo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12967_chunk_0 | Enveloping von Neumann algebra | In operator algebras, the enveloping von Neumann algebra of a C*-algebra is a von Neumann algebra that contains all the operator-algebraic information about the given C*-algebra. This may also be called the universal enveloping von Neumann algebra, since it is given by a universal property; and (as always with von Neum... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12968_chunk_0 | Atkinson's theorem | In operator theory, Atkinson's theorem (named for Frederick Valentine Atkinson) gives a characterization of Fredholm operators. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12969_chunk_0 | Naimark's dilation theorem | In operator theory, Naimark's dilation theorem is a result that characterizes positive operator valued measures. It can be viewed as a consequence of Stinespring's dilation theorem. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12970_chunk_0 | Contraction (operator theory) | In operator theory, a bounded operator T: X → Y between normed vector spaces X and Y is said to be a contraction if its operator norm ||T || ≤ 1. This notion is a special case of the concept of a contraction mapping, but every bounded operator becomes a contraction after suitable scaling. The analysis of contractions p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12971_chunk_0 | Positive-definite kernel function | In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, a positive-definite kernel is a generalization of a positive-definite function or a positive-definite matrix. It was first introduced by James Mercer in the early 20th century, in the context of solving integral operator equations. Since then, positive-definite functions and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12972_chunk_0 | Abstract index group | In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, every Banach algebra can be associated with a group called its abstract index group. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12973_chunk_0 | Dilation (operator theory) | Namely, that a dilation satisfy the following (calculus) property: P H f ( V ) | H = f ( T ) {\displaystyle P_{H}\;f(V)|_{H}=f(T)} where f(T) is some specified functional calculus (for example, the polynomial or H∞ calculus). The utility of a dilation is that it allows the "lifting" of objects associated to T to the le... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12974_chunk_0 | Multiplication operator | In operator theory, a multiplication operator is an operator Tf defined on some vector space of functions and whose value at a function φ is given by multiplication by a fixed function f. That is, for all φ in the domain of Tf, and all x in the domain of φ (which is the same as the domain of f). This type of operator i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12975_chunk_0 | Spectral set | In operator theory, a set X ⊆ C {\displaystyle X\subseteq \mathbb {C} } is said to be a spectral set for a (possibly unbounded) linear operator T {\displaystyle T} on a Banach space if the spectrum of T {\displaystyle T} is in X {\displaystyle X} and von-Neumann's inequality holds for T {\displaystyle T} on X {\display... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12976_chunk_0 | Douglas' lemma | In operator theory, an area of mathematics, Douglas' lemma relates factorization, range inclusion, and majorization of Hilbert space operators. It is generally attributed to Ronald G. Douglas, although Douglas acknowledges that aspects of the result may already have been known. The statement of the result is as follows... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12977_chunk_0 | Scalar transformation | In operator theory, particularly the study of PDEs, operators are particularly easy to understand and PDEs easy to solve if the operator is diagonal with respect to the basis with which one is working; this corresponds to a separable partial differential equation. Therefore, a key technique to understanding operators i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12978_chunk_0 | Gelfand–Mazur theorem | In operator theory, the Gelfand–Mazur theorem is a theorem named after Israel Gelfand and Stanisław Mazur which states that a Banach algebra with unit over the complex numbers in which every nonzero element is invertible is isometrically isomorphic to the complex numbers, i. e., the only complex Banach algebra that is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12979_chunk_0 | Gelfand–Mazur theorem | So a = λ · 1. This gives an isomorphism from A to C. The theorem can be strengthened to the claim that there are (up to isomorphism) exactly three real Banach division algebras: the field of reals R, the field of complex numbers C, and the division algebra of quaternions H. This result was proved first by Stanisław Maz... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12980_chunk_0 | Commutant lifting theorem | In operator theory, the commutant lifting theorem, due to Sz.-Nagy and Foias, is a powerful theorem used to prove several interpolation results. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12981_chunk_0 | Von Neumann's inequality | In operator theory, von Neumann's inequality, due to John von Neumann, states that, for a fixed contraction T, the polynomial functional calculus map is itself a contraction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12982_chunk_0 | Cryoextraction (medicine) | In ophthalmology, cryoextraction is a form of intracapsular cataract extraction in which a cryoextractor, a special type of cryoprobe, is used to freeze the crystalline lens and pull it intact from the eye. Dr. Charles Kelman is credited with pioneering this surgical method in 1962. It can also be used in the treatment... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12983_chunk_0 | Poly(trimethylene carbonate) | In opposition to five-membered cyclic carbonate, the six-membered ones like trimethylene carbonate are thermodynamically less stable than its polymer, undergoing the ring-opening polymerization with retention of CO 2 {\displaystyle _{2}} in the polymer structure, and generation an aliphatic polycarbonate. Ring-opening ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12984_chunk_0 | Mood congruence | In opposition to the conundrum of the valence theories of mood-congruence, proponents such as Paula Niedenthal propose a theory of categorical conception. The theory of categorical conception argues that mood-congruence of current affective states and memory recall are subject to attentional strengths and deficits in c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12985_chunk_0 | Covenant Theology | Consequently, works are the necessary response to grace and not the precondition for it. For example, Michael Williams writes, "The function of law within Scripture is the maintenance of relationship, not the creation of relationship. Legal obligation is not the precondition for life and relationship. Rather, life and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12986_chunk_0 | Sex-positive movement | In opposition, some feminists believe sex-positivity perceives disadvantage in women but makes them easier to oppress. A large religious—particularly Abrahamic—conservative opposition to sex-positivity sees human sexuality as a destructive force except under the contract of a marriage. Sexual acts are ranked hierarchic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12987_chunk_0 | Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant | expressed understanding of Japan's plan to release the treated waste water into the sea, remarking "The people who would be impacted most are their own people. And if it's acceptable to their people, it should be acceptable to all of us." On 23 August 2023, Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka expressed support for th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12988_chunk_0 | Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant | In July 2023, the IAEA released its conclusion that Japan's plans to slowly discharge the treated wastewater are in accordance with the relevant international safety standards. It stopped short of endorsing the decision, however. Arjun Makhijani, president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, critici... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12989_chunk_0 | Stray light | In optical astronomy, stray light from sky glow can limit the ability to detect faint objects. In this sense stray light is light from other sources that is focused to the same place as the faint object. Stray light is a major issue in the design of a coronagraph, used for observing the Sun's corona. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12990_chunk_0 | Air mass (astronomy) | The Greenwood frequency and Fried parameter, both relevant for adaptive optics, depend on the air mass above them (or more specifically, on the zenith angle). In radio astronomy the air mass (which influences the optical path length) is not relevant. The lower layers of the atmosphere, modeled by the air mass, do not s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12991_chunk_0 | Apodization | In optical design jargon, an apodization function is used to purposely change the input intensity profile of an optical system, and it may be a complicated function to tailor the system to certain properties. Usually, it refers to a non-uniform illumination or transmission profile that approaches zero at the edges. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12992_chunk_0 | Flick (physics) | In optical engineering and telecommunications engineering, the flick is a unit of spectral radiance. One flick corresponds to a spectral radiance of 1 watt per steradian per square centimeter of surface per micrometer of span in wavelength (W·sr−1·cm−2·μm−1). This is equivalent to 1010 watts per steradian per cubic met... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12993_chunk_0 | Objective (optics) | In optical engineering, an objective is an optical element that gathers light from an object being observed and focuses the light rays from it to produce a real image of the object. Objectives can be a single lens or mirror, or combinations of several optical elements. They are used in microscopes, binoculars, telescop... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12994_chunk_0 | Transponder | In optical fiber communications, a transponder is the element that sends and receives the optical signal from a fiber. A transponder is typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance the signal can travel. The term "transponder" can apply to different items with important functional differences, ment... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12995_chunk_0 | Transponder | In this view, transponders provide easier-to-handle lower-rate parallel signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers. according to another description, transceivers are limited to providing an electrical-optical function only (not differentiating between serial or parallel electrical interfaces), w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12996_chunk_0 | Substitution method | In optical fiber technology, the substitution method is a method of measuring the transmission loss of a fiber. It consists of: using a stable optical source, at the wavelength of interest, to drive a mode scrambler, the output of which overfills (drives) a 1 to 2 meter long reference fiber having physical and optical ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12997_chunk_0 | Natural attenuation | Attenuation of light is also important in physical oceanography. This same effect is an important consideration in weather radar, as raindrops absorb a part of the emitted beam that is more or less significant, depending on the wavelength used. Due to the damaging effects of high-energy photons, it is necessary to know... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12998_chunk_0 | Natural attenuation | In addition, gamma radiation is used in cancer treatments where it is important to know how much energy will be deposited in healthy and in tumorous tissue. In computer graphics attenuation defines the local or global influence of light sources and force fields. In CT imaging, attenuation describes the density or darkn... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12999_chunk_0 | Degree of coherence | In optical interferometers such as the Michelson interferometer, Mach–Zehnder interferometer, or Sagnac interferometer, one splits an electric field into two components, introduces a time delay to one of the components, and then recombines them. The intensity of resulting field is measured as a function of the time del... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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