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wiki_8200_chunk_0 | Agouti gene | These mutations are also associated with yellow obese syndrome which is characterized by early onset obesity, hyperinsulinemia and tumorigenesis. The murine agouti gene locus is found on chromosome 2 and encodes a 131 amino acid protein. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8201_chunk_0 | Agouti gene | This protein signals the distribution of melanin pigments in epithelial melanocytes located at the base of hair follicles with expression being more sensitive on ventral hair than on dorsal hair. Agouti is not directly secreted in the melanocyte as it works as a paracrine factor on dermal papillae cells to inhibit rele... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8202_chunk_0 | Genital ridge | In mice, the genital ridge houses the transcript for SRY, the Y-chromosomal gene responsible for sex determination in mammals. The urogenital ridge is made up of the gonadal anlage and the mesonephros. The mesonephros is involved in the development of the testis, but its role is in differentiation, and not determinatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8203_chunk_0 | 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid | In mice, the only 20-HETE- and 19-HETE-producing enzymes of the Cyp4a subfamily are two extensively homologous ones, Cyp4a12a and Cyp4a12b; Cyp4a12a is expressed in the male kidney in an androgen hormone-dependent manner. In rats, Cyp4a1, Cyp4a2, Cyp4a3, and Cyp4a8 make 20-HETE. The tissue distribution of these enzymes... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8204_chunk_0 | Sleep deficit | In mice, there are 80 proteins in the brain, called "sleep need index phosphoproteins" (SNIPPs), which become more and more phosphorylated during waking hours, and are dephosphorylated during sleep. The phosphorylation is aided by the gene Sik3. A type of laboratory mouse (named Sleepy) possesses an altered version of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8205_chunk_0 | DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A | In mice, this gene has shown reduced expression in ageing animals causes cognitive long-term memory decline.In Dnmt3a-/- mice, many genes associated with HSC self-renewal increase in expression and some fail to be appropriately repressed during differentiation. This suggests abrogation of differentiation in hematopoiet... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8206_chunk_0 | Pump as turbine | In micro Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), the same pump/PAT could be used for pumping and generating phases by changing rotational direction and speed. The best efficiency point in pumping usually differs from its reverse mode: a variable-frequency drive coupled to the motor/generator would be needed in order to ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8207_chunk_0 | Cyanine dye | In microarray experiments DNA or RNA is labeled with either Cy3 or Cy5 that has been synthesized to carry an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (NHS-ester) reactive group. Since NHS-esters react readily only with aliphatic amine groups, which nucleic acids lack, nucleotides have to be modified with aminoallyl groups. This is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8208_chunk_0 | Microbial cell factory | In microbial cells, the cell walls are either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. These outcomes are based on the Gram Stain test. Gram-positive cell walls have thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer lipid membrane. Although a thick Gr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8209_chunk_0 | Oral ecology | In microbial ecology, the principle of priority effect refers to the competitive advantage some microorganisms gain by colonizing a surface first. It is generally believed that primary colonization occurs by transmission from the mother or their breastmilk (vertical transmission), as well as the environment of the newb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8210_chunk_0 | Oral ecology | This is advantageous in an environment that is variably exposed to oxygen throughout the day as well as throughout the oral cavity. Despite over 700 unique species of bacteria being associated with the human mouth, in tooth plaque only between 7-9 "major players" have been repeatedly identified as early colonizers, inc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8211_chunk_0 | Oral ecology | This colonization occurs by the construction of and adhesion to a pellicle made of glycoproteins from host saliva. Upon adhesion to the pellicle, early colonizing bacteria begin to produce the biofilm intended to anchor the colony to the tooth. As is common in microbiomes, this biofilm does not remain a single genera o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8212_chunk_0 | Oral ecology | In fact, the vast majority of relevant microbes perform co-aggregation within a biofilm. However, it is understood that not all microbes will co-aggregate together, and ammensal activity does occur between specific species, such as S. mutans and P. gingivalis. The interbacterial interactions as well as the interactions... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8213_chunk_0 | Bacterial nanowires | Coating the nanowires with metal oxides also further promotes electrical conductivity. Additionally, these nanowires can transport electrons up to centimeter-scale distances. Long-range electron transfer via microbial nanowire networks allows viable cells that are not in direct contact with an anode to contribute to el... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8214_chunk_0 | Suppressor mutation | In microbial genetics, a revertant is a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a suppressor mutation, or else by compensatory mutation somewhere in the gene (second site reversion). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8215_chunk_0 | Gram Stain | In microbiology and bacteriology, Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique in 1884.Gram ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8216_chunk_0 | Gram Stain | They are stained pink or red by the counterstain, commonly safranin or fuchsine. Lugol's iodine solution is always added after addition of crystal violet to strengthen the bonds of the stain with the cell membrane. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8217_chunk_0 | Gram Stain | Gram staining is almost always the first step in the identification of a bacterial group. While Gram staining is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings, not all bacteria can be definitively classified by this technique. This gives rise to gram-variable and gram-indeterminate groups. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8218_chunk_0 | Variant (biology) | In microbiology and virology, the term variant or genetic variant is used to describe a subtype of a microorganism that is genetically distinct from a main strain, but not sufficiently different to be termed a distinct strain. A similar distinction is made in botany between different cultivated varieties of a species o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8219_chunk_0 | McFarland standards | In microbiology, McFarland standards are used as a reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the number of bacteria will be within a given range to standardize microbial testing. An example of such testing is antibiotic susceptibility testing by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8220_chunk_0 | McFarland standards | Mixing the two compounds forms a barium sulfate precipitate, which causes turbidity in the solution. A 0.5 McFarland standard is prepared by mixing 0.05 mL of 1.175% barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl2•2H2O), with 9.95 mL of 1% sulfuric acid (H2SO4).Now there are McFarland standards prepared from suspensions of latex part... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8221_chunk_0 | Cell spreader | In microbiology, a cell spreader or plate spreader is a tool used to smoothly spread cells and bacteria on a culture plate, such as a petri dish. Cell spreaders can be made from glass, plastic, or metal, and come in various shapes. A Drigalski spatula is a cell spreader consisting of a cylindrical rod or wire bent in t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8222_chunk_0 | Colonial morphology | In microbiology, colonial morphology refers to the visual appearance of bacterial or fungal colonies on an agar plate. Examining colonial morphology is the first step in the identification of an unknown microbe. The systematic assessment of the colonies' appearance, focusing on aspects like size, shape, colour, opacity... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8223_chunk_0 | Colony forming unit | In microbiology, colony-forming unit (CFU, cfu or Cfu) is a unit which estimates the number of microbial cells (bacteria, fungi, viruses etc.) in a sample that are viable, able to multiply via binary fission under the controlled conditions. Counting with colony-forming units requires culturing the microbes and counts o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8224_chunk_0 | Drug efflux | In microbiology, efflux is the moving of a variety of different compounds out of cells, such as antibiotics, heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals, bacterial metabolites and neurotransmitters. All microorganisms, with a few exceptions, have highly conserved DNA sequences in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8225_chunk_0 | Drug efflux | This active efflux mechanism is responsible for various types of resistance to bacterial pathogens within bacterial species - the most concerning being antibiotic resistance because microorganisms can have adapted efflux pumps to divert toxins out of the cytoplasm and into extracellular media.Efflux systems function vi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8226_chunk_0 | DNA metabarcoding | In microbiology, genes can move freely even between distantly related bacteria, possibly extending to the whole bacterial domain. As a rule of thumb, microbiologists have assumed that kinds of Bacteria or Archaea with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA-DNA hyb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8227_chunk_0 | Biological species | In microbiology, genes can move freely even between distantly related bacteria, possibly extending to the whole bacterial domain. As a rule of thumb, microbiologists have assumed that members of Bacteria or Archaea with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA–DNA h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8228_chunk_0 | Biological species | One of the barcodes is a region of mitochondrial DNA within the gene for cytochrome c oxidase. A database, Barcode of Life Data System, contains DNA barcode sequences from over 190,000 species. However, scientists such as Rob DeSalle have expressed concern that classical taxonomy and DNA barcoding, which they consider ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8229_chunk_0 | Competent cell | In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation. Competence may be differentiated between natural competence, a genetically specified ability of ba... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8230_chunk_0 | D-value (microbiology) | In microbiology, in the context of a sterilization procedure, the D-value or decimal reduction time (or decimal reduction dose) is the time (or dose of an antimicrobial drug) required, at a given condition (e.g. temperature) or set of conditions, to achieve a log reduction, that is, to kill 90%(or 1 log) of relevant mi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8231_chunk_0 | In vivo | In microbiology, in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in a whole organism, rather than in live isolated cells, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8232_chunk_0 | Methyl red | In microbiology, methyl red is used in the methyl red test (MR test), used to identify bacteria producing stable acids by mechanisms of mixed acid fermentation of glucose (cf. Voges–Proskauer test). The MR test, the "M" portion of the four IMViC tests, is used to identify enteric bacteria based on their pattern of gluc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8233_chunk_0 | Methyl red | These bacteria are called methyl-red positive and include Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. Other enterics subsequently use the butylene glycol pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to neutral end products. These bacteria are called methyl-red-negative and include Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8234_chunk_0 | Pleomorphism (microbiology) | In microbiology, pleomorphism (from Ancient Greek πλέω-, pléō, "more", and -μορφή, morphḗ, form), also pleiomorphism, is the ability of some microorganisms to alter their morphology, biological functions or reproductive modes in response to environmental conditions. Pleomorphism has been observed in some members of the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8235_chunk_0 | Streaking (microbiology) | In microbiology, streaking is a technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism, often bacteria. Samples can then be taken from the resulting colonies and a microbiological culture can be grown on a new plate so that the organism can be identified, studied, or tested. The modern streak pl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8236_chunk_0 | Most probable number | In microbiology, the cultures are incubated and assessed by eye, bypassing tedious colony counting or expensive and tedious microscopic counts. Presumptive, confirmative and completed tests are a part of MPN.In molecular biology, a common application involves DNA templates diluted into polymerase chain reactions (PCR).... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8237_chunk_0 | Minimum inhibitory concentration | In microbiology, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible in vitro growth of bacteria or fungi. MIC testing is performed in both diagnostic and drug discovery laboratories.The MIC is determined by preparing a dilution series of the chem... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8238_chunk_0 | Minimum inhibitory concentration | MIC values provide a quantitative measure of an extract or compound’s antimicrobial potency. The lower the MIC, the more potent the antimicrobial. When in vitro toxicity data is available, MICs can also be used to calculate selectivity index values, a measure of off-target to target toxicity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8239_chunk_0 | Multiplicity of Infection | In microbiology, the multiplicity of infection or MOI is the ratio of agents (e.g. phage or more generally virus, bacteria) to infection targets (e.g. cell). For example, when referring to a group of cells inoculated with virus particles, the MOI is the ratio of the number of virus particles to the number of target cel... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8240_chunk_0 | Phyllosphere | In microbiology, the phyllosphere is the total above-ground surface of a plant when viewed as a habitat for microorganisms. The phyllosphere can be further subdivided into the caulosphere (stems), phylloplane (leaves), anthosphere (flowers), and carposphere (fruits). The below-ground microbial habitats (i.e. the thin-v... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8241_chunk_0 | Isolation (microbiology) | In microbiology, the term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in water or soil, or from living beings with skin flora, oral flora or gut flora, in order to identify the microbe(s) of interest. Historically, the la... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8242_chunk_0 | Productive efficiency | In microeconomic theory, productive efficiency (or production efficiency) is a situation in which the economy or an economic system (e.g., bank, hospital, industry, country) operating within the constraints of current industrial technology cannot increase production of one good without sacrificing production of another... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8243_chunk_0 | Productive efficiency | Productive inefficiency, with the economy operating below its production possibilities frontier, can occur because the productive inputs physical capital and labor are underutilized—that is, some capital or labor is left sitting idle—or because these inputs are allocated in inappropriate combinations to the different i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8244_chunk_0 | Engel curve | In microeconomics Engel curves are used for equivalence scale calculations and related welfare comparisons, and determine properties of demand systems such as aggregability and rank. Engel curves have also been used to study how the changing industrial composition of growing economies are linked to the changes in the c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8245_chunk_0 | Hicksian demand | In microeconomics, a consumer's Hicksian demand function or compensated demand function for a good is his quantity demanded as part of the solution to minimizing his expenditure on all goods while delivering a fixed level of utility. Essentially, a Hicksian demand function shows how an economic agent would react to the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8246_chunk_0 | Hicksian demand | Mathematically, h ( p , u ¯ ) = arg min x ∑ i p i x i {\displaystyle h(p,{\bar {u}})=\arg \min _{x}\sum _{i}p_{i}x_{i}} s u b j e c t t o u ( x ) ≥ u ¯ {\displaystyle {\rm {subject~to}}\ \ u(x)\geq {\bar {u}}} .where h(p,u) is the Hicksian demand function, or commodity bundle demanded, at price vector p and utility l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8247_chunk_0 | Marshallian demand function | In microeconomics, a consumer's Marshallian demand function (named after Alfred Marshall) is the quantity they demand of a particular good as a function of its price, their income, and the prices of other goods, a more technical exposition of the standard demand function. It is a solution to the utility maximization pr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8248_chunk_0 | Marshallian demand function | Although Marshallian demand is in the context of partial equilibrium theory, it is sometimes called Walrasian demand as used in general equilibrium theory (named after Léon Walras). According to the utility maximization problem, there are L {\displaystyle L} commodities with price vector p {\displaystyle p} and choosab... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8249_chunk_0 | Marshallian demand function | The consumer has income I {\displaystyle I} , and hence a budget set of affordable packages B ( p , I ) = { x: p ⋅ x ≤ I } , {\displaystyle B(p,I)=\{x:p\cdot x\leq I\},} where p ⋅ x = ∑ i L p i x i {\displaystyle p\cdot x=\sum _{i}^{L}p_{i}x_{i}} is the dot product of the price and quantity vectors. The consumer has a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8250_chunk_0 | Production possibility frontier | Such a shift reflects, for instance, economic growth of an economy already operating at its full productivity (on the PPF), which means that more of both outputs can now be produced during the specified period of time without sacrificing the output of either good. Conversely, the PPF will shift inward if the labour for... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8251_chunk_0 | Threshold population | In microeconomics, a threshold population is the minimum number of people needed for a service to be worthwhile. In economic geography, a threshold population is the minimum number of people necessary before a particular good or service can be provided in an area. The concept is equivalent to the "range" in central pla... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8252_chunk_0 | Economic consumption | In microeconomics, consumer choice is a theory that assumes that people are rational consumers and they decide on what combinations of goods to buy based on their utility function (which goods provide them with more use/happiness) and their budget constraint (which combinations of goods they can afford to buy). Consume... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8253_chunk_0 | Reserve price | In microeconomics, consumers set their reservation price as the highest price that they are willing to pay for goods or a service, while sellers set the smallest price at which they would sell. Similarly, in finance, the reservation price—also called the indifference price—is the value at which an investor would be wil... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8254_chunk_0 | Economies of density | In microeconomics, economies of density are cost savings resulting from spatial proximity of suppliers or providers. Typically higher population densities allow synergies in service provision leading to lower unit costs. If large economies of density exist there is an incentive for firms to concentrate and agglomerate.... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8255_chunk_0 | Industrial scale | Common limits include exceeding the nearby raw material supply, such as wood in the lumber, pulp and paper industry. A common limit for a low cost per unit weight commodities is saturating the regional market, thus having to ship products uneconomic distances. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8256_chunk_0 | Industrial scale | Other limits include using energy less efficiently or having a higher defect rate. Large producers are usually efficient at long runs of a product grade (a commodity) and find it costly to switch grades frequently. They will, therefore, avoid specialty grades even though they have higher margins. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8257_chunk_0 | Excess demand function | In microeconomics, excess demand is a phenomenon where the demand for goods and services exceeds that which the firms can produce. In microeconomics, an excess demand function is a function expressing excess demand for a product—the excess of quantity demanded over quantity supplied—in terms of the product's price and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8258_chunk_0 | Excess demand function | A product's excess supply function is the negative of the excess demand function—it is the product's supply function minus its demand function. In most cases the first derivative of excess demand with respect to price is negative, meaning that a higher price leads to lower excess demand. The price of the product is sai... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8259_chunk_0 | Excess demand function | In this situation it is said that the market clears. If the price is higher than the equilibrium price, excess demand will normally be negative, meaning that there is a surplus (positive excess supply) of the product, and not all of it being offered to the marketplace is being sold. If the price is lower than the equil... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8260_chunk_0 | Marginal revenue | In microeconomics, for every unit of input added to a firm, the return received decreases. When a variable factor of production is put into a firm at a constant level of technology, the initial increase in this factor of production will increase output, but when it exceeds a certain limit, the increased output will dim... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8261_chunk_0 | Joint product pricing | There are also complexities in the production function. Their production could be linked in the sense that they are bi-products (referred to as complements in production) or in the sense that they can be produced by the same inputs (referred to as substitutes in production). Further, production of the joint product cou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8262_chunk_0 | Economic theories | In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter"). The PPF is a table or graph (as at the right) showing the different quantity combinations of the two goods producible with a given technology and total factor inputs, which limit feasible total output. Each point on the curve shows po... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8263_chunk_0 | Quasi-convex function | In microeconomics, quasiconcave utility functions imply that consumers have convex preferences. Quasiconvex functions are important also in game theory, industrial organization, and general equilibrium theory, particularly for applications of Sion's minimax theorem. Generalizing a minimax theorem of John von Neumann, S... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8264_chunk_0 | Searching theory | From a consumer's perspective, a product worth purchasing would have sufficiently high quality and be offered at a sufficiently low price. In both cases, whether a given job or product is acceptable depends on the searcher's beliefs about the alternatives available in the market. More precisely, search theory studies a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8265_chunk_0 | Supply and Demand | In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good, or other traded item such as labor or liquid financial assets, will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8266_chunk_0 | Bertrand–Edgeworth model | In microeconomics, the Bertrand–Edgeworth model of price-setting oligopoly looks at what happens when there is a homogeneous product (i.e. consumers want to buy from the cheapest seller) where there is a limit to the output of firms which are willing and able to sell at a particular price. This differs from the Bertran... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8267_chunk_0 | Wafer bonding | In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), the package protects the sensitive internal structures from environmental influences such as temperature, moisture, high pressure and oxidizing species. The long-term stability and reliability of the functional elements depend on the enc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8268_chunk_0 | DIP socket | In microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL) is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may be through-hole mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) or inserted in a socket. The dual-inline format was invented by Don Forbes,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8269_chunk_0 | DIP socket | Furthermore, square and rectangular packages made it easier to route printed-circuit traces beneath the packages. A DIP is usually referred to as a DIPn, where n is the total number of pins. For example, a microcircuit package with two rows of seven vertical leads would be a DIP14. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8270_chunk_0 | DIP socket | Many analog and digital integrated circuit types are available in DIP packages, as are arrays of transistors, switches, light emitting diodes, and resistors. DIP plugs for ribbon cables can be used with standard IC sockets. DIP packages are usually made from an opaque molded epoxy plastic pressed around a tin-, silver-... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8271_chunk_0 | DIP socket | Some sockets include a zero insertion force (ZIF) mechanism. Variations of the DIP package include those with only a single row of pins, e.g. a resistor array, possibly including a heat sink tab in place of the second row of pins, and types with four rows of pins, two rows, staggered, on each side of the package. DIP p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8272_chunk_0 | Quad in-line package | In microelectronics, a quad in-line package (QIP or QIL), is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and four parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may be through-hole mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) or inserted in a socket. Rockwell used a QIP with 42 leads formed into st... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8273_chunk_0 | Thermal oxide | In microfabrication, thermal oxidation is a way to produce a thin layer of oxide (usually silicon dioxide) on the surface of a wafer. The technique forces an oxidizing agent to diffuse into the wafer at high temperature and react with it. The rate of oxide growth is often predicted by the Deal–Grove model. Thermal oxid... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8274_chunk_0 | Dideoxy sequencing | In microfluidic Sanger sequencing the entire thermocycling amplification of DNA fragments as well as their separation by electrophoresis is done on a single glass wafer (approximately 10 cm in diameter) thus reducing the reagent usage as well as cost. In some instances researchers have shown that they can increase the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8275_chunk_0 | Micropump | In microfluidics, capillary pumping plays an important role because the pumping action does not require external actuation power. Glass capillaries and porous media, including nitrocellulose paper and synthetic paper, can be integrated into microfluidic chips. Capillary pumping is widely used in lateral flow testing. R... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8276_chunk_0 | Peristaltic pump | In microfluidics, it is often desirable to minimize the circulating volume of fluid. Traditional pumps require a large volume of liquid external to the microfluidic circuit. This can lead to problems due to dilution of analytes and already dilute biological signalling molecules. For this reason, among others, it is des... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8277_chunk_0 | Wet burp | In microgravity environments, burping is frequently associated with regurgitation, known as wet burping. With reduced gravity, the stomach contents are more likely to rise up into the esophagus when the gastroesophageal sphincter is relaxed, along with the expelled air. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8278_chunk_0 | Microgrid | In microgrid, energy storage is able to perform multiple functions, such as ensuring power quality, including frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing the output of renewable energy sources, providing backup power for the system and playing a crucial role in cost optimization. It includes all of chemical, electrical... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8279_chunk_0 | 4-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine | In microorganisms and plants TPP results from coupling of pyrimidine fragment HMP-PP with thiazole fragment HET-P to give thiamine monophosphate, followed by conversion to the pyrophosphate.Biogenesis of HMP-P and HET-P vary with types of organism. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8280_chunk_0 | Thermal copper pillar bump | In microprocessors, graphics processors and other high-end chips, hotspots can occur as power densities vary significantly across a chip. These hotspots can severely limit the performance of the devices. Because of the small size of the thermal bumps and the relatively high density at which they can be placed on the ac... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8281_chunk_0 | Tip-tilt mirror | In microscopy, adaptive optics is used to correct for sample-induced aberrations. The required wavefront correction is either measured directly using wavefront sensor or estimated by using sensorless AO techniques. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8282_chunk_0 | Visual artifact | In microscopy, an artifact is an apparent structural detail that is caused by the processing of the specimen and is thus not a legitimate feature of the specimen. In light microscopy, artifacts may be produced by air bubbles trapped under the slide's cover slip.In electron microscopy, distortions may be produced in the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8283_chunk_0 | Conductive atomic force microscopy | In microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) or current sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) is a mode in atomic force microscopy (AFM) that simultaneously measures the topography of a material and the electric current flow at the contact point of the tip with the surface of the sample. The topography ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8284_chunk_0 | Conductive atomic force microscopy | Therefore, when a portion of a sample is scanned with an STM, it is not possible to discern if the current fluctuations are related to a change in the topography (due to surface roughness) or to a change in the sample conductivity (due to intrinsic inhomogeneities). The CAFM is usually operated in contact mode; the tip... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8285_chunk_0 | Point Spread Function | In microscopy, experimental determination of PSF requires sub-resolution (point-like) radiating sources. Quantum dots and fluorescent beads are usually considered for this purpose. Theoretical models as described above, on the other hand, allow the detailed calculation of the PSF for various imaging conditions. The mos... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8286_chunk_0 | Focus stacking | In microscopy, high numerical apertures are desirable to capture as much light as possible from a small sample. A high numerical aperture (equivalent to a low f-number) gives a very shallow depth of field. Higher magnification objective lenses generally have shallower depth of field; a 100× objective lens with a numeri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8287_chunk_0 | Scanning joule expansion microscopy | In microscopy, scanning joule expansion microscopy (SJEM) is a form of scanning probe microscopy heavily based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) that maps the temperature distribution along a surface. Resolutions down to 10 nm have been achieved and 1 nm resolution is theoretically possible. Thermal measurements at the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8288_chunk_0 | Mask inspection | In microtechnology, mask inspection or photomask inspection is an operation of checking the correctness of the fabricated photomasks, used, e.g., for semiconductor device fabrication.Modern technologies for locating defects in photomasks are automated systems that involve scanning electron microscopy and other advanced... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8289_chunk_0 | Cone beam reconstruction | In microtomography X-ray scanners, cone beam reconstruction is one of two common scanning methods, the other being Fan beam reconstruction. Cone beam reconstruction uses a 2-dimensional approach for obtaining projection data. Instead of utilizing a single row of detectors, as fan beam methods do, a cone beam systems us... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8290_chunk_0 | Cone beam reconstruction | The scintillator converts X-ray radiation to visible light, which is picked up by the camera and recorded. The method has enjoyed widespread implementation in microtomography, and is also used in several larger-scale systems. An X-ray source is positioned across from the detector, with the object being scanned in betwe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8291_chunk_0 | Cone beam reconstruction | (This is essentially the same setup used for an ordinary X-ray fluoroscope). Projections from different angles are obtained in one of two ways. In one method, the object being scanned is rotated. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8292_chunk_0 | Cone beam reconstruction | This has the advantage of simplicity in implementation; a rotating stage results in little complexity. The second method involves rotating the X-ray source and camera around the object, as is done in ordinary CT scanning and SPECT imaging. This adds complexity, size and cost to the system, but removes the need to rotat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8293_chunk_0 | Magic temperament | A chain of these thirds can be used to generate a 7-tone scale with the following interval distribution (given in cents): 0 322 381 703 762 1084 1142 1201Note that this represents only one possible tuning of magic temperament. The important property is that the major third is tempered slightly flatter than its just val... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8294_chunk_0 | Resonant stub | In microwave and radio-frequency engineering, a stub or resonant stub is a length of transmission line or waveguide that is connected at one end only. The free end of the stub is either left open-circuit, or short-circuited (as is always the case for waveguides). Neglecting transmission line losses, the input impedance... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8295_chunk_0 | Simulated inductor | In microwave circuits, impedance inversion can be achieved using a quarter-wave impedance transformer instead of a gyrator. The quarter-wave transformer is a passive device and is far simpler to build than a gyrator. Unlike the gyrator, the transformer is a reciprocal component. The transformer is an example of a distr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8296_chunk_0 | Susceptor | If there is an air gap (or at least, poor thermal contact) between the susceptor and food, the susceptor will heat to a much higher temperature (due to its smaller effective heat capacity when in poor contact with food), and, at these higher temperatures, will radiate strongly in the infrared. This infrared radiation t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8297_chunk_0 | Split-anode magnetron | In microwave ovens, the waveguide leads to a radio-frequency-transparent port into the cooking chamber. As the fixed dimensions of the chamber and its physical closeness to the magnetron would normally create standing wave patterns in the chamber, the pattern is randomized by a motorized fan-like mode stirrer in the wa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8298_chunk_0 | Pressureless sintering | In microwave sintering, heat is sometimes generated internally within the material, rather than via surface radiative heat transfer from an external heat source. Some materials fail to couple and others exhibit run-away behavior, so it is restricted in usefulness. A benefit of microwave sintering is faster heating for ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8299_chunk_0 | Beamed energy propulsion | In microwave thermal propulsion, an external microwave beam is used to heat a refractory heat exchanger to >1,500 K, in turn heating a propellant such as hydrogen, methane or ammonia. This improves the specific impulse and thrust/weight ratio of the propulsion system relative to conventional rocket propulsion. For exam... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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