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wiki_8000_chunk_0 | Radioactive label | Tracers with different half-lives are used for each stage of hydraulic fracturing. In the United States amounts per injection of radionuclide are listed in the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) guidelines. According to the NRC, some of the most commonly used tracers include antimony-124, bromine-82, iodine-125, io... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8001_chunk_0 | Annotea | Annotea is part of the W3C Semantic Web efforts. An example implementation of Annotea is W3C's Amaya editor/browser. The current Amaya user interface for annotations is presented in the Amaya documentation. Other projects consists of Plugins for Firefox/Mozilla or Annotatio Client which interacts with most browsers per... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8002_chunk_0 | Dimension (metadata) | Quantity preserving one-to-one correspondences are the well-known equations Cº = (5/9)*(Fº − 32) and Fº = (9/5)*(Cº) + 32. Units of measure are not limited to physical categories. Examples of physical categories are: linear measure, area, volume, mass, velocity, time duration. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8003_chunk_0 | Data element | A named identifier of each of the entities and their attributes that are represented in a database. A basic unit of information built on standard structures having a unique meaning and distinct units or values. In electronic record-keeping, a combination of characters or bytes referring to one separate item of informat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8004_chunk_0 | Dynamic strain aging | In metal alloys with substitutional solute elements, such as aluminum-magnesium alloys, dynamic strain aging leads to negative strain rate sensitivity which causes instability in plastic flow. The diffusion of solute elements around a dislocation can be modeled based on the energy required to move a solute atom across ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8005_chunk_0 | Dynamic strain aging | The resulting region of lower solute concentration above the slip plane weakens the material in the region near the pinned dislocation, such that when the dislocation becomes mobile again, the stress required to move it is temporarily reduced. This effect can manifest as serrations in the stress-strain curve (Portevin-... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8006_chunk_0 | Fatigue cracking | In metal alloys, and for the simplifying case when there are no macroscopic or microscopic discontinuities, the process starts with dislocation movements at the microscopic level, which eventually form persistent slip bands that become the nucleus of short cracks. Macroscopic and microscopic discontinuities (at the cry... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8007_chunk_0 | Fatigue cracking | The greater the applied stress range, the shorter the life. Fatigue life scatter tends to increase for longer fatigue lives. Damage is irreversible. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8008_chunk_0 | Fatigue cracking | Materials do not recover when rested. Fatigue life is influenced by a variety of factors, such as temperature, surface finish, metallurgical microstructure, presence of oxidizing or inert chemicals, residual stresses, scuffing contact (fretting), etc. Some materials (e.g., some steel and titanium alloys) exhibit a theo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8009_chunk_0 | Fatigue cracking | A load-controlled servo-hydraulic test rig is commonly used in these tests, with frequencies of around 20–50 Hz. Other sorts of machines—like resonant magnetic machines—can also be used, to achieve frequencies up to 250 Hz. Low-cycle fatigue (loading that typically causes failure in less than 104 cycles) is associated ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8010_chunk_0 | Nucleobase analog | In metal base-pairing, the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds are replaced by the interaction between a metal ion with nucleosides acting as ligands. The possible geometries of the metal that would allow for duplex formation with two bidentate nucleosides around a central metal atom are: tetrahedral, dodecahedral, and square ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8011_chunk_0 | Nucleobase analog | A well-documented example is the formation of T-Hg-T, which involves two deprotonated thymine nucleobases that are brought together by Hg2+ and forms a connected metal-base pair. This motif does not accommodate stacked Hg2+ in a duplex due to an intrastrand hairpin formation process that is favored over duplex formatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8012_chunk_0 | Nucleobase analog | Another example of a metal complexing to natural nucleobases is the formation of A-Zn-T and G-Zn-C at high pH; Co+2 and Ni+2 also form these complexes. These are Watson-Crick base pairs where the divalent cation in coordinated to the nucleobases. The exact binding is debated.A large variety of artificial nucleobases ha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8013_chunk_0 | Nucleobase analog | The tridentate character contributes to this selectivity. The fourth coordination site on the copper is saturated by an oppositely arranged pyridine nucleobase. The asymmetric metal base pairing system is orthogonal to the Watson-Crick base pairs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8014_chunk_0 | Nucleobase analog | Another example of an artificial nucleobase is that with hydroxypyridone nucleobases, which are able to bind Cu2+ inside the DNA duplex. Five consecutive copper-hydroxypyridone base pairs were incorporated into a double strand, which were flanked by only one natural nucleobase on both ends. EPR data showed that the dis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8015_chunk_0 | Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides | Cuboctahedron (Fig. 1b) is the structural unit of dodecaborides, which have a cubic lattice and B/M = 12. When the composition ratio exceeds 12, boron forms B12 icosahedra (Fig. 1c) which are linked into a three-dimensional boron framework, and the metal atoms reside in the voids of this framework.This complex bonding ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8016_chunk_0 | Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides | For example, three boron atoms make up a triangle where they share two electrons to complete the so-called three-center bonding. Boron polyhedra, such as B6 octahedron, B12 cuboctahedron and B12 icosahedron, lack two valence electrons per polyhedron to complete the polyhedron-based framework structure. Metal atoms need... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8017_chunk_0 | Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides | Thus, boron compounds are often regarded as electron-deficient solids. The covalent bonding nature of metal boride compounds also give them their hardness and inert chemical reactivity property.Icosahedral B12 compounds include α-rhombohedral boron (B13C2), β-rhombohedral boron (MeBx, 23≤x), α-tetragonal boron (B48B2C2... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8018_chunk_0 | Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides | YB25 and YB50 decompose without melting that hinders their growth as single crystals by the floating zone method. However, addition of a small amount of Si solves this problem and results in single crystals with the stoichiometry of YB41Si1.2. This stabilization technique allowed the synthesis of some other boron-rich ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8019_chunk_0 | Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides | Werheit et al. reviewed Raman spectra of numerous icosahedron-based boron compounds.Figure 2 shows a relationship between the ionic radius of trivalent rare-earth ions and the composition of some rare-earth borides. Note that scandium has many unique boron compounds, as shown in figure 2, because of the much smaller io... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8020_chunk_0 | Toughening | In metal matrix composites (MMCs), the additions strengthen the metal and reduce the toughness of material. In ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), the additions can toughen materials but not strengthen them. at same time. In carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRPs), graphite fibers can toughen and strengthen polymer at... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8021_chunk_0 | Toughening | In bulk metallic glass composites(BMGs), dendrites are added to hind the movement of shear band and the toughness is improved.If fibers have larger fracture strain than matrix, the composite is toughened by crack bridging. The toughness of a composite can be expressed: G C = V m G m + V f G f + Δ G C {\displaystyle G_{... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8022_chunk_0 | Toughening | These processes correspond to plastic deformation and pull-out work and contribute to toughening of composite. When fiber is brittle, the pull-out work dominates the irreversible work contributing to toughening. The increment of toughness caused by pull-out work can be expressed by: Δ G C = 1 32 β 2 σ f 2 V f d τ {\dis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8023_chunk_0 | Flow plasticity theory | In metal plasticity, the assumption that the plastic strain increment and deviatoric stress tensor have the same principal directions is encapsulated in a relation called the flow rule. Rock plasticity theories also use a similar concept except that the requirement of pressure-dependence of the yield surface requires a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8024_chunk_0 | Flow plasticity theory | The function f {\displaystyle f} is also called a plastic potential. The above flow rule is easily justified for perfectly plastic deformations for which d σ = 0 {\displaystyle d{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=0} when d ε p > 0 {\displaystyle d{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}_{p}>0} , i.e., the yield surface remains constant under... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8025_chunk_0 | Flow plasticity theory | Hence, both the normal to the yield surface and the plastic strain tensor are perpendicular to the stress tensor and must have the same direction. For a work hardening material, the yield surface can expand with increasing stress. We assume Drucker's second stability postulate which states that for an infinitesimal str... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8026_chunk_0 | Reducing atmosphere | A reduction atmosphere is produced in a fuel fired kiln by reducing the draft and depriving the kiln of oxygen. This diminished level of oxygen causes incomplete combustion of the fuel and raises the level of carbon inside the kiln. At high temperatures the carbon will bond with and remove the oxygen in the metal oxide... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8027_chunk_0 | Reducing atmosphere | This loss of oxygen results in a change in the color of the glazes because it allows the metals in the glaze to be seen in an unoxidized form. A reduction atmosphere can also affect the color of the clay body. If iron is present in the clay body, as it is in most stoneware, then it will be affected by the reduction atm... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8028_chunk_0 | Reducing atmosphere | In most commercial incinerators, exactly the same conditions are created to encourage the release of carbon bearing fumes. These fumes are then oxidized in reburn tunnels where oxygen is injected progressively. The exothermic oxidation reaction maintains the temperature of the reburn tunnels. This system allows lower t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8029_chunk_0 | Bond (chemical) | In metallic bonding, bonding electrons are delocalized over a lattice of atoms. By contrast, in ionic compounds, the locations of the binding electrons and their charges are static. The free movement or delocalization of bonding electrons leads to classical metallic properties such as luster (surface light reflectivity... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8030_chunk_0 | Return loss | In metallic conductor systems, reflections of a signal traveling down a conductor can occur at a discontinuity or impedance mismatch. The ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave Vr to the amplitude of the incident wave Vi is known as the reflection coefficient Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } . Γ = V r V i {\displaystyle... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8031_chunk_0 | Electric conduction | In metallic solids, electric charge flows by means of electrons, from lower to higher electrical potential. In other media, any stream of charged objects (ions, for example) may constitute an electric current. To provide a definition of current independent of the type of charge carriers, conventional current is defined... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8032_chunk_0 | Electric conduction | In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current is in the same direction as the charge carriers. In a vacuum, a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8033_chunk_0 | Electric conduction | In still others, the current is entirely due to positive charge flow. For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydronium ions flowing in one direction, and negative sulfa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8034_chunk_0 | Metalloprotein | In metalloproteins, metal ions are usually coordinated by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur centers belonging to amino acid residues of the protein. These donor groups are often provided by side-chains on the amino acid residues. Especially important are the imidazole substituent in histidine residues, thiolate substituents i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8035_chunk_0 | Metalloprotein | The peptide backbone also provides donor groups; these include deprotonated amides and the amide carbonyl oxygen centers. Lead(II) binding in natural and artificial proteins has been reviewed.In addition to donor groups that are provided by amino acid residues, many organic cofactors function as ligands. Perhaps most f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8036_chunk_0 | Annealing (materials science) | In metallurgy and materials science, annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperatu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8037_chunk_0 | Annealing (materials science) | As the material cools it recrystallizes. For many alloys, including carbon steel, the crystal grain size and phase composition, which ultimately determine the material properties, are dependent on the heating rate and cooling rate. Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8038_chunk_0 | Annealing (materials science) | With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram, heat treatment can be used to adjust from harder and more brittle to softer and more ductile. In the case of ferrous metals, such as steel, annealing is performed by heating the material (generally until glowing) for a while and then slowly letting it cool to room te... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8039_chunk_0 | Great Divergence | In mines in the arid northwest of China, ventilation to prevent explosions was much more difficult.Another difference involved geographic distance; although China and Europe had comparable mining technologies, the distances between the economically developed regions and coal deposits differed vastly. The largest coal d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8040_chunk_0 | Picric acid | In metallurgy, a 4% picric acid in ethanol etch termed "picral" has been commonly used in optical metallography to reveal prior austenite grain boundaries in ferritic steels. The hazards associated with picric acid have meant it has largely been replaced with other chemical etchants. However, it is still used to etch m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8041_chunk_0 | Fluxing agents | In metallurgy, a flux (from Latin fluxus 'flow') is a chemical cleaning agent, flowing agent, or purifying agent. Fluxes may have more than one function at a time. They are used in both extractive metallurgy and metal joining. Some of the earliest known fluxes were sodium carbonate, potash, charcoal, coke, borax, lime,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8042_chunk_0 | Fluxing agents | Iron ore was also used as a flux in the smelting of copper. These agents served various functions, the simplest being a reducing agent, which prevented oxides from forming on the surface of the molten metal, while others absorbed impurities into slag, which could be scraped off molten metal.Fluxes are also used in foun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8043_chunk_0 | Memory metal | In metallurgy, a shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It is also known in other names such as memory metal, memory alloy, smart metal, smart alloy, and muscle wire. The "memorized geometry" can be modified by fixating the d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8044_chunk_0 | Alpha case | In metallurgy, alpha case is the oxygen-enriched surface phase that occurs when titanium and its alloys are exposed to heated air or oxygen. Alpha case is hard and brittle, and tends to create a series of microcracks that will reduce the metal's performance and its fatigue properties. Alpha case can be minimized or avo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8045_chunk_0 | Hot working | In metallurgy, hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallization temperature allows the material to recrystallize during deformation. This is important because recrystallization keeps the materials from strain hardening, wh... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8046_chunk_0 | Subgrain rotation recrystallization | In metallurgy, materials science and structural geology, subgrain rotation recrystallization is recognized as an important mechanism for dynamic recrystallisation. It involves the rotation of initially low-angle sub-grain boundaries until the mismatch between the crystal lattices across the boundary is sufficient for t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8047_chunk_0 | Melchior (alloy) | After annealing, it has a tensile strength of about 40 kg/mm2. The most valuable property of melchior is its high resistance to corrosion in air, freshwater and seawater. Increasing content of nickel, iron or manganese improves corrosion and cavitation resistance, especially in sea water and atmospheric water vapor. Th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8048_chunk_0 | Mineral jig | In metallurgy, mineral jigs are a type of gravity concentrator, separating materials with different densities. It is widely used in recovering valuable heavy minerals such as gold, platinum, tin, tungsten, as well as gemstones such as diamond and sapphire, from alluvial or placer deposits. Base metals such as iron, man... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8049_chunk_0 | Mineral jig | If the concentrate is coarser than the screen, it will work down to the top of the shot bed, and can be withdrawn either continuously or intermittently. The lighter material, or tailing, will be rejected over the end of the jig.The mineral jig has certain advantages in placer and hardrock mill flowsheets. In gold recov... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8050_chunk_0 | Nonferrous metal | In metallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts. Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8051_chunk_0 | Stepped quenching | In metallurgy, one may encounter many terms that have very specific meanings within the field, but may seem rather vague when viewed from the outside. Terms such as "hardness," "impact resistance," "toughness," and "strength" can carry many different connotations, making it sometimes difficult to discern the specific m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8052_chunk_0 | Stepped quenching | Toughness – Resistance to fracture, as measured by the Charpy test. Toughness often increases as strength decreases, because a material that bends is less likely to break. Hardness – A surface's resistance to scratching, abrasion, or indentation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8053_chunk_0 | Stepped quenching | Elasticity – Also called flexibility, this is the ability to deform, bend, compress, or stretch and return to the original shape once the external stress is removed. Elasticity is inversely related to the Young's modulus of the material. Impact resistance – Usually synonymous with high-strength toughness, it is the abi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8054_chunk_0 | Peening | In metallurgy, peening is the process of working a metal's surface to improve its material properties, usually by mechanical means, such as hammer blows, by blasting with shot (shot peening), focusing light (laser peening), or in recent years, with water column impacts (water jet peening) and cavitation jets (cavitatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8055_chunk_0 | Recovery (metallurgy) | In metallurgy, recovery is a process by which a metal or alloy's deformed grains can reduce their stored energy by the removal or rearrangement of defects in their crystal structure. These defects, primarily dislocations, are introduced by plastic deformation of the material and act to increase the yield strength of a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8056_chunk_0 | Recovery (metallurgy) | Recovery is related to the similar processes of recrystallization and grain growth, each of them being stages of annealing. Recovery competes with recrystallization, as both are driven by the stored energy, but is also thought to be a necessary prerequisite for the nucleation of recrystallized grains. It is so called b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8057_chunk_0 | Refraction (metallurgy) | Large quantities of energy are required to overcome intermolecular forces. Some refractory metals include molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, and tantalum. These materials are also noted for their high elastic modulus and hardness. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8058_chunk_0 | Dezincification resistant brass | In metallurgy, selective leaching, also called dealloying, demetalification, parting and selective corrosion, is a corrosion type in some solid solution alloys, when in suitable conditions a component of the alloys is preferentially leached from the initially homogenous material. The less noble metal is removed from th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8059_chunk_0 | Solid solution strengthening | In metallurgy, solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution. The local nonuniformity in the l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8060_chunk_0 | Bower–Barff process | In metallurgy, the Bower–Barff process is a method of coating iron or steel with magnetic iron oxide, such as Fe2O4, in order to minimize atmospheric corrosion. The articles to be treated are put into a closed retort and a current of superheated steam passed through for twenty minutes followed by a current of producer ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8061_chunk_0 | Scheil equation | In metallurgy, the Scheil-Gulliver equation (or Scheil equation) describes solute redistribution during solidification of an alloy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8062_chunk_0 | Differential solubility | In metallurgy, the partition coefficient is an important factor in determining how different impurities are distributed between molten and solidified metal. It is a critical parameter for purification using zone melting, and determines how effectively an impurity can be removed using directional solidification, describ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8063_chunk_0 | Titanium gold | In metallurgy, titanium gold (Ti-Au or Au-Ti) refers to an alloy consisting of titanium and gold. Such alloys are used in dentistry, ceramics and jewelry. Like many other alloys, titanium gold alloys have a higher yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, and magnetism than either of its constituent metals.In July 20... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8064_chunk_0 | Frege's Theorem | In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle. It was first proven, informally, by Gottlob Frege in his 1884 Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic) and proven more forma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8065_chunk_0 | Deductive science | In metalogic, 'syntax' has to do with formal languages or formal systems without regard to any interpretation of them, whereas, 'semantics' has to do with interpretations of formal languages. The term 'syntactic' has a slightly wider scope than 'proof-theoretic', since it may be applied to properties of formal language... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8066_chunk_0 | Superplastic deformation | The typical microstructure strategy uses a fine dispersion of thermally stable particles, which pin the grain boundaries and maintain the fine grain structure at the high temperatures and existence of multiple phases required for superplastic deformation. The alloy's most typical microstructure for superplasticity is e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8067_chunk_0 | Subgrain rotation recrystallization | In metals and minerals, grains are ordered structures in different crystal orientations. Subgrains are defined as grains that are oriented at a < 10–15 degree angle at the grain boundary, making it a low-angle grain boundary (LAGB). Due to the relationship between the energy versus the number of dislocations at the gra... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8068_chunk_0 | Complex resistivity | In metals, the Fermi level lies in the conduction band (see Band Theory, above) giving rise to free conduction electrons. However, in semiconductors the position of the Fermi level is within the band gap, about halfway between the conduction band minimum (the bottom of the first band of unfilled electron energy levels)... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8069_chunk_0 | Complex resistivity | However, the resistance decreases as the charge carrier density (i.e., without introducing further complications, the density of electrons) in the conduction band increases. In extrinsic (doped) semiconductors, dopant atoms increase the majority charge carrier concentration by donating electrons to the conduction band ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8070_chunk_0 | Complex resistivity | For both types of donor or acceptor atoms, increasing dopant density reduces resistance. Hence, highly doped semiconductors behave metallically. At very high temperatures, the contribution of thermally generated carriers dominates over the contribution from dopant atoms, and the resistance decreases exponentially with ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8071_chunk_0 | Thermal Conductivity | In metals, thermal conductivity is approximately correlated with electrical conductivity according to the Wiedemann–Franz law, as freely moving valence electrons transfer not only electric current but also heat energy. However, the general correlation between electrical and thermal conductance does not hold for other m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8072_chunk_0 | Mould cavity | Highly engineered castings are found in 90 percent of durable goods, including cars, trucks, aerospace, trains, mining and construction equipment, oil wells, appliances, pipes, hydrants, wind turbines, nuclear plants, medical devices, defense products, toys, and more.Traditional techniques include lost-wax casting (whi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8073_chunk_0 | Drift pin | In metalworking, a drift pin, drift pin punch, simply drift, is the name for a tool used for localizing a hammer blow. A drift is smaller in diameter than the hammer face, thus concentrating the force into a smaller area. A drift is also used where the surrounding surfaces need to be protected from the hammer blow. A d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8074_chunk_0 | Drift pin | Unlike most punches, force should never be applied to the tip of drift pin. Drifts are constructed from wood, light alloys, copper, or steel which are usually rods cut to size as for the job. Drifts can be used to remove dents from inaccessible places, for striking pins and keys out. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8075_chunk_0 | Cruciform joint | In metalworking, a welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces according to a particular geometry. There are five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee. These ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8076_chunk_0 | Metal forming | In metalworking, forming is the fashioning of metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming operates on the materials science principle of plastic deformation, where the physical shape of a material is perma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8077_chunk_0 | Weld pool | In metalworking, weld pool commonly refers to the dime-sized workable portion of a weld where the base metal has reached its melting point and is ready to be infused with filler material. The weld pool is central to the success of the welding process. It was first observed in oxy-fuel welding by Fouché & Picard in 1903... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8078_chunk_0 | Homologous chromosomes | In metaphase I of meiosis I, the pairs of homologous chromosomes, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up in a random order along the metaphase plate. The random orientation is another way for cells to introduce genetic variation. Meiotic spindles emanating from opposite spindle poles attach to each of the homologs... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8079_chunk_0 | Cell division | In metaphase, the centromeres of the chromosomes align themselves on the metaphase plate (or equatorial plate), an imaginary line that is at equal distances from the two centrosome poles and held together by complexes known as cohesins. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MT... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8080_chunk_0 | Copenhagen interpretation | In metaphysical terms, the Copenhagen interpretation views quantum mechanics as providing knowledge of phenomena, but not as pointing to 'really existing objects', which it regards as residues of ordinary intuition. This makes it an epistemic theory. This may be contrasted with Einstein's view, that physics should look... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8081_chunk_0 | Copenhagen interpretation | It is sometimes alleged, for example by J.S. Bell, that Einstein opposed the Copenhagen interpretation because he believed that the answer to that question of "hidden variables" was "yes". By contrast, Max Jammer writes "Einstein never proposed a hidden variable theory." Einstein explored the possibility of a hidden va... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8082_chunk_0 | Object-oriented ontology | In metaphysics, object-oriented ontology (OOO) is a 21st-century Heidegger-influenced school of thought that rejects the privileging of human existence over the existence of nonhuman objects. This is in contrast to what it calls the "anthropocentrism" of Kant's philosophy by proposing a metaphorical Copernican Revoluti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8083_chunk_0 | Object-oriented ontology | Object-oriented ontology predates speculative realism, however, and makes distinct claims about the nature and equality of object relations to which not all speculative realists agree. The term "object-oriented philosophy" was coined by Graham Harman, the movement's founder, in his 1999 doctoral dissertation "Tool-Bein... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8084_chunk_0 | A series and B series | In metaphysics, the A series and the B series are two different descriptions of the temporal ordering relation among events. The two series differ principally in their use of tense to describe the temporal relation between events and the resulting ontological implications regarding time. John McTaggart introduced these... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8085_chunk_0 | Histone modification | SLBP levels are controlled by cell-cycle proteins, causing SLBP to accumulate as cells enter S phase and degrade as cells leave S phase. SLBP are marked for degradation by phosphorylation at two threonine residues by cyclin dependent kinases, possibly cyclin A/ cdk2, at the end of S phase. Metazoans also have multiple ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8086_chunk_0 | Enhancer-FACS-seq | In metazoans, in order to respond to environmental stress, differentiate properly, and progress normally through the cell cycle, a eukaryotic cell needs a specific and coordinated gene expression program, which involves the highly regulated transcription of thousands of genes. This gene regulation is in large part cont... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8087_chunk_0 | Polycistronic mRNA | In metazoans, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed by Dicer are incorporated into a complex known as the RNA-induced silencing complex or RISC. This complex contains an endonuclease that cleaves perfectly complementary messages to which the siRNA binds. The resulting mRNA fragments are then destroyed by exonucleas... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8088_chunk_0 | Non-proteinogenic amino acids | In meteorites and in prebiotic experiments (e.g. Miller–Urey experiment) many more amino acids than the twenty standard amino acids are found, several of which at higher concentrations than the standard ones: it has been conjectured that if amino acid based life were to arise in parallel elsewhere in the universe, no m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8089_chunk_0 | Ringwoodite | In meteorites, ringwoodite occurs in the veinlets of quenched shock-melt cutting the matrix and replacing olivine probably produced during shock metamorphism.In Earth's interior, olivine occurs in the upper mantle at depths less than about 410 km, and ringwoodite is inferred to be present within the transition zone fro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8090_chunk_0 | Zonal wavenumber | Wavenumber 2 has two ridges and two troughs around 360 degrees. Wavenumber 0 corresponds to zonal (symmetric) flow. Wavenumbers 1–3 are called long waves and often synonymous in meteorological literature with the mid-latitude planetary Rossby waves, while wavenumbers 4-10 are often referred to as "synoptic" waves. In t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8091_chunk_0 | Whole sky camera | In meteorological applications, whole sky cameras are used to study cloud cover, the current level of UV radiation, fractional cloud coverage, sky polarization, the computation of cloud base height and wind speed at cloud heights. Other uses include creating time-lapse photography of clouds. Whole sky cameras may be eq... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8092_chunk_0 | Altocumulus castellanus cloud | In meteorology, Altocumulus castellanus or Altocumulus castellatus (ACCAS) is a cloud type named for its tower-like projections that billow upwards from the base of the cloud. The base of the cloud can form as low as 2,000 metres (6,500 feet), or as high as 6,000 metres (20,000 feet). They are very similar to cumulus c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8093_chunk_0 | Buys Ballot's law | In meteorology, Buys Ballot's law (Dutch pronunciation: ) may be expressed as follows: In the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with their back to the wind, the atmospheric pressure is low to the left, high to the right. This is because wind travels counterclockwise around low pressure zones in the Northern Hemis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8094_chunk_0 | Low cloud | They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other planets and moons in the Solar System and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as methane, ammonia, and sulfuric acid, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8095_chunk_0 | Low cloud | Tropospheric clouds can have a direct effect on climate change on Earth. They may reflect incoming rays from the sun which can contribute to a cooling effect where and when these clouds occur, or trap longer wave radiation that reflects back up from the Earth's surface which can cause a warming effect. The altitude, fo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8096_chunk_0 | Cyclone | Mesocyclones, tornadoes, and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale. Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the tropical upper tropospheric trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8097_chunk_0 | Cyclone | Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear. In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans, a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a hurricane (from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind, Huracan), i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8098_chunk_0 | Straight-line wind | In meteorology, a downburst is a strong downward and outward gushing wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, in straight lines in all directions from the area of impact at surface level. Capable of producing damaging winds, it may sometimes be confused with a tornado, where high... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8099_chunk_0 | Low pressure system | The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis. In meteorology, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two kinds of places: The first is in the area on the east side of upper troughs, which form half of a Rossby wave within the Westerlies (a trough with large wavelength that extends through the t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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