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wiki_8100_chunk_0 | Low pressure system | Atmospheric lift will also generally produce cloud cover through adiabatic cooling once the air temperature drops below the dew point as it rises, the cloudy skies typical of low-pressure areas act to dampen diurnal temperature extremes. Since clouds reflect sunlight, incoming shortwave solar radiation decreases, which... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8101_chunk_0 | Absolute angular momentum | In meteorology, absolute angular momentum is the angular momentum in an 'absolute' coordinate system (absolute time and space). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8102_chunk_0 | Air current | In meteorology, air currents are concentrated areas of winds. They are mainly due to differences in atmospheric pressure or temperature. They are divided into horizontal and vertical currents; both are present at mesoscale while horizontal ones dominate at synoptic scale. Air currents are not only found in the troposph... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8103_chunk_0 | Undular bore | In meteorology, an undular bore is a wave disturbance in the Earth's atmosphere and can be seen through unique cloud formations. They normally occur within an area of the atmosphere which is stable in the low levels after an outflow boundary or a cold front moves through. In hydraulics, an undular bore is a gentle bore... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8104_chunk_0 | Vertical draft | In meteorology, an updraft is a small-scale current of rising air, often within a cloud. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8105_chunk_0 | Available potential energy | In meteorology, convective available potential energy (commonly abbreviated as CAPE), is the integrated amount of work that the upward (positive) buoyancy force would perform on a given mass of air (called an air parcel) if it rose vertically through the entire atmosphere. Positive CAPE will cause the air parcel to ris... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8106_chunk_0 | Eyewall replacement cycle | In meteorology, eyewall replacement cycles, also called concentric eyewall cycles, naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones, generally with winds greater than 185 km/h (115 mph), or major hurricanes (Category 3 or above). When tropical cyclones reach this intensity, and the eyewall contracts or is already small, so... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8107_chunk_0 | Helicity (fluid mechanics) | In meteorology, helicity corresponds to the transfer of vorticity from the environment to an air parcel in convective motion. Here the definition of helicity is simplified to only use the horizontal component of wind and vorticity, and to only integrate in the vertical direction, replacing the volume integral with a on... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8108_chunk_0 | Helicity (fluid mechanics) | This notion is used to predict the possibility of tornadic development in a thundercloud. In this case, the vertical integration will be limited below cloud tops (generally 3 km or 10,000 feet) and the horizontal wind will be calculated to wind relative to the storm in subtracting its motion: S R H = ∫ Z 1 Z 2 ( V → h ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8109_chunk_0 | Helicity (fluid mechanics) | That is why the Energy Helicity Index (EHI) has been created. It is the result of SRH multiplied by the CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) and then divided by a threshold CAPE: E H I = C A P E × S R H 160,000 {\displaystyle \mathrm {EHI} ={\frac {\mathrm {CAPE} \times \mathrm {SRH} }{\text{160,000}}}} This in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8110_chunk_0 | Hodograph | One has to notice that direction are plotted as mentioned in the upper right corner. With the hodograph and thermodynamic diagrams like the tephigram, meteorologists can calculate: Wind shear: The lines uniting the extremities of successive vectors represent the variation in direction and value of the wind in a layer o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8111_chunk_0 | Data-snooping bias | In meteorology, hypotheses are often formulated using weather data up to the present and tested against future weather data, which ensures that, even subconsciously, future data could not influence the formulation of the hypothesis. Of course, such a discipline necessitates waiting for new data to come in, to show the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8112_chunk_0 | Data-snooping bias | As another example, suppose that observers note that a particular town appears to have a cancer cluster, but lack a firm hypothesis of why this is so. However, they have access to a large amount of demographic data about the town and surrounding area, containing measurements for the area of hundreds or thousands of dif... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8113_chunk_0 | Latent heat | In meteorology, latent heat flux is the flux of energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere that is associated with evaporation or transpiration of water at the surface and subsequent condensation of water vapor in the troposphere. It is an important component of Earth's surface energy budget. Latent heat flux ha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8114_chunk_0 | Lee wave | In meteorology, lee waves are atmospheric stationary waves. The most common form is mountain waves, which are atmospheric internal gravity waves. These were discovered in 1933 by two German glider pilots, Hans Deutschmann and Wolf Hirth, above the Krkonoše. They are periodic changes of atmospheric pressure, temperature... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8115_chunk_0 | Lee wave | They can also be caused by the surface wind blowing over an escarpment or plateau, or even by upper winds deflected over a thermal updraft or cloud street. The vertical motion forces periodic changes in speed and direction of the air within this air current. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8116_chunk_0 | Lee wave | They always occur in groups on the lee side of the terrain that triggers them. Sometimes, mountain waves can help to enhance precipitation amounts downwind of mountain ranges. Usually a turbulent vortex, with its axis of rotation parallel to the mountain range, is generated around the first trough; this is called a rot... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8117_chunk_0 | Prevailing wind | In the mid-latitudes, westerly winds are dominant, and their strength is largely determined by the polar cyclone. In areas where winds tend to be light, the sea breeze/land breeze cycle is the most important cause of the prevailing wind; in areas which have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes dominate the win... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8118_chunk_0 | Equilibrium level | In meteorology, the equilibrium level (EL), or level of neutral buoyancy (LNB), or limit of convection (LOC), is the height at which a rising parcel of air is at the same temperature as its environment. This means that unstable air is now stable when it reaches the equilibrium level and convection stops. This level is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8119_chunk_0 | Planetary boundary layer | In meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behaviour is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface radiative forcing in an hour or... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8120_chunk_0 | Polar front | In meteorology, the polar front is the weather front boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell around the 60° latitude, near the polar regions, in both hemispheres. At this boundary a sharp gradient in temperature occurs between these two air masses, each at very different temperatures.The polar front arises ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8121_chunk_0 | Polar High | This convergence of rising air completes the vertical cycle around the polar cell in each latitudinal hemisphere's polar region. Closely related to this concept is the polar vortex, a rotating low-pressure circle of cold air around the poles. Surface temperatures under the polar highs are one of the coldest on Earth, w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8122_chunk_0 | Synoptic scale | In meteorology, the synoptic scale (also called the large scale or cyclonic scale) is a horizontal length scale of the order of 1,000 km (620 mi) or more. This corresponds to a horizontal scale typical of mid-latitude depressions (e.g. extratropical cyclones). Most high- and low-pressure areas seen on weather maps (suc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8123_chunk_0 | Synoptic scale | The Navier–Stokes equations applied to atmospheric motion can be simplified by scale analysis in the synoptic scale. It can be shown that the main terms in horizontal equations are Coriolis force and pressure gradient terms; therefore, one can use geostrophic approximation. In vertical coordinates, the momentum equatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8124_chunk_0 | Saturation pressure | In meteorology, the term vapor pressure means the partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere, even if it is not in equilibrium. This differs from its meaning in other sciences. According to the American Meteorological Society Glossary of Meteorology, saturation vapor pressure properly refers to the equilibrium v... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8125_chunk_0 | Saturation pressure | Equilibrium vapor pressure may differ significantly from saturation vapor pressure depending on the size of droplets and presence of other particles which act as cloud condensation nuclei.However, these terms are used inconsistently, and some authors use "saturation vapor pressure" outside the narrow meaning given by t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8126_chunk_0 | Root mean squared error | In meteorology, to see how effectively a mathematical model predicts the behavior of the atmosphere. In bioinformatics, the root-mean-square deviation of atomic positions is the measure of the average distance between the atoms of superimposed proteins. In structure based drug design, the RMSD is a measure of the diffe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8127_chunk_0 | Root mean squared error | In economics, the RMSD is used to determine whether an economic model fits economic indicators. Some experts have argued that RMSD is less reliable than Relative Absolute Error. In experimental psychology, the RMSD is used to assess how well mathematical or computational models of behavior explain the empirically obser... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8128_chunk_0 | Root mean squared error | In GIS, the RMSD is one measure used to assess the accuracy of spatial analysis and remote sensing. In hydrogeology, RMSD and NRMSD are used to evaluate the calibration of a groundwater model. In imaging science, the RMSD is part of the peak signal-to-noise ratio, a measure used to assess how well a method to reconstru... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8129_chunk_0 | Root mean squared error | In computational neuroscience, the RMSD is used to assess how well a system learns a given model. In protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the RMSD is used as a measure to estimate the quality of the obtained bundle of structures. Submissions for the Netflix Prize were judged using the RMSD from the test dat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8130_chunk_0 | Root mean squared error | In the simulation of energy consumption of buildings, the RMSE and CV(RMSE) are used to calibrate models to measured building performance. In X-ray crystallography, RMSD (and RMSZ) is used to measure the deviation of the molecular internal coordinates deviate from the restraints library values. In control theory, the R... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8131_chunk_0 | Fuzzy concept | In meteorology, where changes and effects of complex interactions in the atmosphere are studied, the weather reports often use fuzzy expressions indicating a broad trend, likelihood or level. The main reason is that the forecast can rarely be totally exact for any given location. In biology, protein complexes with mult... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8132_chunk_0 | Fuzzy concept | Post-translational modifications or alternative splicing can also impact the ensemble and thereby the affinity or specificity of interactions. Genetic fuzzy systems use algorithms or genetic programming which simulate natural evolutionary processes, in order to understand their structures and parameters. In medical dia... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8133_chunk_0 | Fuzzy concept | In computer-assisted translation, a technique called fuzzy matching is used to find the most likely translation of a piece of text, using previous translated texts as a basis. In hypnotherapy, fuzzy language is deliberately used for the purpose of trance induction. Hypnotic suggestions are often couched in a somewhat v... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8134_chunk_0 | Wind velocity | In meteorology, wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed is now commonly measured with an anemometer. Wind speed affects weather forecasting, aviation and maritime operations, construction proj... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8135_chunk_0 | Caffeine citrate | In method of action, the preparation is identical to that of caffeine base as the citrate counter ion dissociates in water. Doses of caffeine citrate, due to the added weight of the citrate moiety, are understandably higher than with caffeine base, i.e., it takes a larger dose to get the same amount of caffeine. The ra... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8136_chunk_0 | Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft) | In methods of general perturbations, general differential equations, either of motion or of change in the orbital elements, are solved analytically, usually by series expansions. The result is usually expressed in terms of algebraic and trigonometric functions of the orbital elements of the body in question and the per... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8137_chunk_0 | Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft) | Historically, general perturbations were investigated first. The classical methods are known as variation of the elements, variation of parameters or variation of the constants of integration. In these methods, it is considered that the body is always moving in a conic section, however the conic section is constantly c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8138_chunk_0 | Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft) | If all perturbations were to cease at any particular instant, the body would continue in this (now unchanging) conic section indefinitely; this conic is known as the osculating orbit and its orbital elements at any particular time are what are sought by the methods of general perturbations.General perturbations takes a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8139_chunk_0 | Gravitational perturbation | In methods of special perturbations, numerical datasets, representing values for the positions, velocities and accelerative forces on the bodies of interest, are made the basis of numerical integration of the differential equations of motion. In effect, the positions and velocities are perturbed directly, and no attemp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8140_chunk_0 | Methylmalonic aciduria | In methylmalonic acidemia, the body is unable to break down the amino acids methionine, threonine, isoleucine and valine; as a result methylmalonic acid builds up in the blood and tissues. Those afflicted with this disorder are either lacking functional copies or adequate levels of one or more of the following enzymes:... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8141_chunk_0 | F(R) theory | In metric f(R) gravity, one arrives at the field equations by varying the action with respect to the metric and not treating the connection Γ α β μ {\displaystyle \Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^{\mu }} independently. For completeness we will now briefly mention the basic steps of the variation of the action. The main steps ar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8142_chunk_0 | F(R) theory | The variation of the determinant is as always: The Ricci scalar is defined as Therefore, its variation with respect to the inverse metric g μ ν {\displaystyle g^{\mu \nu }} is given by For the second step see the article about the Einstein–Hilbert action. Since δ Γ μ ν λ {\displaystyle \delta \Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambd... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8143_chunk_0 | Geodesic bicombing | In metric geometry, a geodesic bicombing distinguishes a class of geodesics of a metric space. The study of metric spaces with distinguished geodesics traces back to the work of the mathematician Herbert Busemann. The convention to call a collection of paths of a metric space bicombing is due to William Thurston. By im... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8144_chunk_0 | Geodesic | In metric geometry, a geodesic is a curve which is everywhere locally a distance minimizer. More precisely, a curve γ: I → M from an interval I of the reals to the metric space M is a geodesic if there is a constant v ≥ 0 such that for any t ∈ I there is a neighborhood J of t in I such that for any t1, t2 ∈ J we have d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8145_chunk_0 | Geodesic | However, in metric geometry the geodesic considered is often equipped with natural parameterization, i.e. in the above identity v = 1 and d ( γ ( t 1 ) , γ ( t 2 ) ) = | t 1 − t 2 | . {\displaystyle d(\gamma (t_{1}),\gamma (t_{2}))=\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\right|.} If the last equality is satisfied for all t1, t2 ∈ I, the geo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8146_chunk_0 | Injective metric space | In metric geometry, an injective metric space, or equivalently a hyperconvex metric space, is a metric space with certain properties generalizing those of the real line and of L∞ distances in higher-dimensional vector spaces. These properties can be defined in two seemingly different ways: hyperconvexity involves the i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8147_chunk_0 | Asymptotic dimension | In metric geometry, asymptotic dimension of a metric space is a large-scale analog of Lebesgue covering dimension. The notion of asymptotic dimension was introduced by Mikhail Gromov in his 1993 monograph Asymptotic invariants of infinite groups in the context of geometric group theory, as a quasi-isometry invariant of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8148_chunk_0 | Karlsruhe metric | In metric geometry, the Karlsruhe metric is a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along rays through the origin and circular arcs centered at the origin. The name alludes to the layout of the city of Karlsruhe, which has radial streets and circular avenues around a central point. This metric is als... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8149_chunk_0 | Reshetnyak gluing theorem | In metric geometry, the Reshetnyak gluing theorem gives information on the structure of a geometric object built by using as building blocks other geometric objects, belonging to a well defined class. Intuitively, it states that a manifold obtained by joining (i.e. "gluing") together, in a precisely defined way, other ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8150_chunk_0 | Equivalent norm | In metric geometry, the discrete metric takes the value one for distinct points and zero otherwise. When applied coordinate-wise to the elements of a vector space, the discrete distance defines the Hamming distance, which is important in coding and information theory. In the field of real or complex numbers, the distan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8151_chunk_0 | Equivalent norm | When applied component-wise to vectors, the discrete distance from zero behaves like a non-homogeneous "norm", which counts the number of non-zero components in its vector argument; again, this non-homogeneous "norm" is discontinuous. In signal processing and statistics, David Donoho referred to the zero "norm" with qu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8152_chunk_0 | Equivalent norm | When this "norm" is localized to a bounded set, it is the limit of p {\displaystyle p} -norms as p {\displaystyle p} approaches 0. Of course, the zero "norm" is not truly a norm, because it is not positive homogeneous. Indeed, it is not even an F-norm in the sense described above, since it is discontinuous, jointly and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8153_chunk_0 | Hyperconvex hull | In metric geometry, the metric envelope or tight span of a metric space M is an injective metric space into which M can be embedded. In some sense it consists of all points "between" the points of M, analogous to the convex hull of a point set in a Euclidean space. The tight span is also sometimes known as the injectiv... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8154_chunk_0 | Convex subgraph | In metric graph theory, a convex subgraph of an undirected graph G is a subgraph that includes every shortest path in G between two of its vertices. Thus, it is analogous to the definition of a convex set in geometry, a set that contains the line segment between every pair of its points. Convex subgraphs play an import... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8155_chunk_0 | Riemannian circle | In metric space theory and Riemannian geometry, the Riemannian circle is a great circle with a characteristic length. It is the circle equipped with the intrinsic Riemannian metric of a compact one-dimensional manifold of total length 2π, or the extrinsic metric obtained by restriction of the intrinsic metric to the tw... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8156_chunk_0 | Curvature invariant | In metric theories of gravitation such as general relativity, curvature scalars play an important role in telling distinct spacetimes apart. Two of the most basic curvature invariants in general relativity are the Kretschmann scalar R a b c d R a b c d {\displaystyle R_{abcd}\,R^{abcd}} and the Chern–Pontryagin scalar,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8157_chunk_0 | Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid | In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solution (a term which is often abbreviated as ssspf) is a spacetime equipped with suitable tensor fields which models a static round ball of a fluid with isotropic pressure. Such solutions are often used as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8158_chunk_0 | Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid | In this article, we will focus on the construction of exact ssspf solutions in our current Gold Standard theory of gravitation, the theory of general relativity. To anticipate, the figure at right depicts (by means of an embedding diagram) the spatial geometry of a simple example of a stellar model in general relativit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8159_chunk_0 | Test body | In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a test particle is an idealized model of a small object whose mass is so small that it does not appreciably disturb the ambient gravitational field. According to the Einstein field equations, the gravitational field is locally coupled not only to the d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8160_chunk_0 | F(R) gravity | In metric-affine f(R) gravity, one generalizes things even further, treating both the metric and connection independently, and assuming the matter Lagrangian depends on the connection as well. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8161_chunk_0 | Synthetic instrument | In metrology (test and measurement science), a synthetic instrument is software that performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function. A Synthetic Measurement System (SMS) is a common, general purpose, physical hardware platform that is intended to perform many kinds of synthesis, analysis, or measureme... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8162_chunk_0 | Synthetic instrument | The hardware does not define the measurement. An analogy to this relationship between specific measurement hardware versus generic hardware with its function totally defined in software is the relationship between specific digital circuits and a general purpose CPU. A specific digital circuit can be designed and hardwi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8163_chunk_0 | Synthetic instrument | Like a triangle is more than three lines, synthetic instruments are more than the triangle of hardware (Control, Codec, Conditioning) they are implemented on. Therefore, one way to tell if you have a true synthetic instrument is to examine the hardware design alone and to try to figure out what sort of instrument it mi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8164_chunk_0 | Total indicator reading | Similarly, in shaft-straightening operations, where calibrated amounts of bending force are applied laterally to the shaft, the "total" emphasis corresponds to a bend of half that magnitude. If a shaft has 0.1 mm TIR, it is "out of straightness" by half that total, i.e., 0.05 mm. Today TIR in its more inclusive expansi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8165_chunk_0 | Total indicator reading | One example of how the "total" emphasis can apply to flat surfaces as well as round ones is in the topic of surface roughness, where both peaks and valleys count toward an assessment of the magnitude of roughness. Statistical methods such as root mean square (RMS) duly address the "total" idea in this respect. The newe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8166_chunk_0 | Total indicator reading | Whereas dial test indicators will give a foreshortened reading if their tips are on an angle to the surface being measured (cosine error), a drawing callout of FIM is defined as referring to the distance traveled by the extremity of the tip—not by the lesser amount that its lever-like action moves the needle. Thus a FI... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8167_chunk_0 | Measurement uncertainty | In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8168_chunk_0 | Measurement uncertainty | It is a non-negative parameter.The measurement uncertainty is often taken as the standard deviation of a state-of-knowledge probability distribution over the possible values that could be attributed to a measured quantity. Relative uncertainty is the measurement uncertainty relative to the magnitude of a particular sin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8169_chunk_0 | Strouhal number | In metrology, specifically axial-flow turbine meters, the Strouhal number is used in combination with the Roshko number to give a correlation between flow rate and frequency. The advantage of this method over the frequency/viscosity versus K-factor method is that it takes into account temperature effects on the meter. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8170_chunk_0 | Strouhal number | This relationship between flow and frequency can also be found in the aeronautical field. Considering pulsating methane-air coflow jet diffusion flames, we get St = a w j U j {\displaystyle {\text{St}}={\dfrac {aw_{j}}{U_{j}}}} ,where, a = fuel jet radius w = the modulation frequency U = exit velocity of the fuel jetFo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8171_chunk_0 | Dynamic range | In metrology, such as when performed in support of science, engineering or manufacturing objectives, dynamic range refers to the range of values that can be measured by a sensor or metrology instrument. Often this dynamic range of measurement is limited at one end of the range by saturation of a sensing signal sensor o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8172_chunk_0 | Dynamic range | For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 212 = 4096. Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range. These methods include averaging and other f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8173_chunk_0 | Stray voltage | In metropolitan areas, stray voltage issues have become a major concern. Many of these areas have large amounts of aging underground and aboveground electrical distribution equipment in crowded public spaces. Even a low rate of insulation failures or current leakage can result in hazardous exposure to the general publi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8174_chunk_0 | Stray voltage | In 2009, the Jodie S. Lane Public Safety Foundation announced a publicly accessible website with maps showing thousands of reported stray voltage locations in New York City. In addition, the Foundation sponsors the "Jodie S. Lane Stray Voltage Detection, Mitigation & Prevention Conference", an annual meeting attended b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8175_chunk_0 | Stray voltage | In Boston, NSTAR Electric (formerly Boston Edison) has also had problems with hazardous stray voltages, which have killed several dogs during the 1990s. As a result, the City of Boston government started a program to detect, report on, and repair stray voltage hazards.Toronto Hydro pulled all employees off regular duty... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8176_chunk_0 | Polycentric networks | In metropolitan areas, the scale and intensity of collaboration is a key determinant of whether or not polycentric networks function properly. Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) have given researchers a unique opportunity to study the scale and intensity of collaboration. A 2015 study of 381 MPOs in the United ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8177_chunk_0 | Polycentric networks | The study concluded that more intense MPO collaboration across both vertical and horizontal stakeholders improved performance. The study found that MPOs that focused more on vertical collaboration (between the state and higher-up agencies) saw a decrease in their perceived performance. The study looked at 15 indicators... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8178_chunk_0 | Laterality | In mice (Mus musculus), laterality in paw usage has been shown to be a learned behavior (rather than inherited), due to which, in any population, half of the mice become left-handed while the other half becomes right-handed. The learning occurs by a gradual reinforcement of randomly occurring weak asymmetries in paw ch... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8179_chunk_0 | T-box transcription factor T | In mice T is expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage embryo (but not in the majority of mouse embryonic stem cells) followed by the primitive streak (see image). In later development expression is localised to the node and notochord. In Xenopus laevis Xbra (the Xenopus T homologue, also recently rename... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8180_chunk_0 | Germline mutation | In mice and humans the spontaneous mutation rate in the male germ line is significantly lower than in somatic cells. Furthermore, although the spontaneous mutation rate in the male germ line increases with age, the rate of increase is lower than in somatic tissues. Within the testicular spermatogonial stem cell populat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8181_chunk_0 | Germline mutation | The progressive increase in the mutation rate with age in the male germ line may be a result of a decline in the accuracy of the repair of DNA damages, or of an increase in DNA replication errors. Once spermatogenesis is complete, the differentiated spermatozoa that are formed no longer have the capability for DNA repa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8182_chunk_0 | Serotonin | Piezo1 has been shown to sense RNA in the gut and relay this information through serotonin synthesis to the bone by acting as a sensor of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) governing 5-HT production. Intestinal epithelium-specific deletion of mouse Piezo1 profoundly disturbed gut peristalsis, impeded experimental colitis, and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8183_chunk_0 | P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 | In mice it seems to be an immune factor regulating T-cell checkpoints, and it could be a target for future checkpoint inhibitor anti-cancer drugs.PSGL-1 has been shown to bind to VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation) but this binding only occurs under acidic pH conditions (pH < 6.5) such as can be found i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8184_chunk_0 | MRN complex | In mice models, mutations in the Nbs1 subunit of MRN alone (producing the phenotypic analog of Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome in humans) have failed to produce tumorigenesis. However, double knockout mice with mutated Nbs1 which were also null of the p53 tumor suppressor gene displayed tumor onset significantly earlier tha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8185_chunk_0 | MRN complex | Knockdown of MRE11 in various human cancer cell lines has also been associated with a 3-fold increase in the level of p16INK4a tumor suppressor protein, which is capable of inducing cellular senescence and subsequently halting tumor cell proliferation. This is thought primarily to be the result of methylation of the p1... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8186_chunk_0 | EP4 receptor | In mice, EP4 receptor agonists reduce the acute rejection of transplanted hearts, prolong the survival of heart-transplanted animals, and reduce cardiac damage in a model of ischemic reperfusion injury but also stimulate cardiac hypertrophy accompanied by poor cardiac function. EP4 receptor-depleted mice exhibit more s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8187_chunk_0 | Primordial germ cell migration | In mice, PGCs are specified in the proximal epiblast and subsequently migrate through the primitive streak towards the endoderm. The PGCs then embed themselves within the epithelium of the hind-gut and from there will migrate towards the mesoderm via the dorsal mesentery. There is then bilateral migration of the PGCs t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8188_chunk_0 | Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection | In mice, both males and females choose MHC-dissimilar partners. Mice develop the ability to identify family members during early growth and are known to avoid inbreeding with kin, which would support the MHC-mediated mate choice hypothesis for inbreeding avoidance.Fish are another group of vertebrates shown to display ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8189_chunk_0 | Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection | The results showed that the offspring of the artificially bred salmon were more infected with parasites: almost four times more than the naturally-spawned offspring were. In addition, wild offspring were more MHC-heterozygous than the artificially-bred offspring. These results support the Heterozygous Advantage hypothe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8190_chunk_0 | Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection | Atlantic salmon males have higher rates of successful fertilization when competing for eggs from females genetically similar at the class I genes of the MHC.Another species that exhibits MHC-associated cryptic choice is the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. In this case, however, it seems that sperm selection is more de... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8191_chunk_0 | Frataxin | In mice, complete inactivation of the FXN homolog (Frda) is lethal in the early embryonic stage. Although nearly all organisms express a frataxin homologue, the GAA repeat in intron 1 only exists in humans and other primates, so the mutation that causes FDRA can't occur naturally in other animals. Scientists have devel... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8192_chunk_0 | Frataxin | Another approach involves inserting a GAA expansion into the first intron of the mouse FXN gene, which should inhibit frataxin production, just like in humans. Mice that are homozygous for this modified gene are called KIKI (knock-in knock-in), and the compound heterozygotes formed by crossing KIKI mice with frataxin k... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8193_chunk_0 | Frataxin | The final approach involves creating transgenic mice with a GAA-expanded version of the human frataxin gene. These mice are called YG22R (one GAA sequence of 190 repeats) and YG22R (two GAA sequences of 90 and 190 repeats). These mice show symptoms similar to human patients.An overexpression of frataxin in Drosophila h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8194_chunk_0 | Frataxin | Fibroblasts from a mouse model of FRDA and FRDA patient fibroblasts show increased levels of DNA double-strand breaks. A lentivirus gene delivery system was used to deliver the frataxin gene to the FRDA mouse model and human patient cells, and this resulted in long-term restored expression of frataxin mRNA and frataxin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8195_chunk_0 | MIXL1 | In mice, knockout of Mixl1 has resulted in embryonic death at E.8.5 due abnormalities in axial morphogenesis and a disruption of definitive endoderm. Overexpression of Mixl1 resulted in impaired hematopoietic differentiation which results in acute myeloid leukemia. In humans Mixl1 has been detected in leukemic cells li... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8196_chunk_0 | Mef2 | In mice, knockout studies of Mef2c have demonstrated that crucial role that it plays in heart development. Mice without the Mef2c die during embryonic day 9.5–10 with major heart defects, including improper looping, outflow tract abnormalities, and complete lack of the right ventricle. This indicates improper different... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8197_chunk_0 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 | In mice, mutation of SMAD3 has been linked to colorectal adenocarcinoma, increased systemic inflammation, and accelerated wound healing. Studies have shown that mutations in SMAD3 gene promote colorectal cancer in mice. The altered activity of SMAD3 was linked to chronic inflammation and somatic mutations that contribu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8198_chunk_0 | Prenatal testosterone transfer | In mice, prenatal testosterone transfer causes higher blood concentrations of testosterone in 2M females when compared to 1M or 0M females. This has a variety of consequences on later female behavior, physiology, and morphology. Below is a table comparing physiological, morphological, and behavioral differences of 0M a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8199_chunk_0 | Agouti gene | In mice, the agouti gene encodes a paracrine signalling molecule that causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize the yellow pigment pheomelanin instead of the black or brown pigment eumelanin. Pleiotropic effects of constitutive expression of the mouse gene include adult-onset obesity, increased tumor susceptibilit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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