id stringlengths 14 19 | title stringlengths 1 124 | text stringlengths 12 2.83k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|
wiki_8500_chunk_0 | Satisfiability problem | In model theory, an atomic formula is satisfiable if there is a collection of elements of a structure that render the formula true. If A is a structure, φ is a formula, and a is a collection of elements, taken from the structure, that satisfy φ, then it is commonly written that A ⊧ φ If φ has no free variables, that is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8501_chunk_0 | Model-theoretic approach | In model theory, definable sets are important objects of study. For instance, in N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } the formula ∀ u ∀ v ( ∃ w ( x × w = u × v ) → ( ∃ w ( x × w = u ) ∨ ∃ w ( x × w = v ) ) ) ∧ x ≠ 0 ∧ x ≠ 1 {\displaystyle \forall u\forall v(\exists w(x\times w=u\times v)\rightarrow (\exists w(x\times w=u)\lo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8502_chunk_0 | Model-theoretic approach | Both of the definitions mentioned here are parameter-free, that is, the defining formulas don't mention any fixed domain elements. However, one can also consider definitions with parameters from the model. For instance, in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , the formula y = x × x + π {\displaystyle y=x\times x+\pi } uses ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8503_chunk_0 | Surjective homomorphism | In model theory, the notion of an algebraic structure is generalized to structures involving both operations and relations. Let L be a signature consisting of function and relation symbols, and A, B be two L-structures. Then a homomorphism from A to B is a mapping h from the domain of A to the domain of B such that h(F... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8504_chunk_0 | Shoenfield absoluteness theorem | In model theory, there are several general results and definitions related to absoluteness. A fundamental example of downward absoluteness is that universal sentences (those with only universal quantifiers) that are true in a structure are also true in every substructure of the original structure. Conversely, existenti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8505_chunk_0 | Strongly minimal theory | Strong minimality was one of the early notions in the new field of classification theory and stability theory that was opened up by Morley's theorem on totally categorical structures. The nontrivial standard examples of strongly minimal theories are the one-sorted theories of infinite-dimensional vector spaces, and the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8506_chunk_0 | Strongly minimal theory | Totally categorical theories are controlled by a strongly minimal set; this fact explains (and is used in the proof of) Morley's theorem. Boris Zilber conjectured that the only pregeometries that can arise from strongly minimal sets are those that arise in vector spaces, projective spaces, or algebraically closed field... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8507_chunk_0 | Fault isolation | The truth table defines how the controller reacts to detected faults, and the state chart defines how the controller switches between the different modes of operation (passive, active, standby, off, and isolated) of each actuator. For example, if a fault is detected in hydraulic system 1, then the truth table sends an ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8508_chunk_0 | Air-liquid interface cell culture | In modeling cancer and various other diseases, the stem cells in the basal layer of the tracheal epithelium (basal stem cells) were isolated and used in developing 3D organoids that could be used for various studies, including tumor studies. The cell culture method used involves the isolation of cells into culturing wi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8509_chunk_0 | Psychological typologies | In modeling of psychological systems the systematization and classification play a very important role. With the development of statistics in the description of weight of the trait (or type) in society, the character of the trait (type) distribution becomes very important. It is also important, if the distinctions of t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8510_chunk_0 | Psychological typologies | Some authors represent types as separate classes that exclude each other. Some others psychologists accept the theory of types as more or less detailed trait theory, defining the types as poles of one and same continuum between which people may be ranked by the law of normal distribution. The adepts of the third view b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8511_chunk_0 | Air-liquid interface cell culture | In modeling the pseudostratified epithelium in vitro, more cellular studies have been performed in order to determine the nature of the cells – their differentiation pathways, their growth mechanism, and their repair/response mechanism in the state of post-injury. One recent study has shown that differentiated cells in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8512_chunk_0 | Slow manifold | In modeling we aim to simplify enormously. This example uses a slow manifold to simplify the 'infinite dimensional' dynamics of a partial differential equation to a model of one ordinary differential equation. Consider a field u ( x , t ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)} undergoing the nonlinear diffusion ∂ u ∂ t = u ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8513_chunk_0 | Equant | This was later used as evidence for the zodiacal inequality, or the appearance of the sun to move at a rate that is not constant, with some parts of its orbit including it moving faster or slower. The sun's annual motion as understood by Greek astronomy up to this point did not account for this, as it assumed the sun h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8514_chunk_0 | Two-stream approximation | A practical benefit of the approach is that it reduces the computational cost of integrating the radiative transfer equation. The two-stream approximation is commonly used in parameterizations of radiative transport in global circulation models and in weather forecasting models, such as the WRF. There is a large number... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8515_chunk_0 | Moderating variable | In moderated regression analysis, a new interaction predictor ( x 1 x 2 {\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}} ) is calculated. However, the new interaction term may be correlated with the two main effects terms used to calculate it. This is the problem of multicollinearity in moderated regression. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8516_chunk_0 | Moderating variable | Multicollinearity tends to cause coefficients to be estimated with higher standard errors and hence greater uncertainty. Mean-centering (subtracting raw scores from the mean) may reduce multicollinearity, resulting in more interpretable regression coefficients. However, it does not affect the overall model fit. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8517_chunk_0 | Conservation of Angular Momentum | In modern (20th century) theoretical physics, angular momentum (not including any intrinsic angular momentum – see below) is described using a different formalism, instead of a classical pseudovector. In this formalism, angular momentum is the 2-form Noether charge associated with rotational invariance. As a result, an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8518_chunk_0 | Conservation of Angular Momentum | In Cartesian coordinates: or more compactly in index notation: The angular velocity can also be defined as an anti-symmetric second order tensor, with components ωij. The relation between the two anti-symmetric tensors is given by the moment of inertia which must now be a fourth order tensor: Again, this equation in L ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8519_chunk_0 | Chinese tea culture | In modern China, virtually every dwelling has a set of tea implements for brewing a cup of hot tea. They are symbols of welcome for visitors or neighbors. Traditionally, a visitor to a Chinese home is expected to sit down and drink tea while talking; visiting while remaining standing is considered uncouth. Folding the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8520_chunk_0 | Clinamen | In modern English clinamen is defined as an inclination or a bias. It implies that one is inclined or biased towards introducing a plausible but unprovable clinamen when a specific mechanism cannot be found to refute a credible argument against one's hypothesis or theory. The OED gives its first recorded use in English... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8521_chunk_0 | Clinamen | In addition, other French writers such as Simone de Beauvoir, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, Alain Badiou, Louis Althusser, and Michel Serres have made extensive use of the word 'clinamen' in their writings, albeit with very different meanings. Lucretius' concept is central to the book The Swerve: How ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8522_chunk_0 | Proper nouns | Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis" is often capitalized ("Cuban Missile Crisis") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its fu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8523_chunk_0 | Shibboleth | In modern English, a shibboleth can have a sociological meaning, referring to any in-group word or phrase that can distinguish members from outsiders. It is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean jargon, the proper use of which identifies speakers as members of a particular group or subculture. In information t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8524_chunk_0 | Sycophancy | In modern English, sycophant denotes an "insincere flatterer" and is used to refer to someone practising sycophancy (i.e., insincere flattery to gain advantage). The word has its origin in the legal system of Classical Athens. Most legal cases of the time were brought by private litigants as there was no police force a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8525_chunk_0 | Carpe diem | In modern English, the expression "YOLO", meaning "you only live once", expresses a similar sentiment.In the 1989 American film Dead Poets Society, the English teacher John Keating, played by Robin Williams, famously says: "Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary." Later, this line was voted as t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8526_chunk_0 | Field-Reversed Configuration | In modern FRC experiments, the plasma current that reverses the magnetic field can be induced in a variety of ways. When a field-reversed configuration is formed using the theta-pinch (or inductive electric field) method, a cylindrical coil first produces an axial magnetic field. Then the gas is pre-ionized, which "fre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8527_chunk_0 | Field-Reversed Configuration | The main field is raised further, compressing and heating the plasma and providing a vacuum field between the plasma and the wall.Neutral beams are known to drive current in Tokamaks by directly injecting charged particles. FRCs can also be formed, sustained, and heated by application of neutral beams. In such experime... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8528_chunk_0 | Field-Reversed Configuration | Neutral particles are then injected into the plasma. They ionize and the heavier, positively-charged particles form a current ring which reverses the magnetic field. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8529_chunk_0 | Field-Reversed Configuration | Spheromaks are FRC-like configurations with finite toroidal magnetic field. FRCs have been formed through the merging of spheromaks of opposite and canceling toroidal field.Rotating magnetic fields have also been used to drive current. In such experiments, as above, gas is ionized and an axial magnetic field is produce... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8530_chunk_0 | Field-Reversed Configuration | A rotating magnetic field is produced by external magnetic coils perpendicular to the axis of the machine, and the direction of this field is rotated about the axis. When the rotation frequency is between the ion and electron gyro-frequencies, the electrons in the plasma co-rotate with the magnetic field (are "dragged"... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8531_chunk_0 | Indo-European copula | In modern Gaelic, person inflections have almost disappeared, but the negative and interrogative are marked by distinctive forms. In Irish, particularly in the south, person inflections are still very common for the tá/bhí series. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8532_chunk_0 | Ancient Greek accent | In modern Greek the accent is for the most part in the same syllable of the words as it was in ancient Greek, but is one of stress rather than pitch, so that an accented syllable, such as the first syllable in the word ἄνθρωπος, can be pronounced sometimes on a high pitch, and sometimes on a low pitch. It is believed t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8533_chunk_0 | Rapid Application Development | E.g., the complexity of prototyping some of the most complex parts of the system. More projects completed on time and within budget. By focusing on the development of incremental units the chances for catastrophic failures that have dogged large waterfall projects is reduced. In the Waterfall model it was common to com... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8534_chunk_0 | Phono-semantic matching | For example, in the word 寿司 (sushi), the two characters are respectively read as su and shi, but the character 寿 means "one's natural life span" and 司 means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food – this is ateji. Conversely, in the word 煙草 (tabako) for "tobacco", the individual kanji respect... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8535_chunk_0 | Phono-semantic matching | A stock example is 倶楽部 (kurabu) for "club", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together-fun-place" (which has since been borrowed into Chinese during the early 20th century with the same meaning, including the individual characters, but with a pronunciation that differs considerably from th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8536_chunk_0 | Servo control | The PPM period was around 22.5 ms, and the conversion to PWM was trivial: the time of the PWM high state was the time position of the PPM pulse for that servo. Most RC receivers send pulses to the RC servo at some constant frame rate, changing only the high time. However, it is possible to command an RC servo to move o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8537_chunk_0 | Premarital sex | This has been attributed to numerous causes, including the increasing median age at marriage and the widespread availability of efficient contraceptives.According to a 2001 UNICEF survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two-thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8538_chunk_0 | Premarital sex | In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn't really want to do". Several polls have indica... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8539_chunk_0 | Premarital sex | Additionally, when comparing the General Social Survey of 1988–1996 to the one of 2004–2012, researchers found that participants of 2004–2012 did not report more sexual partners since the age of 18, nor more frequent sex or sex partners during the past year than those respondents of the 1988-1996 survey. Furthermore, t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8540_chunk_0 | Premarital sex | However, current-era respondents were more likely to report having sex with a casual date or friend than reporting having sex with a spouse or regular partner. From 1943 to 1999, attitudes toward premarital sex changed such that young women's approval increased from 12% to 73% and from 40% to 79% among young men. Peopl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8541_chunk_0 | Green agriculture | In modern agriculture, energy is used in on-farm mechanisation, food processing, storage, and transportation processes. It has therefore been found that energy prices are closely linked to food prices. Oil is also used as an input in agricultural chemicals. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8542_chunk_0 | Green agriculture | The International Energy Agency projects higher prices of non-renewable energy resources as a result of fossil fuel resources being depleted. It may therefore decrease global food security unless action is taken to 'decouple' fossil fuel energy from food production, with a move towards 'energy-smart' agricultural syste... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8543_chunk_0 | Ring of dual numbers | In modern algebra, the algebra of dual numbers is often defined as the quotient of a polynomial ring over the real numbers ( R ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} )} by the principal ideal generated by the square of the indeterminate, that is R / ⟨ X 2 ⟩ . {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /\left\langle X^{2}\right\rangle .} It ma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8544_chunk_0 | Zariski dense | In modern algebraic geometry, an algebraic variety is often represented by its associated scheme, which is a topological space (equipped with additional structures) that is locally homeomorphic to the spectrum of a ring. The spectrum of a commutative ring A, denoted Spec A, is the set of the prime ideals of A, equipped... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8545_chunk_0 | Zariski dense | Another way, perhaps more similar to the original, to interpret the modern definition is to realize that the elements of A can actually be thought of as functions on the prime ideals of A; namely, as functions on Spec A. Simply, any prime ideal P has a corresponding residue field, which is the field of fractions of the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8546_chunk_0 | Zariski dense | Since as shown above, the classical definition is essentially the modern definition with only maximal ideals considered, this shows that the interpretation of the modern definition as "zero sets of functions" agrees with the classical definition where they both make sense. Just as Spec replaces affine varieties, the Pr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8547_chunk_0 | Overcompleteness | In modern analysis in signal processing and other engineering field, various overcomplete frames are proposed and used. Here two common used frames, Gabor frames and wavelet frames, are introduced and discussed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8548_chunk_0 | Force control | In modern applications, so-called six-axis force/torque sensors are frequently used. These are mounted between the robot hand and the end effector and can record both forces and torques in all three spatial directions. For this purpose, they are equipped with six or more strain gauges (possibly strain measurement bridg... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8549_chunk_0 | Force control | Force/torque sensors contain a digital signal processor that continuously acquires and filters the sensor data (strain) in parallel, calculates the measurement data (forces/torques) and makes it available via the sensor's communication interface. The measured values correspond to the forces at the sensor and usually st... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8550_chunk_0 | Compound bow | In modern archery, a compound bow is a bow that uses a levering system, usually of cables and pulleys, to bend the limbs. The compound bow was first developed in 1966 by Holless Wilbur Allen in North Kansas City, Missouri, and a US patent was granted in 1969. Compound bows are widely used in target practice and hunting... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8551_chunk_0 | Compound bow | The pulley/cam system grants the user a mechanical advantage, and so the limbs of a compound bow are much stiffer than those of a recurve bow or longbow. This rigidity makes the compound bow more energy-efficient than traditional bows, as less energy is dissipated in limb movement. The higher-rigidity, more advanced co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8552_chunk_0 | Piloti | In modern architecture, pilotis are ground-level supporting columns. A prime example is Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye in Poissy, France. Another is Patrick Gwynne's The Homewood in Surrey, England. Beyond their support function, the pilotis (or piers) raise the architectural volume, lighten it and free a space for circul... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8553_chunk_0 | Wing (building) | In modern architecture, wings are often found on public buildings as well as business premises. Wings may have special functions. For example, hospitals frequently have different wings each with separate functions. Wings may be named after their function (e.g. the Cardiac Wing of Great Ormond Street Hospital), their or... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8554_chunk_0 | Peak meter | In modern audio equipment, peak meters are usually made up of a series of LEDs (small lights) that are placed in a vertical or horizontal bar and lit up sequentially as the signal increases. They typically have ranges of green, yellow, and red, to indicate when a signal is starting to overload. A meter can be implement... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8555_chunk_0 | Peak meter | Because of the mass of the moving parts and mechanics, the response time of these older meters could have been anywhere from a few milliseconds to a second or more. Thus, the meter might not ever accurately reflect the signal at every instant of time, but the constantly changing level, combined with the slower response... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8556_chunk_0 | Quantum dot dye | For single-particle tracking, the irregular blinking of quantum dots is a minor drawback. However, there have been groups which have developed quantum dots which are essentially nonblinking and demonstrated their utility in single-molecule tracking experiments.The use of quantum dots for highly sensitive cellular imagi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8557_chunk_0 | Quantum dot dye | Another application that takes advantage of the extraordinary photostability of quantum dot probes is the real-time tracking of molecules and cells over extended periods of time. Antibodies, streptavidin, peptides, DNA, nucleic acid aptamers, or small-molecule ligands can be used to target quantum dots to specific prot... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8558_chunk_0 | Quantum dot dye | One mechanism by which quantum dots can kill bacteria is through impairing the functions of antioxidative system in the cells and down regulating the antioxidative genes. In addition, quantum dots can directly damage the cell wall. Quantum dots have been shown to be effective against both gram- positive and gram-negati... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8559_chunk_0 | Quantum dot dye | The ability to image single-cell migration in real time is expected to be important to several research areas such as embryogenesis, cancer metastasis, stem cell therapeutics, and lymphocyte immunology. One application of quantum dots in biology is as donor fluorophores in Förster resonance energy transfer, where the l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8560_chunk_0 | Quantum dot dye | In the case of active targeting, quantum dots are functionalized with tumor-specific binding sites to selectively bind to tumor cells. Passive targeting uses the enhanced permeation and retention of tumor cells for the delivery of quantum dot probes. Fast-growing tumor cells typically have more permeable membranes than... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8561_chunk_0 | Quantum dot dye | Then again, only little is known about the excretion process of quantum dots from living organisms.In another potential application, quantum dots are being investigated as the inorganic fluorophore for intra-operative detection of tumors using fluorescence spectroscopy. Delivery of undamaged quantum dots to the cell cy... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8562_chunk_0 | Heliocentric universe | In modern calculations, the terms "geocentric" and "heliocentric" are often used to refer to reference frames. In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth, of the Earth–Moon system, of the Sun, of the Sun plus the major planets, or of the entire Solar System, can be selected. Right ascension and decli... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8563_chunk_0 | Heliocentric universe | In this heliocentric picture, any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun. A smaller body (either artificial or natural) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist – this effect can change the body's mechanical energy in heliocentric refer... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8564_chunk_0 | Heliocentric universe | It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model. From the point of view of general relativity, inertial reference frames do not exist at all, and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space-time, which can have higher or lower pr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8565_chunk_0 | Rear naked choke | In modern catch wrestling circles, the term "sleeper hold" refers to a variation of the rear naked choke in which the individual performing the hold snakes the leverage arm across the opponent's throat (in the same manner as the traditional rear naked choke) and grasps their opposite shoulder, rather than the biceps. T... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8566_chunk_0 | Mathematical formula | In modern chemistry, a chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes other symbols, such as parentheses, brackets, and plus (+) and minus (−) signs. For example, H... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8567_chunk_0 | Mathematical formula | In empirical formulas, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound—as ratios to the key element. For molecular compounds, these ratio numbers can always be expressed as whole numbers. For example, the empirical formula of ethanol may be written C2H6O... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8568_chunk_0 | Mathematical formula | Some types of ionic compounds, however, cannot be written as empirical formulas which contains only the whole numbers. An example is boron carbide, whose formula of CBn is a variable non-whole number ratio, with n ranging from over 4 to more than 6.5. When the chemical compound of the formula consists of simple molecul... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8569_chunk_0 | Mathematical formula | There are several types of these formulas, including molecular formulas and condensed formulas. A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 rather than the glucose empirical formula, which is CH2O. Except for the very simple s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8570_chunk_0 | Bubble gum | In modern chewing gum, if natural rubber such as chicle is used, it must pass several purity and cleanliness tests. However, most modern types of chewing gum use synthetic gum-based materials. These materials allow for longer lasting flavor, a softer texture, and a reduction in tackiness. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8571_chunk_0 | Vocative case | but suggests a positive personal and emotional bond between the speaker and the person being addressed. Names that end in -я then acquire a soft sign: "Оль!" = "Оля!" | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8572_chunk_0 | Gaussian channel | In modern communication systems, bandlimited AWGN cannot be ignored. When modeling bandlimited AWGN in the phasor domain, statistical analysis reveals that the amplitudes of the real and imaginary contributions are independent variables which follow the Gaussian distribution model. When combined, the resultant phasor's... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8573_chunk_0 | Pharmacophore | In modern computational chemistry, pharmacophores are used to define the essential features of one or more molecules with the same biological activity. A database of diverse chemical compounds can then be searched for more molecules which share the same features arranged in the same relative orientation. Pharmacophores... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8574_chunk_0 | Polarization function | In modern computational chemistry, quantum chemical calculations are performed using a finite set of basis functions. When the finite basis is expanded towards an (infinite) complete set of functions, calculations using such a basis set are said to approach the complete basis set (CBS) limit. In this context, basis fun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8575_chunk_0 | Polarization function | In such a basis, one-electron operators correspond to matrices (a.k.a. rank two tensors), whereas two-electron operators are rank four tensors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8576_chunk_0 | Polarization function | When molecular calculations are performed, it is common to use a basis composed of atomic orbitals, centered at each nucleus within the molecule (linear combination of atomic orbitals ansatz). The physically best motivated basis set are Slater-type orbitals (STOs), which are solutions to the Schrödinger equation of hyd... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8577_chunk_0 | Polarization function | Furthermore, S-type STOs also satisfy Kato's cusp condition at the nucleus, meaning that they are able to accurately describe electron density near the nucleus. However, hydrogen-like atoms lack many-electron interactions, thus the orbitals do not accurately describe electron state correlations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8578_chunk_0 | Polarization function | Unfortunately, calculating integrals with STOs is computationally difficult and it was later realized by Frank Boys that STOs could be approximated as linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals (GTOs) instead. Because the product of two GTOs can be written as a linear combination of GTOs, integrals with Gaussian bas... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8579_chunk_0 | Polarization function | Basis sets typically come in hierarchies of increasing size, giving a controlled way to obtain more accurate solutions, however at a higher cost. The smallest basis sets are called minimal basis sets. A minimal basis set is one in which, on each atom in the molecule, a single basis function is used for each orbital in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8580_chunk_0 | Polarization function | For atoms such as lithium, basis functions of p type are also added to the basis functions that correspond to the 1s and 2s orbitals of the free atom, because lithium also has a 1s2p bound state. For example, each atom in the second period of the periodic system (Li – Ne) would have a basis set of five functions (two s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8581_chunk_0 | Polarization function | In the next level, additional functions are added to describe polarization of the electron density of the atom in molecules. These are called polarization functions. For example, while the minimal basis set for hydrogen is one function approximating the 1s atomic orbital, a simple polarized basis set typically has two ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8582_chunk_0 | Polarization function | This adds flexibility to the basis set, effectively allowing molecular orbitals involving the hydrogen atom to be more asymmetric about the hydrogen nucleus. This is very important for modeling chemical bonding, because the bonds are often polarized. Similarly, d-type functions can be added to a basis set with valence ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8583_chunk_0 | Polarization function | Another common addition to basis sets is the addition of diffuse functions. These are extended Gaussian basis functions with a small exponent, which give flexibility to the "tail" portion of the atomic orbitals, far away from the nucleus. Diffuse basis functions are important for describing anions or dipole moments, bu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8584_chunk_0 | QR algorithm | In modern computational practice, the QR algorithm is performed in an implicit version which makes the use of multiple shifts easier to introduce. The matrix is first brought to upper Hessenberg form A 0 = Q A Q T {\displaystyle A_{0}=QAQ^{\mathsf {T}}} as in the explicit version; then, at each step, the first column o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8585_chunk_0 | Sense amplifier | In modern computer memory, a sense amplifier is one of the elements which make up the circuitry on a semiconductor memory chip (integrated circuit); the term itself dates back to the era of magnetic core memory. A sense amplifier is part of the read circuitry that is used when data is read from the memory; its role is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8586_chunk_0 | Binary variable | In modern computers, binary data refers to any data represented in binary form rather than interpreted on a higher level or converted into some other form. At the lowest level, bits are stored in a bistable device such as a flip-flop. While most binary data has symbolic meaning (except for don't cares) not all binary d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8587_chunk_0 | Binary variable | Some binary data corresponds to computer instructions, such as the data within processor registers decoded by the control unit along the fetch-decode-execute cycle. Computers rarely modify individual bits for performance reasons. Instead, data is aligned in groups of a fixed number of bits, usually 1 byte (8 bits). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8588_chunk_0 | Binary variable | Hence, "binary data" in computers are actually sequences of bytes. On a higher level, data is accessed in groups of 1 word (4 bytes) for 32-bit systems and 2 words for 64-bit systems. In applied computer science and in the information technology field, the term binary data is often specifically opposed to text-based da... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8589_chunk_0 | Binary variable | The "text" vs. "binary" distinction can sometimes refer to the semantic content of a file (e.g. a written document vs. a digital image). However, it often refers specifically to whether the individual bytes of a file are interpretable as text (see character encoding) or cannot so be interpreted. When this last meaning ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8590_chunk_0 | Binary variable | Semantically textual data can be represented in binary format (e.g. when compressed or in certain formats that intermix various sorts of formatting codes, as in the doc format used by Microsoft Word); contrarily, image data is sometimes represented in textual format (e.g. the X PixMap image format used in the X Window ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8591_chunk_0 | Binary variable | There are many different ways to store two voltage levels. If you have seen floppy, then you will find a magnetic tape that has a coating of ferromagnetic material, this is a type of paramagnetic material that has domains aligned in a particular direction to give a remnant magnetic field even after removal of currents ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8592_chunk_0 | Kludge | Another type of kludge is the evasion of an unknown problem or bug in a computer program. Rather than continue to struggle to diagnose and fix the bug, the programmer may write additional code to compensate. For example, if a variable keeps ending up doubled, a kludge may be to add later code that divides by two rather... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8593_chunk_0 | Unity of consciousness | In modern connectionism cognitive neuroarchitectures are developed (e.g. “Oscillatory Networks”, “Integrated Connectionist/Symbolic (ICS) Cognitive Architecture”, “Holographic Reduced Representations (HRRs)”, “Neural Engineering Framework (NEF)”) that solve the binding problem by means of integrative synchronization me... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8594_chunk_0 | Adverse selection | Adverse selection models with private values can also be further categorized by distinguishing between models with one-sided private information and two-sided private information. The most prominent result in the latter case is the Myerson-Satterthwaite theorem. More recently, contract-theoretic adverse selection model... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8595_chunk_0 | Diffusion damping | In modern cosmological theory, diffusion damping, also called photon diffusion damping, is a physical process which reduced density inequalities (anisotropies) in the early universe, making the universe itself and the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) more uniform. Around 300,000 years after the Big Bang, dur... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8596_chunk_0 | Diffusion damping | The strength of the diffusion damping is chiefly governed by the distance photons travel before being scattered (diffusion length). The primary effects on the diffusion length are from the properties of the plasma in question: different sorts of plasma may experience different sorts of diffusion damping. The evolution ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8597_chunk_0 | Cotton ginning | The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating, spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton. Finer foreign material, such as soil and leaves, passes through rods or screens for removal. The stick machine uses centrifugal force to remove larger foreign matter, such as sticks and burrs, while the cotton is held ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8598_chunk_0 | Cotton ginning | The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of "ginning ribs", which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs. The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via an auger conveyor system. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8599_chunk_0 | Null encryption | In modern cryptography, null encryption (or selecting null cipher or NONE cipher) is choosing not to use encryption in a system where various encryption options are offered. When this option is used, the text is the same before and after encryption, which can be practical for testing/debugging, or authentication-only c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.