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wiki_8600_chunk_0 | Deep homology | In modern day biology, the depth of understanding deep homology has evolved into focusing on the molecular and genetic mechanisms and functions rather than simple morphology. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of cells within a tumor that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into different cell types... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8601_chunk_0 | Bonini's paradox | This same paradox was observed earlier from a quote by philosopher-poet Paul Valéry (1871–1945): "Ce qui est simple est toujours faux. Ce qui ne l’est pas est inutilisable". ("If it's simple, it's always false. If it's not, it's unusable.") Also, the same topic has been discussed by Richard Levins in his classic essay ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8602_chunk_0 | Flyback transformer | In modern displays, the LOPT, voltage multiplier, and rectifier are often integrated into a single package on the main circuit board. There is usually a thickly insulated wire from the LOPT to the anode terminal (covered by a rubber cap) on the side of the picture tube. One advantage of operating the transformer at the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8603_chunk_0 | Hip roof | In modern domestic architecture, hip roofs are commonly seen in bungalows and cottages, and have been integral to styles such as the American Foursquare. However, they have been used in many styles of architecture and in a wide array of structures. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8604_chunk_0 | Double clad fiber | Using this method, modern fiber lasers can produce continuous power up to several kilowatts, while the signal light in the core maintains near diffraction-limited beam quality.The shape of the cladding is very important, especially when the core diameter is small compared to the size of the inner cladding. Circular sym... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8605_chunk_0 | Four-gradient | In modern elementary particle physics, one can define a gauge covariant derivative which utilizes the extra RQM fields (internal particle spaces) now known to exist. The version known from classical EM (in natural units) is:: 39 The full covariant derivative for the fundamental interactions of the Standard Model that w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8606_chunk_0 | Desmodromic valve | This can lead to several problems. First,the valve does not completely return to its seat before combustion begins. This allows combustion gases to escape prematurely, leading to a reduction in cylinder pressure which causes a major decrease in engine performance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8607_chunk_0 | Desmodromic valve | This increases the seat pressure of the valve (the static pressure that holds the valve closed). This is beneficial at higher engine speeds because of a reduction in the aforementioned valve float. The drawback is that the engine has to work harder to open the valve at all engine speeds. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8608_chunk_0 | Desmodromic valve | The higher spring pressure causes greater friction (hence temperature and wear) in the valvetrain. The desmodromic system avoids this problem, because it does not have to overcome the force of the spring. It must still overcome the inertia of the valve opening and closing, and that depends on the mass distribution of t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8609_chunk_0 | Okenane | Many believe that this time had deeply penetrating oxic water columns because of the disappearance of banded iron formations roughly 1.8 billion years ago. Others, spearheaded by Donald Canfield's 1998 Nature paper, believe that waters were euxinic. Examining rocks from the time uncovered biomarkers of both purple and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8610_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be successfully explained by application of Bernoulli's principle, even though no real fluid is entirely inviscid, and a small viscosity often has a large effect on the flow. Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil, if the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8611_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good approximation) using Bernoulli's equations, which were established by Bernoulli over a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight.The carburetor used in m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8612_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | The pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed indicator, which determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft. Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8613_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | : § 3.8 A De Laval nozzle utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by turning pressure energy generated by the combustion of propellants into velocity. This then generates thrust by way of Newton's third law of motion. The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi meter or an orific... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8614_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows that for an incompressible fluid, the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. Subsequently, Bernoulli's principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the pressure in the reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8615_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation and is found to be proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid in the tank. This is Torricelli's law, which is compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Increased viscosity lowers t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8616_chunk_0 | Bernoulli's equation | During a cricket match, bowlers continually polish one side of the ball. After some time, one side is quite rough and the other is still smooth. Hence, when the ball is bowled and passes through air, the speed on one side of the ball is faster than on the other, and this results in a pressure difference between the sid... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8617_chunk_0 | Developmental bias | In modern evolutionary biology, the idea of developmental bias is embedded into a current of thought called Structuralism, which emphasizes the role of the organism as a causal force of evolutionary change. In the Structuralist view, phenotypic evolution is the result of the action of natural selection on previously ‘f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8618_chunk_0 | Developmental bias | For a mutation to readily alter a phenotype, and hence be visible to natural selection, it has to modify the ontogenetic trajectory, a process referred to as developmental reprogramming. Some kinds of reprogramming are more likely to occur than others given the nature of the genotype–phenotype map, which determines the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8619_chunk_0 | Metal expansion joint | Each cylinder forms a pressure-tight and closed "wall". The main advantages of multi-walled bellows: Resistance to high and very high pressures Large movement absorption Small dimensions Small adjusting force rates Optimal compensation in a very small space Early leak indication (in case of damage) via standard check h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8620_chunk_0 | Head shaving | For the majority of the crime drama series Breaking Bad, often regarded as one of the greatest TV series of all time, the aforementioned Walter White (played by Bryan Cranston) wore a Van Dyke with a shaved head, contributing to the character's iconic status.In futuristic settings, shaved heads are often associated wit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8621_chunk_0 | Social learning theory | In modern field of computational intelligence, the social learning theory is adopted to develop a new computer optimization algorithm, the social learning algorithm. Emulating the observational learning and reinforcement behaviors, a virtual society deployed in the algorithm seeks the strongest behavioral patterns with... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8622_chunk_0 | Social learning theory | First, since the self-improvement through learning is more direct and rapid than the evolution process, the social learning algorithm can improve the efficiency of the algorithms mimicking natural evolution. Second, compared with the interaction and learning behaviors in animal groups, the social learning process of hu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8623_chunk_0 | Social learning theory | Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the social learning algorithm, which has in turn also verified through computer simulations the outcomes of the social learning behavior in human society.Another example is the social cognitive optimization, which is a population-based metaheuri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8624_chunk_0 | Sinking fund | In modern finance, a sinking fund is, generally, a method by which an organization sets aside money over time to retire its indebtedness. More specifically, it is a fund into which money can be deposited, so that over time preferred stock, debentures or stocks can be retired. See also "sinking fund provision" under Bon... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8625_chunk_0 | Long-term asset | In modern financial accounting usage, the term fixed assets can be ambiguous. Instead, the term non-current assets (used by the IFRS and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) XBRL reporting taxonomies) is preferred when referring to assets that will not be liquidated in the current fiscal period. Specifi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8626_chunk_0 | Long-term asset | A baking firm's current assets would be its inventory (flour, yeast, etc.), the value of sales owed to the firm from credit extended (i.e. debtors or accounts receivable), and cash held in the bank. Its non-current assets would be the oven used to bake bread, motor vehicles used to transport deliveries, and cash regist... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8627_chunk_0 | Long-term asset | Non-current (fixed) assets are items of value that the organization has bought and will use for an extended period of time, typically including land and buildings, motor vehicles, furniture, office equipment, computers, fixtures and fittings, and plant and machinery. These often receive a favorable tax treatment (in th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8628_chunk_0 | Klopman-Salem equation | In modern form, the Klopman-Salem equation is commonly given as Δ E = ( − ∑ a , b ( q a + q b ) β a b S a b ) + ( ∑ k < ℓ Q k Q ℓ ε R k ℓ ) + ( ∑ r o c c . ∑ s u n o c c . − ∑ s o c c . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8629_chunk_0 | Klopman-Salem equation | ∑ r u n o c c . 2 ( ∑ a , b c r a c s b β a b ) 2 E r − E s ) {\displaystyle \Delta E={\Big (}-\sum _{a,b}(q_{a}+q_{b})\beta _{ab}S_{ab}{\Big )}+{\Big (}\sum _{k<\ell }{\frac {Q_{k}Q_{\ell }}{\varepsilon R_{k\ell }}}{\Big )}+{\Big (}\sum _{r}^{\mathrm {occ.} }\sum _{s}^{\mathrm {unocc.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8630_chunk_0 | Klopman-Salem equation | }-\sum _{s}^{\mathrm {occ.} }\sum _{r}^{\mathrm {unocc.} }{\frac {2(\sum _{a,b}c_{ra}c_{sb}\beta _{ab})^{2}}{E_{r}-E_{s}}}{\Big )}} ,where q a {\displaystyle q_{a}} is the electron population in atomic orbital a, β a b {\displaystyle \beta _{ab}} , S a b {\displaystyle S_{ab}} are the resonance and overlap integrals fo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8631_chunk_0 | Klopman-Salem equation | The second term describes the Coulombic attraction or repulsion between the atoms of the reactants (ionic contribution, electrostatic effects). Finally, the third term accounts for all possible interactions between the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (two-electron filled-unfilled interaction... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8632_chunk_0 | Klopman-Salem equation | Because of the difference in MO energies appearing in the denominator of the third term, energetically close orbitals make the biggest contribution. Hence, approximately speaking, analysis can often be simplified by considering only the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (the HOM... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8633_chunk_0 | Particle (grammar) | In modern grammar, a particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., it does not have its own lexical definition. According to this definition, particles are a separate part of speech and are distinct from other classes of function words, such as articles, prepos... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8634_chunk_0 | Façade | In modern high-rise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls. The façade can at times be required to have a fire-resistance rating, for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8635_chunk_0 | Façade | The extended use of new materials, like polymers, resulted in an increase of high-rise building façade fires over the past few years, since they are more flammable than traditional materials. Some building codes also limit the percentage of window area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the perimet... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8636_chunk_0 | Extrinsic mortality | In modern human populations, life expectancy has increased greatly due to advances in medicine lowering death in childbirth and preventing fatal childhood infections. This has led to a shift in the distribution of death from younger to older people, and was accompanied by a transition from extrinsic factors in death to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8637_chunk_0 | Human vestigiality | It does not however seem to have much digestive function, if any, and is not present in all herbivores, even those with large caeca. As shown in the accompanying pictures however, the human appendix typically is about comparable to that of the rabbit's in size, though the caecum is reduced to a single bulge where the i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8638_chunk_0 | Human vestigiality | In line with the possibility of vestigial organs developing new functions, some research suggests that the appendix may guard against the loss of symbiotic bacteria that aid in digestion, though that is unlikely to be a novel function, given the presence of vermiform appendices in many herbivores. Intestinal bacterial ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8639_chunk_0 | Homing torpedo | In modern language, a "torpedo" is an underwater self-propelled explosive, but historically, the term also applied to primitive naval mines and spar torpedoes. These were used on an ad hoc basis during the early modern period up to the late 19th century. In the early 17th century, torpedoes were created by the Dutchman... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8640_chunk_0 | Newtonian gravitational theory | In modern language, the law states the following: Assuming SI units, F is measured in newtons (N), m1 and m2 in kilograms (kg), r in meters (m), and the constant G is 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2. The value of the constant G was first accurately determined from the results of the Cavendish experiment conducted by the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8641_chunk_0 | Dynamic scoping | In modern languages, macro expansion in a preprocessor is a key example of de facto dynamic scope. The macro language itself only transforms the source code, without resolving names, but since the expansion is done in place, when the names in the expanded text are then resolved (notably free variables), they are resolv... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8642_chunk_0 | Wave theory | In modern linguistics, the wave model has contributed greatly to improve, but not supersede, the tree model approach of the comparative method. Some scholars have even proposed that the wave model does not complement the tree model but should replace it for the representation of language genealogy. The recent works hav... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8643_chunk_0 | Input hypothesis | In modern linguistics, there are many theories as to how humans are able to develop language ability. According to Stephen Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis, there are two independent ways in which we develop our linguistic skills: acquisition and learning. This theory is at the core of modern language acquisit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8644_chunk_0 | Input hypothesis | Acquisition of language is a natural, intuitive, and subconscious process of which individuals need not be aware. One is unaware of the process as it is happening and, when the new knowledge is acquired, the acquirer generally does not realize that they possess any new knowledge. According to Krashen, both adults and c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8645_chunk_0 | Input hypothesis | This process is similar to the process that children undergo when learning their native language. Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, during which the acquirer is focused on meaning rather than form.Learning a language, on the other hand, is a conscious process, much like what one experi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8646_chunk_0 | Proposition (logic) | A formal language begins with different types of symbols. These types can include variables, operators, function symbols, predicate (or relation) symbols, quantifiers, and propositional constants. (Grouping symbols such as delimiters are often added for convenience in using the language, but do not play a logical role.... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8647_chunk_0 | Proposition (logic) | Symbols are concatenated together according to recursive rules, in order to construct strings to which truth-values will be assigned. The rules specify how the operators, function and predicate symbols, and quantifiers are to be concatenated with other strings. A proposition is then a string with a specific form. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8648_chunk_0 | Proposition (logic) | The form that a proposition takes depends on the type of logic. The type of logic called propositional, sentential, or statement logic includes only operators and propositional constants as symbols in its language. The propositions in this language are propositional constants, which are considered atomic propositions, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8649_chunk_0 | Proposition (logic) | Application here is simply a short way of saying that the corresponding concatenation rule has been applied. The types of logics called predicate, quantificational, or n-order logic include variables, operators, predicate and function symbols, and quantifiers as symbols in their languages. The propositions in these log... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8650_chunk_0 | Proposition (logic) | First, one typically starts by defining a term as follows: A variable, or A function symbol applied to the number of terms required by the function symbol's arity.For example, if + is a binary function symbol and x, y, and z are variables, then x+(y+z) is a term, which might be written with the symbols in various order... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8651_chunk_0 | Zero address arithmetic | In modern machines, the time to fetch a variable from the data cache is often several times longer than the time needed for basic ALU operations. A program runs faster without stalls if its memory loads can be started several cycles before the instruction that needs that variable. Complex machines can do this with a de... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8652_chunk_0 | Zero address arithmetic | Stack machines can work around the memory delay by either having a deep out-of-order execution pipeline covering many instructions at once, or more likely, they can permute the stack such that they can work on other workloads while the load completes, or they can interlace the execution of different program threads, as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8653_chunk_0 | Topographic Map | In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8654_chunk_0 | Topographic Map | A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines the map projection, coordinate system, ellipsoid and geodetic datum. Official topographic maps also adopt a national grid referencing system. Natural Resou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8655_chunk_0 | Socioeconomic inequality | In modern market economies, if competition is imperfect; information unevenly distributed; opportunities to acquire education and skills unequal; market failure results. Many such imperfect conditions exist in virtually every market. According to Joseph Stiglitz this means that there is an enormous potential role for g... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8656_chunk_0 | Abelian number field | The fundamental result of general class field theory states that the group G is naturally isomorphic to the profinite completion of CK, the multiplicative group of a local field or the idele class group of the global field, with respect to the natural topology on CK related to the specific structure of the field K. Equ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8657_chunk_0 | Abelian number field | In this case the reciprocity isomorphism of class field theory (or Artin reciprocity map) also admits an explicit description due to the Kronecker–Weber theorem. However, principal constructions of such more detailed theories for small algebraic number fields are not extendable to the general case of algebraic number f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8658_chunk_0 | IM 67118 | It must be emphasized, however, that the modern notation for equations and the practice of representing parameters and unknowns by letters were unheard of in ancient times. It is now widely accepted as a result of Jens Høyrup's extensive analysis of the vocabulary of Old Babylonian mathematics, that underlying the proc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8659_chunk_0 | IM 67118 | Høyrup argues that the cut-and paste geometry would have been performed in some medium other than clay, perhaps in sand or on a "dust abacus", at least in the early stages of a scribe's training before mental facility with geometric calculation had been developed.Friberg does describe some tablets containing drawings o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8660_chunk_0 | Principle of the excluded middle | In set theory, such a self-referential paradox can be constructed by examining the set "the set of all sets that do not contain themselves". This set is unambiguously defined, but leads to a Russell's paradox: does the set contain, as one of its elements, itself? However, in the modern Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, this... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8661_chunk_0 | Physical space | In modern mathematics spaces are defined as sets with some added structure. They are frequently described as different types of manifolds, which are spaces that locally approximate to Euclidean space, and where the properties are defined largely on local connectedness of points that lie on the manifold. There are howev... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8662_chunk_0 | Euclid's lemma | In modern mathematics, a common proof involves Bézout's identity, which was unknown at Euclid's time. Bézout's identity states that if x and y are coprime integers (i.e. they share no common divisors other than 1 and −1) there exist integers r and s such that r x + s y = 1. {\displaystyle rx+sy=1.} Let a and n be copri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8663_chunk_0 | Euclid's lemma | By Bézout's identity, there are r and s such that r n + s a = 1. {\displaystyle rn+sa=1.} Multiply both sides by b: r n b + s a b = b . {\displaystyle rnb+sab=b.} The first term on the left is divisible by n, and the second term is divisible by ab, which by hypothesis is divisible by n. Therefore their sum, b, is also ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8664_chunk_0 | Straight line | In modern mathematics, given the multitude of geometries, the concept of a line is closely tied to the way the geometry is described. For instance, in analytic geometry, a line in the plane is often defined as the set of points whose coordinates satisfy a given linear equation, but in a more abstract setting, such as i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8665_chunk_0 | Straight line | One advantage to this approach is the flexibility it gives to users of the geometry. Thus in differential geometry, a line may be interpreted as a geodesic (shortest path between points), while in some projective geometries, a line is a 2-dimensional vector space (all linear combinations of two independent vectors). Th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8666_chunk_0 | Metric distance | In modern mathematics, one often studies spaces whose points are themselves mathematical objects. A distance function on such a space generally aims to measure the dissimilarity between two objects. Here are some examples: Functions to a metric space. If X is any set and M is a metric space, then the set of all bounded... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8667_chunk_0 | Metric distance | If M is complete, then this function space is complete as well; moreover, if X is also a topological space, then the subspace consisting of all bounded continuous functions from X to M is also complete. When X is a subspace of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , this function space is known as a classical Wiener spa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8668_chunk_0 | Grandi's series | In modern mathematics, the sum of an infinite series is defined to be the limit of the sequence of its partial sums, if it exists. The sequence of partial sums of Grandi's series is 1, 0, 1, 0, ..., which clearly does not approach any number (although it does have two accumulation points at 0 and 1). Therefore, Grandi'... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8669_chunk_0 | Grandi's series | Otherwise these operations can alter the result of summation. Further, the terms of Grandi's series can be rearranged to have its accumulation points at any interval of two or more consecutive integer numbers, not only 0 or 1. For instance, the series 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 − ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8670_chunk_0 | Tourbillon | In modern mechanical watch designs, production of a highly accurate watch does not require a tourbillon. There is even debate amongst horologists as to whether tourbillons ever improved the accuracy of mechanical watches, even when first introduced, or whether the watches of the day were inherently inaccurate due to de... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8671_chunk_0 | Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility | In modern medicine there are multiple options to limit the effect of cancer treatment on fertility. One of the preventative measures in females is transposition of gonadal organs further from local therapeutic agents with a success rate over 90%. Another less invasive method used for many years is lead shielding of gon... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8672_chunk_0 | Fashion merchandising | In modern merchandising, distribution responsibilities are absent, and focus is placed on planning and analysis. A separate team is tasked with distribution. Large organizations separate merchandisers by type. There are retail merchandisers and product merchandisers. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8673_chunk_0 | Fashion merchandising | Modern Structure Many large organizations have concluded that distribution requires highly detailed work and that it is necessary to have a team specifically for that purpose. This is due to the fine details of allocation, which require focus on aspects such as colour and sizes for a specific store. This approach not o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8674_chunk_0 | Fashion merchandising | Organizations that do not conduct distribution this way risk losing control of their stock at both the highest and lowest level. This is a result of the lack of uniformity and oversight. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8675_chunk_0 | Fashion merchandising | The distribution team specializes not only in managing distribution, but they are also focused on sales and profit. They employ detailed, accurate information about distribution points sourced from product planners. They possess the ability to manage dynamic stock demands. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8676_chunk_0 | Fashion merchandising | They partner with buyers and merchandisers for any necessary repeat buying. Though they are positioned to manage stock, they still operate within the limits of the buying plan, and merchandisers ensure they remain within this realm. Buyers provide guidelines for distribution, such as the type of stores where product sh... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8677_chunk_0 | Moral consciousness | In modern moral psychology, morality is sometimes considered to change through personal development. Several psychologists have produced theories on the development of morals, usually going through stages of different morals. Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget, and Elliot Turiel have cognitive-developmental approaches to m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8678_chunk_0 | Moral consciousness | In the Ethics of care approach established by Carol Gilligan, moral development occurs in the context of caring, mutually responsive relationships which are based on interdependence, particularly in parenting but also in social relationships generally. Social psychologists such as Martin Hoffman and Jonathan Haidt emph... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8679_chunk_0 | Moral consciousness | As an alternative to viewing morality as an individual trait, some sociologists as well as social- and discursive psychologists have taken upon themselves to study the in-vivo aspects of morality by examining how persons conduct themselves in social interaction.A new study analyses the common perception of a decline in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8680_chunk_0 | Mass amateurization | In modern news, social media has become a major source of amateur reporting. The Arab Spring is believed to have been aided by citizen journalism that was reported using and disseminated by Facebook and Twitter. The Top 15 Most Popular Social Media Sites range from 15 million users to 900 million users, and as their us... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8681_chunk_0 | DMA attack | In modern operating systems, non-system (i.e. user-mode) applications are prevented from accessing any memory locations not explicitly authorized by the virtual memory controller (called memory management unit (MMU)). In addition to containing damage that may be caused by software flaws and allowing more efficient use ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8682_chunk_0 | Font rendering | On the other hand, the standard Microsoft rasterizer without ClearType is an example of one that prioritizes type designer's intent of clarity; by forcing text into integral coordinate positions, following the type designer's intent of hinting, and even not antialiasing certain fonts at certain sizes, following the typ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8683_chunk_0 | Release Consistency | In modern parallel computing systems, memory consistency must be maintained to avoid undesirable outcomes. Strict consistency models like sequential consistency are intuitively composed but can be quite restrictive in terms of performance as they would disable instruction level parallelism which is widely applied in se... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8684_chunk_0 | Tests of relativistic energy and momentum | In modern particle accelerators at high energies, the predictions of special relativity are routinely confirmed, and are necessary for the design and theoretical evaluation of collision experiments, especially in the ultrarelativistic limit. For instance, time dilation must be taken into account to understand the dynam... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8685_chunk_0 | Physical force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8686_chunk_0 | Physical force | : 199–128 While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe them through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8687_chunk_0 | Physical force | World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the ca... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8688_chunk_0 | Cosmological Principle | In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is equally distributed and isotropic when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act equally throughout the universes on a large scale, and should, therefore, produce ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8689_chunk_0 | Future null infinity | In modern physics (especially general relativity) spacetime is represented by a Lorentzian manifold. The causal relations between points in the manifold are interpreted as describing which events in spacetime can influence which other events. The causal structure of an arbitrary (possibly curved) Lorentzian manifold is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8690_chunk_0 | Hamar experiment | In modern physics (which is based on the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics), the aether as a "material substance" with a "state of motion" no longer plays any role. So questions concerning a possible "aether drag" are no longer considered meaningful by the scientific community. However, frame-dragging as predi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8691_chunk_0 | Anti matter | In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge, parity, and time, known as CPT reversal. Antimatter occurs in natural processes like cosmic ray collisions and some ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8692_chunk_0 | Anti matter | In theory, a particle and its antiparticle (for example, a proton and an antiproton) have the same mass, but opposite electric charge, and other differences in quantum numbers. A collision between any particle and its anti-particle partner leads to their mutual annihilation, giving rise to various proportions of intens... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8693_chunk_0 | Anti matter | If surrounding matter is present, the energy content of this radiation will be absorbed and converted into other forms of energy, such as heat or light. The amount of energy released is usually proportional to the total mass of the collided matter and antimatter, in accordance with the notable mass–energy equivalence e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8694_chunk_0 | Anti matter | The nuclei of antihelium have been artificially produced, albeit with difficulty, and are the most complex anti-nuclei so far observed. Physical principles indicate that complex antimatter atomic nuclei are possible, as well as anti-atoms corresponding to the known chemical elements. There is strong evidence that the o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8695_chunk_0 | Gravitational physics | In modern physics, general relativity remains the framework for the understanding of gravity. Physicists continue to work to find solutions to the Einstein field equations that form the basis of general relativity, while some scientists have speculated that general relativity may not be applicable at all in certain sce... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8696_chunk_0 | Slit experiment | In modern physics, the double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and matter can satisfy the seemingly-incongruous classical definitions for both waves and particles, which is considered evidence for the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. This type of experiment was first performed by Thomas Y... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8697_chunk_0 | Slit experiment | In 1927, Davisson and Germer and, independently George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid demonstrated that electrons show the same behavior, which was later extended to atoms and molecules. Thomas Young's experiment with light was part of classical physics long before the development of quantum mechanics and the concept... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8698_chunk_0 | Slit experiment | The experiment belongs to a general class of "double path" experiments, in which a wave is split into two separate waves (the wave is typically made of many photons and better referred to as a wave front, not to be confused with the wave properties of the individual photon) that later combine into a single wave. Change... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8699_chunk_0 | Slit experiment | The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through the two slits to interfere, producing bright and dark bands on the screen – a result that would not be expected if light consisted of classical particles. However, the light is always found to be absorbed at the screen at discrete points, as individual par... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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