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Green's function
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Table of Green's functions
The following table gives an overview of Green's functions of frequently appearing differential operators, where , , is the Heaviside step function, is a Bessel function, is a modified Bessel function of the first kind, and is a modified Bessel function of the second kind. Where time () appears in the first column, the advanced (causal) Green's function is listed. Green's functions for the Laplacian
Green's functions for linear differential operators involving the Laplacian may be readily put to use using the second of Green's identities.
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wikipedia
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wiki_36168_chunk_19
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John Corcoran (logician)
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Honors and awards
Festschrift special double issue of History and Philosophy of Logic 1999 (Eds. M. Scanlan and S. Shapiro);
Exceptional Scholar Award from the University at Buffalo 2002;
Doctor Honoris Causa from University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) 2003;
Corcoran Symposium, University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) 2003.
Corcoran Colloquium, University at Buffalo, October 2010.
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wikipedia
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wiki_1603_chunk_41
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Rete algorithm
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This article does not provide an exhaustive description of every possible variation or extension of the Rete algorithm. Other considerations and innovations exist. For example, engines may provide specialised support within the Rete network in order to apply pattern-matching rule processing to specific data types and sources such as programmatic objects, XML data or relational data tables. Another example concerns additional time-stamping facilities provided by many engines for each WME entering a Rete network, and the use of these time-stamps in conjunction with conflict resolution strategies. Engines exhibit significant variation in the way they allow programmatic access to the engine and its working memory, and may extend the basic Rete model to support forms of parallel and distributed processing.
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wikipedia
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wiki_9494_chunk_15
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Grand Prix tennis circuit
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1980
1. John McEnroe
2. Ivan Lendl
3. Jimmy Connors
4. Björn Borg
5. Gene Mayer
6. Harold Solomon
7. Guillermo Vilas
8. José Luis Clerc
9. Eliot Teltscher
10. Brian Teacher
1981
1. Ivan Lendl
2. John McEnroe
3. Jimmy Connors
4. José Luis Clerc
5. Guillermo Vilas
6. Björn Borg
7. Roscoe Tanner
8. Eliot Teltscher
9. Vitas Gerulaitis
10. Yannick Noah
1982
1. Jimmy Connors
2. Guillermo Vilas
3. Ivan Lendl
4. John McEnroe
5. Mats Wilander
6. Vitas Gerulaitis
7. José Higueras
8. Johan Kriek
9. Andrés Gómez
10. Steve Denton
1983
1. Mats Wilander
2. Ivan Lendl
3. John McEnroe
4. Jimmy Connors
5. Yannick Noah
6. Jimmy Arias
7. José Higueras
8. Andrés Gómez
9. José Luis Clerc
10. Eliot Teltscher
1984
1. John McEnroe
2. Jimmy Connors
3. Ivan Lendl
4. Mats Wilander
5. Andrés Gómez
6. Joakim Nyström
7. Henrik Sundström
8. Eliot Teltscher
9. Anders Järryd
10. Tomáš Šmíd
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wikipedia
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wiki_39868_chunk_4
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Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources
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Studies after the latest IPCC report
Individual studies show a wide range of estimates for fuel sources arising from the different methodologies used. Those on the low end tend to leave parts of the life cycle out of their analysis, while those on the high end often make unrealistic assumptions about the amount of energy used in some parts of the life cycle. Turkey has approved building Afşin-Elbistan C, near an opencast lignite mine, which would make the lignite powerplant at over 5400 gCO2eq/kWh far less carbon efficient than other thermal power plants.
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wikipedia
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wiki_956_chunk_50
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Unification (computer science)
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Many applications require one to consider the unification of typed lambda-terms instead of first-order terms. Such unification is often called higher-order unification. A well studied branch of higher-order unification is the problem of unifying simply typed lambda terms modulo the equality determined by αβη conversions. Such unification problems do not have most general unifiers. While higher-order unification is undecidable, Gérard Huet gave a semi-decidable (pre-)unification algorithm that allows a systematic search of the space of unifiers (generalizing the unification algorithm of Martelli-Montanari with rules for terms containing higher-order variables) that seems to work sufficiently well in practice. Huet and Gilles Dowek have written articles surveying this topic.
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Universal Product Code
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An error will be detected as long as the modular change is nonzero; if modulo 10, then the change will not be detected. Consequently, only when the character difference will an error be undetected (when the degenerate "transposition" is not an error).
Next consider how often a transposition has a distance of 5.
Here is the Table of d-transpositions for UPC-A barcodes, where
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Table of d-transpositions for UPC-A barcodes
!
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9
|-
! 1
| 0 0 || 0 1 || 0 2 || 0 3 || 0 4 || 0 5 || 0 6 || 0 7 || 0 8 || 0 9
|-
! 2
| 1 1 || 1 2 || 1 3 || 1 4 || 1 5 || 1 6 || 1 7 || 1 8 || 1 9
|-
! 3
| 2 2 || 2 3 || 2 4 || 2 5 || 2 6 || 2 7 || 2 8 || 2 9
|-
! 4
| 3 3 || 3 4 || 3 5 || 3 6 || 3 7 || 3 8 || 3 9
|-
! 5
| 4 4 || 4 5 || 4 6 || 4 7 || 4 8 || 4 9
|-
! 6
| 5 5 || 5 6 || 5 7 || 5 8 || 5 9
|-
! 7
| 6 6 || 6 7 || 6 8 || 6 9
|-
! 8
| 7 7 || 7 8 || 7 9
|-
! 9
| 8 8 || 8 9
|-
! 10
| 9 9
|-
! Sum
| 10 || 18 || 16 || 14 || 12 || 10 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 2
|}
Row Sum contains the number of d-transpositions, therefore the proportion of non-detectable transposition errors is (ignoring the transpositions where ):
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wikipedia
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wiki_24026_chunk_16
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Multiservice tactical brevity code
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P
Package Geographically isolated collection of groups/contacts/formations.
Padlocked Informative call indicating aircrew cannot take eyes off an aircraft or a surface position without risk of losing tally/visual.
Paint(s) Interrogated group/radar contact that is responding with any of the specified IFF modes and correct codes established for the id criteria.
Panther Enemy nuclear powered attack submarine.
Parrot IFF transponder.
Paveway Release of laser-guided bomb or bombs
Picture Provide tactical situation status pertinent to mission.
Pigeons Magnetic bearing and range to homeplate (or specified destination). (Location)
Pince/pincer Threat maneuvering for a bracket attack.
Pitbull Informative call that an active radar-guided missile (such as AIM-120, AIM-54, Meteor) is at active range and no longer requires radar input from launch aircraft.
Playmate Cooperating aircraft.
Playtime Amount of time aircraft can remain on station.
(freq) Pogo (freq) Switch to communication channel number preceding POGO. If unable to establish communications, switch to channel number following POGO. If no channel number follows POGO, return to this channel.
Pop Starting climb for air-to-surface attack.
Popeye Flying in clouds or area of reduced visibility.
Popup 1. Informative call of a contact that has suddenly appeared inside of meld/CCR/briefed range. 2. Criteria used as a self-defense method, within the ROE, to protect friendly air defense elements from hostile aircraft.
Posit Request for position; response in terms of a geographic landmark, or off a common reference point.
Post attack Directive transmission to indicate desired direction after completion of (Direction) intercept/engagement.
Post hole Rapid descending spiral.
Press Directive to continue the attack; mutual support will be maintained. Supportive role will be assumed.
Print (type) Unambiguous Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) reply.
Privateer Enemy patrol boat.
PROBSUB Contact with strong cumulative evidence of being a submarine.
Pull chocks Depart. Get ready to depart. (Refers to pulling concrete blocks from aircraft wheels to allow take-off)
Pump A briefed maneuver to low aspect (where aspect refers to target position—regardless of distance—relative to the friendly aircraft's nose; "high aspect" would be on an azimuth in front of the friendly, while "low aspect" would indicate position along an azimuth behind the friendly) to stop closure on the threat or geographical boundary, with the intent to re-engage.
Pure Informative call indicating pure pursuit is being used or directive to go pure pursuit.
Push (channel) Go to designated frequency. No acknowledgment required.
Pushing Departing designated point.
Pushing Informative call that said group( s) have turned cold and will continue to be (group description) monitored.
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Computer-aided production engineering
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Many of the methods, formulas, and data associated with these technical areas currently exist only in engineering handbooks. Although some computerized tools are available, they are often very specialized, difficult to use, and do not share information or work together. Engineering tools built by different vendors must be made compatible through open systems architectures and interface standards. What CAPE will look like
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American Society of Civil Engineers
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ASCE stated that dissemination of technical and professional information to the civil engineering profession was a major goal of the society. This is accomplished through a variety of publications and information products, including 35 technical and professional journals amongst them the ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, the Journal of Environmental Engineering, the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, the Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Civil Engineering, the Society's monthly magazine, an online bibliographic database, conference proceedings, standards, manuals of practice and technical reports. The ASCE Library contains 470+ E-books and standards, some with chapter-level access and no restrictive DRM, and 600+ online proceedings.
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Mathis Wackernagel
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Websites and videos
Website on Global Footprint Network
Website on Earth Overshoot Day
Website on Switzerland's resource security - «Watch out, dear Switzerland!»
VIDEO: How much Nature do we have? How much do we use? | Mathis Wackernagel, TEDxSanFrancisco 2016
VIDEO: Mathis Wackernagel on Whole Earth Systems | at the 2018 Saint Louis Climate Summit References 1962 births
Living people
Sustainability advocates
People associated with criticism of economic growth
People from Basel-Stadt
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Critical Psychiatry Network
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Framing mental health problems as 'technical' in nature involves prioritising technology and expertise over values, relationships and meanings, the very things that emerge as important for service users, both in their narratives, and in service user-led research. For many service users these issues are of primary importance. Recent meta-analyses into the effectiveness of antidepressants and cognitive therapy in depression confirm that non-specific, non-technical factors (such as the quality of the therapeutic relationship as seen by the patient, and the placebo effect in medication) are more important than the specific factors.
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wikipedia
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wiki_1941_chunk_4
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Self-modifying code
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Application in low and high level languages
Self-modification can be accomplished in a variety of ways depending upon the programming language and its support for pointers and/or access to dynamic compiler or interpreter 'engines':
overlay of existing instructions (or parts of instructions such as opcode, register, flags or addresses) or
direct creation of whole instructions or sequences of instructions in memory
creating or modification of source code statements followed by a 'mini compile' or a dynamic interpretation (see eval statement)
creating an entire program dynamically and then executing it
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wiki_15967_chunk_0
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List of MeSH codes (V04)
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The following is a partial list of the "V" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (V03). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (Z01). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – support of research – research support, non-u.s. gov't
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Environmental impact of nuclear power
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There have been several epidemiological studies that say there is an increased risk of various diseases, especially cancers, among people who live near nuclear facilities. A widely cited 2007 meta-analysis by Baker et al. of 17 research papers was published in the European Journal of Cancer Care. It offered evidence of elevated leukemia rates among children living near 136 nuclear facilities in the United Kingdom, Canada, France, United States, Germany, Japan, and Spain. However this study has been criticized on several grounds – such as combining heterogeneous data (different age groups, sites that were not nuclear power plants, different zone definitions), arbitrary selection of 17 out of 37 individual studies, exclusion of sites with zero observed cases or deaths, etc. Elevated leukemia rates among children were also found in a 2008 German study by Kaatsch et al. that examined residents living near 16 major nuclear power plants in Germany. This study has also been criticized on several grounds. These 2007 and 2008 results are not consistent with many other studies that have tended not to show such associations. The British Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment issued a study in 2011 of children under five living near 13 nuclear power plants in the UK during the period 1969–2004. The committee found that children living near power plants in Britain are no more likely to develop leukemia than those living elsewhere Similarly, a 1991 study for the National Cancer Institute found no excess cancer mortalities in 107 US counties close to nuclear power plants. However, in view of the ongoing controversy, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has requested the National Academy of Sciences to oversee a state-of-the-art study of cancer risk in populations near NRC-licensed facilities.
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Service Modeling Language
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Fast Formal Facts about SML The Service Modeling Language (SML) is a language for building a rich set of constructs for creating and constraining models of complex IT services and systems. SML-based models could include information about configuration, deployment, monitoring, policy, health, capacity planning, target operating range, service level agreements, and so on. An SML model is a set of interrelated XML documents. An SML model could contain information about the parts of an IT service, as well as the constraints that each part must satisfy for the IT service to function properly. Constraints are captured in two ways:
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Crystallographic database
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The increasing automation of the crystal structure determination process has resulted in ever higher publishing rates of new crystal structures and, consequentially, new publishing models. Minimalistic articles contain only crystal structure tables, structure images, and, possibly, abstract-like structure description. They tend to be published in author-financed or subsidized open-access journals. Acta Crystallographica Section E and Zeitschrift für Kristallographie belong in this category. More elaborate contributions may go to traditional subscriber-financed journals. Hybrid journals, on the other hand, embed individual author-financed open-access articles among subscriber-financed ones. Publishers may also make scientific articles available online, as Portable Document Format (PDF) files.
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wikipedia
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Reliability engineering
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Physics-of-failure-based approach
For electronic assemblies, there has been an increasing shift towards a different approach called physics of failure. This technique relies on understanding the physical static and dynamic failure mechanisms. It accounts for variation in load, strength, and stress that lead to failure with a high level of detail, made possible with the use of modern finite element method (FEM) software programs that can handle complex geometries and mechanisms such as creep, stress relaxation, fatigue, and probabilistic design (Monte Carlo Methods/DOE). The material or component can be re-designed to reduce the probability of failure and to make it more robust against such variations. Another common design technique is component derating: i.e. selecting components whose specifications significantly exceed the expected stress levels, such as using heavier gauge electrical wire than might normally be specified for the expected electric current.
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wikipedia
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wiki_30588_chunk_7
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Cellular confinement
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Application vs. long-term performance
CCS have been successfully installed in thousands of projects worldwide. However, it is incumbent to differentiate between low load applications, such as slope and channel applications, and new heavy-duty infrastructure applications, such as in the base layer of motorways, railways, ports, airports and platforms. While all polymeric materials in CCS will creep over time under loading, the questions are; how much will permanent degradation will occur, under which conditions, what is impact on performance, and if and when this will lead to failure?
The lifespan of CCS in slope protection applications, for example, is less critical as vegetative growth and root interlock help stabilize the soil. This in effect compensates for any long-term loss of confinement in the CCS. Similarly, load support applications for low volume roads not subject to heavy loading typically have a short design life; therefore minor loss of performance is tolerable. However, in critical infrastructure applications such as reinforcement of the structural layers of highway pavements, railways and platforms, long-term dimensional stability is critical. As long as the volumetric area of the geocell does not change significantly (>2-3%), compaction and performance is maintained and settlements are likewise insignificant. The required design life for such pavements under heavy loads is typically 20–25 years, requiring verifiable long-term durability.
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wiki_402_chunk_47
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Nanotechnology
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Scientists are now turning to nanotechnology in an attempt to develop diesel engines with cleaner exhaust fumes. Platinum is currently used as the diesel engine catalyst in these engines. The catalyst is what cleans the exhaust fume particles. First a reduction catalyst is employed to take nitrogen atoms from NOx molecules in order to free oxygen. Next the oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water. Platinum is used in both the reduction and the oxidation catalysts. Using platinum though, is inefficient in that it is expensive and unsustainable. Danish company InnovationsFonden invested DKK 15 million in a search for new catalyst substitutes using nanotechnology. The goal of the project, launched in the autumn of 2014, is to maximize surface area and minimize the amount of material required. Objects tend to minimize their surface energy; two drops of water, for example, will join to form one drop and decrease surface area. If the catalyst's surface area that is exposed to the exhaust fumes is maximized, efficiency of the catalyst is maximized. The team working on this project aims to create nanoparticles that will not merge. Every time the surface is optimized, material is saved. Thus, creating these nanoparticles will increase the effectiveness of the resulting diesel engine catalyst—in turn leading to cleaner exhaust fumes—and will decrease cost. If successful, the team hopes to reduce platinum use by 25%.
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wiki_13905_chunk_4
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List of contaminated cell lines
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Lists of contaminated cell lines This list, containing 488 cell lines, was last updated on 1 December 2016. Cellosaurus also is maintaining a list of "problematic" cell lines. The list is dynamically generated from all cell lines in the database with a comment containing the dedicated words "Problematic cell line". , the list contains 757 entries. If no species is given in the individual entries of the following tables, the table's species applies to both the assumed and the actual cell types.
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wikipedia
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Codex (Warhammer 40,000)
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Background - Information about the force and its place in the Warhammer 40,000 universe. This includes artwork, short stories, and copies of fictional documents from the future.
Miniature Showcase - Originally a hobby section providing information on collecting, building and painting an army. Later a selection of photographs of Citadel Miniatures painted by Games Workshop's 'Eavy Metal team.
Rules - Delivered in varying forms between editions. In earlier editions: a bestiary (descriptions of units, characters and vehicles with special rules and background information), alongside an army list (providing options and points costs for units in the bestiary). Since 7th edition, rules for each unit have been delivered on a datasheet (a concise page detailing all stats, equipment, options and special rules for a unit). All other army rules and points are listed separately in sections before and after the datasheets.
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Structural engineering
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Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of applied mechanics, materials science, and applied mathematics to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads. To apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer generally requires detailed knowledge of relevant empirical and theoretical design codes, the techniques of structural analysis, as well as some knowledge of the corrosion resistance of the materials and structures, especially when those structures are exposed to the external environment. Since the 1990s, specialist software has become available to aid in the design of structures, with the functionality to assist in the drawing, analyzing and designing of structures with maximum precision; examples include AutoCAD, StaadPro, ETABS, Prokon, Revit Structure, Inducta RCB, etc. Such software may also take into consideration environmental loads, such as earthquakes and winds.
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wikipedia
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wiki_2774_chunk_2
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Mole (espionage)
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Overview
A mole may be recruited early in life, and take decades to get a job in government service and reach a position of access to secret information before becoming active as a spy. Perhaps the most famous examples of moles were the Cambridge Five, five upper-class British men recruited by the KGB as communist students at Cambridge University in the 1930s who later rose to high levels in various parts of the British government. By contrast, most espionage agents, such as CIA counterintelligence officer Aldrich Ames and FBI agent Robert Hanssen, who spied on the US government for the KGB, were either recruited or offered their services as spies after they were in place as members of the target organization.
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Trion (physics)
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A trion is a localized excitation which consists of three charged particles. A negative trion consists of two electrons and one hole and a positive trion consists of two holes and one electron. The trion itself is a quasiparticle and is somewhat similar to an exciton, which is a complex of one electron and one hole. The trion has a ground singlet state (spin s = 1/2) and an excited triplet state (s = 3/2). Here singlet and triplet degeneracies originate not from the whole system but from the two identical particles in it. The half-integer spin value distinguishes trions from excitons in many phenomena; for example, energy states of trions, but not excitons, are split in an applied magnetic field. Trion states were predicted theoretically in 1958; they were observed experimentally in 1993 in CdTe/Cd1−xZnxTe quantum wells, and later in various other optically excited semiconductor structures. There are experimental proofs of their existence in nanotubes supported by theoretical studies.
Despite numerous reports of experimental trion observations in different semiconductor heterostructures, there are serious concerns on the exact physical nature of the detected complexes. The originally foreseen 'true' trion particle has a delocalized wavefunction (at least at the scales of several Bohr radii) while recent studies reveal significant binding from charged impurities in real semiconductor quantum wells.
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wikipedia
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wiki_6362_chunk_3
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List of unsolved problems in computer science
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Other algorithmic problems
The dynamic optimality conjecture: do splay trees have a bounded competitive ratio?
Is there a -competitive online algorithm for the -server problem?
Can a depth-first search tree be constructed in NC?
Can the fast Fourier transform be computed in time?
What is the fastest algorithm for multiplication of two n-digit numbers?
What is the lowest possible average-case time complexity of Shellsort with a deterministic, fixed gap sequence?
Can 3SUM be solved in strongly sub-quadratic time, that is, in time for some ?
Can the edit distance between two strings of length be computed in strongly sub-quadratic time? (This is only possible if the strong exponential time hypothesis is false.)
Can X + Y sorting be done in time?
What is the fastest algorithm for matrix multiplication?
Can all-pairs shortest paths be computed in strongly sub-cubic time, that is, in time for some ?
Can the Schwartz–Zippel lemma for polynomial identity testing be derandomized?
Does linear programming admit a strongly polynomial-time algorithm? (This is problem #9 in Smale's list of problems.)
How many queries are required for envy-free cake-cutting?
What is the algorithmic complexity of the minimum spanning tree problem? Equivalently, what is the decision tree complexity of the MST problem? The optimal algorithm to compute MSTs is known, but it relies on decision trees, so its complexity is unknown.
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IUP (software)
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ANSI C API, one of the few plain C-capable toolkits,
Single API for Windows or Linux,
Built in support for Lua scripts calling IUP functions (controlled by Lua script),
Removal of the restriction of class/instance object types, but retaining the prototype Lua-style hierarchy of inheritance.
An abstract layout model, in which sizes and positions are calculated from horizontal and vertical containers, rather than explicit X and Y coordinates. Coordinate-based layout is also supported with a third container type.
Small API, on the order of about 100 functions.
Use of an event loop-callback mechanism. This main loop can be called inside Lua.
Interface elements are created before they are mapped to the native elements. This is the reverse of the usual situation for assembling GUI elements.
Available as source or pre-built static or dynamic libraries for wide variety of compilers, including turnkey example source.
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wikipedia
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Research question
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Constructing a research question
Specifying the research question is one of the first methodological steps the investigator has to take when undertaking research. Having an interest in or knowledge of a particular subject can be useful in the construction of a research question. Formation of the research question is largely determined by, and likewise influences, where and what kind of information will be sought. The research question must be accurately and clearly defined. Choosing a research question is the central element of both quantitative and qualitative research and in some cases it may precede construction of the conceptual framework of study; in all cases, it makes the theoretical assumptions in the framework more explicit and indicates what the researcher wants to know most and first. Therefore, the investigator must first identify the type of study (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) before the research question is developed. Forming the research question may become an iterative process when parameters of the research process, such as field of study or methodology, do not fit the original question. Literature suggests several methods for selecting criteria in the development of a research question, two of which are the FINER and PICO methods.
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wikipedia
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Molecular geometry
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Types of molecular structure
A bond angle is the geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include:
Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape.
Trigonal planar: Molecules with the trigonal planar shape are somewhat triangular and in one plane (flat). Consequently, the bond angles are set at 120°. For example, boron trifluoride.
Angular: Angular molecules (also called bent or V-shaped) have a non-linear shape. For example, water (H2O), which has an angle of about 105°. A water molecule has two pairs of bonded electrons and two unshared lone pairs.
Tetrahedral: Tetra- signifies four, and -hedral relates to a face of a solid, so "tetrahedral" literally means "having four faces". This shape is found when there are four bonds all on one central atom, with no extra unshared electron pairs. In accordance with the VSEPR (valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory), the bond angles between the electron bonds are arccos(−) = 109.47°. For example, methane (CH4) is a tetrahedral molecule.
Octahedral: Octa- signifies eight, and -hedral relates to a face of a solid, so "octahedral" means "having eight faces". The bond angle is 90 degrees. For example, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an octahedral molecule.
Trigonal pyramidal: A trigonal pyramidal molecule has a pyramid-like shape with a triangular base. Unlike the linear and trigonal planar shapes but similar to the tetrahedral orientation, pyramidal shapes require three dimensions in order to fully separate the electrons. Here, there are only three pairs of bonded electrons, leaving one unshared lone pair. Lone pair – bond pair repulsions change the bond angle from the tetrahedral angle to a slightly lower value. For example, ammonia (NH3).
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wikipedia
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wiki_3549_chunk_10
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For loop
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Vectorised for-loops
Some languages offer a for-loop that acts as if processing all iterations in parallel, such as the keyword in FORTRAN 95 which has the interpretation that all right-hand-side expressions are evaluated before any assignments are made, as distinct from the explicit iteration form. For example, in the statement in the following pseudocode fragment, when calculating the new value for , except for the first (with ) the reference to will obtain the new value that had been placed there in the previous step. In the version, however, each calculation refers only to the original, unaltered .
for i := 2 : N - 1 do A(i) := [A(i - 1) + A(i) + A(i + 1)] / 3; next i;
for all i := 2 : N - 1 do A(i) := [A(i - 1) + A(i) + A(i + 1)] / 3;
The difference may be significant.
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wikipedia
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Crime Writers of Canada Awards of Excellence
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Best First Novel
1987 - Medora Sale, Murder on the Run
1988 - Laurence Gough, The Goldfish Bowl
1989 - John Brady, A Stone of the Heart
1990 - John Lawrence Reynolds, The Man Who Murdered God
1991 - Carsten Stroud, Sniper's Moon
1992 - Paul Grescoe, Flesh Wound
1993 - Sean Stewart, Passion Play
1994 - Gavin Scott, Memory Trace
1995 - Sparkle Hayter, What's A Girl Gotta Do?
1996 - (tie) John Spencer Hill, The Last Castrato and D.H. Toole, Moonlit Days and Nights
1997 - C. C. Benison, Death At Buckingham Palace
1998 - Kathy Reichs, Déja Dead
1999 - Liz Brady, Sudden Blow
2000 - Andrew Pyper, Lost Girls
2001 - Mark Zuehlke, Hands Like Clouds
2002 - Jon Redfern, The Boy Must Die
2003 - James W. Nichol, Midnight Cab
2004 - Jan Rehner, Just Murder
2005 - Jon Evans, Dark Places
2006 - Louise Penny, Still Life
2007 - Anne Emery, Sign of the Cross
2008 - Liam Durcan, Garcia's Heart
2009 - Howard Shrier, Buffalo Jump
2010 - Alan Bradley, The Sweetness at the Bottom of the Pie
2011 - Avner Mandelman, The Debba
2012 - Ian Hamilton, The Water Rat of Wanchai
2013 - Simone St. James, The Haunting of Maddy Clare
2014 - J. Kent Messum, Bait
2015 - Steve Burrows, A Siege of Bitterns
2016 - Ausma Zehanat Khan, The Unquiet Dead
2017 - Elle Wild, Strange Things Done
2018 - Dave Butler, Full Curl
2019 - A.J. Devlin, Cobra Clutch
2020 - Philip Elliott, Nobody Move
2021 - Guglielmo D'Izzia, The Transaction
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wikipedia
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wiki_793_chunk_50
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Linear programming
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One common way of proving that a polyhedron is integral is to show that it is totally unimodular. There are other general methods including the integer decomposition property and total dual integrality. Other specific well-known integral LPs include the matching polytope, lattice polyhedra, submodular flow polyhedra, and the intersection of two generalized polymatroids/g-polymatroids – e.g. see Schrijver 2003. Solvers and scripting (programming) languages Permissive licenses: Copyleft (reciprocal) licenses:
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wiki_109_chunk_24
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Cell wall
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The group of algae known as the diatoms synthesize their cell walls (also known as frustules or valves) from silicic acid. Significantly, relative to the organic cell walls produced by other groups, silica frustules require less energy to synthesize (approximately 8%), potentially a major saving on the overall cell energy budget and possibly an explanation for higher growth rates in diatoms.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/plankt/12.6.1117 | vauthors = Furnas MJ | year = 1990 | title = In situ growth rates of marine phytoplankton : Approaches to measurement, community and species growth rates | journal = J. Plankton Res. | volume = 12 | issue = 6| pages = 1117–1151 }}</ref>
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wiki_37833_chunk_20
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NASU Institute of Physics
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Scientific discoveries
The Institute has made five scientific discoveries that were registered in the USSR - more than any other Ukrainian academic institutions. Current-induced cold electron emission from discontinuous metal films
Certificate #31 (priority from 26 June 1963);
P.G. Borzyak, O.G. Sarbey, R.D. Fedorovych Multiple splitting of non-degenerate molecular terms in crystals
Certificate #50 (priority from 1951); A.S. Davydov
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wikipedia
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wiki_12595_chunk_14
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Division algorithm
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R := N
D := D << n -- R and D need twice the word width of N and Q
for i := n − 1 .. 0 do -- For example 31..0 for 32 bits
R := 2 * R − D -- Trial subtraction from shifted value (multiplication by 2 is a shift in binary representation)
if R ≥ 0 then
q(i) := 1 -- Result-bit 1
else
q(i) := 0 -- Result-bit 0
R := R + D -- New partial remainder is (restored) shifted value
end
end
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wikipedia
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wiki_16532_chunk_3
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Computational visualistics
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Areas covered
For a science of images within computer science, the abstract data type »image« (or perhaps several such types) stands in the center of interest together with the potential implementations (cf. Schirra 2005). There
are three main groups of algorithms for that data type to be considered in computational visualistics:
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wikipedia
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wiki_4116_chunk_8
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Matching (graph theory)
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A spectral characterization of the matching number of a graph is given by Hassani Monfared and Mallik as follows: Let be a graph on vertices, and be distinct nonzero purely imaginary numbers where . Then the matching number of is if and only if (a) there is a real skew-symmetric matrix with graph and eigenvalues and zeros, and (b) all real skew-symmetric matrices with graph have at most nonzero eigenvalues. Note that the (simple) graph of a real symmetric or skew-symmetric matrix of order has vertices and edges given by the nonozero off-diagonal entries of .
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wikipedia
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wiki_36873_chunk_1
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Plant Simulation
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Product description
Plant Simulation is a Material flow simulation Software (Discrete Event Simulation; DES Software). Using simulation, complex and dynamic enterprise workflows are evaluated to arrive at mathematically safeguarded entrepreneurial decisions. The Computer model allows the user to execute experiments and to run through 'what if scenarios' without either having to experiment with the real production environment or, when applied within the planning phase, long before the real system exists. In general the Material flow analysis is used when discrete production processes are running. These processes are characterized by non-steady material flows, which means that the part is either there or not there, the shift takes place or does not take place, the machine works without errors or reports a failure. These processes resist simple mathematical descriptions and derivations due to numerous dependencies. Before powerful computers were available, most problems of material flow simulation have been solved by means of queuing theory and operations research methods. In most cases the solutions resulting from these calculations were hard to understand and were marked by a large number of boundary conditions and restrictions which were hard to abide by in reality.
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wikipedia
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wiki_12170_chunk_4
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CoSy (computer conferencing system)
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When the BIX system closed down, several former "bixen" approached University of Guelph and SoftWords and obtained the right to release the original version of CoSy under the GPL. It is now developed as an open source project, and was the basis of the BIX-like NLZero (Noise Level Zero) conferencing service. References External links
WebCoSy
CoSy at SourceForge
NLZ website Free groupware
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wikipedia
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wiki_4689_chunk_4
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International Biology Olympiad
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In the International Group Project 2020, there are 50 research teams, and every team consists of 4 to 7 competitors, all representing different countries. In each team, these young biologists collaborated with their international fellows in a three-month scientific project. Finally, they had to propose a professional poster or presentation about an outstanding, innovative idea that can determine biology's future and solve a critical global issue. Every performance was evaluated by noble professors of Japan in life science.
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wikipedia
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wiki_599_chunk_11
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International Obfuscated C Code Contest
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Source code excerpt
B,i,y,u,b,I[411],*G=I,x=10,z=15,M=1e4;X(w,c,h,e,S,s){int t,o,L,E,d,O=e,N=-M*M,K
=78-h<<x,p,*g,n,*m,A,q,r,C,J,a=y?-x:x;y^=8;G++;d=w||s&&s>=h&&v 0,0)>M;do{_ o=I[
p=O]){q=o&z^y _ q<7){A=q--&2?8:4;C=o-9&z?q["& .$ "]:42;do{r=I[p+=C[l]-64]_!w|p
==w){g=q|p+a-S?0:I+S _!r&(q|A<3||g)||(r+1&z^y)>9&&q|A>2){_ m=!(r-2&7))P G[1]=O,
K;J=n=o&z;E=I[p-a]&z;t=q|E-7?n:(n+=2,6^y);Z n<=t){L=r?l[r&7]*9-189-h-q:0 _ s)L
+=(1-q?l[p/x+5]-l[O/x+5]+l[p%x+6]*-~!q-l[O%x+6]+o/16*8:!!m*9)+(q?0:!(I[p-1]^n)+
!(I[p+1]^n)+l[n&7]*9-386+!!g*99+(A<2))+!(E^y^9)_ s>h||1<s&s==h&&L>z|d){p[I]=n,O
[I]=m?*g=*m,*m=0:g?*g=0:0;L-=X(s>h|d?0:p,L-N,h+1,G[1],J=q|A>1?0:p,s)_!(h||s-1|B
-O|i-n|p-b|L<-M))P y^=8,u=J;J=q-1|A<7||m||!s|d|r|o<z||v 0,0)>M;O[I]=o;p[I]=r;m?
*m=*g,*g=0:g?*g=9^y:0;}_ L>N){*G=O _ s>1){_ h&&c-L<0)P L _!h)i=n,B=O,b=p;}N=L;}
n+=J||(g=I+p,m=p<O?g-3:g+2,*m<z|m[O-p]||I[p+=p-O]);}}}}Z!r&q>2||(p=O,q|A>2|o>z&
!r&&++C*--A));}}}Z++O>98?O=20:e-O);P N+M*M&&N>-K+1924|d?N:0;}main(){Z++B<121)*G
++=B/x%x<2|B%x<2?7:B/x&4?0:*l++&31;Z B=19){Z B++<99)putchar(B%x?l[B[I]|16]:x)_
x-(B=F)){i=I[B+=(x-F)*x]&z;b=F;b+=(x-F)*x;Z x-(*G=F))i=*G^8^y;}else v u,5);v u,
1);}}
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wikipedia
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wiki_8690_chunk_18
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Copula (probability theory)
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The users of the formula have been criticized for creating "evaluation cultures" that continued to use simple copulæ despite the simple versions being acknowledged as inadequate for that purpose. Thus, previously, scalable copula models for large dimensions only allowed the modelling of elliptical dependence structures (i.e., Gaussian and Student-t copulas) that do not allow for correlation asymmetries where correlations differ on the upside or downside regimes. However, the recent development of vine copulas (also known as pair copulas) enables the flexible modelling of the dependence structure for portfolios of large dimensions.
The Clayton canonical vine copula allows for the occurrence of extreme downside events and has been successfully applied in portfolio optimization and risk management applications. The model is able to reduce the effects of extreme downside correlations and produces improved statistical and economic performance compared to scalable elliptical dependence copulas such as the Gaussian and Student-t copula.
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wikipedia
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wiki_14793_chunk_2
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Additive number theory
|
is the set of k-th powers). Many of these problems are studied using the tools from the Hardy-Littlewood circle method and from sieve methods. For example, Vinogradov proved that every sufficiently large odd number is the sum of three primes, and so every sufficiently large even integer is the sum of four primes. Hilbert proved that, for every integer k > 1, every non-negative integer is the sum of a bounded number of k-th powers. In general, a set A of nonnegative integers is called a basis of order h if hA contains all positive integers, and it is called an asymptotic basis if hA contains all sufficiently large integers. Much current research in this area concerns properties of general asymptotic bases of finite order. For example, a set A is called a minimal asymptotic basis of order h if A is an asymptotic basis of order h but no proper subset of A is an asymptotic basis of order h. It has been proved that minimal asymptotic bases of order h exist for all h, and that there also exist asymptotic bases of order h that contain no minimal asymptotic bases of order h. Another question to be considered is how small can the number of representations of n as a sum of h elements in an asymptotic basis can be. This is the content of the Erdős–Turán conjecture on additive bases.
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wikipedia
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wiki_36883_chunk_3
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Laboratory for Computational Cultural Dynamics
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Theory
The algorithms developed, although catered to specific situations, are based on some combination of the following:
stochastic-based modeling agents applied to different geopolitical actors;
prediction and evaluation algorithms, used to answer queries like “given some hypothetical world state, how will a particular group change its behavior?” (and related questions);
computational behavioral models, fed by culturally contextual databases consisting of demographic, economic and political data. These data are collected from electronic news sources (newspapers, blogs, YouTube), legacy databases, and expert human input.
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wikipedia
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wiki_37567_chunk_11
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Dynamic Business Modeling
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Graphics References http://ralyx.inria.fr/2008/Raweb/triskell/triskell.pdf External links
Gartner Dataquest Insight: Telecommunications BSS Software Solutions Can Help Other Industries Improve Efficiency Information systems
Business software
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wikipedia
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wiki_3946_chunk_6
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Molecular mechanics
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In addition to the functional form of each energy term, a useful energy function must be assigned parameters for force constants, van der Waals multipliers, and other constant terms. These terms, together with the equilibrium bond, angle, and dihedral values, partial charge values, atomic masses and radii, and energy function definitions, are collectively termed a force field. Parameterization is typically done through agreement with experimental values and theoretical calculations results. Norman L. Allinger's force field in the last MM4 version calculate for hydrocarbons heats of formation with a rms error of 0.35 kcal/mol, vibrational spectra with a rms error of 24 cm−1, rotational barriers with a rms error of 2.2, C-C bond lengths within 0.004 Å and C-C-C angles within 1. Later MM4 versions cover also compounds with heteroatoms such as aliphatic amines.
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wikipedia
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wiki_2905_chunk_2
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The Revolution Will Not Be Televised
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Cultural references in the poem
"Plug in, turn on, and cop out", a reference to Timothy Leary's pro-LSD phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."
"Skag", slang term for heroin
"Pigs", slang term for police
"Process", term for using chemicals to straighten a Black person's hair
Xerox, best-known manufacturer (at the time of the poem's writing) of photocopying machines
Richard Nixon, 37th president of the United States
John N. Mitchell, U.S. Attorney General under Nixon
General Creighton Abrams, one of the commanders of military operations in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War
Mendel Rivers, chairman of the House Armed Services Committee during the period of the Vietnam War (Rivers' name appears in the original 1970 recording, but not in the re-recorded 1971 version, being replaced by Spiro Agnew)
Spiro Agnew, 39th vice president of the United States under Nixon
"Hog maws", sometimes misheard as "hog moss", soul food made from the stomach of a pig
Schaefer Award Theatre, an anthology of theatrical films that aired on several U.S. TV stations
Natalie Wood, film actress
Steve McQueen, film actor
Bullwinkle, cartoon character
Julia, a TV half-hour sitcom series starring Diahann Carroll.
"Give your mouth sex appeal", from Ultra Brite toothpaste advertising
"The revolution will not get rid of the nubs", the nubs being beard stubble, from a Gillette Techmatic razor advertisement of the period
Willie Mays, baseball player
"NBC will not be able to predict the winner at 8:32", a reference to television networks predicting the winner of presidential elections shortly after the polls close at 8 pm.
Whitney Young, civil rights leader
Roy Wilkins, executive director of the NAACP
Watts, a neighborhood in Los Angeles, alluding to the Watts Riots of 1965
"Red, black, and green", the colors of the Pan-African flag
Green Acres, a U.S. television sitcom
The Beverly Hillbillies, a U.S. television sitcom
"Hooterville Junction" (a corruption of Petticoat Junction, a U.S. television sitcom, and its fictitious location)
Dick and Jane, white children, a brother and sister, featured in American basal readers
Search for Tomorrow, a popular U.S. television soap opera
The Brighter Day, another U.S. television soap opera
"Hairy-armed women liberationists", participants in second-wave feminism
Jackie Onassis, the late U.S. President John F. Kennedy's widow, seen during the period in television broadcasts of Kennedy memorials
Jim Webb, U.S. composer
Francis Scott Key, lyricist of "The Star-Spangled Banner"
Glen Campbell, U.S. pop/country music singer, then hosting The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour
Tom Jones, Welsh pop music singer, then hosting This Is Tom Jones
Johnny Cash, U.S. country music singer, then hosting The Johnny Cash Show
Engelbert Humperdinck, British pop music singer, then hosting The Engelbert Humperdinck Show
Rare Earth, all-white U.S. pop music band signed to Motown Records (this band is only referred to in the 1971 version)
"White tornado", advertising slogan for Ajax cleanser, "Ajax cleans like a white tornado"
"White lightning", a slang term for moonshine, the name of a 1950s country and western song by George Jones, and an American psychedelic rock band.
"Dove in your bedroom", an advertising image associated with Dove anti-perspirant deodorant
Reference to "Put a tiger in your tank", an Esso (now Exxon) advertising slogan created by Chicago copywriter Emery Smith
"Giant in your toilet bowl," a reference to Liquid-Plumr commercials saying that it cleared so well it was like "having a giant in your toilet bowl" with an animation of a large arm using a plunger on your toilet.
Reference to "Things go better with Coke", a Coca-Cola advertising slogan
Reference to "Fights germs that may cause bad breath", from Listerine advertising
Reference to "Let Hertz put you in the driver's seat", advertising slogan for Hertz car rental
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wiki_33714_chunk_18
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Traditional ecological knowledge
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Although TEK is not currently recognized as an important component of mainstream environmental decision making, scientists are working on developing core science competency programs that align with TEK and promote self-sufficiency and determination. The lack of recognition for traditional ecological knowledge in determining solutions to environmental issues is representational of the ethnocentric tendency to value science over traditional models. Therefore, agencies integrating science and TEK must acknowledge the values of unique pedagogical methods in order to fully utilize the benefits of both science and TEK. For example, US agencies must learn about TEK through the lens of indigenous groups by working side by side with Indigenous Elders, gather hands-on data from the specific place in question, and incorporating indigenous values into their scientific evaluation.
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wikipedia
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wiki_23146_chunk_18
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Southern marsupial mole
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Conservation status
So little is known about the southern marsupial mole that it is difficult to assess its exact distribution and how it varied over the last decades. However circumstantial evidence suggests that their numbers are dwindling. Although the decreasing acquisition rate is difficult to interpret due to the chance nature of the findings, there are reasons for concern. About 90% of medium-sized marsupials in arid Australia have become threatened due to cat and fox predation. A recent study indicates that remains of marsupial moles have been found in 5% of the cats and foxes faecal pellets examined. Moles are also sensitive to changes in the availability of their food caused by changing fire regimes and the impact of herbivores. The southern marsupial mole is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN. Efforts to protect this species focus on advocating for maintaining a healthy population of moles to better understand their biology and behavior, and for conducting field studies to monitor the species distribution and abundance with the help of Aborigines.
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wikipedia
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wiki_18118_chunk_4
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Non-associative algebra
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Ring-like structures with two binary operations and no other restrictions are a broad class, one which is too general to study.
For this reason, the best-known kinds of non-associative algebras satisfy identities, or properties, which simplify multiplication somewhat.
These include the following ones. Usual properties Let , and denote arbitrary elements of the algebra over the field .
Let powers to positive (non-zero) integer be recursively defined by and either (right powers) or (left powers) depending on authors.
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wikipedia
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wiki_13633_chunk_11
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Radiance (software)
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genbox creates a box.
genrprism extrudes a given 2D polygon along the Z-axis.
genrev creates a surface of revolution from a given function.
genworm creates a worm given four functions - the (x, y, z) coordinates of the path, and the radius of the worm.
gensurf creates a tesselated surface from a given function.
gensky creates a description for a CIE standard sky distribution. Geometry converters Radiance includes a number of programs for converting scene geometry from other formats. These include:
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wikipedia
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wiki_1686_chunk_11
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Description logic
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Modeling
In DL, a distinction is drawn between the so-called TBox (terminological box) and the ABox (assertional box). In general, the TBox contains sentences describing concept hierarchies (i.e., relations between concepts) while the ABox contains ground sentences stating where in the hierarchy, individuals belong (i.e., relations between individuals and concepts). For example, the statement: belongs in the TBox, while the statement: belongs in the ABox.
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wikipedia
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wiki_10162_chunk_6
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Murderous Maths
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Reviews
A recommendation of the series by Scientific American includes a quote from a Stanford engineer named Stacy F. Bennet, who described the series as "very humorous and engaging introductions to such topics as algebra, geometry and probability". On 22 November 1997, that same publication said of the series, "Have a look at Murderous Maths by Kjartan Poskitt. It is a truly addictive reading book, and was leapt on and devoured by my children. The book is full of awful jokes, fascinating facts, real murders and yes, the maths is good too. This is a brilliant book."
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wikipedia
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wiki_599_chunk_19
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International Obfuscated C Code Contest
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If the program is run using its own source as the input, the result is:[root@host ~]# ./akari akari.c
int
*w,m,_namori=('n');
#include<stdio.h>/*;hrd"% dnd4%"*/
/**/int(y),u,r[128*2/*{y}icuhya*rr*rya=
*/];void/**/i(){putchar(u);}int/**/main(/*
"(n"l)?M5{YlcpvdluvKct[j skao(tve"t"oYRYR"
*/int(w),char**n){for(m =256;--m;r[m]/*
"<*]y+u>r>u+y-u-r+i+" ) ;>m.a.i+n>()/q*/
=25<(31&( m -1))||64-( m &192)||2>w?m:(2+
m/*"*,/U// R/)/U * & /Y/0/U/=P &=/"*/)\
&16?m-13 : 13+ m) ;u=+10 ;for(;(m=/*
*>/()/{ p u t-s +(yy*+ n1>7?/:*/
getchar ())+1 ;i() ){if(10/*
"wNMR;{ I/=/" )/{*/==u*1
)i(); if(m-10){
u=/*> *./<)[;*/8*
4;i(); }u=r[ m];}return(
* *n/*{i ;w; }_}
( -*/ *00 ) ; }
[root@host ~]# ./akari akari.c > ./akari.small
[root@host ~]# ./akari ./akari.small
wm_aoi(n)
/*ity,,[2*/{}char*y=
(")M{lpduKtjsa(v""YY"
"*yuruyuri") ;main(/*
/",U/ R)U* Y0U= ="/\
*/){puts (y+ 17/*
"NR{I=" ){/=*
=* */);/*
**/{ ;;}}
[root@host ~]#
[root@host ~]# ./akari ./akari.small > ./akari.smaller
[root@host ~]# ./akari ./akari.smaller
main
(){puts("Y"
"U RU YU "\
"RI" )/*
*/ ;}
[root@host ~]#
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wiki_2420_chunk_38
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Urban ecology
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Urban areas can be converted to areas that are more conducive to hosting wildlife through the application of green infrastructure. Although the opportunities of green infrastructure (GI) to benefit human populations have been recognized, there are also opportunities to conserve wildlife diversity. Green infrastructure has the potential to support wildlife robustness by providing a more suitable habitat than conventional, “grey” infrastructure as well as aid in stormwater management and air purification. GI can be defined as features that were engineered with natural elements or natural features. This natural constitution helps prevent wildlife exposure to man-made toxicants. Although research on the benefits of GI on biodiversity has increased exponentially in the last decade, these effects have rarely been quantified. In a study performed by Alessandro Filazzola (et. al.), 1,883 published manuscripts were examined and meta-analyzed in reference to 33 relevant studies in order to determine the effect of GI on wildlife. Although there was variability in the findings, it was determined that the implementation of GI improved biodiversity compared to conventional infrastructure. In some cases, GI even preserved comparable measures of biodiversity to natural components.
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wikipedia
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wiki_19026_chunk_12
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Stochastic simulation
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Published in 2009, 2010, and 2011 (Ramaswamy 2009, 2010, 2011). Use factored-out, partial reaction propensities to reduce the computational cost to scale with the number of species in the network, rather than the (larger) number of reactions. Four variants exist:
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wikipedia
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wiki_38506_chunk_7
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List of Disney TV programming blocks
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G–H
|-
|rowspan=8 |
Germany
| unnamed (or unrevealed name)
| Kirch Media's ProSieben
| Sunday afternoon movie
|
| 2002
|
|-
|rowspan=2 | Disney Club
| RTL
| Saturday and Sunday
|
|
| 2002
|-
| ProSieben
| Saturday
|
| 2002
|
|-
|rowspan=2 | Disney Filmparade
| RTL
|rowspan=2 | movie
|rowspan=2 |
| 2000
| 2005
|-
| ProSiebenSat.1 Group channel
| 2005
|
|-
|rowspan=3| Disney Time
| RTL
|
|
|colspan=2 align=center | -2000-
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wikipedia
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wiki_19236_chunk_3
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2006–07 EDF Energy Cup
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Group C
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|F
!width="20"|A
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|align=left| Sale Sharks
|3||3||0||0||77||37||12
|-
|align=left| Newcastle Falcons
|3||2||0||1||51||55||8
|-
|align=left| Llanelli Scarlets
|3||1||0||2||40||53||5
|-
|align=left| NEC Harlequins
|3||0||0||3||52||75||3
|}
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wikipedia
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wiki_20365_chunk_2
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Computer Warriors
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At a government facility named Parallax, a massive supercomputer core suffers a power surge due to “human error” of one its operators. The surge triggers a core dump, which unleashes four A.I. programs that are transformed into dangerous Viruses, which are ejected into the Bitstream (an analog for the Internet). These Viruses are Megahert, the leader and dominant A.I.; Indexx, his advisor who has access to information data; Null, a dimwitted lackey who follows Megahert without question; Minus, an unstable minion who thirsts for power. These four seek to return to Parallax to use its systems to seize the Bitstream and use it to take over all the world's computers.
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wikipedia
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wiki_7757_chunk_8
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John Porcellino
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Comics and graphic novels
King-Cat Comics and Stories (Spit and a Half, ongoing publication 1989 – present)
Diary of a Mosquito Abatement Man (La Mano, 2005)
Perfect Example (Drawn and Quarterly, 2005)
King-Cat Classix (Drawn and Quarterly, 2007)
Thoreau at Walden (Hyperion, 2008)
Map of My Heart (Drawn and Quarterly, 2009)
The Next Day (Pop Sandbox, 2011)
The Hospital Suite (Drawn and Quarterly 2014)
From Lone Mountain (Drawn and Quarterly 2018)
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wikipedia
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wiki_10038_chunk_19
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Power Instinct
|
New characters
Larry Light (ラリー・ライト) – A brilliant and optimistic man good with cultural conversations, Larry finds true happiness as more important than wealth or power. Larry's partner is Chris Wayne, a conflictual young man. He once helped Chris from being arrested for vandalism. Since then, Larry has been Chris's tutor and best friend. After losing against Oume in the previous Goketsuji finals five years ago, Larry received another invitation for a new tag battle tournament signed by Oume.
Chris Wayne (クリス・ウェイン) – An extremely violent boy and leader of a powerful gang in the Bronx, New York, Chris is able to hurt anyone at the drop of a hat. He often has troubles with his parents Keith and Annie due to his bad behavior. To distance from them, he accompanied his professor and friend Larry in his journey. Chris had told his parents that the journey was for "educational purposes". Chris eagerly joins Larry to join the new Goketsuji tournament.
- The eldest son of the Tenjinbashi family chairman. When his father died, he took over the role of leader at a very young age. His family had ties to the Japanese Yakuza connected to the Goketsuji Family, but Sujiroku has no interest in their business. He wants to enjoy celebrating in festivals and participating in as many Japanese cultural events, traveling with a lion mask and drumsticks. In one festival, he met a young man who respected his work in preserving Japanese culture and proposed to join him in a martial arts tag tournament as his partner.
– A young man obsessed with ninjas, a trait he got from his father. He is also fan of video games, manga, anime, and collecting soda cans. In fact, all of his fighting techniques are based on characters from various anime series, and he based his hair style on a character from a manga. While attending a summer festival, he met the master of ceremonies, and both felt mutual respect over their love of Japanese traditions. Hizumi told Sujiroku about a pending tournament and suggested that he be his partner to propagate the beauty of Japanese culture.
Solis R8000 (ソーリス=R8000) - A young police woman from the year 2115, Solis investigates the activities of a powerful organization suspected of tampering past events for its convenience. Thus she discovered that this organization was responsible for the disappearance of important families and financial groups 100 years ago; among these the Goketsuji Clan. Learning that she was a Goketsuji descendant, Solis travels back to the year 2015 to prevent the destruction of her clan. During the travel, her time machine malfunctioned and set her in a different time period where she met a mysterious scientist named Max Ax Dax. Solis asked Max if he could help her to repair her machine.
M.A.D. – A mysterious scientist whose real name is Max Ax Dax, his lab was located near the place where Solis's time machine crashed. He volunteered to fix the machine while Solis had contacted the Goketsuji twins, who invited her to the new tag tournament. When Solis asks M.A.D. to be her partner, he accepts: a perfect way for him to get more experimental guinea pigs.
– Kurara's daughter, and a magical witch just like her mother. Popura has learned from her mother all of her magic tricks and fighting techniques. Her father has been traveling since she was a baby. Wishing to see her father, Popura decided to travel around the world with the hope to find him while bringing her father's gift for her: a very special teddy bear. After Kurara has mentioned her participation on a prestigious tournament, Popura invited her fellow magical classmate Remi as her partner to join the tournament. If she wins, it might be one step closer to finding her father.
– The only daughter of a high class family with a deep hidden secret: they are descendants of an evil witch. Her calm and classy demeanor made her one of the most popular students in her school, motivated to show the power of music. She also met her classmate Popura there, who also has magical powers, whom she became best friends quickly. After hearing about the adventures of Popura's mother, Popura invites Remi to the tournament as her partner. If they win, that would earn her enough money to hold concerts around the world and help the poor.
Falco (ファルコ)– An old man, expert at any kind of table game like cards or mahjong. Falco met the Goketsuji twins at Otane's casino, where he won against Oume in a poker game. Bitter at her loss, Oume attacked Falco but he was able to read through Oume's moves. Impressed by his skills, the twins employed Falco as their partner in the new Goketsuji tournament.
Rudolph Gartheimer (ルドルフ・ガルテイマー) – A ruthless man feared by everyone who knew him. The only person who has seen his tender side is his young servant, Damian. Once part of the Goketsuji clan, his family fell of the graces of Oume and were subsequently banished from the clan. The Gartheimers lost everything. However, his family recovered their wealth eventually but Rudolph still held great hatred for the Goketsujis especially Oume. He seeks to win the tournament to grab the family fortune and destroy the Goketsuji clan.
Damian Shade (ダミアン・シェード)– Rudolph's servant, secret lover and tag team partner, although he never gets the opportunity to fight, being shot by Bristol as soon as Rudolph is defeated. Damian was an orphan adopted by the Gartheimer family. With time, he became a very special person to his master, Rudolph. Damian is a pacifist and abhors violence, but his personality totally changes if somebody injures Rudolph. His ability enables him to heal a living being through his touch. The Saturn version of the game allows Damian to fight, as a secret character.
Bristol Weller (ブリストル・ウェラー) – Born from a family of aristocrats, Bristol grew into a very intelligent and shrewd hypocrite. Since a young age he achieved a good social status and has received several awards for his charity activities, but all of this is a merely a front for his heartless ambitions. Even with his success as a Gartheimer company partner, Bristol had entered a pact with demons to rain destruction and exterminate anyone and anything to get what he wants.
Bristol-D (ブリストル-D) – After Bristol has been beaten once, his true identity is revealed as Bristol-D, a vampire and demon summoner. He captures and brainwashes your partner into a sickly blue-skinned hue, forcing him/her to fight alongside him. To make sure that chaos reigns in the world, he has the power to create portals to summon demons from the underworld. These armies of darkness are in fact characters from Atlus's Shin Megami Tensei franchise.
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Error function
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In particular, there is a systematic methodology to solve the numerical coefficients that yield a minimax approximation or bound for the closely related Q-function: , , or for . The coefficients for many variations of the exponential approximations and bounds up to have been released to open access as a comprehensive dataset. A tight approximation of the complementary error function for is given by Karagiannidis & Lioumpas (2007) who showed for the appropriate choice of parameters that They determined , which gave a good approximation for all . Alternative coefficients are also available for tailoring accuracy for a specific application or transforming the expression into a tight bound.
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Computational archaeology
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The most important platform for students and researchers in quantitative archaeology and AI science is the international conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) which has been in existence for more than 30 years now and is held in a different city of Europe each year. Vienna's city archaeology unit also hosts an annual event that is quickly growing in international importance (see links at bottom). References
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Hayden Geological Survey of 1871
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After leaving Bottler's Ranch, the party took two days to arrive at Fort Ellis where they spent six days recuperating, resupplying and preparing correspondence and specimens for shipment. Three members of the party—Huse, Dixon and Adams departed for California. During this stay, Hayden had the opportunity to respond to a letter from George Allen, his former professor who had to leave the survey before it entered the Yellowstone region:
Fort Ellis, September 2nd, 1871, My Dear Professor Allen, We have just returned having completed our work to our entire satisfaction. We have had an uninterrupted series of successes, without a single pullback. Not an accident has happened to any member of our party-we made a most admirable survey of the Yellow Stone Basin [sic], the Lake, all the Hot Springs. Mr. Jackson made the most abundant pictures. Mr. Moran was filled with enthusiasm and has returned to devote himself to the painting of pictures of the Yellow Stone [sic] region. ... I am sorry that you were not able to see the wonderful things in the Yellow Stone [sic] but when reports come before the world, you will get a pretty clear conception of them. All my party are well and speak of you with affection. Yours most sincerely, F.V. Hayden
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Java Mobile Media API
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A subset of JSR 135 is defined in JSR 118 (MIDP 2.0). Player lifecycle
Regardless of the protocol or media type involved, the Player moves through the same discrete states during its lifecycle. These states are listed in table below Implementations
As with most Java ME specifications, implementations differ despite the best efforts of the specification authors to ensure consistency. Two obvious areas for differences are in the controls supported, and in the acceptable URI types in the first place. More obscure areas are whether mixing is supported; many games would like to play a MIDI music track and layer PCM sound effects on top.
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Boston Computer Society
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Alpha Four; Amateur Radio; Amiga; Apple II; Andover Chapter; Artificial Intelligence; Atari 8-bit and ST; Business; CAD-SIG; Cape Cod Chapter; CASE; Commodore; Computers & Speech; Construction; Consultants & Entrepreneurs; Databases; Desktop Publishing; Digital; Disabled/ Special Needs; Education; Environmental; Hewlett Packard; IBM; Internet; Investment/Real Estate; Legal; Lotus; Macintosh; MacTechGroup; Medical/Dental; Music; New Media; Networking/Electronic Mail; Newton; NeXT; OS/2; Portable Computers; Robotics; Science/Engineering; Programming; Social Impact; Telecommunications; Texas Instruments; TI Pro; Training & Documentation; User Interface Design; Virtual Reality; Visually Impaired; Windows; Women and Computers; Worcester Chapter; ZITEL
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Advice (complexity)
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Known results include: The classes NL/poly and UL/poly are the same, i.e. nondeterministic logarithmic space computation with advice can be made unambiguous. This may be proved using an isolation lemma.
It is known that coNEXP is contained in NEXP/poly.
If NP is contained in P/poly, then the polynomial time hierarchy collapses (Karp-Lipton theorem). References Computational complexity theory
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Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm
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The original applications were to give polynomial-time algorithms for factorizing polynomials with rational coefficients, for finding simultaneous rational approximations to real numbers, and for solving the integer linear programming problem in fixed dimensions. LLL reduction
The precise definition of LLL-reduced is as follows: Given a basis define its Gram–Schmidt process orthogonal basis and the Gram-Schmidt coefficients
, for any . Then the basis is LLL-reduced if there exists a parameter in (0.25,1] such that the following holds:
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Equipment codes
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SSR (secondary surveillance radar)
N No surveillance equipment for the route to be flown is carried, or the equipment is unserviceable
A Transponder – Mode A (4 digits – 4,096 codes)
C Transponder – Mode A (4 digits – 4,096 codes) and Mode C
E Transponder — Mode S, including aircraft identification, pressure-altitude and extended squitter (ADS-B) capability
H Transponder — Mode S, including aircraft identification, pressure-altitude and enhanced surveillance capability
I Transponder — Mode S, including aircraft identification, but no pressure-altitude capability
L Transponder — Mode S, including aircraft identification, pressure-altitude, extended squitter (ADS-B) and enhanced surveillance capability
P Transponder — Mode S, including pressure-altitude, but no aircraft identification capability
S Transponder — Mode S, including both pressure altitude and aircraft identification capability
X Transponder — Mode S with neither aircraft identification nor pressure-altitude capability
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List of Quantum Leap characters
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Sam Beckett (Adam Affonso) - Sam's 16-year-old self.
Herbert "Magic" Williams (Christopher Kirby) - Navy SEAL stationed in Vietnam.
Father Frank Pistano (Bud Sabatino) - A recently ordained Catholic priest.
Karl Granson (Danny McCoy, Jr.) - A professional fashion photographer.
Joshua Rey (Chris Ruppenthal) - A horror novelist.
Darlene Monty (Theresa Ring) - Miss Sugar Belle, a contestant in the Miss Deep South pageant.
Raymond "Ray" Harper (Garon Grigsby) - A black medical school student with a white girlfriend.
Harry Spontini (Dan Birch) - A professional magician fighting for custody of his daughter.
Shane "Funny Bone" Thomas (Kristopher Logan) - A member of a roving motorcycle gang.
Reginald Pearson (Milan Nicksic) - The personal assistant to a ruthless businessman.
"Butchie" Rickett (Buff Borin) - A 13-year-old boy on vacation with his family.
Billie Jean Crockett (Priscilla Weems) - A pregnant teenager estranged from her father.
Kenny Sharpe (Matt Marfoglia) - An actor on the children's television series Time Patrol.
Rod McCarty (Chris Solari) - A performer with the Chippendales dance company.
Joey DeNardo (Sam Clay) - A lounge musician working under the name Chuck Danner.
Gilbert LaBonte (Richard White) - The owner and proprietor of the LaBonte Quilting and Sewing Academy (a front for a brothel).
Jeffrey "Tonic" Mole (Bruce Michael Paine) - The lead singer of a glitter rock band, King Thunder.
Gordon O'Reilly (Ken Kells) - A professional bounty hunter.
Jesus Ortega (Stephen Domingas) - A death row inmate.
Terry Sammis (Jeff Hochendoner) - A wrestler performing under the name Nikolai Russkie.
Eddie Elroy (Patrick M. Bruneau) - A college student and part-time atom bomb shelter salesman.
Sam Bederman - A depression patient at a mental hospital.
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Code coverage
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Basic coverage criteria
There are a number of coverage criteria, but the main ones are:
Function coveragehas each function (or subroutine) in the program been called?
Statement coveragehas each statement in the program been executed?
Edge coveragehas every edge in the control-flow graph been executed?
Branch coveragehas each branch (also called the DD-path) of each control structure (such as in if and case statements) been executed? For example, given an if statement, have both the true and false branches been executed? (This is a subset of edge coverage.)
Condition coveragehas each Boolean sub-expression evaluated both to true and false? (Also called predicate coverage.)
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List of computer technology code names
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External links
Apple Code Names - The Apple Museum
https://web.archive.org/web/20020810221927/http://ha.redhat.com/news/UnderTheBrim.txt (dead)
KolibriOS official site
https://web.archive.org/web/20020620013151/http://lios.apana.org.au/~cdewick/sunshack/data/feh/1.5/wcd00000/wcd00024.htm (dead)
DistroWatch.com
Debian Names and Releases - Infodrom
https://web.archive.org/web/20041009223852/http://www.miida.net.it-chiba.ac.jp/~suda/codename.html (dead)
Microsoft Codenames List - WindowsWiki
http://www.redhat.com/support/forums/
http://www.powerload.fsnet.co.uk/tmeline2.htm
FoRK Archive: Code Names Uncovered
History of Red Hat Linux - FedoraProject
https://archive.today/20030211015142/http://www.netops.co.uk/~steve/codenames.html (dead)
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List of unsolved problems in physics
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Dark matter: What is the identity of dark matter? Is it a particle? Is it the lightest superpartner (LSP)? Or, do the phenomena attributed to dark matter point not to some form of matter but actually to an extension of gravity?
Dark energy: What is the cause of the observed accelerated expansion (de Sitter phase) of the universe? Why is the energy density of the dark energy component of the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolve quite differently over time; could it be simply that we are observing at exactly the right time? Is dark energy a pure cosmological constant or are models of quintessence such as phantom energy applicable?
Dark flow: Is a non-spherically symmetric gravitational pull from outside the observable universe responsible for some of the observed motion of large objects such as galactic clusters in the universe?
Axis of evil: Some large features of the microwave sky at distances of over 13 billion light years appear to be aligned with both the motion and orientation of the solar system. Is this due to systematic errors in processing, contamination of results by local effects, or an unexplained violation of the Copernican principle?
Fine-tuned universe: The values of the fundamental physical constants are in a narrow range necessary to support carbon-based life. Is this because there exist other universes with different constants, or are our universe's constants the result of chance, or some other factor or process?
Shape of the universe: What is the 3-manifold of comoving space, i.e., of a comoving spatial section of the universe, informally called the "shape" of the universe? Neither the curvature nor the topology is presently known, though the curvature is known to be "close" to zero on observable scales. The cosmic inflation hypothesis suggests that the shape of the universe may be unmeasurable, but, since 2003, Jean-Pierre Luminet, et al., and other groups have suggested that the shape of the universe may be the Poincaré dodecahedral space. Is the shape unmeasurable; the Poincaré space; or another 3-manifold?
The largest structures in the universe are larger than expected. Current cosmological models say there should be very little structure on scales larger than a few hundred million light-years across, due to the expansion of the universe trumping the effect of gravity. But the Sloan Great Wall is 1.38 billion light-years in length. And the largest structure currently known, the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, is up to 10 billion light-years in length. Are these actual structures or random density fluctuations? If they are real structures, they contradict the 'End of Greatness' hypothesis which asserts that at a scale of 300 million light-years, structures seen in smaller surveys are randomized to the extent that the smooth distribution of the universe is visually apparent.
Extra dimensions: Does nature have more than four spacetime dimensions? If so, what is their size? Are dimensions a fundamental property of the universe or an emergent result of other physical laws? Can we experimentally observe evidence of higher spatial dimensions?
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Bresenham's line algorithm
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History
Bresenham's line algorithm is named after Jack Elton Bresenham who developed it in 1962 at IBM. In 2001 Bresenham wrote:
I was working in the computation lab at IBM's San Jose development lab. A Calcomp plotter had been attached to an IBM 1401 via the 1407 typewriter console. [The algorithm] was in production use by summer 1962, possibly a month or so earlier. Programs in those days were freely exchanged among corporations so Calcomp (Jim Newland and Calvin Hefte) had copies. When I returned to Stanford in Fall 1962, I put a copy in the Stanford comp center library.
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Air America (radio network)
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{| class="wikitable"
! width="170"| Time
! width="250"| Show
! Notes
|-
| 5–6a.m. ET
| The Rachel Maddow Show
| audio rebroadcast of the MSNBC program of the same name.
|-
| 6–9a.m. ET
| The Lionel Show
| redebuts in new time slot May 26, 2009. Original debut: May 14, 2007.
|-
| 9a.m. – noon ET
| Montel Across America
| debut: April 20, 2009; took The Lionel Show'''s old time slot.
|-
| 12–3p.m. ET
| Live in Washington with Jack Rice|
|-
| 3–6p.m. ET
| Montel Across America| debut: May 18, 2009; took Doing Time with Ron Kuby's old time slot.
|-
| 6–9p.m. ET
| The Ron Reagan Show| debut: September 8, 2008. Expanded from 1 to 3 hours on February 3, 2009.
|-
| 9–11p.m. ET
| Clout| with Richard Greene, moved from weekends September 4, 2007.
|-
| 11p.m. – 1a.m. ET
| This Is America with Jon Elliott|debut: September, 2006 ran through May 15, 2009.
|-
| 11p.m. – 1a.m. ET
| The Nicole Sandler Show|debut: June 15, 2009; took Jon Elliott time slot.
|-
| 1–3a.m. ET
| Montel Across America rebroadcast
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|-
| 3–5a.m. ET
| The David Bender Show rebroadcast
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|}
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Israeli Combat Engineering Corps
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Combat Engineering Battalions
Asaf 601 אסף
HaMachatz 605 המחץ
Lahav 603 להב
Reserve Battalions
Command's Engineering Units
North
Center
South
Special Engineering Vehicles (TZAMA צמ"ה) units
Knights of Steel אבירי הפלדה – Tzama Gaza South
Steel Cats חתולי הפלדה – Tzama Gaza North
Wild Cats חתולי הבר – Tzama Yeuda and Shomron
Beit Hilel בית הלל – Tzama North
Cliffs Cats, Tzama Sdira – חתולי הצוקים, צמ"ה סדירה
Yahalom – special engineering unit
Sayeret Yael – engineering commando
SAP – EOD and bomb disposal
SAMUR – counter-tunnels
Hevzek – Robotics
Military Engineering School (Bahalatz 14) – "Tzukey Uvda" – "בית הספר להנדסה צבאית – בהל"צ 14 – "צוקי עובדה
Counter-NBC and purifiers (closed and transferred to (Home Front Command)
Counter-NBC battalion 76
Yanshuf – NBC training center
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra database
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Aldrich NMR Library
A portion of this database is still available in a three volume print version from Aldrich. The full electronic version includes a supplement of spectra not included in the paper version. In all, this database includes more than 15,000 compounds with the associated 300 MHz 1H and 75 MHz 13C spectra. The product includes the software necessary to view and handle the NMR data. This database can be purchased as a library through individual or group contracts. The spectra data appear to be stored as images of processed FID data.
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Computational creativity
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In addition to the proceedings of conferences and workshops, the computational creativity community has thus far produced these special journal issues dedicated to the topic: New Generation Computing, volume 24, issue 3, 2006
Journal of Knowledge-Based Systems, volume 19, issue 7, November 2006
AI Magazine, volume 30, number 3, Fall 2009
Minds and Machines, volume 20, number 4, November 2010
Cognitive Computation, volume 4, issue 3, September 2012
AIEDAM, volume 27, number 4, Fall 2013
Computers in Entertainment, two special issues on Music Meta-Creation (MuMe), Fall 2016 (forthcoming)
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List of interactive geometry software
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Archimedes Geo3D
Archimedes Geo3D Euler 3D
Euler (software) Euler 3D is a program that allows you to create and manipulate your own polyhedrons. It has a number of facilities: transformations, animations, creating duals, import/export VRML, etc. Free registration required. GeoGebra
GeoGebra, includes a 3D mode since version 5.0 Geomview
Geomview Continuity versus determinism All these programs can be divided into two category: deterministic and continuous.
GeoGebra can be deterministic or continuous (one can change it in preferences).
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Software calculator
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Window-based calculators
Window-based calculators present a dialog box that allows users to enter data, rather than data and operations, and they have a built-in formula that is automatically applied to this data. There are many examples of such calculators in finance, mathematics, science and other disciplines. Specialised calculators
There are software calculators that contain operations relevant to a specific application area and profession, including automotive, construction and electrical engineering.
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Quantum chemistry composite methods
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The FPD Approach has been heavily benchmarked against experiment. When applied at the highest possible level, FDP is capable to yielding a root-mean-square (RMS) deviation with respect to experiment of 0.30 kcal/mol (311 comparisons covering atomization energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities and proton affinities). In terms of equilibrium, bottom-of-the-well structures, FPD gives an RMS deviation of 0.0020 Å (114 comparisons not involving hydrogens) and 0.0034 Å (54 comparisons involving hydrogen). Similar good agreement was found for vibrational frequencies.
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Psychology of programming
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Goals and purposes
It is desirable to achieve a programming performance such that creating a program meets its specifications, is on schedule, is adaptable for the future and runs efficiently. Being able to satisfy all these goals at a low cost is a difficult and common problem in software engineering and project management. By understanding the psychological aspects of computer programming, we can better understand how to achieve a higher programming performance, and to assist programmers to produce better software with less error. Research methods
Some methods which one can use to study the psychological aspects of computer programming include introspection, observation, experiment, and qualitative research.
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Process calculus
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Current research Various process calculi have been studied and not all of them fit the paradigm sketched here. The most prominent example may be the ambient calculus. This is to be expected as process calculi are an active field of study. Currently research on process calculi focuses on the following problems.
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Fragment molecular orbital
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In the earlier stage, the preparation of the GAMESS input files was facilitated with the FMOutil software. Later, various parts of FMOutil were
incorporated in the new graphical user interface called fu.
Fu is a general open-source GUI not limited to FMO or GAMESS. It is written mainly in Python and some critical modules
are in FORTRAN. Fu is distributed under BSD license so anybody can modify it and redistributed freely.
In addition, another graphical user interface Facio developed by M. Suenaga has a very convenient specialised support of FMO (in addition to other features), with which an automatic fragmentation of molecular clusters, proteins, nucleotides, saccharides and any combination thereof (e.g., DNA and protein complexes in explicit solvent) can be done in a few minutes, and a manual fragmentation of solids and surfaces can be accomplished by clicking the bonds to be detached. Facio can also visualise results of FMO calculations, such as the pair interactions.
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GOST (hash function)
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Step hash function
The step hash function maps two 256-bit blocks into one: .
It consist of three parts: Generating of keys
Enciphering transformation using keys
Shuffle transformation Key generation
The keys generating algorithm uses: Two transformations of 256-bit blocks:
Transformation , where are 64-bit sub-blocks of Y.
Transformation , where , and are 8-bit sub-blocks of Y.
Three constants:
C2 =
C3 =
C4 = The algorithm:
For j = 2,3,4 do the following: Enciphering transformation
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Select (SQL)
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Hierarchical query
Some databases provide specialised syntax for hierarchical data. A window function in SQL:2003 is an aggregate function applied to a partition of the result set. For example, calculates the sum of the populations of all rows having the same city value as the current row. Partitions are specified using the OVER clause which modifies the aggregate. Syntax: The OVER clause can partition and order the result set. Ordering is used for order-relative functions such as row_number. Query evaluation ANSI
The processing of a SELECT statement according to ANSI SQL would be the following:
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Separation logic
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Tools for reasoning about programs fall on a spectrum from fully automatic program analysis tools, which do not require any user input, to interactive tools where the human
is intimately involved in the proof process. Many such tools have been developed; the following list includes a few representatives in each category.
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The Mechanical Universe
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A 1987 study at Indiana University Bloomington used 14 Mechanical Universe episodes as part of an introductory course on Newtonian mechanics, with generally positive results:[T]hese tapes were particularly effective in placing Newtonian mechanics in a historical perspective; dramatizing the historical overthrow of Aristotelian and medieval ideas; illustrating the diverse nature of scientists and the scientific endeavor; stimulating student interest and enthusiasm; and, through excellent animation, illustrating the time dimension of certain mechanics concepts. The companion text [...] was placed on library reserve for the course but was not extensively utilized by students.A follow-up study found that the videos could also be helpful explaining physics to professors in other fields. Negative reactions generally had less to do with the intrinsic perceived quality of the episodes than with the time the science-history material took away from content seen as "critical exam-preparing instruction". The investigator recalled,[S]ome students, thinking that the videotape material would not be covered on the tests, headed for the doors when the lights dimmed! To counter this tendency I started to use a few test questions based on historical or literary details discussed in the videotapes. Some students were outraged: "What is this, a poetry class?"
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Contact mechanics
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and are can be determined when the terms are calculated for the given surfaces using the convolution of the surface roughness . Several studies have followed the suggested curve fits for assuming a Gaussian surface high distribution with curve fits presented by Arcoumanis et al. and Jedynak among others. It has been repeatedly observed that engineering surfaces do not demonstrait Gaussian surface height distributions e.g. Peklenik. Leighton et al. presented fits for crosshatched IC engine cylinder liner surfaces together with a process for determining the terms for any measured surfaces. Leighton et al. deomstraited that Gaussian fit data is not accurate for modelling any engineered surfaces and went on to demonstrait that early running of the surfaces results in a gradual transittion which significantly changes the surface topography, load carrying capacity and friction.
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Computational complexity theory
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The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate. The answer is not known, but it is believed that the problem is at least not NP-complete. If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level, it is believed that graph isomorphism is not NP-complete. The best algorithm for this problem, due to László Babai and Eugene Luks has run time for graphs with n vertices, although some recent work by Babai offers some potentially new perspectives on this.
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List of Animal Mechanicals episodes
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Mechana Origami Owl Island
Mission: Make more paper for the Origami owls to make their special origami.
Abilities used: Strength, Flight, and Gizmo
The wrong objects Komodo's tail popped out: Hammer, Oil Can and Peanut.
It's a very complicated mission over on Origami Owl Island: the team must figure out how to plant more trees to provide the platypus paper maker with paper for the Origami owls to make their special origami. They quickly get to work planting seeds for Turbo-trees. Rex must use his mechana-digging skills to make holes to put the seeds in, then Unicorn creates rain with her magic horn to water the seeds, but Sasquatch eagerly puts too much fertilizer into one seed's hole, and soon an out-of-control Turbo tree is threatening the platypus paper maker! This is a job for: Komodo! Mechana gizmo! He transforms and produces a saw from his tail, which he uses to trim the Turbo tree. Now the platypus has wood again to make paper!
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Supercomputer
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The parallel architectures of supercomputers often dictate the use of special programming techniques to exploit their speed. Software tools for distributed processing include standard APIs such as MPI and PVM, VTL, and open source software such as Beowulf.
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Renewable energy
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Hydroelectricity
In 2017 the world renewable hydropower capacity was 1,154 GW. Only a quarter of the worlds estimated hydroelectric potential of 14,000 TWh/year has been developed, the regional potentials for the growth of hydropower around the world are, 71% Europe, 75% North America, 79% South America, 95% Africa, 95% Middle East, 82% Asia Pacific. New hydropower projects face opposition from local communities due to their large impact, including relocation of communities and flooding of wildlife habitats and farming land. High cost and lead times from permission process, including environmental and risk assessments, with lack of environmental and social acceptance are therefore the primary challenges for new developments. In addition, economic limitations in the third world and the lack of a transmission system in undeveloped areas result in the possibility of developing 25% of the remaining potential before 2050, with the bulk of that being in the Asia Pacific area. There is slow growth taking place in Western counties, but not in the conventional dam and reservoir style of the past. New projects take the form of run-of-the-river and small hydro, neither using large reservoirs. It is popular to repower old dams thereby increasing their efficiency and capacity as well as quicker responsiveness on the grid. Where circumstances permit existing dams such as the Russell Dam built in 1985 may be updated with "pump back" facilities for pumped-storage which is useful for peak loads or to support intermittent wind and solar power. Countries with large hydroelectric developments such as Canada and Norway are spending billions to expand their grids to trade with neighboring countries having limited hydro.
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Graph theory
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Graph classes
Many problems involve characterizing the members of various classes of graphs. Some examples of such questions are below:
Enumerating the members of a class
Characterizing a class in terms of forbidden substructures
Ascertaining relationships among classes (e.g. does one property of graphs imply another)
Finding efficient algorithms to decide membership in a class
Finding representations for members of a class See also Gallery of named graphs
Glossary of graph theory
List of graph theory topics
List of unsolved problems in graph theory
Publications in graph theory
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Powerset construction
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Compute the ε-closure of the entire automaton as a preprocessing step, producing an equivalent NFA without ε-moves, then apply the regular powerset construction. This version, also discussed by Hopcroft and Ullman, is straightforward to implement, but impractical for automata with large numbers of ε-moves, as commonly arise in natural language processing application.
During the powerset computation, compute the ε-closure of each state that is considered by the algorithm (and cache the result).
During the powerset computation, compute the ε-closure of each subset of states that is considered by the algorithm, and add its elements to .
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Host–guest chemistry
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Where
= Initial molar concentration of the host
= Molar concentration of the guest
= volume of the vessel
The above equation can be solved by non-linear regression analysis to obtain the value of and and subsequently and for that particular reaction.
The advantages of isothermal titration calorimetry over the other commonly used techniques, apart from giving the entire set of thermodynamic parameters, are that it is more general and suited for a wide range of molecules. It is not necessary to have compounds with chromophores or UV-visible functional groups in order to monitor the binding process as the heat signal is a universal property of binding reactions. At the same time, the signal-to-noise ratio is pretty favorable which allows for more accurate determination of the binding constants, even under very dilute conditions.
A recent example of the use of this technique was for studying the binding affinity of the protein membrane surrounding Escherichia coli to lipophilic cations used in drugs in various membrane mimetic environments. The motivation for the above study was that these membranes render the bacteria resistant to most compounds based on quaternary ammonium cation, which have the anti-bacterial effects. Thus an understanding of the binding phenomena would enable design of effective antibiotics for E. coli. The researchers maintained a large excess of the ligand over the protein to allowing the binding reaction to go to completion. Using the above equations the researchers proceeded to calculate , , and for each drug in different environments. The data indicated that the binding stoichiometry of the drug with the membrane was 1:1 with a micromolar value of . The negative values of , and indicated that the process was enthalpy driven with a value of 8–12 kcal/mol for each drug.
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Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
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Pros and cons
Such software helps to organize, manage and analyse information. The advantages of using this software include saving time, managing huge amounts of qualitative data, having increased flexibility, having improved validity and auditability of qualitative research, and being freed from manual and clerical tasks. Concerns include increasingly deterministic and rigid processes, privileging of coding, and retrieval methods; reification of data, increased pressure on researchers to focus on volume and breadth rather than on depth and meaning, time and energy spent learning to use computer packages, increased commercialism, and distraction from the real work of analysis.
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New Math
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See also Common core
André Lichnerowicz – Created 1967 French Lichnerowicz Commission
Comprehensive School Mathematics Program (CSMP)
Secondary School Mathematics Curriculum Improvement Study (SSMCIS)
School Mathematics Project: UK version in use 1960s-80s
List of abandoned education methods
School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG)
New New Math - a satirical term for the Math Wars of the 1990s References Further reading
Ralph A. Raimi (1995). Whatever Happened to the New Math?
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Multiservice tactical brevity code
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R
Range Two or more groups separated primarily in distance along the same bearing.
Raygun Indicates a radar lock-on to unknown aircraft; a request for a buddy spike (position/heading/altitude) reply from friendly aircraft meeting these parameters (to prevent friendly fire).
Reference Directive to assume stated heading. (Direction)
Repeat Used in surface-surface operations to fire again using the same method of fire (during adjustment) or to fire the same number of rounds using the same method of fire (during fire for effect). This is not used to request that the last message be retransmitted (for this, use say again).
Reported Identification of an object or a contact by an intelligence system. (Type)
Request tasking requesting an objective (or heading) from ground control or from AWACS towards an area of operation.
Reset Proceed to a pre-briefed position or area of operation.
Resume Resume last formation/station/mission ordered.
Retrograde Directive to withdraw from present position or area of operation in response to a threat.
Rider A bogey that is conforming with safe passage routing/airspeed/altitude procedures.
Rifle Friendly air-to-ground missile launch.
Ringer ASW Mortar.
Ripple Two or more munitions released or fired in close succession.
Riser Suddenly appearing radar contact.
River City Implement immediate communications blackout until further notice.
Roger Radio transmission received; does not indicate compliance or reaction.
Rolex (±time) Time-line adjustment in minutes from planned mission execution time. (Positive is later).
Roman Candle Nuclear tipped surface to air missile.
Rope Illumination of an aircraft with an IR pointer.
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SUPER (computer program)
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Fernando Cassia (31 July 2006), Don't buy any video converter before trying this freebie, The Inquirer
Benjamin Blaume (28 June 2008), SUPER: Der kostenlose Alles-Konvertierer, Chip.de
Doug Sahlin, Chris Botello, YouTube for Dummies, For Dummies, 2007, , pp. 183–184
Rick Broida, How to Do Everything with Your Zune, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007, , pp. 183–185
Ulrich Bruegmann, Divx R.t.f.m. - Divx 6, Lulu.com, 2006, , pp. 273–274
Sutlej Soin, The Screening Room, Singapore Hardware Mag, May 2008, p. 95
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