Source string | Question string | Answer string | Question_type string | Referenced_file(s) string | chunk_text string | expert_annotation string | specific to paper string | Label int64 |
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IPAC | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | $$ In equation (1), $\\lambda$ is the wavelength of terahertz radiation, $\\lambda _ { u }$ is the period length of the undulator, $\\gamma$ is the electron beam relativistic energy factor, and $K$ is the undulator magnetic field strength parameter. $$ \\begin{array} { r } { \\left( \\frac { d W } { d \\omega } \\right... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | The primary objective of the electron beam test was to validate the TS performance. Initially, we confirmed the production of the expected Čerenkov radiation by the electron bunch as it traversed the $3 0 0 \\mathrm { - m m }$ long CWG. Subsequently, the TS was positioned with two of the horns of the $\\mathrm { T M... | 4 | NO | 1 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | $$ \\lambda = \\frac { a } { m } \\Biggl ( \\frac { 1 } { \\beta } - \\cos { \\theta } \\Biggr ) $$ where $\\beta$ is the normalized velocity of the electrons, a is the periodicity of the structure, and $m$ is the mode order. Smith‚àí Purcell emission from regular metallic grating surfaces has been observed in nume... | 1 | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | ACS PHOTONICS READ Quasi-BIC Modes in All-Dielectric Slotted Nanoantennas for Enhanced $\\mathbf { E r ^ { 3 + } }$ Emission Boris Kalinic, Giovanni Mattei, et al.JANUARY 18, 2023 ACS PHOTONICS READ Get More Suggestions > | 1 | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | File Name:hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf Inverse-Designed Narrowband THz Radiator for Ultrarelativistic Electrons Benedikt Hermann,# Urs Haeusler,# Gyanendra Yadav, Adrian Kirchner, Thomas Feurer, Carsten Welsch, Peter Hommelhoff, and Rasmus Ischebeck\\* ... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | File Name:THz_SASE_FEL_AT_PITZ__LASING_AT_A_WAVELENGTH_OF_100#U00b5m__M._Krasilnikov#U2020,_Z._Aboulbanine1,_G..pdf THz SASE FEL AT PITZ: LASING AT A WAVELENGTH OF $\\mathbf { 1 0 0 } \\mu \\mathbf { m } ^ { * }$ . Krasilnikov†, Z. Aboulbanine1, G. Adhikari2, N. Aftab, A. Asoyan3, H. Davtyan3 G. Georgiev, J. Goo... | 1 | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | RESULTS The goal of our inverse design optimization was a narrowband dielectric Smith‚àíPurcell radiator for ultrarelativistic electrons $\\mathit { \\check { E } } = 3 . 2 \\ \\mathrm { G e V }$ , $\\gamma \\approx 6 0 0 0 ,$ ). To simplify the collection of the THz radiation, a periodicity of $a = \\lambda$ was chose... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | Ultrarelativistic Optimization. The simulation of ultrarelativistic electrons poses challenges that have so far prevented inverse design in this regime.33 Here, we report on two main challenges. First, the electron velocity is close to the speed of light $( \\beta = 0 . 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 5$ for $E = 3 . 2 \\mathrm { G e ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | $$ \\epsilon _ { r } ( x , y ) = \\epsilon _ { \\mathrm { m i n } } + ( \\epsilon _ { \\mathrm { m a x } } - \\epsilon _ { \\mathrm { m i n } } ) { \\cdot } \\frac { 1 } { 2 } ( 1 + \\operatorname { t a n h } \\alpha \\phi ( x , y ) ) $$ where large values of $\\alpha$ yield a close-to-binary design with few values bet... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | During and after our experiments, the structure did not show any signs of performance degradation or visible damage. It was used continuously for eight hours with a bunch charge of approximately $1 0 ~ \\mathrm { p C }$ at a pulse repetition rate of $1 \\ \\mathrm { H z }$ . CONCLUSION The here-presented beam-synchrono... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | The objective function $G$ , quantifying the performance of a design $\\phi ,$ is given by the line integral of the Poynting vector $\\begin{array} { r } { { \\bf S } ( x , y ) = \\mathrm { R e } \\left\\{ \\frac { 1 } { 2 } { \\bf E } \\times { \\bf H } ^ { * } \\right\\} } \\end{array}$ in the $x$ -direction along th... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | What was the observed bandwidth (FWHM) of the THz radiation? | Approximately 9% | Fact | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | Michelson Interferometer and THz Detector. For the spectrum measurements, we installed a Michelson interferometer outside the vacuum chamber. The THz pulse was first sent through an in-vacuum lens made of PMMA with a diameter of $2 5 \\ \\mathrm { m m }$ and a focal length of $1 0 0 ~ \\mathrm { { m m } }$ . The lens c... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Here we notice the linear scaling of the energy dissipation with the minor radius, $a$ , which helps smaller diameter structures achieve less heating per pulse and thus higher bunch repetition rates. At a gradient of $E _ { \\mathrm { a c c } } = 9 0 ~ \\mathrm { M V } \\mathrm { m } ^ { - 1 }$ , a minor radius of $... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ V = \\Biggl | \\int _ { 0 } ^ { p } E _ { z } ( z ) e ^ { j \\omega _ { c } ^ { z } } d z \\Biggr | . $$ The group velocity ${ \\boldsymbol { v } } _ { g }$ is calculated from the time averaged electromagnetic field power flow $P _ { z }$ , the unit cell length $p$ , and the stored energy $U$ in the unit cell, where... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ E _ { z , n } ( s \\to \\infty ) = 2 \\kappa _ { n } q _ { 0 } \\mathrm { R e } \\{ e ^ { j k _ { n } s } F ( k _ { n } ) \\} $$ Expanding the real part $$ \\begin{array} { r } { E _ { z , n } ( s \\infty ) = 2 \\kappa _ { n } q _ { 0 } [ \\cos ( k _ { n } s ) \\mathrm { R e } \\{ F ( k _ { n } ) \\} } \\\\ { - \\s... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | After determining the minor radius, $a$ , of $1 \\ \\mathrm { m m }$ , the frequency and corresponding aperture ratio of the synchronous $\\mathrm { T M } _ { 0 1 }$ accelerating mode must be chosen. We have shown in Figs. 10 and 12 that the peak surface fields and associated pulse heating increase with aperture ratio ... | 2 | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | In evaluating the peak surface fields for the various corrugation geometries, we have normalized the fields over the accelerating gradient given in Eq. (B29) in Appendix B to allow a comparison of the results. Typical electric and magnetic field distributions within the corrugation unit cell are shown in Fig. 8, where ... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | Maintaining the fundamental $\\mathrm { T M } _ { 0 1 }$ and $\\mathrm { H E } _ { 1 1 }$ frequencies within a $\\pm 5$ GHz-bandwidth specified by the design of the output couplers requires dimensional tolerances of roughly $\\pm 1 0 ~ { \\mu \\mathrm { m } } ,$ as shown by Fig. 5. The most sensitive dimension to manuf... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ which reduces to $$ E _ { \\mathrm { a c c } } = 2 \\kappa q _ { 0 } | F ( k _ { n } ) | $$ For the doorstep distribution of Eq. (25) with transformer ratio $\\mathcal { R }$ and wave number $k _ { n } = \\omega _ { n } / c$ , the form factor $| F ( k ) |$ is calculated from Eq. (B20) as $$ \\begin{array} { r l r } ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | APPENDIX B: BUNCH FORM FACTOR DERIVATION When calculating a bunch’s energy loss to a particular mode of the corrugated waveguide, the shape of the bunch described by the bunch peak current distribution $i ( t )$ is accounted for by scaling the loss factor $\\kappa$ by the Fourier transform ${ \\cal I } ( \\omega _ { ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ where $$ x ^ { \\prime } = \\frac { x } { \\hat { a } } , \\qquad y ^ { \\prime } = \\frac { y } { \\hat { a } } , \\qquad z ^ { \\prime } = \\frac { z } { \\hat { a } } , \\qquad \\omega ^ { \\prime } = \\frac { \\omega } { \\hat { a } } . $$ Scaling the fields by $\\hat { a } ^ { - 3 / 2 }$ keeps the stored energy... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Since the current density $i ( t )$ is a purely real function, $I ( - \\omega ) = I ^ { * } ( \\omega )$ where $*$ denotes complex conjugation, leading to $$ P _ { \\nu } = \\frac { c } { 2 \\pi } \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } | I ( \\omega ) | ^ { 2 } \\operatorname { R e } \\{ Z _ { | | } ( \\omega ) \\} d \... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | The A-STAR design is made up of $0 . 5 \\mathrm { - m }$ long CWG modules connected in series by $4 0 \\mathrm { - m m }$ long transition sections which contain the rf output couplers, vacuum pumping ports, and bellows. The addition of the transition sections increases the overall length of the accelerator by less than... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ q ( s ) = N \\times { \\left\\{ \\begin{array} { l l } { 1 } & { 0 < s < \\pi / ( 2 k _ { n } ) } \\\\ { k _ { n } s + ( 1 - \\pi / 2 ) } & { \\pi / ( 2 k _ { n } ) < s < l } \\\\ { 0 } & { { \\mathrm { e l s e } } } \\end{array} \\right. } $$ where $s$ is the longitudinal displacement from the head of the bunch, $k... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ The integrals in $t$ and $t ^ { \\prime }$ produce Dirac delta functions leaving $$ \\begin{array} { l } { \\displaystyle P _ { w } = \\frac { c } { 2 \\pi } \\mathrm { R e } \\Bigg \\{ \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } d \\omega \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } d \\omega _ { 2 } \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\inf... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.121601 I. INTRODUCTION A sub-terahertz accelerator (A-STAR) is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory to reduce the cost and footprint of a future hard x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility [1,2]. A-STAR is a collinear wakefield accelerator (CWA) that uses a cylindrical cor... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Making the substitution $u = s - s ^ { \\prime }$ , $$ E _ { z , n } ( s ) = 2 \\kappa _ { n } \\operatorname { R e } \\Biggl \\{ \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { s } q ( u ) e ^ { j k _ { n } ( s - u ) } d u \\Biggr \\} . $$ Since we are only interested in the fields behind the bunch, we take the limit as $s \\infty$ , n... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ where the integrals are over all space. Applying the normalized fields with $U = 1$ to Eq. (8) for the group velocity shows that group velocity is independent of scaling $$ \\begin{array} { l } { { v _ { g } ^ { \\prime } = \\hat { a } p \\iint \\displaystyle \\frac { 1 } { 2 } \\mathrm { R e } \\big \\{ E ^ { \\pri... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Q = \\frac { \\omega U } { P _ { d } } , $$ where $U$ is stored energy and $P _ { d }$ is the power dissipated in the cavity walls. The power dissipation density per unit area is $$ \\frac { d P _ { d } } { d A } = \\frac { 1 } { 2 } \\sqrt { \\frac { \\omega \\mu } { 2 \\sigma } } | { \\cal H } | ^ { 2 } . $$ In th... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | APPENDIX A: SCALING AND NORMALIZATION Here, we derive the scaling laws for the loss factor $\\kappa$ , group velocity $\\beta _ { g } ,$ and attenuation constant $\\alpha$ . We will assume that $\\sigma$ satisfies the conditions of a good conductor so that the field solutions are independent of conductivity. The time h... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Here, the electric field $E _ { z }$ is the wakefield left behind by the current in the head of the bunch which has already passed the observation point. The wakefield produced by a current impulse $q _ { 0 } \\delta ( t )$ is the Green’s function $h ( t )$ which is expressed as an expansion over the normal modes ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | What was the purpose of performing parameter sweeps of the corrugation geometry? | To determine an optimal geometry for colinear wakefield acceleration | Summary | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | Table: Caption: TABLE I. Parameters and variables used throughout the paper. Body: <html><body><table><tr><td colspan="2">Parameter</td></tr><tr><td>K</td><td>Wakefield loss factor</td></tr><tr><td>βg</td><td>Normalized group velocity</td></tr><tr><td>vg</td><td>Group velocity</td></tr><tr><td>α</td><td>Attenuation ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | In the past such a dispersion relation from such plasmonic structures has been attributed to the emission from the Au (111) surface state which follows the dispersion relation of $E = \\hbar ^ { 2 } k _ { t } ^ { 2 } / 2 m ^ { * }$ , where $m ^ { * } = 0 . 4 5 m _ { e }$ [25]. This dispersion relation is shown by the d... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | COULOMB SCATTERING When a charged particle passes through matter, it is deflected by the Coulomb potentials of the atomic nuclei in the material. The standard deviation of the angular distribution No stochastic straggling Stochastic straggling 30 30 Fresh bunch 20 After absorber 20 G 10 10 0 0 10 10 ÂÆù 20 20 Fresh bun... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | NET CHARGE DEPOSITION A harp system monitors the beam position and intensity by reading the charge imbalances in metal wires induced by proton and material interactions in there. A large part of the net charge deposition in the wire is caused by emission of weakly bound electrons excited by non-elastic scattering with ... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | At injection energy, the vertical beta function at the ES is $6 . 7 \\mathrm { m }$ . Assuming the vertical acceptance of $5 0 \\mathrm { m m }$ ·mrad to be filled, the beam full height at the ES is $3 7 \\mathrm { m m }$ . Taking into account the density $1 9 . 7 \\mathrm { g } / \\mathrm { c m } ^ { 3 }$ of the wire... | 2 | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | To lower the emittance of the beam, the bunch charge is reduced to approximately $1 ~ \\mathrm { p C }$ from the nominal bunch charge at SwissFEL ( $1 0 \\mathrm { p C }$ to $2 0 0 \\ \\mathrm { p C } )$ . The laser aperture and pulse energy at the photo-cathode, as well as the current of the gun solenoid, are empirica... | 2 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | This process is termed Secondary Emission (SE) and its theory was developed by E. J. Sternglass [3]. The quantity of electrons generated for each proton is called the Secondary Emission Yield $( S E Y )$ and can be expressed as [5]: $$ S E Y = 0 . 0 1 L _ { s } \\frac { d E } { d x } | _ { e l } \\left[ 1 + \\frac { 1 ... | 4 | NO | 1 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | This distribution depends on the radiator tilt angle with respect to the particle trajectory, $\\psi$ , the material properties and the particle energy. The light emission is typically anisotropic. The theoretical angular distribution created by a single particle with $\\beta = 0 . 1 9 5$ striking a smooth glassy carbo... | 4 | NO | 1 |
IPAC | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | SECONDARY PARTICLE SPECTRA The electrons and positrons produced by muon decay in the collider ring can have TeV energies and emit synchrotron radiation while travelling inside the magnetic fields. Their energy is then dissipated through electromagnetic showers in surrounding materials. In addition, secondary hadrons ca... | 4 | NO | 1 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | fluctuations, or density variations of the electron beam. The effect of these error sources is discussed further in Appendix A. The evolution of the reconstructed transverse phase space along the waist is depicted in Fig. 6. The expected rotation of the transverse phase space around the waist is clearly observed. The p... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX C: RECONSTRUCTION OF NON-GAUSSIAN BEAMS Our particle based tomographic reconstruction algorithm does not assume any specific shape for the density profile. Therefore, asymmetric density variations, such as tails of a localized core can be reconstructed. To demonstrate this capability of our tomographic techniq... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The electrons at the ACHIP interaction point at SwissFEL possess a mean energy of $3 . 2 ~ \\mathrm { G e V }$ and are strongly focused by an in-vacuum permanent magnet triplet [11]. A six-dimensional positioning system (hexapod) at the center of the chamber is used to exchange, align, and scan samples or a wire scanne... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The reconstructed normalized emittances are up to a factor of two larger than the normalized emittances measured after the second bunch compressor. This emittance increase can be attributed to various reasons. Within a distance of $1 0 3 \\mathrm { ~ m ~ }$ the electron beam is accelerated from $2 . 3 { \\mathrm { G e ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Table: Caption: TABLE I. Normalized emittance $\\varepsilon _ { n }$ , Twiss $\\beta$ -function at the waist $\\beta ^ { * }$ , and corresponding beam size $\\sigma ^ { * }$ of the reconstructed transverse phase space distribution. Body: <html><body><table><tr><td></td><td>εn (nm rad)</td><td>β*(cm)</td><td>0* (μm)... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to the SwissFEL operations crew, the PSI expert groups, and the entire ACHIP collaboration for their support with these experiments. We would like to thank Thomas Schietinger for careful proofreading of the manuscript. This research is supported by the Gordon and B... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ \\sigma ( z ) = \\sqrt { \\beta ( z ) \\varepsilon _ { n } ( z ) / \\gamma ( z ) } , $$ where $\\beta$ denotes the Twiss (or Courant-Snyder) parameter of the magnetic lattice, $\\gamma$ is the relativistic Lorentz factor of the electrons and $\\varepsilon _ { n }$ is the normalized emittance of the beam. With an opt... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ Afterwards, the histogram of the particles’ transported and rotated $x$ coordinates is calculated. Note that the bin width needs to be smaller than the width of the wire, to ensure an accurate convolution with the wire profile. This becomes important when the beam size or beam features are smaller than the wire wi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | B. ACHIP chamber The ACHIP chamber at SwissFEL is a multi-purpose test chamber, designed and built for DLA research. It is located in the switch-yard of SwissFEL, where the electron beam has an energy of around $3 . 2 \\mathrm { G e V . }$ The electron beam is focused by an in-vacuum quadrupole triplet and matched back... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | A. Resolution limit The ultimate resolution limit of the presented tomographic characterization of the transverse beam profile depends on the roughness of the wire profile. With the current fabrication process, this is on the order of $1 0 0 ~ \\mathrm { { n m } }$ estimated from electron microscope images of the frees... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX B: TERMINATION CRITERIONFOR RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM The algorithm to reconstruct the phase space from wire scan measurements iteratively approximates the distribution that fits best to all measurements (see Sec. III). The iteration is stopped when a criterion based on the relative change from the current to t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When an electron beam scatters off a metallic wire, what particles are produced? | The particle shower contains mostly electrons, positrons, and X-rays | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | We developed a reconstruction algorithm based on a macroparticle distribution (instead of the intensity on grid), where each macroparticle, from now on called particle, represents a point in the four-dimensional phase space. The complexity of this algorithm is proportional to $n _ { p }$ (number of particles) and is in... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
Expert | When does the Aramis gas detector not give shot-to-shot calibrated pulse energy data? | When the photon energy or the gain voltage on the detector is changed. | Fact | [FELFastPulseEnergy]_JSR_30(2023).pdf | Another component of the gas detector system developed by DESY and used at various facilities, including SwissFEL, is the huge aperture open multiplier (HAMP), which is a large multiplier used for single-shot relative flux measurements that are not an absolute evaluation of the pulse energy. The response of this device... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
Expert | When does the Aramis gas detector not give shot-to-shot calibrated pulse energy data? | When the photon energy or the gain voltage on the detector is changed. | Fact | [FELFastPulseEnergy]_JSR_30(2023).pdf | This manuscript describes the developments in hardware characterization, feedback and monitoring programs, and processing algorithms that allow the photon pulse energy monitor (PBIG) at SwissFEL to deliver absolute pulse energy evaluations on a shot-to-shot basis (Juranic´ et al., 2018). The PBIG is the renamed DESY-d... | 2 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | When does the Aramis gas detector not give shot-to-shot calibrated pulse energy data? | When the photon energy or the gain voltage on the detector is changed. | Fact | [FELFastPulseEnergy]_JSR_30(2023).pdf | 2.2. Algorithm for data-processing The core of the data processing and evaluation of the absolute pulse energy on a shot-to-shot basis is the evaluation of the ratio between the slow signals and the fast signals. The slow absolute evaluation from the XGMD has an integration time of about $1 0 { \\mathrm { ~ s } } .$ , ... | 2 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | When does the Aramis gas detector not give shot-to-shot calibrated pulse energy data? | When the photon energy or the gain voltage on the detector is changed. | Fact | [FELFastPulseEnergy]_JSR_30(2023).pdf | $$ where $I _ { \\mathrm { X G M D } }$ and ${ \\cal I } _ { \\mathrm { H A M P } }$ are the evaluations of the XGMD and HAMP signal data in the buffer, respectively. This constant is then used in further evaluations. A weighted average algorithm is used to evaluate the current conversion constant so that $$ C = W C _ ... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
Expert | When does the Aramis gas detector not give shot-to-shot calibrated pulse energy data? | When the photon energy or the gain voltage on the detector is changed. | Fact | [FELFastPulseEnergy]_JSR_30(2023).pdf | Though the setup described is fast, an even better setup would be one where the evaluation of the pulse energy would depend completely on values measured from the HAMPs, their gain voltage and a photon energy. This is theoretically possible, but would require a long-term project to gather sufficient data to correlate t... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ Let $\\mathbf { Q } _ { i }$ represent the $i t h$ tuning parameter and $P _ { i }$ , the ùëñùë°‚Ñé projected distribution function. We define $\\pi ( \\mathbf { X } ) _ { i }$ as: $$ \\pi ( \\mathbf { X } ) _ { i } = P _ { i } ( M ( \\mathbf { X } , \\mathbf { Q } _ { i } ) ) . $$ Defining $\\pi ( \\mathbf { X } ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:BEAM_TOMOGRAPHY_USING_MCMC#U2217.pdf BEAM TOMOGRAPHY USING MCMC A. D. Tran†, Y. Hao, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA B. Mustapha, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA Abstract Beam tomography is a method to reconstruct the higher dimensional beam from its lower dimensional projecti... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ We solve for $\\sigma _ { i } j ( 0 )$ using a pseudo inverse. This method can be used separately for the $\\mathbf { \\boldsymbol { x } }$ and y phase spaces and can be applied to the $6 t h$ quad by setting $M _ { 6 } = D _ { 7 } Q _ { 7 } D _ { 6 } Q _ { 6 }$ . Table: Caption: Table 2: Quad Scan Results Body: <h... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ Algorithm The new algorithm is based on the use of a fourdimensional array $C$ the ”near particle”-array. The cells in the CEG are identified by $( j , k , l )$ of $C$ with In the next step, the macro-particles are stored in the array $C _ { j , k , l , m }$ according to the following procedure. The particle wit... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ where $N$ is the number of particles and $\\boldsymbol { e } _ { s , i }$ is the spherical wave scattered by the particle with index $i$ . Under heterodyne conditions $| \\sum e _ { s , i } | \\ll | e _ { 0 } |$ [8, 10], the last term (homodyne term) can be neglected and the intensity distribution is determined by t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ \\frac { \\sigma ( \\bar { \\rho } ( x _ { I } ) } { \\rho _ { I } } = \\sqrt { \\frac { 2 } { 3 } } \\frac { 1 } { \\sqrt { N _ { P I } } } , $$ where ${ { N _ { P I } } }$ is the number of macroparticles in grid cell $I$ . This density fluctuation level represents the shot noise level of a group of macroparticles... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:BEAM_TOMOGRAPHY_WITH_COUPLING_USING_MAXIMUM_ENTROPY.pdf BEAM TOMOGRAPHY WITH COUPLING USING MAXIMUM ENTROPY TECHNIQUE‚àó A. D. Tranp, Y. Hao, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Abstract Current analytical beam tomography methods require an accurate representation of the beam transport matrix bet... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The ensemble of particles is iteratively optimized so that their projections match with the set of measured projections. The algorithm starts from a homogeneous particle distribution. One iteration consists of the following operations. (i) Transport $T ( z )$ (ii) Rotation $R ( \\theta )$ (iii) Histogram of the transpo... | 4 | NO | 1 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | In the last step of each iteration, a small random value is added to each coordinate according to the Gaussian kernel defined in Eq. (2). This smoothes the distribution on the scale of $\\rho$ . For the reconstruction of the measurement presented in Sec. IV, $\\rho _ { x , y }$ was set to $8 0 \\ \\mathrm { n m }$ . Th... | 4 | NO | 1 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Solving the VFPE for simulating the bunch longitudinal phase space evolution helps in understanding instabilities caused by factors like beam-beam interactions, wakefield effects, and micro-bunching instabilities. Conversely, phase space density tomography is the inverse problem which is mainly used as an diagnostic to... | 4 | NO | 1 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | INTRODUCTION Phase space tomography [1, 2] is a powerful technique for characterising a beam’s charge distribution in phase space in one or more degrees of freedom. Tomography in two transverse degrees of freedom provides a detailed understanding of the beam substructure, and also allows for characterization of the b... | 5 | NO | 1 |
IPAC | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | RESULTS The error is compared to the original and reconstructed distribution using the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence. As seen in Figure 3, the error decreases as the number of samples and the number of algorithm iterations increases. Compared to Figure 4, the model converges better using a rotation matrix since it... | 5 | NO | 1 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to the SwissFEL operations crew, the PSI expert groups, and the entire ACHIP collaboration for their support with these experiments. We would like to thank Thomas Schietinger for careful proofreading of the manuscript. This research is supported by the Gordon and B... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX B: TERMINATION CRITERIONFOR RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM The algorithm to reconstruct the phase space from wire scan measurements iteratively approximates the distribution that fits best to all measurements (see Sec. III). The iteration is stopped when a criterion based on the relative change from the current to t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | At the SLAC Final Focus Test Beam experiment a laserCompton monitor was used to characterize a $7 0 \\ \\mathrm { n m }$ wide beam along one dimension [25]. The cost and complexity of this system, especially for multiangle measurements, are its main drawbacks. Concerning radiation hardness of the nanofabricated wire sc... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Table: Caption: TABLE I. Normalized emittance $\\varepsilon _ { n }$ , Twiss $\\beta$ -function at the waist $\\beta ^ { * }$ , and corresponding beam size $\\sigma ^ { * }$ of the reconstructed transverse phase space distribution. Body: <html><body><table><tr><td></td><td>εn (nm rad)</td><td>β*(cm)</td><td>0* (μm)... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | V. DISCUSSION The reconstructed phase space represents the average distribution of many shots, since shot-to-shot fluctuations in the density cannot be characterized with multishot measurements like wire scans. Errors induced by total bunch charge fluctuations and position jitter of the electron beam could be corrected... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf Electron beam transverse phase space tomography using nanofabricated wire scanners with submicrometer resolution Benedikt Hermann ,1,3,\\* Vitaliy A. Guzenko,1 Orell R. Hürzeler,1 ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | When doing tomographic reconstruction, when would it be beneficial to use a macroparticle distribution rather than the intensity on the grid? | when the number of dimensions is large | Reasoning | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | B. ACHIP chamber The ACHIP chamber at SwissFEL is a multi-purpose test chamber, designed and built for DLA research. It is located in the switch-yard of SwissFEL, where the electron beam has an energy of around $3 . 2 \\mathrm { G e V . }$ The electron beam is focused by an in-vacuum quadrupole triplet and matched back... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | VACUUM CHAMBERS DESIGN About 500 vacuum chambers of length ranging between 150 and $1 5 0 0 \\mathrm { m m }$ are needed for the 12 arcs. The chambers are assembled together with flat silver-plated copper gaskets (VATseal type), having sealing lips protruding by $2 0 0 \\mu \\mathrm { m }$ and which deform to roughly $... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The last critical system for the ICS-IP chamber is the vacuum system. There are three Pfeiffer turbopumps mounted on the sides of the chamber that create a UHV environment inside the chamber that is ${ \\sim } 1 0 ^ { - 8 }$ torr. Figure 2 shows a CAD representation of the exterior of the ICS-IP chamber and how the cam... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | INTRODUCTION SwissFEL is a compact cost-effective FEL driven by a low energy $( 5 . 8 \\mathrm { G e V } )$ , low charge $( 1 0 ~ \\mathrm { p C } - 2 0 0 ~ \\mathrm { p C } )$ and low-emittance electron beam, which produces hard X-rays with pulse energies above $1 \\mathrm { m J }$ , pulse duration of $\\leq 1 - 3 0$ ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | SwissFEL presents multiple advantages as the host facility of the ${ \\bf P } ^ { 3 }$ experiment. First and foremost, the SwissFEL linac can produce $6 \\mathrm { G e V } \\mathrm { e } ^ { - }$ beams, corresponding to the nominal drive energy of FCC-ee, and has the required room and infrastructure for a relatively la... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:CXLS_INVERSE_COMP_TON_SCATTERING.pdf CXLS INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING INTERACTION POINT CHAMBER\\* A. Gardeck†, A. Dupre, A. Semaan, J. Houkal, D. Smith, H. Loos, R. Rednour, J. Vela, R. Kaindl, S. Teitelbaum, W. S. Graves, M. R. Holl‡, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Abstract The Inverse Compton ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | RF−stationsBACCA D−chicane RF−station movable D−cFhLicAanSeH0 RF−stations old seed laser FLASH1 beam dump THz undulator 1 1 □ T 0= 中 ilsnanyesjsewetrcetmor RF g1u.n3 (G1H.3zGSHCzR/wFarm) matchuipngraded 1.3GHz SCRmFatching (w/ up1g.r3.GrfH−zd iSstCriRbFution) XSeed expemriamtcehnitng FLASHA2PPLE−III u... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | • The deuteron beam impinges on a liquid lithium target flowing at high speeed $( 1 5 \\mathrm { m } \\mathrm { s } ^ { - 1 } ,$ ) and high temperature $( 3 0 0 ^ { \\circ } \\mathrm { C } )$ . This serves to absorb the 5 MW beam power, as well as permitting an upgrade to a second accelerator, with a total maximum po... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to the SwissFEL operations crew, the PSI expert groups, and the entire ACHIP collaboration for their support with these experiments. We would like to thank Thomas Schietinger for careful proofreading of the manuscript. This research is supported by the Gordon and B... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | V. DISCUSSION The reconstructed phase space represents the average distribution of many shots, since shot-to-shot fluctuations in the density cannot be characterized with multishot measurements like wire scans. Errors induced by total bunch charge fluctuations and position jitter of the electron beam could be corrected... | 2 | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The electrons at the ACHIP interaction point at SwissFEL possess a mean energy of $3 . 2 ~ \\mathrm { G e V }$ and are strongly focused by an in-vacuum permanent magnet triplet [11]. A six-dimensional positioning system (hexapod) at the center of the chamber is used to exchange, align, and scan samples or a wire scanne... | 4 | NO | 1 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | A. Resolution limit The ultimate resolution limit of the presented tomographic characterization of the transverse beam profile depends on the roughness of the wire profile. With the current fabrication process, this is on the order of $1 0 0 ~ \\mathrm { { n m } }$ estimated from electron microscope images of the frees... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ \\sigma ( z ) = \\sqrt { \\beta ( z ) \\varepsilon _ { n } ( z ) / \\gamma ( z ) } , $$ where $\\beta$ denotes the Twiss (or Courant-Snyder) parameter of the magnetic lattice, $\\gamma$ is the relativistic Lorentz factor of the electrons and $\\varepsilon _ { n }$ is the normalized emittance of the beam. With an opt... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The reconstructed normalized emittances are up to a factor of two larger than the normalized emittances measured after the second bunch compressor. This emittance increase can be attributed to various reasons. Within a distance of $1 0 3 \\mathrm { ~ m ~ }$ the electron beam is accelerated from $2 . 3 { \\mathrm { G e ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX C: RECONSTRUCTION OF NON-GAUSSIAN BEAMS Our particle based tomographic reconstruction algorithm does not assume any specific shape for the density profile. Therefore, asymmetric density variations, such as tails of a localized core can be reconstructed. To demonstrate this capability of our tomographic techniq... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | D. Beam loss monitor Electrons scatter off the atomic nuclei of the metallic wire and a particle shower containing mainly x-rays, electrons and positrons is generated. The intensity of the secondary particle shower depends on the electron density integrated along the wire and is measured with a downstream beam loss mon... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | In the last step of each iteration, a small random value is added to each coordinate according to the Gaussian kernel defined in Eq. (2). This smoothes the distribution on the scale of $\\rho$ . For the reconstruction of the measurement presented in Sec. IV, $\\rho _ { x , y }$ was set to $8 0 \\ \\mathrm { n m }$ . Th... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | We developed a reconstruction algorithm based on a macroparticle distribution (instead of the intensity on grid), where each macroparticle, from now on called particle, represents a point in the four-dimensional phase space. The complexity of this algorithm is proportional to $n _ { p }$ (number of particles) and is in... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX B: TERMINATION CRITERIONFOR RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM The algorithm to reconstruct the phase space from wire scan measurements iteratively approximates the distribution that fits best to all measurements (see Sec. III). The iteration is stopped when a criterion based on the relative change from the current to t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The ensemble of particles is iteratively optimized so that their projections match with the set of measured projections. The algorithm starts from a homogeneous particle distribution. One iteration consists of the following operations. (i) Transport $T ( z )$ (ii) Rotation $R ( \\theta )$ (iii) Histogram of the transpo... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Where is the ACHIP chamber located in SwissFEL? |  It is located in the switch-yard to the Athos beamline | Fact | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ Afterwards, the histogram of the particles’ transported and rotated $x$ coordinates is calculated. Note that the bin width needs to be smaller than the width of the wire, to ensure an accurate convolution with the wire profile. This becomes important when the beam size or beam features are smaller than the wire wi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ \\eta _ { s } = \\alpha _ { s } - 1 / \\gamma ^ { 2 } $$ where it is clear to see that if $\\eta _ { s } < 0$ , the particles that have higher momentum will have a higher revolution frequency, and if $\\eta _ { s } > 0$ the particles that have lower momentum will have a lower revolution frequency therefore at transi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ where $A _ { i }$ with $i = 1$ and 2 symbolizes the energy spread $( \\sigma _ { E } / E ) ^ { 2 }$ and horizontal emittance $\\varepsilon _ { x }$ , respectively. $\\dot { E }$ is the time derivative of energy $E , J _ { 1 }$ is longitudinal damping partition number, $J _ { 2 }$ is horizontal damping partition numb... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ ‚Ķwhere the first-order longitudinal path-lengthening term is cancelled out in the long run by synchrotron oscillations. In general, path-lengthening effects manifest as an apparent speeding up of all particles with a non-zero emittance, which changes the effective Lorentz factor and thus the spin tune. This mechan... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | d) . . . requires the rotation of the sample around three orthogonal axes I.10.7.52 Undulator radiation Derive the formula for the fundamental wavelength of undulator radiation emitted at a small angle $\\theta$ : $$ \\lambda = \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 \\gamma ^ { 2 } } \\left( 1 + \\frac { K ^ { 2 } } { 2 } + \... | 1 | NO | 0 |
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