Source string | Question string | Answer string | Question_type string | Referenced_file(s) string | chunk_text string | expert_annotation string | specific to paper string | Label int64 |
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expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | Suggest a way to lower the emittance at the existing machine in order to test the instrumentation. What are some issues with your suggestion? I.10.7.24 Upgrade The SLS 2.0 Upgrade, amongst other things, considers an increase of the electron energy from 2.4 to $2 . 7 \\mathrm { G e V . }$ ‚Äì What can be the rationale f... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | This undulator is placed in a storage ring, with an electron beam energy of $E = 4 { \\mathrm { G e V } } ,$ and a beam current of $4 0 0 \\mathrm { m A }$ . The beam is focused to a waist of $\\sigma _ { x } = \\sigma _ { y } = 2 0 \\mu \\mathrm { m }$ inside the undulator. ‚Äì What range can be reached with the funda... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Fourtihogneneexrtartaiocnti:oFnr.oAmccthoerd2i0n1g0lsyonewiatrhdes.r tAhlseoskonuorwcne assizdeiffnraocrtitohneliamnitgeudlsatrorage rings (DLSsRpsr),etahde sewfearciel itoiepstifematiuzreds iagsn ifaicra natsl ytrhed urcaedihaotiriozno nitsa lceomnicttearnnce,di.ncreasing the coherent flux siVgenirfyi casnotloy.n ... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Vacuum system: as a result of the smaller inner bore of the magnets, the vacuum chamber diameter needs to be reduced to a point where a conventional pumping system becomes difficult to implement. A key enabling technology is the use of a distributed getter pump system, where the entire vacuum chamber is coated with... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.2 Generation of radiation by charged particles An accelerated charge emits electromagnetic radiation. An oscillating charge emits radiation at the oscillation frequency, and a charged particle moving on a circular orbit radiates at the revolution frequency. As soon as the particles approach the speed of light, how... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | applications in Section I.10.6. The total radiated power per particle, obtained by integrating over the spectrum, is $$ P _ { \\gamma } = \\frac { e ^ { 2 } c } { 6 \\pi \\varepsilon _ { 0 } } \\frac { \\beta ^ { 4 } \\gamma ^ { 4 } } { \\rho ^ { 2 } } . $$ The energy lost by a particle on a circular orbit, i.e. in an ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | File Name:Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_‚Äî_Synchrotron_radiation.pdf Chapter I.10 Synchrotron radiation Rasmus Ischebeck Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland Electrons circulating in a storage ring emit synchrotron radiation. The spectrum of this powerful radiation spans from the far infrared to the $\\boldsymbol {... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ with a horizontal damping time $$ \\tau _ { x } = \\frac { 2 } { j _ { x } } \\frac { E _ { 0 } } { U _ { 0 } } T _ { 0 } . $$ All effects related to the dispersion are summarized in the horizontal partition number $j _ { x }$ $$ j _ { x } = 1 - { \\frac { I _ { 4 } } { I _ { 2 } } } . $$ The second synchrotron radi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.7.55 Practical applications of synchrotron radiation The Italian Light Source Elettra is a 3rd generation synchrotron source with $2 5 9 \\mathrm { m }$ circumference, and can operate at beam energies of either $2 . 0 \\mathrm { G e V }$ or $2 . 4 \\mathrm { G e V } ,$ with beam currents of $3 1 0 \\mathrm { m A }... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Shifting our view to a broader perspective, we now consider the properties of the entire electron bunch. By definition, the emittance is given as the ensemble average of the action. The change in emittance follows thus from the change in action $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { d \\varepsilon _ { y } } & { = } & { \\lan... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The total radiated power depends on the fourth power of the Lorentz factor $\\gamma$ , or for a given particle energy, it is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the mass of this particle. This means that synchrotron radiation, and its effect on the beam, are negligible for all proton accelerators except for t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ When deriving the equations for the beam dynamics in the horizontal phase space, we need to consider: ‚Äì Change in momentum: the emission of radiation leads to a recoil of the electron. This change in momentum is the same that we considered in the vertical phase space; ‚Äì Dispersion: the emission of radiation resu... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | This method contrasts with traditional filling schemes, where the beam intensity peaks right after a fill and then continuously diminishes. Top-up injection maintains a nearly constant beam current, equilibrating thermal load and thereby improving the stability of the beam over extended periods. Such consistency is par... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.7.2 Brilliance Estimate the brilliance $\\boldsymbol { B }$ of the sun on its surface, for photons in the visible spectrum. What is the brilliance of the sun on the surface of the Earth? For simplicity, ignore the influence of the Earth‚Äôs atmosphere. Table: Caption: Sun Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Radiated... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which effects, relevant in synchrotrons, can occur when an X-ray photon interacts with an electron bound to an atom? | Photoelectric absorption, Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. | Summary | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Equation (I.10.16) becomes $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { { \\displaystyle \\frac { \\lambda } { 2 c } } } & { { = } } & { { \\displaystyle \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 \\beta c } \\left( 1 + \\frac { K ^ { 2 } } { 4 \\gamma ^ { 2 } } \\right) - \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 c } } } \\\\ { { \\Longrightarrow } }... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ \\begin{array} { l } { \\displaystyle P ^ { 1 / 2 } ( z , t ) = \\sqrt { \\frac { 2 \\kappa q _ { 0 } ^ { 2 } | F | ^ { 2 } v _ { g } } { 1 - \\beta _ { g } } } e ^ { \\frac { - \\alpha ( v _ { g } t - \\beta _ { g } z ) } { 1 - \\beta _ { g } } } \\cos { \\left[ \\omega \\left( t - \\frac { z } { c } \\right) \\rig... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Equation (B5) can now be written in terms of the Fourier transformed functions as $$ \\begin{array} { c } { { P _ { w } = \\displaystyle \\frac { c } { ( 2 \\pi ) ^ { 3 } } \\mathrm { R e } \\Bigg \\{ \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } I ( \\omega _ { 2 } ) e ^ { j \\omega _ { 2 ... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ \\Pi ( x ) = { \\left\\{ \\begin{array} { l l } { 1 } & { | x | < 1 / 2 } \\\\ { 0 } & { { \\mathrm { e l s e } } } \\end{array} \\right. } $$ The derivative of the one-dimensional energy dissipation distribution $Q _ { \\mathrm { d i s s } } ( z )$ along the corrugated structure is obtained by multiplying $P$ from ... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Q _ { \\mathrm { d i s s } } = \\frac { E _ { \\mathrm { a c c } } ^ { 2 } } { 8 \\alpha \\kappa } ( e ^ { - 2 \\alpha L } + 2 \\alpha L - 1 ) . $$ According to Eq. (14), the amount of energy deposited on the CWG wall per unit length reaches a maximum after the electron bunch propagates a distance $z \\gg 1 / \\alph... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | The condition for vertical sidewalls is $\\zeta = 1$ and $d > p / 2$ . Preventing a self-intersecting geometry requires both the width of the tooth and vacuum gap to be less than the corrugation period, as well as a sufficiently large corrugation depth when $\\zeta > 1$ to ensure positive length of the inner tangent li... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ where $\\tau = ( 1 - \\beta _ { g } ) / 2 \\alpha v _ { g }$ is the decay time constant of the rf pulse and $R _ { s } = \\sqrt { \\pi f \\mu / \\sigma }$ is the surface resistance. This result is valid when $\\alpha L > 0 . 4 2 7$ such that the maximum $\\Delta T$ occurs before the end of the pulse. For pure copper... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | File Name:Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf Design of a cylindrical corrugated waveguide for a collinear wakefield accelerator A. Siy ,1,2,\\\\* N. Behdad,1 J. Booske,1 G. Waldschmidt,2 and A. Zholents 2,† 1University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA 2Advanced Photon Source, Argonne Nati... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ \\kappa _ { \\mathrm { t o t } } = \\sum \\kappa _ { n } = \\frac { 2 } { L } \\int _ { 0 } ^ { \\infty } { \\mathrm { R e } } \\{ Z _ { | | } ( f ) \\} d f , $$ where $Z _ { | | }$ is the longitudinal wakefield impedance and $L$ is the length of the structure. The HOM content can be characterized by the sum of HOM ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ The integrals in $t$ and $t ^ { \\prime }$ produce Dirac delta functions leaving $$ \\begin{array} { l } { \\displaystyle P _ { w } = \\frac { c } { 2 \\pi } \\mathrm { R e } \\Bigg \\{ \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } d \\omega \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\infty } d \\omega _ { 2 } \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { \\inf... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ We will now consider the effect of the bunch charge density $q ( s )$ on the accelerating field $E _ { z } ( s )$ in order to understand how $E _ { \\mathrm { a c c } }$ and the peak surface fields depend on $q ( s )$ . To begin, we write $E _ { z , n }$ due to a single mode as a convolution $$ E _ { z , n } ( s ) =... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ q ( s ) = N \\times { \\left\\{ \\begin{array} { l l } { 1 } & { 0 < s < \\pi / ( 2 k _ { n } ) } \\\\ { k _ { n } s + ( 1 - \\pi / 2 ) } & { \\pi / ( 2 k _ { n } ) < s < l } \\\\ { 0 } & { { \\mathrm { e l s e } } } \\end{array} \\right. } $$ where $s$ is the longitudinal displacement from the head of the bunch, $k... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ Making the substitution $u = s - s ^ { \\prime }$ , $$ E _ { z , n } ( s ) = 2 \\kappa _ { n } \\operatorname { R e } \\Biggl \\{ \\int _ { - \\infty } ^ { s } q ( u ) e ^ { j k _ { n } ( s - u ) } d u \\Biggr \\} . $$ Since we are only interested in the fields behind the bunch, we take the limit as $s \\infty$ , n... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ which can be written as $$ V ^ { \\prime } = \\biggr \\vert \\int _ { 0 } ^ { p } \\hat { a } ^ { - 1 / 2 } E _ { z } ( z ^ { \\prime } ) e ^ { j \\omega _ { c } ^ { z ^ { \\prime } } } d z ^ { \\prime } \\biggr \\vert = \\frac { V } { \\hat { a } ^ { 1 / 2 } } . $$ Since we have normalized the fields with $U = 1 \\... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | VII. HOM CONSIDERATIONS In addition to the fundamental $\\mathrm { T M } _ { 0 1 }$ mode, the wakefield contains contributions from higher order modes (HOMs). Since the HOMs span a range of wavelengths, they may interfere either constructively or destructively with the accelerating mode at the position of the witness b... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | In evaluating the peak surface fields for the various corrugation geometries, we have normalized the fields over the accelerating gradient given in Eq. (B29) in Appendix B to allow a comparison of the results. Typical electric and magnetic field distributions within the corrugation unit cell are shown in Fig. 8, where ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | IX. CONCLUSION Through simulation, we have shown how the electromagnetic parameters characterizing the $\\mathrm { T M } _ { 0 1 }$ synchronous mode of a cylindrical CWG used as a slow-wave structure depend on the corrugation period, spacing, sidewall angle, and frequency of the accelerating mode. In analyzing the stru... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | Comparing the maximum radii and unequal radii rounded corrugation peak fields in Figs. 10 and 11, we note that the two geometry types are identical when the spacing parameter $\\xi = 0$ and the sidewall parameter $\\zeta = 1$ . In both structure types, the minimum $E _ { \\mathrm { m a x } }$ occurs for a negative spac... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ where the bunch length $l$ is $$ l = \\frac { \\frac { \\pi } { 2 } + \\sqrt { \\mathcal { R } ^ { 2 } - 1 } - 1 } { k _ { n } } . $$ Evaluating the form factor at $k = k _ { n }$ produces $$ | F ( k _ { n } ) | = \\frac { 2 \\mathcal { R } } { \\mathcal { R } ^ { 2 } + \\pi - 2 } . $$ This result leads to the accel... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.121601 I. INTRODUCTION A sub-terahertz accelerator (A-STAR) is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory to reduce the cost and footprint of a future hard x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility [1,2]. A-STAR is a collinear wakefield accelerator (CWA) that uses a cylindrical cor... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
expert | Which material is preferred for a short pulse colinear accelerator: copper, aluminum or stainless steal? | Stainless steel | Reasoning | Design_of_a_cylindrical_corrugated_waveguide.pdf.pdf | $$ \\phi = \\frac { 3 6 0 f p } { c } , $$ where $\\phi$ is the periodic boundary condition phase advance in degrees, $f$ is the frequency of the electromagnetic mode, $p$ is the corrugation period, and $c$ is the speed of light. The electron bunch velocity is considered to be equal to $c$ . The structures were simulat... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | $$ \\begin{array} { r l r } { \\gamma ( u , v ) = } & { { } } & { \\mathrm { e x p } [ - \\frac { ( u ^ { 2 } + v ^ { 2 } ) + 2 \\rho ( u v ) + \\eta ( u ^ { 2 } - v ^ { 2 } ) } { 2 \\sigma ^ { 2 } } ] } \\\\ { \\| V _ { i j } \\| = } & { { } } & { \\gamma ( u _ { i j } , v _ { i j } ) \\| G _ { i } \\| \\| G _ { j } \... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | These images show the expected behaviour, with the diffraction pattern covering more of the CCD for the $3 \\mathrm { m m }$ hole image vs. the 5mm hole. Note that the total counts in the field is very large (millions of photons), and hence the Airy disk is visible beyond the first null, right to the edge of the field.... | 2 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | Gaussian random noise is then added to the complex visibilities at the rms level of $\\sim 1 0 \\%$ of the visibility amplitudes, and a second test was done with $1 \\%$ rms noise. Since the noise is incorporated in the complex visibilities, it affects both phase and amplitude. In each case, a series of 30 measurement ... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | Notice that, for the 6-hole mask Figure 8, the u,v data points corresponding to the vertical and horizontal 16mm baseline have roughly twice the visibility amplitude as neighboring points (and relative to the 5-hole mask). This is because these are now redundantly sampled, meaning the 16mm horizontal baseline now inclu... | 4 | Yes | 1 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | We extract the correlated power on each of the baselines by calculating the complex sum of pixels within a circular aperture of 7 pixels, centered at the calculated position of the baseline. With the padding used here 1 mm on the mask corresponds to 2.54 pixels in the Fourier transformed interferogram. An illustration ... | 5 | Yes | 1 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | To investigate decoherence caused by redundant sampling, we assume a gain for hole 5 equal to the mean between the gains of the two holes in close proximity to hole 5 (holes 3 and 4 see Figure 2 and Table I, mean gain of 3 and $4 =$ $\\mathrm { G } _ { 5 } = 9 . 2 5$ ). This gain assumes that the illumination pattern i... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | Next we pad and center the data so that the centre of the Airy disk-like envelope of the fringes is in the centre of a larger two-dimensional array of size $2 0 4 8 \\times 2 0 4 8$ . To find the correct pixel to center to we first smooth the image with a wide (50 pixel) Gaussian kernel, then select the pixel with high... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | I. INTRODUCTION We consider the measurement of the ALBA synchrotron electron beam size and shape using optical interferometry with aperture masks. Monitoring the emittance of the electron beam is important for optimal operation of the synchrotron light source, and potentially for future improved performance and real-ti... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | In most cases, we employ non-redundant masks. A non-redundant aperture mask has a hole geometry such that each interferometric baseline, or separation between holes, is sampled uniquely in the Fourier domain (herein, called, the u,v plane), by a single pair of holes (Bucher & Haniff 1993; Labeyrie 1996). Non-redundant ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | One curious result is the close correlation between the decoherence of the two redundant baselines with time, as can be seen in Figure 29 and Figure 28. Some correlation is expected, since the phase fluctations at hole 5 are common to both baselines. But we are surprised by the degree of correlation. Perhaps vibrations... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | V. PROCESSING CHOICES The analysis presented herein is meant as supporting material for other papers that present the science results. Our main focus is to justify the choices made in this new type of analysis of laboratory optical interferometric data. A. Centering: phase slopes For reference, Figure 14 shows the cent... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | In this report, we explore various configurations of a multi-hole, two-dimensional mask, emphasizing non-redundant masks, for an instantaneous measurement of the 2D electron beam size. Non-redundant masks have been used extensively in optical astronomical interferometric imaging to determine eg. the size of stellar pho... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | D. 3ms vs 1ms coherences: 5 hole data We consider the affect of the integration time on coherence and closure phase on the 5-hole data (see Section VII for further analysis with other masks). Figure 22 shows the coherence at 3 ms vs 1 ms integrations. The 3 ms coherences are lower by about 2 - 10%. The rms of 3 ms cohe... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | $$ \\phi _ { a b c } ( \\nu ) = \\phi _ { a b } ( \\nu ) + \\phi _ { b c } ( \\nu ) + \\phi _ { c a } ( \\nu ) . $$ In this summation, the element-based phase errors cancel, and the measured closure phase equals the true closure phase, independent of calibration. Closure phase is image shift invariant, and it relates t... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | $$ V _ { a b } ( \\nu ) = \\int _ { \\mathrm { s o u r c e } } A _ { a b } ( \\hat { \\bf s } , \\nu ) I ( \\hat { \\bf s } , \\nu ) e ^ { - i 2 \\pi { \\bf u } _ { a b } \\cdot \\hat { \\bf s } } \\mathrm { d } \\Omega , $$ where, $a$ and $b$ denote a pair of array elements (eg. holes in a mask), $\\hat { \\pmb s }$ d... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | Figure 13 shows the closure phases for all ten triads in the uv-sampling, and the values are listed in Table III. All the closure phases are stable (RMS variations $\\leq 0 . 7 ^ { o }$ ), and all the values are close to zero, typically $\\leq 1 ^ { o }$ . The only triads with closure phases of about $2 ^ { o }$ involv... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | First, the $1 \\%$ rms noise on the visibilities results in fitted quantities (amplitude, bmaj, bmin, pa), that are consistent with the model parameters, to within the scatter. Also, the rms scatter for the fit paramaters are of similar magnitude as those found for the real data. Second, the $1 0 \\%$ rms visibility no... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | In radio interferometry, the voltages at each element are measured by phase coherent receivers and amplifiers, and visibilities are generated through subsequent cross correlation of these voltages using digital multipliers (Thomson, Moran, Swenson 2023; Taylor, Carilli, Perley 1999). In the case of optical aperture mas... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which non-redundant mask showed better results? | The 7-hole mask with 2.4?mm diameter gave the best results, providing stable closure phases, low residuals, and reliable beam size fits. | Reasoning | Carilli_2024.pdf | $$ where, $\\star$ denotes a complex conjugation. The process of calibration determines these complex voltage gain factors. In general, calibration of interferometers can be done with one or more bright sources (‘calibrators’), whose visibilities are accurately known (Thomson, Moran, Swenson 2023). Equation (2) is ... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | ACS PHOTONICS READ Quasi-BIC Modes in All-Dielectric Slotted Nanoantennas for Enhanced $\\mathbf { E r ^ { 3 + } }$ Emission Boris Kalinic, Giovanni Mattei, et al.JANUARY 18, 2023 ACS PHOTONICS READ Get More Suggestions > | 1 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | We drove the structure with electron bunches with a duration of approximately 30 fs (RMS), which is much shorter than the resonant wavelength corresponding to a period of 3 ps. Hence, we expect to see the coherent addition of radiated fields. To experimentally verify this, we varied the bunch charge. Figure 4 shows the... | 1 | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | The objective function $G$ , quantifying the performance of a design $\\phi ,$ is given by the line integral of the Poynting vector $\\begin{array} { r } { { \\bf S } ( x , y ) = \\mathrm { R e } \\left\\{ \\frac { 1 } { 2 } { \\bf E } \\times { \\bf H } ^ { * } \\right\\} } \\end{array}$ in the $x$ -direction along th... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | Our work naturally extends to the field of subrelativistic electrons. Here, simultaneous arrival of THz radiation and electron bunches is readily achieved by compensating for the higher velocity of the radiation with a longer path length (Figure 5b). Besides its application for pump‚àíprobe experiments, our structure c... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | The second difficulty arises from the long-range evanescent waves of ultrarelativistic electrons. The spectral density of the electric field of a line charge decays with $\\bar { \\exp ( - \\kappa | x | ) }$ , where $\\kappa =$ $2 \\pi / \\beta \\gamma \\lambda$ , with $\\beta \\approx 1$ and $\\gamma \\approx 6 0 0 0$... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | A bunch length of 30 fs (RMS) was measured for similar machine settings in a separate shift with a transverse deflecting cavity (TDC) in the Aramis beamline of the accelerator. Therefore, we expect the longitudinal dimension of the electron beam at the ACHIP chamber to be on the order of $1 0 \\ \\mu \\mathrm m ,$ , al... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | Michelson Interferometer and THz Detector. For the spectrum measurements, we installed a Michelson interferometer outside the vacuum chamber. The THz pulse was first sent through an in-vacuum lens made of PMMA with a diameter of $2 5 \\ \\mathrm { m m }$ and a focal length of $1 0 0 ~ \\mathrm { { m m } }$ . The lens c... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
Expert | Which physical effect is utilized to generate THz radiation in the design? | The Smith-Purcell effect | Definition | hermann-et-al-2022-inverse-designed-narrowband-thz-radiator-for-ultrarelativistic-electrons.pdf | A typical autocorrelation measurement for a charge of 9.4 pC is depicted in Figure 2b. The shape of the autocorrelation is not perfectly symmetric in amplitude and stage position. The amplitude asymmetry could be a result of a nonlinear detector response (onset of saturation). This is in agreement with the slight devia... | augmentation | Yes | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Multi-particle tracking method, instead, can simulate the non-linear space charge and it is adopted in some previous studies [3]. TraceWin is adopted in our design for the CSNSII Linac and it is also used for the beam commissioning study. BEAM SIZE MEASUREMENT AT CSNS-MEBT Figure 1 illustrates a schematic layout [4] of... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | This also leads to having unusable data points when individual pre-amplifiers for a channel fail giving disconnected data points within a profile. During data analysis, the channels that were marked to be inoperative were set to the average value of the overall IPM data set to eliminate the poor MCP issue. Out of all 6... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:BEAM_LOSS_MONITORING_THROUGH_EMITTANCE_GROWTH.pdf BEAM LOSS MONITORING THROUGH EMITTANCE GROWTH CONTROL AND FEEDBACK WITH DESIGN F. Osswald†, E. Traykov, M. Heine, IPHC, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Strasbourg, France T. Durand1, SUBATECH, CNRS/IN2P3, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, France J. Michaud, ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | To obtain the beam parameters at each section, the beam sizes are measured with three or four wire scanners and data of wire scanners is analysed. At each section, four wire scanners are located, and beam parameters are calculated by using the transfer matrix formalism. Figure 3 shows the result of the beam parameter c... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The Q-scan curve obtained for the y-direction is shown in Fig. 3. Where $\\sqrt { | K | }$ is a value proportional to the focusing force of the quadrupole magnet. Fitting using Eq. (3) results in an emittance $8 \\%$ lower than the simulation input. This is because the beam in the y-direction is shaved o! about $1 \\%$... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Beam Size For this study a precise and reliable measurement of the beam size is critical. The beam images are recorded on luminescent screens with digital cameras. Different methods to compute the $1 \\sigma$ beam sizes from the beam profiles were investigated (Fig. 4). RMS beam sizes with $5 \\%$ amplitude or $5 \\%$ ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Quantum gas jet due to its small dimensions can significantly improve the position resolution and at the same time issues related to space charge can be mitigated. The jet can be scanned slowly across the beam or, to avoid problems with loss of alignment, the beam can be steered to produce a scan through the jet. The p... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The horizontal and vertical MWs in MI-8 line measure the number of counts of a proton beam via the wire planes. A Gaussian fit was also applied to the number of counts collected on the wire planes and calculated the beam size using the same method as the IPMs. An example of MWs in the RR profile is shown in Fig. 2. The... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | assume a specific shape (e.g., Gaussian) of the distribution, asymmetries, double-peaks, or halos of the distribution can be reconstructed (an example is shown in Appendix C). Properties of the transverse phase space including, transverse emittance in both planes, astigmatism and Twiss parameters can be calculated from... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | fluctuations, or density variations of the electron beam. The effect of these error sources is discussed further in Appendix A. The evolution of the reconstructed transverse phase space along the waist is depicted in Fig. 6. The expected rotation of the transverse phase space around the waist is clearly observed. The p... | 4 | NO | 1 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | Table: Caption: TABLE I. Normalized emittance $\\varepsilon _ { n }$ , Twiss $\\beta$ -function at the waist $\\beta ^ { * }$ , and corresponding beam size $\\sigma ^ { * }$ of the reconstructed transverse phase space distribution. Body: <html><body><table><tr><td></td><td>εn (nm rad)</td><td>β*(cm)</td><td>0* (μm)... | 1 | NO | 0 |
IPAC | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | File Name:DEVELOPMENTS_AND_CHARACTERIZATION_OF_A_GAS_JET.pdf DEVELOPMENTS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A GAS JET IONIZATION IMAGING OPTICAL COLUMN P. Denham‚Üí, A. Ody, P. Musumeci, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA N. Burger, G. Andonian, T. Hodgetts, D. Gavryushkin, RadiaBeam Technologies, Santa Mo... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ \\sigma ( z ) = \\sqrt { \\beta ( z ) \\varepsilon _ { n } ( z ) / \\gamma ( z ) } , $$ where $\\beta$ denotes the Twiss (or Courant-Snyder) parameter of the magnetic lattice, $\\gamma$ is the relativistic Lorentz factor of the electrons and $\\varepsilon _ { n }$ is the normalized emittance of the beam. With an opt... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | D. Beam loss monitor Electrons scatter off the atomic nuclei of the metallic wire and a particle shower containing mainly x-rays, electrons and positrons is generated. The intensity of the secondary particle shower depends on the electron density integrated along the wire and is measured with a downstream beam loss mon... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | APPENDIX C: RECONSTRUCTION OF NON-GAUSSIAN BEAMS Our particle based tomographic reconstruction algorithm does not assume any specific shape for the density profile. Therefore, asymmetric density variations, such as tails of a localized core can be reconstructed. To demonstrate this capability of our tomographic techniq... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The reconstructed normalized emittances are up to a factor of two larger than the normalized emittances measured after the second bunch compressor. This emittance increase can be attributed to various reasons. Within a distance of $1 0 3 \\mathrm { ~ m ~ }$ the electron beam is accelerated from $2 . 3 { \\mathrm { G e ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | The ensemble of particles is iteratively optimized so that their projections match with the set of measured projections. The algorithm starts from a homogeneous particle distribution. One iteration consists of the following operations. (i) Transport $T ( z )$ (ii) Rotation $R ( \\theta )$ (iii) Histogram of the transpo... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | We developed a reconstruction algorithm based on a macroparticle distribution (instead of the intensity on grid), where each macroparticle, from now on called particle, represents a point in the four-dimensional phase space. The complexity of this algorithm is proportional to $n _ { p }$ (number of particles) and is in... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Which types of facilities require beam profile measurements with micrometer accuracy? | Dielectric laser accelerators, and future compact free-electron lasers. | Summary | Hermann_et_al._-_2021_-_Electron_beam_transverse_phase_space_tomography_using_nanofabricated_wire_scanners_with_submicromete.pdf | $$ Afterwards, the histogram of the particles’ transported and rotated $x$ coordinates is calculated. Note that the bin width needs to be smaller than the width of the wire, to ensure an accurate convolution with the wire profile. This becomes important when the beam size or beam features are smaller than the wire wi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.7.2 Brilliance Estimate the brilliance $\\boldsymbol { B }$ of the sun on its surface, for photons in the visible spectrum. What is the brilliance of the sun on the surface of the Earth? For simplicity, ignore the influence of the Earth‚Äôs atmosphere. Table: Caption: Sun Body: <html><body><table><tr><td>Radiated... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The size of an atom is on the order of $1 \\ \\mathring { \\mathrm { A } } = 1 0 ^ { - 1 0 } \\ \\mathrm { m }$ , while the pixels of an X-ray detector are around $1 0 0 ~ { \\mu \\mathrm { m } }$ in size. A magnification of $1 0 ^ { 6 }$ would thus be required, and it turns out that no X-ray lens can provide this9. Un... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ where we have used the Twiss parameter identity $\\alpha _ { y } ^ { 2 } = \\beta _ { y } \\gamma _ { y }$ . The change in emittance is thus proportional to the emittance, with a proportionality factor $- d p / P _ { 0 }$ . We thus have an exponentially decreasing emittance (the factor 2 is by convention) $$ \\varep... | 1 | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Figure I.10.2 shows the development of the peak brilliance of $\\mathrm { \\Delta X }$ -ray sources during the last century. Scientists working in synchrotron radiation facilities have gotten accustomed to an extremely high flux, as well as an excellent stability of their X-ray source. The flux is controlled on the ... | 5 | NO | 1 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ d \\varepsilon _ { y } = - \\varepsilon _ { y } \\frac { U _ { 0 } } { E _ { \\mathrm { { n o m } } } } . $$ Using the revolution period $T _ { 0 }$ $$ \\frac { d \\varepsilon _ { y } } { d t } = - \\varepsilon _ { y } \\frac { U _ { 0 } } { E _ { \\mathrm { n o m } } T _ { 0 } } . $$ The damping time is thus $$ \\t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | File Name:Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_‚Äî_Synchrotron_radiation.pdf Chapter I.10 Synchrotron radiation Rasmus Ischebeck Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland Electrons circulating in a storage ring emit synchrotron radiation. The spectrum of this powerful radiation spans from the far infrared to the $\\boldsymbol {... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Computing the photon flux $\\dot { N } _ { \\gamma }$ for an undulator is even more elaborate than the calculation for a single dipole, and we just cite the result [2] $$ { \\dot { N } } _ { \\gamma } = 1 . 4 3 \\cdot 1 0 ^ { 1 4 } N I _ { b } Q _ { n } ( K ) , $$ where $$ Q _ { n } ( K ) = \\frac { 1 + K ^ { 2 } / ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ For a synchrotron consisting of only dipoles $$ \\oint { \\frac { 1 } { \\rho ^ { 2 } } } d s = { \\frac { 2 \\pi \\rho } { \\rho ^ { 2 } } } = { \\frac { 2 \\pi } { \\rho } } . $$ More generally, we use the second synchrotron radiation integral as defined in Equation I.10.12, and we can write the energy loss per tu... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Equation (I.10.16) becomes $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { { \\displaystyle \\frac { \\lambda } { 2 c } } } & { { = } } & { { \\displaystyle \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 \\beta c } \\left( 1 + \\frac { K ^ { 2 } } { 4 \\gamma ^ { 2 } } \\right) - \\frac { \\lambda _ { u } } { 2 c } } } \\\\ { { \\Longrightarrow } }... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ Shifting our view to a broader perspective, we now consider the properties of the entire electron bunch. By definition, the emittance is given as the ensemble average of the action. The change in emittance follows thus from the change in action $$ \\begin{array} { r c l } { d \\varepsilon _ { y } } & { = } & { \\lan... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | applications in Section I.10.6. The total radiated power per particle, obtained by integrating over the spectrum, is $$ P _ { \\gamma } = \\frac { e ^ { 2 } c } { 6 \\pi \\varepsilon _ { 0 } } \\frac { \\beta ^ { 4 } \\gamma ^ { 4 } } { \\rho ^ { 2 } } . $$ The energy lost by a particle on a circular orbit, i.e. in an ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | ‚Äì Auger electrons: similarly to fluorescence, this effect starts with the ionization or excitation of an inner-shell electron due to the interaction with the X-ray photon. This leaves a vacancy in the inner shell, which is then filled with an outer-shell electron. However, instead of releasing the excess energy as a ... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | I.10.2 Generation of radiation by charged particles An accelerated charge emits electromagnetic radiation. An oscillating charge emits radiation at the oscillation frequency, and a charged particle moving on a circular orbit radiates at the revolution frequency. As soon as the particles approach the speed of light, how... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The total radiated power depends on the fourth power of the Lorentz factor $\\gamma$ , or for a given particle energy, it is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the mass of this particle. This means that synchrotron radiation, and its effect on the beam, are negligible for all proton accelerators except for t... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | The scattering amplitude $I _ { 0 }$ can be calculated from classic electromagnetism. For non-relativistic electrons, it is sufficient to consider the electric component of the incoming wave. The Thomson scattering cross section is equal to $$ \\sigma _ { T } = { \\frac { 8 \\pi } { 3 } } \\left( { \\frac { e ^ { 2 } }... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ When deriving the equations for the beam dynamics in the horizontal phase space, we need to consider: ‚Äì Change in momentum: the emission of radiation leads to a recoil of the electron. This change in momentum is the same that we considered in the vertical phase space; ‚Äì Dispersion: the emission of radiation resu... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | Suggest a way to lower the emittance at the existing machine in order to test the instrumentation. What are some issues with your suggestion? I.10.7.24 Upgrade The SLS 2.0 Upgrade, amongst other things, considers an increase of the electron energy from 2.4 to $2 . 7 \\mathrm { G e V . }$ ‚Äì What can be the rationale f... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | $$ All synchrotron radiation integrals are a function of the lattice, independent of the properties of the stored beam. Again, Equation I.10.32 would predict an emittance that decays exponentially, approaching zero. The reason that this does not happen in reality is that there are effects that increase the horizontal e... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
expert | Who first observed synchrotron radiation and when? | It was first observed on April 24, 1947, by Herb Pollock, Robert Langmuir, Frank Elder, and Anatole Gurewitsch at General Electric¬Ç√Ñ√¥s Research Lab in Schenectady, New York. | Fact | Ischebeck_-_2024_-_I.10_—_Synchrotron_radiation | How would you measure this radiation? I.10.7.27 Superconducting undulators What is the advantage of using undulators made with superconducting coils, in comparison to permanentmagnet arrays? What are drawbacks? I.10.7.28 In-vacuum undulators What are the advantages of using in-vacuum undulators? What are possible diffi... | augmentation | NO | 0 |
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