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63a1ddb2-89d9-48c7-8f32-7f854236810e | A child presents with recurrent respiratory tract infection, mouth breathing and decreased hearing. Treatment is: | Tonsillectomy | Adenoidectomy | Grommet inseion | All | 3d | multi | Child is presenting with mouth breathing. Palate is high arched.There is nasal obstruction and recurrent respiratory tract infections along with hearing impairment. All these features are suggestive of adenoid hyperplasia. In case of adenoid hyperplasia, impairment of hearing is due to secretory otitis. Thus the logica... | ENT | null |
9c7daf15-4f32-4c88-90d7-8b7f9d9dc239 | All are major cytokines in chronic inflammation except | IL-6 | IL-12 | IFN-y | IL-17 | 0a | multi | Ans. (a) IL-6(Ref: Fundamental immunology by William E Paubl 1030, Koj -chapter 3; Refer to Ans 69)Il6 IS INVOLVED IN ACUTE FRBRILE RESPONSES Others are involved in chronic inflammation | Pathology | Inflammation & Repair |
13877362-5a67-44b4-ba53-533d503f66e7 | Olopatadine is: | Mast cell stabilizer | Anti-histamine | Both mast cell stabilizer and anti histamine | None of the above | 2c | multi | Ref: Clinical Oculor Pharmacology, 1st ed. pg. 257* Olopatadine hydrochloride is an antihistamine (as well as anticholinergic and mast cell stabilizer)* It is used as eye drop to treat itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.* Side effects include headache, eye burning and/or stinging, blurred vision, dry eyes,... | Pharmacology | Endocrinology |
96e52b4c-8fbe-4a68-8437-b9778108cf6b | Ketone body formation takes place in: | Liver | Kidney | Spleen | Blood | 0a | single | A Harper, 26th ed, p. 183 & 25th ed, p. 243, Fig (24.6) | Biochemistry | Lipids |
592fea53-9a72-43d5-ba1b-9b3dcfdff066 | Purposeful movement is staed at | 6 months | 8 months | 9 months | 12 months | 0a | single | Palmer grasp goes at age of 4 monthTransfer object hand to hand 5.5 monthThe purposeful movement staed when there is an absence of Palmer group, so an above option best answer is 6 month(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 2798) | Pediatrics | All India exam |
d2e66250-f2fd-4151-88f3-c4c5b4909a6b | Which of the following structures form the superior border of Epiploic foramen ? | Quadrate lobe of liver | Caudate process of caudate lobe of liver | Poa hepatis | First pa of the duodenum | 1b | single | In human anatomy, the omental foramen (Epiploic foramen, foramen of Winslow, or uncommonly aditus) is the passage of communication or foramen, between the greater sac (general cavity of the abdomen) and the lesser sac.Borders of Epiploic foramen: It has the following boundaries:Anteriorly : free border of lesser omentu... | Anatomy | null |
e699b00a-fddc-40d6-ba00-cf9960fcc4a4 | Antidote for organophosphorus poisoning is - | PAM | Adrenaline | Anti-dopaminergics | Ephedrine | 0a | single | Antidotes for OP compounds : (1) atropine (2) oximes (Pralidoxime : PAM, obidoxime and diacetylmonoxirne : DAM). | Forensic Medicine | null |
acac1b45-5029-42a8-ba47-be22e8f3bee0 | EBV is associated with which type of cancer? | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Epidermodysplasia | Kaposi sarcoma | None | 0a | multi | Epstein-barr virus may lead to the following clinical conditions:* Infectious mononucleosis* Epstein-barr virus associated malignancies: - Burkitt's lymphoma - Lymphomas in immunodeficient person such as those with AIDS and transplant recipients - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in persons of Chinese origin. | Microbiology | DNB 2018 |
3a22eaa4-bb78-43cb-8aa0-7bca8d751dce | Hyperaldosteronism is associated with all, EXCEPT: | Hypernatremia | Hypokalemia | Hypeension | Metabolic acidosis | 3d | multi | Primary hyperaldosteronism causes extracellular volume expansion and hypeension by increasing distal sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone increases H+ and K+ excretion, producing metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia. Therapy for saline-unresponsive metabolic alkalosis includes surgical removal of a mineralocoicoid-producing... | Physiology | null |
7e8660fb-1d21-4320-a2b8-9760cff656b3 | A 28-year-old patient has multiple grouped papulovesicular lesions on both elbows, knees buttocks and upper back associated with severe itching. The most likely diagnosis is – | Pemphigus vulgaris | Bullous pemphigoid | Dermatitis herpetiformis | Herpes Zoster | 2c | multi | Look for itching → Severe itching
Papulovesicular lesion
On extensors (knees, elbows), scapular region (upper back), buttock.
Age → 28 years | Dental | null |
c32f8547-3512-4256-8030-868502c130e9 | Tongue muscle which is not developed from occipital myotome ? | Styloglossus | Hyoglossus | Genioglossus | Palatoglossus | 3d | single | DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE :? I. Epithelium a) Ant 2/3 -- lingual swellings of 1st arch and tuberculum impar b) Post 1/3 -- large dorsal pa of hypobranchial eminence, Le. 3rd arch c) Posterior most pa -- small dorsal pa of the hypobranchial eminence, i.e. 4th arch II. Muscles From occipital myotomes except palatoglossus... | Anatomy | null |
51351c00-e363-419e-9052-23ca53fc9362 | Sodomy is punishable under:NEET 14 | Sec. 354 IPC | Sec. 375 IPC | Sec. 377 IPC | Sec. 378 IPC | 2c | single | Ans. Sec. 377 IPC | Psychiatry | null |
3bcf18e2-7da2-4c1b-80ba-38a17aca8644 | The drug of choice for the treatment of Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is | Carbimazole | Iodine therapy | Propyl Thiouracil | Metimazole | 2c | single | (C) Propyl Thiouracil # All antithyroid drugs can cross placenta so risk of fetal hypothyroidism and goitre is always there.> Both carbimazole and propylthiourcil can be used during pregnancy, but propyl-thiouracil is the drug of choice because its greater protein binding allows low doses of propylthioracil to be trans... | Medicine | Miscellaneous |
fdb3db95-78f0-4579-842d-4c8c9445e57d | Drugs are used in AKT-4 kit for TB as | None | Decrease in resistance by conjugation | To cure disease early | Decrease in resistance by mutation | 3d | multi | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
48bf4552-3a7b-4b08-b521-6d2a92697e9a | A 47-year-old man is found to have edema, ascites, and hepatosplenomegaly. The examination of his neck veins reveals elevated venous pressure with a deep y descent. Heart size on x-ray is normal. Which of the following etiologies is not a possible explanation for this syndrome? | rheumatic fever | TB | unknown cause | previous acute pericarditis | 0a | single | Commonly, no cause is found for constrictive pericarditis. Some patients do give a history of previous acute pericarditis. TB is now an uncommon cause. Cancer can cause constriction but is uncommon. Rheumatic fever does not cause pericarditis. | Medicine | C.V.S. |
11a218be-6cac-4265-b84c-5658735c4fff | In sickle cell anaemia defect is in which chain ? | a-chain | B-chain | Both the chains | None of these | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., n-chain | Pathology | null |
7bf77e57-99bb-4774-910d-3f16127586d1 | Waddling gait due to: March 2009 | Bilateral congenital dysplasia of hip | Coxa valga | CTEV | Bilateral coxa valgum | 0a | single | Ans. A: Bilateral congenital dysplasia of hip A waddling gait is the style of walking that is seen in a patient with proximal myopathy. It is characterised by: A broad-based gait with a duck-like waddle to the swing phase The pelvis drops to the side of the leg being raised Forward curvature of the lumbar spine Marked ... | Surgery | null |
3bdf8cc4-529c-4236-b9ef-771fbc7d45bb | Treatment of Advanced Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy with extensive vitreoretinal fibrosis and fractional retinal detachment involves all of the following, EXCEPT: | Reattachment of detached or torn retina | Removal of epiretinal membrane | Vitrectomy | Exophotocoagulation | 3d | multi | There is no role of Exophotocoagulation in the management of advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy with complications such as fractional RD and extensive vitreoretinal fibrosis. Endophotocoagulation may be used in conjunction with vitrectomy. Ref: Oxford Textbook of Medicine 4th /350; Current Geriatric Diagnosis ... | Ophthalmology | null |
c7e86382-a87f-4f75-affc-d8b4821170d4 | All of the following are H2 blockers except ? | Cimetidine | Ranitidine | Famotidine | Omeprazole | 3d | multi | Ans. is `d' i.e., Omeprazole Drugs for peptic ulcer 1. Reduce gastric acid secretion a) H2 antihistaminic - Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, Roxatidine. b) Proton pump inhibitors - Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, Esomeprazole. c) Anticholinergics - Pirenzepine, propantheline, oxyphenonium. d) Pr... | Pharmacology | null |
fb980300-ff4b-41b3-b680-9436b1b3ca8c | X-rays are a type of | Atomic radiation | Ultrasonic radiation | Electromagnetic radiation | Particulate radiation | 2c | single | null | Radiology | null |
2889e536-9889-48df-aff7-f1458f6c90e2 | Activation of which receptor causes pulmonary vasoconstriction? | Alpha 2 adrenergic | H2 histamine | M3 cholinergic | ETA epithelial receptor | 3d | single | Activation of ETA receptor causes pulmonary vasoconstriction. These are endothelin receptors.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology, 23rd edition Page no: 609 | Physiology | Respiratory system |
382dd98d-650d-40ee-82a2-bfa73949ce88 | Shock lung synonym is used for | COPD | Alveolar proteinosis | ARDS | HMD | 2c | single | Ans. C. ARDSShock Lung/ARDS is a clinical syndrome caused by diffuse alveolar capillary and epithelial damage. There is usually rapid onset of life-threatening respiratory insufficiency, cyanosis, and severe arterial hypoxemia that is refractory to oxygen therapy and that may progress to multisystem organ failure. The ... | Medicine | Respiratory |
c7c5ffa7-c62c-443b-a588-ca092d0debde | The commonest cause of Enuresis in children is - | Urinary tract infection | Spina bifida | Psychologic stress | None | 3d | multi | Ans. is None o Genetic factors are the most common etiology for enuresis. Nelson o Beyond genetic factors, the cause of enuresis likely involves a complex web of physiologic and perhaps psychologic factors. | Pediatrics | null |
be02c8e1-11d2-4bd7-88ea-3f0b8c3521a4 | Trans-tubular potassium gradient (T.T.K.G) in hypokalemia is? | <3-4 | >6-7 | >9-10 | >10-15 | 0a | single | The expected values of the Trans-tubular potassium gradient (T.T.K.G) are <3-4 in the presence of hypokalemia and >6-7 in the presence of hyperkalemia. TTKG is measured as follows: | Medicine | Fluids and Electrolyte Imbalance |
7eab82f9-8f1c-4522-8744-570c6cec3c7b | Which of the following investigation would be diagnostic of cystic fibrosis? | Deficiency of the enzyme mucinase | High sweat chloride content | Alpha-1 aldolase deficiency | Increased copper excretion in urine | 1b | single | A sweat test measures the amount of chloride, a pa of salt, in Sweat. It is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF). People with CF have a high level of chloride in their sweat. CF is a disease that causes mucus build-up in the lungs and other organs. It damages the lungs and makes it hard to breathe Ref Davidson 23rd ed... | Medicine | Miscellaneous |
e4354f2c-cd8d-4a2b-ab56-11a37ccd2542 | Intention tremor is characteristic of :- | Parkinson’s disease | Fronto temporal Dementia | Progressive Supra Nuclear Palsy | Cerebellar lesions | 3d | single | Intention tremor is seen in cerebellar lesions and “pill-rolling” tremors at rest is typical of Parkinson’s disease. | Medicine | null |
79bc1dd0-acfc-4313-8c05-78bce8bd7f03 | Site of lesion in Bitemporal hemianopia is ? | Optic nerve | Optic tract | Optic chiasma | Optic radiation | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Optic chiasma Characteristic defect of central chiasmatic lesion is bitemporal hemianopia. This question has been asked in almost all the examinations. Site oflesion Visual field defect Optic nerveOptic chiasmaOptic tractLateral geniculate bodYOptic radiation (Total)Optic radiation lower fibres (tempo... | Anaesthesia | null |
1158ac2d-9b6c-4a2c-bbcd-127f869f1238 | Patient of Rectovaginal fistula should be initially treated with | Colostomy | Primary repair | Colporrhaphy | Anterior resection | 0a | multi | Recto-Vaginal Fistula Management Preliminary colostomy is done Local repair after 3 weeks Closure of colostomy after 3weeks Ref: D.C.DUTTA&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY; 6th edition; Pg no:428 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Urogynecology |
69beeaad-ca09-4c1e-b28e-0a66156d64b7 | Turban epiglottis is seen in | Tuberculosis | Leprosy | Laryngeal papilloma | Epiglottitis | 0a | single | Turban epiglottis is due to oedema and infiltration of the epiglottis and is caused by laryngeal tuberculosis. Lupus: a form of tuberculosis, on the other hand, eats away and destroys the epiglottis. Pseudoedema of the epiglottis is known as "turban epiglottis". Ref: PL Dhingra 7th edition of Ear, Nose and Throat; Pg n... | ENT | Larynx |
ee002345-22c8-41d4-a42c-559705962a20 | Arthritis mutilans is due to: | Psoriatic arthritis | Osteoarthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis | Rheumatic arthritis | 0a | single | Ans: a (Psoriatic arthritis) Ref: Harrison's, 16th ed,p. 1998; 17th ed, p. 2115Arthritis mutilans is due to psoriatic arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis involves PIP, DIP and metacarpopha- langeal joints and may or may not involve the wrist.Psoriatic arthritis can present with a wide spectrum of clinical features namely:1)... | Medicine | Immunology and Rheumatology |
af5d8acd-c032-48a6-8c88-86fa51b49381 | NOT a complication of massive blood transfusion: March 2013 (d) | Septicemia | Thrombocytopenia | Hypehermia | ARDS | 2c | single | Ans. C i.e. Hypehermia Hypothermia is seen and hence blood should be warmed before infusion | Anaesthesia | null |
7ad10ce8-f679-47fd-8fd7-69dd293ccc27 | A 50-year-old male presented with signs and symptoms of restrictive hea disease. A right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed deposition of extracellular eosinophilic hyaline material. On transmission electron microscopy, this material is most likely to reveal the presence of | Non branching filaments of 7.5 to 10 nm | Cross banded fibres with 67 m periodicity | Weber Palade bodies | Concentric whorls of lamellar structures | 0a | single | Amyloidosis is the major cause of restrictive cardiomyopathyCardiac amyloid is classically suspected from thickened ventricular walls with an ECG that shows low voltage.By electron microscopy, all types of amyloid consist of continuous, nonbranching fibrils with a diameter of approximately 7.5 to 10 nm. X-ray crystallo... | Pathology | miscellaneous |
e7d116c0-133f-474a-8aab-23dcfcc16ad7 | Which of the following is a disinfectant, sterilizing
agent and an antiseptic? | Sodium hypochlorite | Glutaraldehyde | Hydrogen peroxide | Methylated spirit | 0a | single | null | Dental | null |
6c70b09c-5d5d-4a9b-9037-64983280ab89 | Prevalence of vitamin-A deficiency in a community is assessed as the following: | Night blindness-10% | Corneal ulcer-0.1% | Bitot spots-0.5% | Decreased serum retinol level-0.05% | 2c | single | Prevalence criteria for determining the xerophthalmia problem: Criteria Prevalence in population at risk (6 months to 6 years) Nightblindness More than 1% Bitot's spots More than 0.5% Corneal xerosis/corneal ulceration/ keratomalacia More than 0.01% Corneal ulcer More than 0.05% Serum retinol (less than 10 mcg/dl) More... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
a4f8e175-5dce-49d7-a934-deb5e1e65d66 | In the Post-disaster phase, all of the following vaccines are mandatory for doctors except:- | Cholera | Typhoid | Measles | Tetanus | 2c | multi | Vaccines C/I for population:- Cholera Typhoid Tetanus Other vaccines are relatively CI Vaccines mandatory for Doctors/health providers:- Cholera Typhoid Tetanus | Social & Preventive Medicine | Vaccines |
9d0b06e8-5c5f-4de0-a86f-35d49cdc43db | Bence Jones proteinuria is found on a urinalysis specimen from a 63 year old woman. She is developing chronic renal failure and has a high serum urea nitrogen and creatinine. A radiograph of the veebral column demonstrates multiple 1 to 2 cm rounded areas of decreased bone density. The pathological examination from a r... | Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia | Sclerodactyly | Chronic myelogenous leukemia | Amyloidosis | 3d | single | Multiple myeloma is one of the most common causes for amyloidosis that leads to renal failure. The plasma cells secrete light chains and produce the proteinuria as well as the amyloid. | Surgery | null |
613a5e42-ac53-4b5c-9b52-51ed9b2938ef | True statements regarding vancomycin uses are all of the following except: September 2009 | Surgical prophylaxis in MRSA prevalent areas | Drug of choice for pseudomembranous enterocolitis | Effective in penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infection | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection | 1b | multi | Ans. B: Drug of choice for pseudomembranous enterocolitis Vancomycin is used in Proven methicillin-resistant (MR) Staph. aureus (S.A.) or coagulase-negative Staphylococcal infections Serious infections where coagulase-negative Staphylococci is highly suspected (e.g., central line, prosthesis, sternotomy, etc). Endocard... | Pharmacology | null |
2453a113-427e-4910-8606-7c7b8e1d05a2 | All are true about scleritis except? | painless condition | glaucoma may occur | necrotising scleritis is more severe and destructive form | Anterior scleritis pain worsens at night | 0a | multi | null | Ophthalmology | Sclera |
ce1d98be-17da-4361-b90f-897af1e29b48 | After a single episode of painless gross hematuria in a boy. Doctor performed an excretory urogram showing a filling defect towards the lower renal infundibulum 1.5 cm. in size. What will be the next investigation to be done ? | Cystoscopy | Urine cytology | USG | Retrograde pyelography | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' ie USG There can be various reason for a filling defect on IVP - stones, mass, cyst etc. They can be very well be diagnosed by USG. | Surgery | null |
18e5d2f4-6c4d-47d6-850e-caef4182f484 | A 60-year-old female presents with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, hea rate of 50, and pronounced first-degree AV block on ER cardiac monitor. Blood pressure is 130/80. The coronary aery most likely to be involved in this process is the | Right coronary | Left main | Left anterior descending | Left anterior descending | 0a | single | (Fuster, 10/e, pp 52, 88.) The right coronary aery supplies most of the inferior myocardium and supplies the AV node in over 70% of patients. Thus occlusion of this aery can cause ischemia of the AV node with AV block or bradycardia, as well as symptoms of an inferior MI as seen in this patient. AV block can occur with... | Surgery | null |
b399ea05-7a91-4542-af24-86c3d8140171 | All are true except? | Penetration - Uncoating - Macromolecular synthesis Transcription, Protein synthesis, Replication - Assembly - Release by budding and lysis. | DNA viruses: Adenovirus, Human papilloma virus, Parvovirus B-19, BK and LC polyomavirus, Polio virus. | Gancyclovir: CMV: act on viral DNA. | Viruses causing congenital and neonatal disease: HSV-2, Echovirus, CMV, Parvovirus B19, VZV, HIV, Hepatitis virus. | 1b | multi | Ans. B. DNA viruses: Adenovirus, Human papilloma virus, Parvovirus B-19, BK and LC polyomavirus, Polio virus.1. DNA viruses* Parvo viridae (ss DNA) (NE)* Adeno viridae (NE)* Papovaviridae (NE)* Hepadnaviridae (E)* Herpes viridae (E) (1-8)* Pox viridae (E)2. RNA Viruses* Picornaviridae* Rhabdoviridae* Orthomyxoviridae* ... | Microbiology | Virology |
846495f6-24e8-49eb-8bae-ef1ab1371a94 | WHO Rose Questionnaire is used for - | Alcohol Addiction | Angina Assessment | DVT Assessment | Arrhythmia Assessment | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Angina AssessmentThe London school of Hygjne chest pain questionnaire-The Rose questionaire (version for self administration)PARTAa)Have you ever had any pain or discomfort in your chest# Yes# Nob) Do you get this pain or discomfort when you walk uphill or hurry?# Yes# Noc) Do you get it when you walk... | Medicine | Alcohol |
4c93dd91-7915-46c6-89f8-c39152569eef | Most common mechanism of transfer resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is: | Conjugation | Transduction | Transformation | Mutation | 1b | single | Ans.is. b i.e.' Transduction | Microbiology | null |
db4856a6-21f8-4e44-ab3f-88404cd492ee | A 39-year-old man presents to his physician with the complaint of loss of peripheral vision. The subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan below demonstrates | Cerebral atrophy | Pituitary adenoma | Optic glioma | Pontine hemorrhage | 1b | single | This T1-weighted sagittal MRI scan reveals a dumbbell-shaped homogeneous mass involving the sella turcica and the suprasellar region. This lesion is most consistent with a pituitary adenoma, a benign tumor arising from the adenohypophysis. Pituitary adenomas are the most common sellar lesion and constitute 10-15% of al... | Surgery | Nervous System |
11390e5f-a182-4670-b1cb-1adccd75750c | The following are true of Mendelson's syndrome – | Critical volume of aspirate is 50 mls | Critical pH of gastric aspirate is 1.5 | Onset of symptoms generally occurs within 30 minutes | Steroids have been shown to improve outcome | 2c | multi | Symptoms of Mendelson's syndrome generally occurs within 30 minutes of aspiration.
Critical pH is 2.5 and critical volume is 25 ml.
Use of corticosteroid is generally not recommended. | Anaesthesia | null |
3a6e9052-0da7-49da-ac04-863b91a89562 | Commonest haematological malignancy in children is: | CLL | AML | CML | ALL | 3d | multi | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy of childhood, accounting for about 25% of all cancer diagnoses in patients younger than age 15 years. The peak age at onset is 4 years; 85% of patients are diagnosed between ages 2 and 10 years. Leukemia is defined by the presence of more than 25% maligna... | Pediatrics | null |
57acc815-aa87-4417-9db6-26f6a456c054 | Common sites of bleeding are: (PGI June 2008) | Woodruff plexus | Little's area | Brown's area | Vestibular Area | 1b | single | Ans, B. (Little's area] Little's area or kiesselbach's plexus Q - This is the vascular area in the antero inferior part of nasal septum. It is the commonest1-1 site for epistaxis.Arteries Involved in Kisselbach's Plexus Formation"Four arteri es-anterior ethmoidal, septal branch of superior labialQ, septal branch of sph... | ENT | Nose and PNS |
95e81367-e0bb-4cba-83f1-647af94138f2 | The expression of the following oncogene is associated with a high incidence of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid- | P 53 | Her 2 neu | RET protooncogene | Rb gene | 2c | single | Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. RET gene is a proto oncogene normally code for receptor for growth factor ( RET receptor). Point mutation to this gene causes multiple endocrine neoplasi type 2A, type2B , medullary carcinoma of thyroid.. | Pathology | General pathology |
2467534e-db69-4826-9ebe-3f03adaad3ee | Most common cardiac anamoly associated with Noonan 's syndrome is | Aortic stenosis | Ventricular septal defect | Pulmonary stenosis | Atrial septal defect | 2c | single | Most common cardiac anamoly associated with Noonan's syndrome is pulmonary stenosis. | Pediatrics | null |
87c6d7dd-7ce6-47c3-9daf-4e2ad02a1652 | 1 day old m ale baby delivered by LSCS had swelling over back in midline. | Iron | Folic acid | Thiamine | Vit A | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Folic acid o Folic acid supplementation decreases the incidence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTD). Because the neural tube closes within the 1st 28 days ofconception, periconceptional supplementation is needed for prevention. It is recommended that women without a prior history of a NTD, ing... | Pediatrics | New Born Infants |
0aed47ff-32bb-413d-9568-5deb6b84730b | Pheochromocytomas arise from: | Nonendocrine cells of the adrenal coex | Nonendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla | Neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal coex | Neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla | 3d | multi | Answer is D (Neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla): Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine secreting tumors that arise from neuroendocrine chromaffin tissue in the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla consists of neuroendocrine cells called chromaffin cells Chromaffin cells are derived from primitive pheochromblast... | Medicine | null |
371c2c9c-5b9b-4c5e-ab2d-423d6be70b81 | Which of the following is NOT consistent with antemoem burns? | Presence of marked cellular exudates | Presence of line of redness | Blisters containing air and thin clear fluid with yellow base | Presence of increased enzymatic reaction at peripheral zone of burns | 2c | single | In case of antemoem burns the blisters are filled with serous fluid and the base is red in colour. All the other options given are consistent with ante moem burns. Note that no inflammatory changes are seen in post-moem burns. Ref: Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By Dr.K S Narayan Reddy, 21st Edition, Pa... | Forensic Medicine | null |
f81cd95c-d6b4-4d16-9abd-3951de36ef9b | Parrot like repetitive speech is found in: | Autism | Cerebral palsy | Marfan's syndrome | Mental retardation | 0a | single | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes three neurodevelopmental disorders: autism disorder, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive development disorder (PDD).
There are three levels of impairment noted.
The first notable impairment is social, which, in some cases is extreme, with lack of eye contact and not ... | Dental | null |
086a0b17-4488-4ee9-a83c-d1b75fbeed66 | Which is not a pathologic feature of H. pylori chronic gastritis - | Eosinophilic infiltrates | Intraepithelial neutrophil deposits | Affects intestinal gland formation in stomach | Subepithelial plasma cell deposits | 0a | single | . Eosinophilic infiltrates | Pathology | null |
7ec42bad-f304-4d2a-ac90-e749c49e07f3 | A 36-year-old woman has become increasingly icteric for 1 month. She has had several bouts of colicky, midabdominal pain for 3 years. On physical examination, she has generalized jaundice with scleral icterus. Her BMI is 32. There is tenderness in the right upper quadrant, and the liver span is normal. A liver biopsy i... | Alkaline phosphatase | Ammonia | Antimitochondrial antibody | Hepatitis C antibody | 0a | single | The findings suggest obstructive jaundice from biliary tract disease (e.g., gallstones). Elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase level is characteristic of cholestasis from biliary obstruction. The alkaline phosphatase comes from the bile duct epithelium and hepatocyte canalicular membrane. The blood ammonia concen... | Pathology | Liver & Biliary Tract |
a7c55dc3-84cc-4ec8-9b48-c9229a1a4c2e | Which X-ray needs to be taken for 16 year old male is ? | Wrist | Elbow | Shoulder | Ilium | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Elbow | Forensic Medicine | null |
f318a0ef-01f6-43e7-beff-de29694040ea | Symptoms of narcolepsy are all except | Cataplexy | Catalepsy | Daytime sleepiness | hypnagogic hallucinations | 1b | multi | NarcolepsyThe classic tetrad of symptoms is:i. Sleep attacks (most common): ii. Cataplexy: iii. Hypnagogic hallucinations: iv. Sleep paralysis (least common): Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 138 | Psychiatry | Sleep disorders and eating disorders |
c452015a-5daa-46ed-b7a6-abd4724f06a0 | In hemoglobin, the innate affinity of heme for carbon monoxide is diminished by the presence of - | His F8 | His E7 | Gly B6 | Thr C4 | 1b | single | Isolated heme binds carbon monoxide (CO) 25,000 times more strongly than oxygen. However, in myoglobin and hemoglobin, heme binds carbon monoxide to only about 200 times more strongly than oxygen.
This is because of distal histidine (His E7 of protein part of hemoglobin and myoglobin create a hindered environment which... | Biochemistry | null |
b30b00ff-501e-41cd-b970-d1b8e88867a3 | The key cell types involved in the acquired immunity include all EXCEPT: | B lymphocytes | Erythrocytes | T lymphocytes | Antigen presenting cells (APC) | 1b | multi | The main physiological role of red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes is to transport gases (O2, CO2) from the lung to the tissues and to maintain systemic acid/base equilibria.
In addition, RBCs are well equipped with antioxidant systems, which essentially contribute to their function and integrity.
They are not inv... | Microbiology | null |
517972b9-93be-4904-8025-4291e8fc4f1e | Screening is not recommended if - | Prevalence of disease is high | Life expectancy can be prolonged by early diagnosis | Diagnostic test should be available | Diseases with no latent period | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Disease with no latent period o The disease to be screened should fulfil the following criteria before it is considered suitable for screening:-The condition sougth should be an important health problem (in general, prevalence should be high).There should be a recognizable latent or early asymptomatic... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Screening for Disease |
6a407698-2895-4bd7-b962-5b201b48b308 | Aminoacyl t-RNA is not required for | Proline | Lysine | Hydroxylysine | Methionine | 2c | single | The enzymes aminoacyl tRNA synthetases activate the amino acids. The enzyme is highly selective in the recognition of both the amino acid and the transfer RNA acceptor. There is at least one tRNA for each of the 20 amino acids. Eg: hydroxylysine is the active form of lysine .hence not recognised by tRNA The D arm of tR... | Biochemistry | Metabolism of protein and amino acid |
bf442290-30a0-4fc2-be12-4fdaf82c1052 | Maximum infection of CMV is seen after what duration post transplantation ? | Immediate | < 1 month | 1-4 months | > 6 months | 2c | single | .Therapeutic invasive procedures may be in the form of IV cannula, bladder catheter, tracheostomy and other minor surgical procedures which permit the skin organisms like staphylococcus epidermidis to penetrate the skin and invade the deeper tissues. Organisms Bacteria: Gram-negative: E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, ... | Surgery | Urology |
830b248a-d95b-45af-9257-6eae0efccd72 | What is the treatment of a child with supraventricular tachycardia? | Adenosine | Digoxin | Sotalol | Flecainide | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Adenosine Treatment of supraventricular tachycardias in childreno In severe haemodynamic compromise, or if ventricular tachycardia is suspected, tachycardia should immediately be terminated by external cardioversion during deep sedationo Vagal manoeuvres are effective in patients with atrioventricular... | Pediatrics | Cardiac Therapeutics |
81fd3ae7-1e8a-4e82-b1ac-977b6e781419 | Gene for Wilms tumor iis located on | Chromosome 1 | Chromosome 10 | Chromosome 11 | Chromosome 12 | 2c | single | characterized by Wilms tumor, aniridia, genital anomalies, and mental retardation. Their lifetime risk of developing Wilms tumor is approximately 33%. Individuals with WAGR syndrome carry constitutional (germline) deletions of 11p13. Studies on these patients led to the identification of the first Wilms tumor-associate... | Anatomy | Urinary tract |
0aec6663-d0df-4115-b513-402586daf3dd | How much is punishment for sex determination - | 3 years | 5 years | 7 years | 9 years | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 3 yearso According to pre-conception and pre-natal diagnostic techniques (prohibition of sex selection) act 2002, sex detection can lead to a fine of Rs. 10,000 and up to three years Inprisonment for a first offence, with greater fines and longer terms of imprisonment for repeated offenders. | Forensic Medicine | Misc. |
836ce8d1-4690-48a5-ac85-b84d4c9f8563 | Most impoant layer of a slow sand filter is ? | Vital layer | Sand bed | Filter system | Raw water | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vital layer o This is confusing one because of the following statements of Park. "The most impoant pa of the filter is the sand bed" - Park "The vital layer is the hea of the slow sand filter" - Park o Following statement may help in choosing the answer : ? "Vital layer is the layer that provides the ... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
e6f11baf-c966-4521-bc87-25e8fb2ab686 | All are features of tabes dorsalis, except - | Ataxia | Argyll Robertson's pupil | Bladder disturbances | Hyperreflexia | 3d | multi | null | Medicine | null |
4e909f68-d30e-4fd3-8d2f-b628b2c310f5 | Micturition centre is present in - | Lateral temporal cortex | Medial temoral cortex | Lateral frontal cortex | Medial frontal cortex | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Medial frontal cortex o Micturition centers are located in the brain-stem and cerebral cortex.1) In cerebral cortex (cortical center) : A cortical center for voluntary control of initiation and cessation of micturition is located in the superior frontal gyrus on medial surface (medial frontal cortex).... | Physiology | Nervous System |
d747eea5-2998-4c0d-9ad2-a20d435a94ff | During an operation, if a pair of scissors is left in abdomen, the doctrine applicable is: JIPMER 10 | Res integra | Res gestae | Res ipsa loquitor | Res judicata | 2c | single | Ans. Res ipsa loquitor | Forensic Medicine | null |
1e760ab5-a127-4a3a-aad7-fa755baafe7c | Hypophosphatemia is seen in all except- | Acute renal failure | Rickets | Respiratory alkalosis\/COPD | Chronic alcoholism | 0a | multi | <P>Improved medical management of chronic kidney disease now allows many patients to survive for decades and hence time enough to develop features of renal osteodystrophy, which must be controlled to avoid additional morbidity. Impaired production of 1,25(OH) 2 D is now thought to be the principal factor that causes ca... | Medicine | Endocrinology |
4fb5852f-aeee-4390-bdd3-46f16022a6ed | Bell's palsy not responding to the steroid. What will be the further line of management - | Increase the dose of steroid | Vasodilators and ACTH | Surgical decompression | Electrophysiological nerve testing | 3d | single | If the patient of Bell's palsy is not responding to conservative treatment, electrodiagnostic study (electrophysiological study) should be done.
The electrodiagnostic study includes electromyography (EMG), Electroneurography (ENG), minimal excitability test and maximal excitability test.
Surgery is reserved for those w... | ENT | null |
a818fc9d-7f8b-4e93-b984-f728f3742795 | Not attached on medial border of scapula ? | Serratus anterior | Levator scapulae | Rhamboides major | Teres major | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Teres majorMuscles attached to scapula are :-Coracoid process :- Tip of the coracoid process gives origin to coracobrachialis (medially) and sho head of the biceps laterally.The upper surface receives inseion of pectoralis minor.Spine of scapula and acromion process :- There is origin of Deltoid and i... | Anatomy | null |
e2e62c46-db9d-4c67-bf48-d0d6626d5def | All is true about Giant cell arteritis except - | Most commonly involved artery is abdominal aorta | Involves large to small sized arteries | Granulomatous inflammation | Segmental nature of the involvement | 0a | multi | Giant cell arteritis (Temporal arteritis)
It is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, is an acute and chronic, often granulomatous, inflammation of arteries of large to small size.
It affects principally the arteries in the head-especially the temporal arteries—but also the vertebral and ophthalmic ar... | Pathology | null |
3e141dc2-8561-4ec8-a2cc-19299a0a005d | All tests are used for infanticide except ? | Ploucquet test | Fodere's test | Gettler's test | Raygat's test | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Gettler's test Tests used in infanticide (for respiration) Ploucquet's test : Weight of lung is measured in relation to body wieght. Before bih weight of lung is 1/70 of body weight and after respiration it becomes 1/35 of body weight due to increased blood flow in lung beds. Static test or Fodere's t... | Forensic Medicine | null |
409c4cdc-4c81-4c4b-a194-f063caee71a9 | A female Mamta, 26 year old presented with gradually increasing respiratory distress since 4 days. She gives history of hospitalisation and mechanical ventilation with orotracheal intubation for 2 weeks . Now she is diaganosed as having severe tracheal stenosis. What would be the next line of management - | Laser excision and stent insertion | Steroids | Tracheal dilatation | Tracheal resection and end to end anastomosis | 3d | multi | null | ENT | null |
39f2fb0f-6818-429f-a93f-9aab29782c3c | MRI scan of a mentally retarded child with recurrent seizures and hemangioma. Diagnosis is? | Epiloias | Encephalofacial angiomatosis | Louis Bar syndrome | Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses | 1b | multi | Ans. (b) Encephalofacial angiomatosis.* The CT scan shows extensive intracranial calcification which will lead to seizures, paralysis and hemiatrophy. The presence of hemangioma shows presence of Sturge-Weber syndrome called as encephalofacial angiomatosis.* Epilolia is alternative term for tuberous sclerosis.* Louis b... | Unknown | null |
574515d5-6f1a-49ff-bfeb-cb7ef8f87f26 | At t = 0 there are 6 x 1023 radioactive atoms of a substance, which decay with a disintegration constant (A,) equal to 0.01/sec. What would be the initial decay rate? | 6 x 1023 | 6 x 1022 | 6 x 1021 | 6 x 1021 | 2c | single | Ans. 6 x 1021 | Radiology | null |
dd4b1f96-4e1a-4136-8ecd-3ede17ebabfd | Uremic complications typically arise during which of the following phases of Renal Failure: | Initiation | Maintenance | Diuretic Phase | Recovery Phase | 1b | multi | Answer is B (Maintenance) Uremic complications and Electrolyte imbalance typically arise during the Maintenance Phase of Acute Renal Failure (Also known as Oliguric Phase). Maintenance phase refers to the phase of Renal Failure in which the renal injury becomes established. It is also known as the Oliguric Phase. Durin... | Medicine | null |
5f1b79d8-e5e2-4f43-b5a8-e53c562fe222 | Normal saline is used as diluent in which vaccine? | Measles | Rubella | BCG | HAV | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., BCG BCG vaccine BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine produced by `Bacille Calmette Guerin' an avirulent strain produced by 230 subcultures over a period of 13 years. Types of vaccine It is a live attenuated vaccine. There are two types of vaccine :- Liquid (fresh) vaccine Freeze dried (lyophilized... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
950e6485-e5cb-4d18-bf8e-7eebee897f35 | Which is the most common complication of GERD | Esophagitis | Strictures | Dental damage | Vocal cord damage | 0a | single | Esophagitis is the most common complication | Surgery | null |
a6c50309-d29b-453c-a34a-a7a813325e99 | The rate limiting step in glycolysis is catalyzed by- | Pyruvate kinase | Enolase | Glucokinase | Phosphofructokinase | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd >a & c' i.e., Phosphofructokinase > Pyruvate kinase & Giucokinase o Phosphofructokinase, giucokinase and pyruvate kinase are rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis. However,phosphofructokinase is the most important one."The irreversible phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase - l (PFK-1) is th... | Biochemistry | Glycolysis |
fcf04ca7-cb24-4003-be02-0c053bc7a37e | Facial Nerve stimulation during testing of nerve indicated by contraction of muscle? | Temporalis | Masseter | Sternoleidomastoid | Orbicularis oris | 3d | single | Orbicularis oris. Orbicularis oris is a facial muscle All facial muscles are supplied by facial nerve Temporalis & Masseter are supplied by Mandibular nerve Sternocleidomastoid is supplied by spinal accessory nerve | Anatomy | null |
52efd5db-a990-4e5e-ad4b-8b459cc506a6 | A 9 yr old child came to the dental clinic with spacing in
anterior teeth. The line of treatment is | Fixed appliance | Removable appliance | Inclined plane | No treatment, observation of patient | 3d | single | null | Dental | null |
4733b7e7-ef75-4242-a145-eaf9d849cccd | Hepatic fibrosis is associated with which of the following | Medullary cystic kidney | ADPKD | ARPKD | Nephronopthosis | 2c | single | S.NoDiseaseInheritance PathogenesisKidney featuresExtrarenal manifestations 1ADPKDADPKD1mutation in chr16pPKD2 mutation in chr 4qPKD1 produce polycystin-1PKD2 produce polycystin-2Enlarged kidneys, Multiple cysts in both kidneysDisease manifest only in adultsCysts in liver, spleen, pancreas and lung.Berry aneurysmMitral... | Pathology | Urinary tract |
e3cc6c7a-dbb6-4f9a-b12e-318dd40b3809 | Height of a newborn doubles at: September 2005, March 2010 | 1 year | 2 year | 3 year | 4 year | 3d | single | Ans. D: 4 year In general, length in normal term infants increases about 30% by 5 months and > 50% by 12 months; infants grow 25 cm during the 1st yr; and height at 4 yr is about double bih length. | Pediatrics | null |
a6d1ee91-bfd8-4c67-937c-3dbe421d3dc3 | Histological feature of lichen planus is ? | Acantosis | Interphase dermatitis | Non specific | Basal cell degeneration | 3d | single | Ans. is `d>a' i.e., Basal cell degeneration > Acantosis The basic pathology in lichen planus is the damage to the basal cell layer of epidermis leading to hydropic degeneration of basal cells". --Venkataram Pie 59 Histopathologv in Lichen planus The basic pathology in lichen planus is the damage to the basal cell layer... | Skin | null |
a19e691b-c0be-4107-9d05-f47417bbfff1 | The Anaesthesia technique of choice in severely preeclamptic women for cesarean delivery - | Spinal Anaesthesia | Epidural Anaesthesia | General Anaesthesia | Pudendal shock | 1b | single | The use of spinal anesthesia is discouraged in severe preeclampsia. Epidural anaesthesia is preferred since it has more hemodynamic stability. Regional anaesthesia spinal /epidural preferred over general anaesthesia for cesarean delivery since in pregnant female there are many risk associated with general anaesthesia. | Anaesthesia | Central Neuraxial Blockade |
d636282b-ba48-4937-9526-9ec1d5610cb6 | Tinel sign is seen in ? | Nerve degeneration | Nerve regeneration | Muscle degeneration | Muscle regeneration | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nerve regeneration Pathological changes after nerve injury After nerve injury, nerve first degenerates and then tries to regenerate. Nerve degeneration The pa of the neurone distal to the point of injury undergoes secondary or Wallerian degeneration; the proximal pa undergoes primary or retrograde deg... | Surgery | null |
afa90c7c-3331-43f1-b2b4-b85596a83b4e | A patient is diagnosed to have CIN II. She approaches you for advice. You can definitely tell her the risk of malignancy as | 15% | 60% | 30% | 5% | 3d | single | CIN I and CIN II, the lesions have a 5-10% chance to progress to a high grade lesion CIN III progressing to cervical cancer is almost 10-30% Transformation Rates Form low grade CIN to High grade CIN takes around 5-6 years From High Grade CIN to invasive cancer takes around 10 years time. HPV related cervical lesions oc... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Cervical Carcinoma |
16288ecb-3b3c-4140-a0f4-72428bab6f7d | Which of the following is a feature of external haemorrhoids below the dentate line? | Painful | Ligation is done as management | Skin tag is not seen in these cases | May turn malignant | 0a | single | Hemorrhoids are cushions of submucosal tissue containing venules, aerioles and smooth-muscle fibres. These anal cushions are found in the left lateral, right anterior and right posterior position. (3,7 and 11 o'clock position). External hemorrhoids located distal to the dentate line are covered by anoderm which is rich... | Surgery | null |
10ed24cd-7081-440b-9d1d-fa40bf696bcc | Frie test is done in | Donovanosis | LGV | Syphillis | Leprosy | 1b | single | B i.e. LGV | Skin | null |
7fd01052-235b-4f21-8c6f-4f8b3bbb8b88 | Anticoagulant effect of Warfarin is increased by all of the following EXCEPT: | Cimetidine | Phytonadione | Amiodarone | Phenylbutazone | 1b | multi | Phytonadione is Vit K. It is used as an antidote in warfarin toxicity. From essential of medical pharmacology K D Tripati 7th edition Page no 613 | Pharmacology | Hematology |
7cb9318e-45d6-4727-b491-5bfe097050c5 | Surgical neck fracture leads to all EXCEPT | Weakness of abduction | Deltoid muscle palsy | Teres major palsy | Teres minor palsy | 2c | multi | Axillary nerve supplies: Deltoid (abductor of arm) and Teres Minor(lateral rotation) muscles. It winds up through surgical neck of humerus. So fracture of surgical neck damages axillary nerve causes: Teres minor palsy Deltoid palsy Abduction Of shoulder joint is damaged. Teres major is supplied by Lower subscapular ner... | Anatomy | Upper limb bones and muscles (proximal region) & Scapular movements |
d0b09b32-fdc5-49b2-b608-62e4b65e623e | Percentage of GFR to renal plasma flow: | a.. 20% | b. 38% | c. 50% | d. 60% | 0a | single | Ans. (a) 20%Ref: Guyton's physiology 11th ed. / 316* GFR Is About 20 Per Cent of the Renal Plasma Flow.* In an average adult GFR is about 125 ml/min, or 180 L/ day.* Renal plasma flow is 650ml/min* The filtration fraction is calculated as follows: Filtration fraction = GFR/Renal plasma flow* Therefore125ml/min---------... | Physiology | Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control |
31c8fcc9-3ec6-443b-b4b9-a77930307ffe | Ossification at two months: JIPMER 12 | Lunate | Capitate | Scaphoid | Hamate | 1b | single | Ans. Capitate | Forensic Medicine | null |
39f4fa0b-a85c-4776-a9ec-d44ff51f50ba | Primary Hyperoxaluria occurs due to defect in metabolism of | Cystein | Tryptophan | Tyrosine | Glycine | 3d | single | Glycine is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest possible amino acid. The chemical formula of glycine is NH2‐CH2‐COOH. Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).
Glycine is a colorless, sweet-tast... | Biochemistry | null |
ca0cb8e9-18b9-4668-a9bd-5d50382eb1a6 | A 45-year-old lady presents with persistent reflux symptoms. The most accurate investigation in establishing diagnosis before surgical treatment includes | Endoscopy | An UGI series | Esophageal manometry | Ambulatory pH monitoring | 3d | single | investigations for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE, *24 hours oesophageal pH monitoring - the gold standard. PPI should be stopped for 3 weeks prior to pH monitoring. *Barium study in head down position. * Endoscopy to exclude other disease and to assess any mucosal injury - red inflamed mucosa often with ulceration. S... | Surgery | G.I.T |
f51049ce-d787-4dd4-964a-e4efbdfdc29d | Immuno-proliferative lymphoma presents with? | Chronic diarrhea | Obstruction | Peritonitis | Tenesmus | 0a | single | Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), is a B cell tumor. The presentation includes chronic diarrhoea, steatorrhea associated with vomiting and abdominal cramps. IPSID presents with intestinal secretions of an abnormal IgA that contains a shoened heavy chain and is devoid of light chains. It is suspected... | Surgery | Vascular surgery |
fa1797b1-e54a-48a9-af60-90a9c17170c8 | Structure preserved in Radical Neck Node dissection: | Vagus nerve | Spinal Accessory Nerve | Internal Jugular Vein | Sterno cleido mastoid muscle | 0a | single | Ans. (a) Vagus nerve(Ref Sabiston 20th Edition Page 794)* Standard RND (CRILE operation) removes nodal levels I through V and the sternocleidomastoid muscle, internal jugular vein, cranial nerve XI, cervical plexus, and submandibular gland.* Modified RND (Bocca Operation) preserves one or more of the three structures -... | Surgery | Oral Cavity |
0d9a1ec3-d125-48f7-866a-9df76eafa8d9 | The only cranial nerve which supplies a contralateral muscle is- | Third | Fourth | Seventh | Tenth | 1b | single | "It is important to remember that cranial nerves never cross (except for one exception, the 4th cranial nerve) and clinical findings are always on the same side as the cranial nerve involved".
—Clinical neurology | Ophthalmology | null |
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