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和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)。下列促进和保护人权的国家机构提交了材料：丹麦人权研究所、墨西哥国家人权委员会和斯洛伐克国家人权中心。下列民间社会组织提交了材料：安曼人权研究中心、人权分析和研究中心与国际人权网络联合提交、非洲工业研究中心、国际刑罚改革协会和公共组织“公共倡导”。 | Pacific and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The following national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights submitted contributions: the Danish Institute for Human Rights, the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico and the Slovak National Centre for Human Rights. The follo... |
4. 本报告考虑了联合国人权机制和《联合国反腐败公约》缔约国会议执行情况审查组的建议，补充了联合国人权事务高级专员关于消除腐败对享受所有人权的不利影响方面的最佳做法的报告(A/HRC/32/22)。 | 4. The report takes into account recommendations from United Nations human rights mechanisms and the Implementation Review Group of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It complements the report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on best practic... |
5. 人权理事会咨询委员会也讨论了关于腐败对享受人权的不利影响问题(A/HRC/28/73)。虽然这个问题不是本报告的重点，但多份提交材料都强调了这个问题，包括巴拉圭提交的材料指出缺乏科学研究来衡量腐败对享受人权的不利影响。 | 5. The issue of the negative impact of corruption on the enjoyment of human rights has also been addressed by the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee (A/HRC/28/73). While that issue is not the focus of the present report, it was emphasized in several submissions, including that of Paraguay, in which it was pointed ... |
6. 反腐败工作可能与国际人权标准相冲突。在相关情况下，这些被视为将人权纳入国家反腐败战略的挑战。 | 6. Anti-corruption efforts can conflict with international human rights standards. Where relevant, these are indicated as challenges for integrating human rights into national anti-corruption strategies. |
7. 本报告依据《联合国反腐败公约》的实质性支柱来组织结构，即关于预防措施(第二章)、定罪和执法(第三章)、国际合作(第四章)以及资产的追回(第五章)的支柱。报告侧重于反腐败措施与根据国际人权文书所作承诺之间的互补性。每一个章节都强调了各国在将人权纳入反腐败工作方面面临的挑战和采用的最佳做法。在这四个实质性章节之前，设有一般性意见章节以及关于国家有义务打击腐败的章节，打击腐败的义务是国家最大限度地利用现有资源实现所有人权的义务所产生的义务。报告最后提出进一步将反腐败和人权议程纳入主流的结论和建议。 | 7. The present report is structured along the substantive pillars of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, namely those on preventive measures (chap. II), criminalization and law enforcement (chap. III), international cooperation (chap. IV) and asset recovery (chap. V). It focuses on the complementarity bet... |
1 所有提交资料均可查阅 www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/CorruptionAndHR/Pages/Challenges.aspx。 | 1 All contributions are available at www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/CorruptionAndHR/Pages/Challenges.aspx. |
二. 一般性意见 | II. General observations |
8. 国际上对腐败没有达成一致的法律定义。使用最广泛的腐败的一般定义是透明国际组织使用的定义，根据该定义，“滥用受委托的权力谋取私利”即为腐败。2《联合国反腐败公约》载有构成腐败罪行核心的罪行清单，即贿赂、贪污、影响力交易、滥用职权和资产非法增加。腐败犯罪会发生在公共部门和私营部门；但是根据定义，这些罪行都是以私人身份进行，通常这一点很明显。 | 8. There is no internationally agreed legal definition ofcorruption. The most widely used general definition of corruption is the one used by Transparency International, according to which corruption is “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”. 2 The United Nations Convention against Corruption contains a list o... |
9. 腐败犯罪可以通过各种方式实施，包括通过许诺、提议或给予或通过索取(可能包含胁迫因素)或接受不正当好处来换取在履行公务时的作为或不作为。在敲诈勒索案件中，很容易识别直接受害者。在其他情况下，受害者通常处于腐败关系之外，可能是整个社会、特定人群或特定地区或部门、未中标者或公司股东。 | 9. Corruption offences can be committed in various ways, including through the promise, offering or giving or through the solicitation (which may imply an element of coercion) or acceptance of an undue advantage in exchange for action or inaction in the exercise of official duties. In extortion cases, the direct victim... |
10. 《联合国反腐败公约》是一项全面的国际文书，旨在打击世界各地的腐败祸害。《公约》缔约国必须采取有效措施预防腐败，将腐败行为定为刑事犯罪，确保有效执法，并与其他缔约国合作执行反腐败法律以及返还通过腐败获得的资产。此外，根据《公约》第五条，缔约国应当：(a) 制订和执行或者坚持有效而协调的反腐败政策；(b) 制定和促进各种预防腐败的有效做法；以及(c) 定期评估有关法律文书和行政措施，以确定其能否有效预防和打击腐败。 | 10. The United Nations Convention against Corruption is a comprehensive international instrument intended to combat the scourge of corruption around the world. States parties to the Convention must take effective measures to prevent corruption, criminalize corrupt acts, ensure effective law enforcement and cooperate wi... |
11. 在关于反腐败战略的吉隆坡声明中，南亚、东亚和东南亚反腐败当局和国家规划当局的高级别代表以及世界各地的反腐败专家指出，虽然关于反腐败战略的适当制定、内容或实施没有统一的做法，但可以将《联合国反腐败公约》作为框架。3 | 11. In the Kuala Lumpur statement on anti-corruption strategies, high-level representatives of anti-corruption authorities and national planning authorities from South, East and South-East Asia and anti-corruption experts from around the world noted that, while there was no simple formula for the proper design, content... |
12. 此外，他们建议将反腐败战略纳入目前侧重的更广泛的国家发展举措，并应考虑到国际和区域义务。此外，这些战略应考虑到其他相关国家战略(例如涉及司法部门、公共行政改革和开放政府的战略)，并与这些战略联系起来，还应寻求与其他机构形成协同效应。最后，应以总体/整体的方式组织这些工作，同时考虑到具体部门的需求。4 | 12. Furthermore, they recommended that anti-corruption strategies should be incorporated within broader national development initiatives currently in focus and should take into account international and regional obligations. Moreover, the strategies should take into account of and establish links with other relevant na... |
13. 人权理事会第 41/9 号决议回顾了《联合国反腐败公约》缔约国有义务根据《公约》第五条执行政策，并请各国在制定相关国家行动计划(包括工商企业与人权计划)时处理预防腐败和腐败的影响问题。 | 13. The Human Rights Council, in its resolution 41/9, recalled the obligation of States parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption to implement policies in accordance with article 5 of the Convention and invited States to address the prevention and effect of corruption in the development of relevant na... |
14. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室强调了将人权纳入国家反腐败战略的一些挑战。其中一项挑战是，《联合国反腐败公约》不是一项人权条约。因此，缔约国侧重于执行《公约》，但并不总能看到腐败会如何影响它们在人权方面的义务。不过，有一个国家确实认为将反腐败和人权工作分开处理是一项挑战，并指出需要进一步努力提高对两者之间联系的认识。另一个国家报告称，由于缺乏具体工具来评估合法和非法经济与侵犯人权行为之间的联系，也没有具体工具将两者联系起来，2 见 www.transparency.org/glossary/term/corruption。3 毒品和犯罪问题办公室，《联合国反腐败公约：国家反腐败战略――制定和实施实用指南》(2015 年，纽约)，第 55... | 14. UNODC has highlighted some challenges for integrating human rights into national anti-corruption strategies. One challenge was that the United Nations Convention against Corruption was not a human rights treaty. States parties therefore focused on implementing the Convention but did not always see how their human r... |
15. 据北马其顿称，将人权纳入国家反腐败战略和政策的关键挑战之一是，无法充分提供持续的能力，以采用整体和协调的方式制定和实施此类战略。同样，摩洛哥建议，有能力制定全面和明确战略的机构必须有效地将促进和保护人权与反腐败斗争结合起来。 | 15. According to North Macedonia, one of the key challenges to integrating human rights into national anti-corruption strategies and polices was the inadequate provision of sufficient continuous capacity to develop and implement such strategies using a holistic and coordinated approach. Similarly, Morocco suggested tha... |
16. 若干提交材料强调了反腐败工作和促进人权工作的互补性。例如，毛里求斯强调善治、法治、知情权、参与公共事务的权利、公平审判权、为反腐败活动和举报营造安全环境、存在独立媒体以及存在独立和公正的司法机构的重要性。俄罗斯联邦强调，其反腐败立法与其《宪法》所载的人权保护密不可分。罗马尼亚强调指出，其已将人权视角纳入反腐败战略，特别是纳入其基本原则，并通过累积目标和行动，旨在实现获取信息、政治制度透明和问责制等目标。 | 16. Several submissions highlighted the complementarity of efforts against corruption and for human rights. Mauritius, for example, underscored the importance of good governance, the rule of law, the right to information, the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs, the right to a fair trial, the creation o... |
17. 摩洛哥指出，反腐败斗争和支持人权的工作反映了同样的标准，并遵循同样的原则，即平等参与、平等享有权利、有效执法、问责、民主、赋权和包容边缘化人群。反腐败运动和人权运动使用不同的术语来描述各自的方式。如果各国采取的反腐败措施超出了国际人权法允许的范围，则可能会出现挑战。 | 17. Morocco stated that the fight against corruption and efforts to support human rights reflected the same standards and were guided by the same principles of equal participation, equitable access to rights, effective enforcement of laws for all, accountability, democracy and the empowerment and inclusion of marginali... |
18. 巴勒斯坦国提请注意透明、平等、不歧视和问责原则。透明度和问责制被视为人权发展观的主要原则，对制定成功的反腐败战略至关重要。 | 18. The State of Palestine drew attention to the principles of transparency, equality, non-discrimination and accountability. Transparency and accountability were considered the main principles of a human rights-based approach to development and essential for the development of successful anti-corruption strategies. |
三. 打击腐败的义务是国家采取措施最大限度地利用现有资源以逐步实现经济、社会和文化权利的义务所产生的义务 | III. States’ duty to combat corruption as a corollary of their duty to take steps, to the maximum of their available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights |
19. 如经济、社会及文化权利委员会所述：腐败是有效促进和保护人权的一个主要障碍，在工商活动方面尤其如此。腐败也有损国家为提供对落实经济、社会及文化权利至关重要的服务而调集资源的能力。腐败导致公共服务具有歧视性，有利于对当局有影响力的人，而这种影响力可来自贿赂或政治压力。5 | 19. As the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has observed: Corruption constitutes one of the major obstacles to the effective promotion and protection of human rights, particularly as regards the activities of businesses. It also undermines a State’s ability to mobilize resources for the delivery of ser... |
20. 国家有责任保护权利持有人免遭侵犯人权行为，包括腐败造成的侵犯人权行为。要做到这一点，就需要采取适当举措，来防止、调查、惩罚此类侵权行为并提供补救。特别是，各国必须确保受影响者能够获得有效的补救，包括赔偿。腐败挪用了公众资金，明显削弱了政府最大限度地利用现有资源以实现所有人权，包括经济、社会和文化权利的能力(E/2017/70, 第 39 段)。虽然国际人权法中没有免于腐败的人权，但腐败与人权是对立的。值得注意的是，危地马拉在其提交的材料中报告称，其《宪法》提到了免于腐败生活的权利。5 关于国家在工商活动中履行《经济社会文化权利国际公约》规定的义务的第 24 号一般性意见(2017 年)，第 20 段。 | 20. States have a duty to protect rights holders against human rights abuses, including those caused by corruption. Doing so requires taking appropriate steps to prevent, investigate, punish and provide redress for such abuses. In particular, States must ensure that those affected have access to an effective remedy, in... |
四. 预防措施 | IV. Preventive measures |
A. 预防性反腐败政策和做法(第五条)和预防性反腐败机构(第六条) | A. Preventive anti-corruption policies and practices (art. 5) and preventive anti-corruption body or bodies (art. 6) |
21. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第五条，各缔约国均应当制订和执行或者坚持有效而协调的反腐败政策，这些政策应当促进社会参与，并体现法治、妥善管理公共事务和公共财产、廉正、透明度和问责制的原则。同样，世界人权会议建议每个会员国考虑是否可以拟订国家行动计划，认明该国为促进和保护人权所应采取的步骤。6 | 21. In line with article 5 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, all States parties should develop and implement or maintain effective, coordinated anti-corruption policies that promote the participation of society and reflect the principles of the rule of law, proper management of public affairs and pub... |
22. 有效的反腐败战略必须以关键的人权原则为指导。司法独立、新闻自由、表达自由、获取信息、政治制度透明和问责制，对于制定成功的反腐败战略和促进享有人权都至关重要。认真致力于逐步实现经济和社会权利也是如此。7 此外，参与可使决策更明智、更可持续，使机构更有效、更负责和更透明。这反过来又增强了国家决定的合法性和所有社会成员对国家决定的主控权。8 制定国家反腐败战略或政策的进程具有包容性，即包括民间社会在内的广泛利益攸关方都参与到此进程中，《联合国反腐败公约》缔约国会议秘书处将此确定为一种良好做法(CAC/COSP/2019/9, 第 12 段)。 | 22. An efficient anti-corruption strategy must be informed by key human rights principles. An independent judiciary, freedom of the press, freedom of expression, access to information, transparency in the political system and accountability are essential both for developing successful anti-corruption strategies and for... |
23. 在这方面，奥地利强调了其国家反腐败战略，在该战略中，奥地利采取了整体办法预防和打击腐败。该战略不仅是联邦各部、各地区、民间社会和其他相关机构及利益攸关方之间合作的结果，更重要的是，其结构和目标以保护和促进人权为基础。格鲁吉亚也提请注意其国家反腐败战略和行动计划，并补充道，民间社会积极参与由国家机构间协调委员会监督的政策规划、监测和评估进程，在反腐败政策框架内设计的改革符合国家人权战略的目标。罗马尼亚强调，其国家反腐败战略融合了透明度和问责制等人权原则，是与约 90 个民间社会组织、公共机构和公司协商制定的。人权分析和研究中心以及国际人权网络建议国家人权机构积极参与制定和通过打击腐败的公共政策。 | 23. In this respect, Austria highlighted its national anti-corruption strategy, in which it had adopted a holistic approach to preventing and combating corruption. Not only was the strategy the result of cooperation between the federal ministries, the regions, civil society and other relevant institutions and stakehold... |
24. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第六条，所有缔约国都应确保设有预防腐败的机构。作为对应机构，国家人权机构在促进和保护人权方面发挥着重要作用。9 人权理事会第 41/9 号决议鼓励国家反腐败当局和国家人权机构(如有)通过酌情交流信息以及制定联合战略和行动计划开展合作，打击腐败及其对享受人权的不利影响。奥地利报告称，其联邦反腐败局试图以整体方式解决腐败问题，视人权为该机构身份不可或缺的部分，并在其任务说明中反映这一点。通过预防措施，反腐败局也有助于消除腐败对享受人权的不利影响。巴勒斯坦国提到人权机构和巴勒斯坦反腐败委员会之间联系薄弱，并补充道，人权组织没有为该委员会开展的研究和研讨会作出贡献，也没有向其提交侵犯人权方面的腐败指控。这个领... | 24. In line with article 6 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, all States parties should ensure the existence of bodies to prevent corruption. As their counterparts, national human rights institutions play an important role in the promotion and protection of human rights.9 The Human Rights Council, in ... |
B. 公共部门(第七条)、公职人员行为守则(第八条)以及与审判和检察机关有关的措施(第十一条) | B. Public sector (art. 7), codes of conduct for public officials (art. 8) and measures relating to the judiciary and prosecution services (art. 11) |
25. 《联合国反腐败公约》第七条涉及公共部门，包括就业条件、公职人员的甄选和培训、公职候选人和公职选举的标准以及公职和政党候选人经费筹措的透明度。国际刑罚改革协会报告了腐败对刑事司法系统的影响，强调人们日益认识到监狱环境中的腐败问题以及腐败对被拘留者人权的影响。国际刑罚改革协会强调了一系列助长或加剧监狱系统腐败的因素，如拘留标准差、工资低以及人员配备不足。腐败对被拘留者和囚犯以及女囚和少年犯有着过度的影响。国际刑罚改革协会强调了监狱工作人员腐败的三个主要原因，即报酬低、工作环境差以及公众认为该职位不体面。因此，它建议监狱管理部门增强透明度、问责制和监督；为作出决策和记录决策设立明确的程序；并改进监狱工作人员的招聘和培训。这方面一个... | 25. Article 7 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption addresses the public sector, including conditions of employment, the selection and training of individuals for public positions, criteria concerning candidature for and election to public office and transparency on the funding of candidatures for public ... |
26. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第八条，缔约国应适用正确、诚实和妥善履行公务的行为守则或者标准。此外，缔约国应制订措施和建立制度，要求公职人员就可能导致利益冲突的职务外活动、任职、投资、资产以及贵重馈赠或者重大利益进行申报。缔约国应对违反行为守则或标准的公职人员采取纪律措施或其他措施。 | 26. In line with article 8 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties should apply codes or standards of conduct for the correct, honourable and proper performance of public functions. Moreover, States parties should establish measures and systems requiring public officials to make declarations... |
27. 若干提交材料提请注意行为守则和道德规范，并包含关于资产申报制度的信息。例如，毛里求斯税务局的所有雇员都必须定期提交资产申报以备核查。 | 27. Several submissions drew attention to codes of conduct and ethics and included information on asset declaration systems. For example, all employees of the Mauritius Revenue Authority are required to file, on a regular basis, a declaration of assets that is subject to verification. |
28. 法治的一个根本支柱是公正和独立的司法。司法和检察机关的廉正是公平审判的重要因素，对打击腐败至关重要。10 因此，支持司法系统的廉正是打击腐败的好办法。2018 年，毒品和犯罪问题办公室建立了全球司法廉正网络，目的是让法官和其他司法人员有更多机会分享经验和知识，提供获取资源的途径，应对与司法廉正有关的现有挑战和新兴挑战，并推动确定技术援助需求。该网络的最终目的是加强司法廉正，防止司法系统中的腐败机会。该网络处理了可能影响司法廉正的若干问题，如法官使用社交媒体、与性别有关的司法廉正问题、司法行为守则以及司法豁免在维护司法廉正方面的作用。该网络还开发了一套关于司法行为和道德的综合培训方案。专门培训可作为有用的手段，以应对反腐败工作... | 28. A fundamental pillar of the rule of law is an impartial and independent judiciary. The integrity of the judiciary and prosecution services are important elements of a fair trial and essential for combating corruption.10 Supporting the integrity of the justice system is therefore a good way to combat corruption. In ... |
29. 若干提交材料载有关于为提高透明度和促进无障碍而进行改革的信息。例如，北马其顿报告了为打击司法腐败而采取的改革措施，如明确法官和检察官的任命、甄选、晋升和解职的标准，改进行为守则以及修改分配法院案件的方法。斯洛伐克国家人权中心表示关切的是，检察官办公室专门负责处理腐败案件的人力资源减少。高专办的驻柬办报告了其为帮助柬埔寨政府推出刑事案件管理系统而提供的技术支持。高专办的驻柬办还倡导公布判决，以增强诉诸司法的机会、透明度和问责制，并倡导发布一份关于司法廉正的研究报告。10 见《联合国反腐败公约》第十一条和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十四条。 | 29. Several submissions contained information on reforms undertaken with a view to increasing transparency and accessibility. North Macedonia, for example, reported on reform measures taken to combat corruption in the judiciary, for example by specifying the criteria to be used for the appointment, selection, promotion... |
C. 公共采购和公共财政管理(第九条) | C. Public procurement and management of public finances (art. 9) |
30. 《联合国反腐败公约》第九条强调了公共采购和公共财政管理中透明度和问责制的重要性。人权机制在公共预算方面也强调了这些原则。例如，儿童权利委员会发现，国家征税、分配和支出过程中如出现腐败和公共资源管理不善，便表明该国未遵守最大限度利用现有资源的义务。11 因此，委员会建议缔约国应当制定和保持接受公开监督的公共财政管理制度和做法，并且应及时免费提供公共资源信息。12 委员会注意到，透明度有助于提高效率，打击公共预算的腐败和管理不善，是行政、立法机关和民间社会以及儿童切实参与预算进程的先决条件。13 | 30. Article 9 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption highlights the importance of transparency and accountability in public procurement and the management of public finances. These principles have also been highlighted by human rights mechanisms in the context of public budgets. The Committee on the Right ... |
31. 毛里求斯报告称，自 2015 年以来，该国采用了世界海关组织开发的腐败风险映射工具，以制定有针对性的预防腐败措施。此外，毛里求斯税务局定期开展调查，以评估税收部门对诚信的认识。 | 31. Mauritius reported that, since 2015, it had adopted a corruption risk mapping tool developed by the World Customs Organization to develop targeted and preventive measures against corruption. Furthermore, the Mauritius Revenue Authority regularly conducted surveys to assess the perception of integrity in the revenue... |
D. 公共报告(第十条)和社会参与(第十三条) | D. Public reporting (art. 10) and participation of society (art. 13) |
32. 透明度是善政的一项基本原则，对反腐败和人权都很重要。获取信息权就源于这一原则。表达自由权(如《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十九条所载)包括寻求、接受和传递信息的自由。它也构成一项预防腐败的措施(《联合国反腐败公约》第十三条第 1 款)。因此，促进公众获取信息的权利是在打击腐败的同时维护人权的良好做法。媒体自由是支持人权和反腐败工作相辅相成的另一个领域。 | 32. Transparency is a fundamental principle of good governance and important to both anti-corruption and human rights. Access to information emanates from this principle. The right to freedom of expression (as enshrined, for example, in article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) includes th... |
33. 若干提交材料包含关于为改善信息获取权而进行改革或通过新法律的信息。这些提交材料强调了几项措施，例如明确限制获取信息的例外情况，使获取信息的过程免费，委托一个独立机构审查法律的执行情况，以及采取积极主动的方式分享信息。 | 33. Several submissions included information on reforms made or new laws adopted to improve access to information. In the submissions several measures were highlighted, such as limiting clearly the exception to access, making access to information free of charge, entrusting an independent body to review the implementat... |
34. 电子工具对于增加获取信息的途径很重要。例如各种电子政务工具，如在线采购系统、预算监控工具和在线资产申报系统。 | 34. Electronic tools are important for increasing access to information. Examples included various e-governance tools such as online procurement systems, budget monitoring tools and online asset declaration systems. |
35. 危地马拉报告了开放和电子政府总统委员会的情况，设立该委员会旨在支持行政部门各部委和机构以协调的方式执行源于国际文书的在开放政府、透明度、电子政务和反腐败领域的措施。已经制定了形成开放政府的体制行动，以保障人权，从而加强民主政治制度。危地马拉强调了在这方面与民间社会组织协调的重要性。危地马拉还强调了监测和透明度在各领域的重要性，以及分类数据的重要性。 | 35. Guatemala reported on the Presidential Commission on Open and Electronic Government, which had been established with the aim of supporting the ministries and institutions of the Executive Branch to implement, in a coordinated manner, measures deriving from international instruments in the areas of open government, ... |
36. 提到的其他积极例子是将反腐败教育与人权教育相结合的教育和培训活动。毒品和犯罪问题办公室分享了关于教育促进司法倡议的信息，该倡议强调了腐败和人权之间存在的联系。法治问题教育包括与犯罪(包括腐败)相关和受犯罪影响的权利的教育。人权分析和研究中心与国际人权网络建议制定基于人权的宣传活动和教育方案，包括关于腐败对享受人权的不利影响的宣传活动和教育方案。11 关于实现儿童权利的公共预算编制的第 19 号一般性意见(2016 年)，第 34 段。12 同上，第 62 段。13 同上。 | 36. Other positive examples mentioned were educational and training activities combining anti-corruption education with human rights education. UNODC shared information on its Education for Justice initiative, which underscores the linkages that exist between corruption and human rights. Education on rule of law issues... |
37. 提高公众认识的工作以及关于腐败和人权的研究也被确定为良好做法。例如，毒品和犯罪问题办公室正在与印度尼西亚消除腐败委员会合作，研究伐木业的腐败问题。非法砍伐有时因腐败而加剧，扰乱了生计，侵犯了人权。这项研究将为解决非法伐木问题的政策提供信息。毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的另一个例子涉及其在东南亚国家开展的关于腐败和贩运人口的提高认识活动。2018 年开展的一项区域活动绘制了整个人口贩运链中腐败发生的地点分布图，并为决策者在政策和执法层面确定可能的解决方案提供了信息。 | 37. Public awareness-raising efforts and studies on corruption and human rights too were identified as good practices. For instance, UNODC was working with the Corruption Eradication Commission of Indonesia on a study of corruption in the logging industry. Illegal logging, which is sometimes fuelled by corruption, disr... |
38. 参与是另一项基本的善治原则，是《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二十五条所载的权利，也是《联合国反腐败公约》第十三条第 1 款规定的国家义务。这方面的良好做法包括向《公约》缔约国、民间社会组织和其他非国家行为方提供技术援助，以积极参与反腐败工作和决策。2019 年 4 月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室与《联合国反腐败公约》执行协会(反腐败公约联合会)一起，对来自 15 个非洲国家的 27 名民间社会代表和 26 名政府代表进行了关于执行《公约》的培训。多方利益攸关方能力建设的另一个例子是，毒品和犯罪问题办公室为斐济社会服务理事会提供支持，这是一个民间社会组织的伞形机构，组织了一次关于解决腐败问题和加强民间社会部门的问责制、透明度和合法性的... | 38. Participation is another fundamental good governance principle, a right enshrined in article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and a State duty under article 13 (1) of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Good practices in this regard include the provision of technical assi... |
39. 欧洲联盟及其成员国呼吁民间社会更有效地参与《联合国反腐败公约》第二轮审议。它们认为，缔约国和民间社会之间的建设性对话将改善《公约》的影响和执行情况。 | 39. The European Union and its member States called for more effective civil society involvement in the second review cycle of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. In their view, constructive dialogue between States parties and civil society will improve the impact and implementation of the Convention. |
E. 私营部门(第十二条) | E. Private sector (art. 12) |
40. 《联合国反腐败公约》的若干条款旨在预防和制止私营部门的腐败(例如第十二条)。《工商企业与人权指导原则》为预防和解决与工商业活动有关联的、对人权有不利影响的风险提供了国际公认的标准。国家有义务保护人权不受工商企业的侵犯(原则 1)。 | 40. Several provisions of United Nations Convention against Corruption aim at preventing and suppressing corruption in the private sector (e.g. art. 12). The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights provide the internationally accepted standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human r... |
41. 例如，经济、社会及文化权利委员会指出，如果国家未能防止或应对企业的某些行为，从而导致《公约》权利受到侵犯，或可预见这种行为将导致《公约》权利受到侵犯，则国家违反了其保护《公约》权利的义务。14 工商企业应避免侵犯其他人的人权，并应在自身卷入时消除负面人权影响(原则 11)。在这方面特别重要的是，有义务开展人权尽职调查，即评估工商企业通过其自身活动可能造成或加剧的实际和潜在人权影响，或通过其商业关系可能与其业务、产品或服务直接相关的实际和潜在人权影响(原则 17)，以及吸纳影响评估的结果并采取适当行动(原则 19)。鉴于腐败对享受人权的不利影响，采用反腐败合规程序可被视为人权尽职调查的一部分。将反腐败合规与人权尽职调查联系起来... | 41. The Committee for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, for example, has stated that States would violate their duty to protect Covenant rights, for instance, by failing to prevent or to counter conduct by businesses that leads to such rights being abused, or that has the foreseeable effect of leading to such right... |
42. 厄瓜多尔提请注意共和国总统府反腐败秘书处与公共企业协调机构之间达成的一项协议，该协议旨在通过反腐败和透明行政委员会以及实施反贿赂管理系统标准(ISO 37001)来预防和发现腐败。14 关于国家在工商活动中履行《经济社会文化权利国际公约》规定的义务的第 24 号一般性意见(2017 年)，第 18 段。 | 42. Ecuador drew attention to an agreement concluded between the Anti-Corruption Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic and the coordinating body of public enterprises with a view to prevent and detect corruption through anti-corruption and transparency administrative committees and the implementation of the ant... |
43. 瑞典提请注意反腐败政策、行为守则、腐败风险评估和反腐败管理系统评估作为尽职调查程序的一部分，还提请注意开展培训、分享最佳做法和保护举报人。例如，它提到其出口信贷机构和出口信贷公司遵守的行为守则，这反映了对腐败的零容忍。这些机构的所有雇员都有义务遵守行为守则，并报告任何实际或涉嫌违反或未履行反腐败义务的情况。他们还受瑞典反腐败研究所的《商务馈赠、奖励和其他利益守则》的约束。出口信贷机构和出口信贷公司也支持《联合国全球契约》的 10 项原则，其中包括关于腐败、人权、劳工和环境的标准。 | 43. Sweden drew attention to anti-corruption policies, codes of conduct, corruption risk assessments and evaluations of anti-corruption management systems as part of due diligence processes, as well as training, sharing of best practices and whistle-blower protection. As an example, it mentioned the codes of conduct ad... |
44. 葡萄牙指出，公司有必要确保其做法和服务不会助长侵犯人权行为。葡萄牙商业道德协会和全球契约葡萄牙网络的反腐败运动促进了诚信、正直、透明和责任价值观的传播。该运动在《联合国全球契约》的框架内开展。 | 44. Portugal noted that it was necessary for companies to ensure that their practices and services did not contribute to human rights violations. The anti-corruption campaign of the Portuguese Association of Business Ethics and Global Compact Network Portugal promoted the spread of the values of integrity, probity, tra... |
45. 人权分析和研究中心与国际人权网络建议在私营部门和民间社会之间建立一个协调机制，由这两个部门的行为体组成，以加强合作，在打击腐败的共同战略中促进和保护人权。他们还建议制定关于工商企业和人权的国家行动计划，以确保尊重人权和免于腐败。 | 45. The Centre of Analysis and Research in Human Rights and the International Network of Human Rights recommended the establishment of a coordination mechanism between the private sector and civil society, composed of actors from both sectors, to enhance cooperation in promoting and protecting human rights in a common ... |
46. 墨西哥国家人权委员会强调了《工商企业与人权指导原则》的重要性。它强调指出了一些挑战，如公共采购缺乏透明度；合同不明确导致难以调查相关侵犯人权行为；以及对提供信息的请求予以拒绝或回避。它特别建议通过具体条款，责成企业在所有公共合同中尊重人权，并对违反合同的行为予以处罚。此外，应要求公司开展人权尽职调查，以确定、预防、减轻和说明它们如何应对其活动对人权的不利影响。 | 46. The National Human Rights Commission of Mexico highlighted the importance of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. It highlighted a number of challenges, such as lack of transparency in public procurement; the lack of clarity in 14 General comment No. 24 (2017) on State obligations under the Internat... |
47. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第十二条第 2 款(c)项，缔约国承诺采取措施增进私营实体透明度，包括酌情采取措施鉴定参与公司的设立和管理的法人和自然人的身份；瑞典分享了其公司注册办事处的信息，该办事处负责处理若干公司和协会登记册，其中包含公司或协会董事会成员的信息以及其他信息。例如，交易登记册包含公司成员(包括法人或自然人)的信息。另一方面，受益所有人登记册载有瑞典法律实体、在瑞典经营的外国法律实体和居住在瑞典并管理信托或类似法律结构的自然人的受益所有人的信息。两个登记册都是公开的。 | 47. Under article 12 (2) (c) of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties have undertaken to take measures to promote transparency among private entities, including, where appropriate, measures regarding the identity of legal and natural persons involved in the establishment and management of cor... |
48. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第十二条第 3 款，缔约国承诺采取措施维护账簿和记录保存、财务报表披露以及会计和审计标准。瑞典强调私营部门必须遵守审计准则，并提请注意《国际审计准则》和欧洲联盟会计指令。瑞典还提供了关于特定规模的实体编写的可持续性报告的信息；这些报告包含关于行动后果的信息，包括有关人权和反腐败问题的信息。 | 48. Under article 12 (3) of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties have committed themselves to taking measures regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards. Sweden highlighted the importance of the private sector adherin... |
49. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第十三条，缔约国承诺促进社会积极参与预防和打击腐败。毛里求斯强调了社会、弱势群体和腐败受害者参与的重要性。安曼人权研究中心强调必须保护倡导反腐败措施的人权维护者。该研究中心表示，许多国家镇压人权活动人士，故意削弱民间社会，从而使政府内部腐败现象持续存在。因此，至关重要的是，各国应提供让民间社会运作的空间，并允许信息和言论自由。在理事机构内部缺乏问责制的情况下，公民和民间社会组织提供监督。安曼中心特别感到关切的是，将诽谤国家定为刑事犯罪、威胁记者、封锁国内外网站以及对民间社会组织施加压力，包括通过控制其内部事务来施加压力。斯洛伐克国家人权中心报告了斯洛伐克透明基金(Fund for Transparen... | 49. Under article 13 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties have undertaken to promote the active participation of society in the prevention of and the fight against corruption. Mauritius highlighted the importance of the participation of society, vulnerable groups and victims of corruption... |
F. 预防洗钱的措施(第十四条) | F. Measures to prevent money-laundering (art. 14) |
50. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第十四条，缔约国承诺采取措施防止洗钱。萨尔瓦多强调，它努力通过一项新的预防、控制和惩治资产清洗的特别法律，以期使现有法律框架适应最新的国际标准和当前的犯罪活动。欧洲联盟提请注意其反洗钱规则的改革、设立银行账户信息受益所有权登记册、加强监督合作以及拓展高风险第三国的列名标准。 | 50. Under article 14 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties have undertaken to take measures to prevent money-laundering. El Salvador highlighted the efforts it had made to adopt a new special law for the prevention, control and penalization of asset laundering with a view to adapting the e... |
51. 菲律宾进行了一次国家风险评估，以评估该国洗钱和相关上游犯罪(包括贪污和腐败)的总体风险，并分析不同公共部门和实体进行洗钱和资助恐怖主义的风险。危地马拉还强调了开展腐败风险评估的重要性。 | 51. The Philippines had conducted a national risk assessment to evaluate its overall exposure to money-laundering and related predicate offences, including graft and corruption, and to analyse the money-laundering and financing of terrorism risks in different public sectors and entities. Guatemala also highlighted the ... |
五. 定罪和执法 | V. Criminalization and law enforcement |
52. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室提请注意有些国家在量刑实践中对人权的挑战，在这些国家，被判犯有某些腐败罪行的人可能面临死刑。根据《联合国反腐败公约》第三十条第 1 款，缔约国应当根据罪行的严重性对实施腐败犯罪进行制裁。虽然《公约》第六十五条第 2 款允许缔约国采取比《公约》的规定更为严格或严厉的措施，但这种制裁不应影响生命权并禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。人权事务委员会在其关于生命权的第 36 号一般性意见(2018 年)中解释道，对《公民及政治权利国际公约》接受可判处死刑的“最严重罪行”的表述必须进行严格解读，只适用于涉及故意杀人的极其严重的罪行。委员会还声称，经济和政治罪行(如腐败)虽然性质严重，但在《公民及政治... | 52. UNODC drew attention to challenges to human rights in the sentencing practices of some countries, where those convicted of certain corruption offences may face the death penalty. In line with article 30 (1) of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties should make the commission of corruption ... |
53. 若干提交材料包含关于刑法和刑事诉讼法改革的信息。若干国家还分享了关于待审和审结的刑事案件数量的信息。斯洛伐克国家人权中心强调指出，对知名度高的犯罪者缺乏制裁以及由此产生有罪不罚现象是反腐败斗争中的一大挑战。 | 53. Several submissions included information on reforms of penal codes and criminal procedures codes. Several countries also shared information on the number of criminal cases pending and concluded. The Slovak National Centre for Human Rights highlighted that the absence of sanctions against high-profile perpetrators a... |
54. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第三十条第 2 款，各缔约国承诺采取措施以建立或者保持这样一种适当的平衡：即既照顾到为公职人员履行其职能所给予的豁免或者司法特权，又照顾到对腐败罪行进行有效的调查、起诉和判决的可能性。人权分析和研究中心与国际人权网络在这方面建议取消腐败案件中的议员豁免权，并允许传唤总统的可能性。 | 54. Under article 30 (2) of the United Nations Convention against Corruption States parties have undertaken to take measures to establish or maintain an appropriate balance between any immunities or jurisdictional privileges accorded to its public officials for the performance of their functions and the possibility of ... |
55. 透明度还体现在对证人、专家、受害者以及举报涉及根据《联合国反腐败公约》确立的犯罪的事实的人员提供保护(第三十二和第三十三条)。若干提交材料载有关于旨在保护举报人免遭报复的适用法律和法规的信息。例如，欧洲联盟分享了关于保护举报人的指令的信息。该指令及其实施条例保证了对举报违反欧盟法律行为的举报人提供高度保护。它建立了向组织和公共当局举报的安全渠道，并保护公共和私营部门的举报人免受广义上的报复。格鲁吉亚报告称，其修订了法律，以加强对举报人的保护。而且，其公务员事务局开展了一项广泛的方案，以提高公务员对举报人条例及其权利的认识。此外，开发了一个名为"红色按钮"的软件程序，以便秘密举报指称的不当行为。 | 55. Transparency manifests itself also in the protection of witnesses, experts, victims and those reporting facts concerning offences established in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Corruption (arts. 32–33). Several submissions contained information on the applicable laws and regulations aimed at p... |
56. 斯洛伐克国家人权中心提到一项新法律(第 54/2019 号法案)，该法律将举证责任转移给雇主，拓展了举报人的法律定义，并设立了一个办事处负责保护那些举报反社会活动的人员。 | 56. The Slovak National Centre for Human Rights referred to a new law (Act No. 54/2019), which transferred the burden of proof to the employer, expanded the legal definition of whistle-blower and established an office for the protection of persons reporting on antisocial activities. |
57. 根据《联合国反腐败公约》第三十六条，缔约国承诺确保设有一个或多个机构或者安排了人员专职负责通过执法打击腐败。拉脱维亚介绍了其预防和打击腐败局所做的工作。它强调，该局的任务是监督政治组织(政党)和相关协会遵守财务条例的情况，并检查遵守具体限制的情况。该局还确保遵守一般法律原则、人权、公众参与和获取关于行政、政策和立法举措的信息。为了确保民间社会的参与，该局局长设立了一个公共咨询委员会，有 20 个民间社会组织的代表参与。 | 57. Under article 36 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, States parties have committed themselves to ensuring the existence of a body or bodies or persons specialized in combating corruption through law enforcement. Latvia shared information on the work done by its Corruption Prevention and Combating B... |
六. 国际合作 | VI. International cooperation |
58. 在国际合作的背景下，将人权纳入反腐败工作也可能面临挑战。在引渡(《联合国反腐败公约》第四十四条)和司法协助(《公约》第四十六条)请求中，必须维护人权保障。特别是，必须保证不驱回原则。15 禁止各国将个人引渡到有充分理由认为此人将面临不可弥补的伤害风险的另一国，包括迫害、酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇，公然剥夺公平审判权或死刑。 | 58. Challenges to integrating human rights into anti-corruption efforts may also arise in the context of international cooperation. Human rights safeguards must be upheld in extradition (article 44 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption) and mutual legal assistance (article 46 of the Convention) requests. ... |
59. 在《联合国反腐败公约》第五十条背景下也可能出现挑战，该条涉及特殊侦查手段，如使用控制下交付、电子或其他监视形式和特工行动。《公约》缔约国会议在第 8/2 号决议中根据在执行《公约》第三章和第四章方面吸取的经验教训，批准了一套无约束力建议和结论。已确定的良好做法包括根据对基本权利的保 护 ， 在 国 内 和 国 际 腐 败 案 件 中 广 泛 使 用 和 应 用 特 殊 侦 查 手 段(CAC/COSP/2019/3)。 | 59. Challenges can also arise in the context of article 50 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which deals with special investigative techniques such as the use of controlled delivery, electronic or other forms of surveillance and undercover operations. The Conference of the States Parties to the Conve... |
60. 若干提交材料包含关于反腐败的双边和多边合作协定的信息。例如，厄瓜多尔提到其与智利签署的谅解备忘录。此外，厄瓜多尔还设立了一个国际反腐败专家委员会。 | 60. Several submissions included information on bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements on countering corruption. Ecuador, for example, referred to a memorandum of understanding it had signed with Chile. Moreover, Ecuador had established a commission of international experts against corruption. |
61. 萨尔瓦多表示，其已与美洲国家组织签署了一项合作协议，就在萨尔瓦多建立一个打击有罪不罚现象国际委员会的先遣团事宜进行合作。该委员会成立后，将支持、加强并配合萨尔瓦多负责预防和调查腐败行为和其他相关犯罪以及惩罚责任人的机构。 | 61. El Salvador said it had signed an agreement of cooperation with the Organization of American States on an advance mission for the establishment of an international commission against impunity in El Salvador. The commission, once established, would support, strengthen and collaborate with the institutions of El Salv... |
62. 若干提交材料提到与国际组织的合作以及批准国际反腐败文书，如《联合国反腐败公约》、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》、《非洲联盟预防和打击腐败公约》、《西非国家经济共同体反腐败议定书》、《欧洲委员会反腐败刑法公约》及其附加议定书、《关于打击国际商业交易中行贿外国公职人员行为的公约》和《美洲国家反腐败公约》。提交材料还强调了必须落实执行情况审查机制的建议，这些机制包括反腐败国家集团、经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)国际商业交易中的贿赂问题工作组和《联合国反腐败公约》缔约国会议执行情况审查组。例如，萨尔瓦多强调指出，在对《联合国反腐败公约》第三章和第四章进行审查之后提出了关于改革其《刑法典》、《刑事诉讼法》和《法人犯罪刑事责任法》15... | 62. Several submissions referred to cooperation with international organizations and the ratification of international instruments against corruption, such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the African Union Convention on Preventing... |
63. 瑞典强调必须开展多边努力并以坚定的政治承诺来支持多边努力中产生的反腐败举措。在这方面，瑞典强调了《2030 年可持续发展议程》，特别是关于加强机构的可持续发展目标 16 和关于减少国家间不平等的目标 10。它还提到《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》、《联合国反腐败公约》、经合组织《关于打击国际商业交易中行贿外国公职人员行为的公约》、20 国集团反腐败工作组、欧洲委员会《反腐败刑法公约》和欧洲委员会《反腐败民法公约》。瑞典强调了私营部门在执行《2030 年议程》方面的作用。此外，它通过强化税务和审计当局等机构，支持伙伴国家打击腐败。瑞典还支持金融行动特别工作组的培训和研究所努力协助发展中国家的公务员设计反洗钱系统。还提到了开放政府伙伴关... | 63. Sweden underscored the importance of multilateral efforts and the strong political commitments to support anti-corruption initiatives they produced. In that regard, Sweden highlighted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, especially Sustainable Development Goal 16, on stronger institutions, and Goal 10, on r... |
64. 人权分析和研究中心与国际人权网络建议国际合作打击腐败，包括优先保护人权。他们还建议利用普遍定期审议等人权机制和程序，促进技术援助，并报告腐败对享受人权的不利影响。 | 64. The Centre of Analysis and Research in Human Rights and the International Network of Human Rights recommended international cooperation to combat corruption, including by prioritizing the protection of human rights. They also recommended making use of human rights mechanisms and procedures such as the universal per... |
65. 在哥伦比亚，人权高专办与一家国际金矿公司合作，在地方层面确定和应对人权挑战。通过多年期伙伴关系，人权高专办和该公司对埃尔巴格莱市的人权状况进行了全面调研，使人们进一步认识到亟需改善教育和医疗保健服务。人权高专办和该公司共同努力建立了社区参与市级决策的机制，揭示了腐败对人权的不利影响，加强了公共决策的透明度和问责制，并强化了民间社会在公共资源分配中的作用。 | 65. In Colombia, OHCHR collaborated with an international gold-mining firm to identify and address human rights challenges at the local level. Through a multi-year partnership, OHCHR and the firm had developed a comprehensive diagnostic of the human rights situation in the municipality of El Bagre, leading to increased... |
七. 资产的追回 | VII. Asset recovery |
66. 获得有效补救是人权法(例如，见《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二条第三款、《工商企业与人权指导原则》中的原则 25 以及《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》)和《联合国反腐败公约》(例如，见第三十二条、第三十四和第三十五条、第五十三条(b)项以及第五十七条第 3 款(c)项)的一项基本原则。 | 66. Access to an effective remedy is a fundamental principle under both human rights law (see, e.g., article 2 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, principle 25 of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparat... |
67. 如上文关于一般性意见的第二节所述，除了敲诈勒索案件之外，很难确定腐败的直接受害者。毒品和犯罪问题办公室强调指出，《联合国反腐败公约》各缔约国在确定受害者及其赔偿参数方面存在很大差异，各缔约国对侵犯人权行为与腐败案件之间联系的看法也存在很大差异。在最近一份关于依照《公约》确定并赔偿所有不同类型受害人的最佳做法，以及有关第三方的难题及其对第五章下资产追回的影响的说明中，强调了国家以及法人和自然人都有寻求赔偿的可能性(CAC/COSP/WG.2/2019/5, 第 3 段)。还指出，腐败可能直接使人受到伤害，但也可能对整个社会产生不利影响，在这方面，社会损害的概念存在于一些法域，允许对公共利益损害进行赔偿(同上，第 9 段)。 | 67. As mentioned in section II above on general observations, apart from the case of extortion, it can be difficult to identify the direct victims of corruption. UNODC has highlighted that the identification of victims and of parameters for their compensation varies significantly between States parties to the United Na... |
68. 在资产非法增加罪(《联合国反腐败公约》第二十条)、在没收程序中要求罪犯证明所指称的犯罪所得或其他应予没收的财产的合法来源的可能性(第三十一条第 8 款)以及不经过刑事定罪而没收财产(第五十四条第 1 款(c)项)方面可能会出现挑战，在没有足够的程序保障的情况下，可能与“法无明文不为过失”的原则、无罪推定、免于自证其罪的权利和财产权相冲突。在这方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室强调，有必要保留资源，将其归还合法所有者或赔偿受害者，同时通过适当管理资产确保无辜嫌疑人能够按照恢复原状原则重新获得其资产。 | 68. Challenges may arise with regard to the offence of illicit enrichment (article20 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption), as well as the possibility, in confiscation proceedings, of requiring that an offender demonstrate the lawful origin of alleged proceeds of crime or other property liable for confis... |
69. 欧洲联盟提请注意一项新指令，该指令便利金融信息和其他信息的获取和交流，并改善执法机关与金融情报部门之间以及此类情报部门与情报部门之间的合作。该指令旨在加快对严重和有组织犯罪的财务调查，并使资产追回办公室和其他主管当局能够直接进入欧洲联盟所有成员国都必须建立的国家中央银行账户登记册或数据检索系统。 | 69. The European Union drew attention to a new directive facilitating the access and exchange of financial and other information and improving the cooperation between law enforcement authorities and financial intelligence units and among such units. The directive was intended to speed up financial investigations on ser... |
八. 结论和建议 | VIII. Conclusions and recommendations |
70. 腐败对享受人权的不利影响现已得到广泛承认，联合国人权机制越来越多地提出腐败是实现人权的障碍，也是侵犯和践踏人权的潜在原因。 | 70. The negative impact of corruption on the enjoyment of human rights is now widely recognized and corruption is increasingly raised with United Nations human rights mechanisms as an obstacle to the realization of human rights and as a potential cause of human rights violations and abuses. |
71. 各国有义务最大限度利用现有资源以实现所有人权，包括经济、社会和文化权利，打击腐败的义务是该义务的一部分。这就要求采取适当举措，防止、制止和纠正这种侵权行为。 | 71. As part of their duty to make the maximum use of available resources so as to realize all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, States have an obligation to combat corruption. This requires taking appropriate steps to prevent, suppress and provide redress for such abuses. |
72. 各人权机制日益将腐败问题列入其与各种国际人权条约缔约国互动对话时使用的问题清单。它们定期通过结论并向受审议国提出建议，建议它们有必要解决腐败问题，并在结论和建议中包含各国在这方面应采取的具体措施。 | 72. Human rights mechanisms increasingly include the topic of corruption in the lists of issues used in their interactive dialogues with the States parties to various international human rights treaties. They regularly adopt conclusions and recommendations to States under review on the need to address corruption and in... |
73. 各国要求人权高专办就腐败相关问题提供咨询意见，包括就落实人权机制的建议提供咨询意见。人权高专办正在建设能力，支持各国从人权视角打击腐败，并在其 2018-2021 年管理计划中将腐败确定为一个“前沿问题”。16 | 73. States request advice from OHCHR on issues relating to corruption, including on the implementation of recommendations from human rights mechanisms. OHCHR is building its capacity to support States in their efforts to combat corruption from a human rights perspective and has identified corruption as a “frontier issu... |
74. 虽然关于打击腐败的国家战略和关于维护人权的国家战略通常是分开制定的，但人们日益认识到可以用整体方式来考虑这两个问题。 | 74. While national strategies to combat corruption and uphold human rights are generally developed on separate tracks, there is a growing momentum recognizing the potential of considering both in a holistic manner. |
75. 反腐败工作与促进和保护人权工作相辅相成。应该以相互促进的方式开展这两项工作，利用它们的比较优势并尽量减少各自的限制。两项工作都应有助于促进善政的更广泛战略。呼吁各国遵循参与、包容、透明、问责、诚信、正直和法治等核心善治原则，同时打击腐败和保护人权。 | 75. Anti-corruption efforts and efforts to promote and protect human rights complement and reinforce each other. They should be pursued in a mutually reinforcing manner that leverages their comparative strengths and minimizes their respective limitations. Both should contribute to a broader strategy for the promotion o... |
76. 独立的人权机制和反腐败机构应考虑在各自的工作中分析腐败与人权之间的联系。 | 76. Independent human rights mechanisms and anti-corruption institutions should consider analysing the linkages between corruption and human rights in their respective work. 16 OHCHR, “United Nations Human Rights Management Plan 2018–2021” (Geneva, 2018), pp. 44–45. |
77. 人权理事会咨询委员会(A/HRC/28/73, 第 52-54 段)以及酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚特别报告员(A/HRC/40/59, 第 76 段)建议理事会考虑设立一个关于腐败和人权的专题特别程序任务，并将对腐败和人权的审查明确纳入普遍定期审议和理事会的申诉程序。16 人权高专办，“2018-2021 年联合国人权管理计划”(日内瓦，2018 年)，第 44-45 页。 | 77. The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee (A/HRC/28/73, paras. 52–54) the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/40/59, para. 76) have recommended that the Council consider establishing a thematic special procedure mandate on corruption and human rights ... |
78. 人权理事会不妨考虑对全面审查腐败和人权过程中产生的具体问题进行研究，例如研究国家人权机构在反腐败斗争中的作用。 | 78. The Human Rights Council may wish to consider undertaking studies on specific questions arising from a holistic examination of corruption and human rights, such as a study on the role of national human rights institutions in the fight against corruption. |
79. 秘书长设立了一个腐败问题全球工作队，以便联合国形成对腐败问题的共同立场。鉴于反腐败工作和保护人权的工作相互促进，人权必须牢牢植根于这一共同立场。 | 79. The Secretary-General has established a global task force on corruption in order to develop a common United Nations position on corruption. Given the mutually reinforcing nature of anti-corruption efforts and efforts to protect human rights, it is essential that human rights be firmly embedded within such a common ... |
(C) 210316 220316 | *1604478* |
人权理事会第三十一届会议 | Thirty-first session |
议程项目 3 | Agenda item 3 |
增进和保护所有人权――公民权利、政治权利、经济、社会和文化权利，包括发展权 | Promotion andprotection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development |
阿尔巴尼亚、安道尔*、安哥拉*、阿根廷*、澳大利亚*、奥地利*、巴哈马*、比利时、多民族玻利维亚国、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那*、巴西*、保加利亚*、加拿大*、智利*、哥伦比亚*、哥斯达黎加*、克罗地亚*、古巴、塞浦路斯*、捷克共和国*、丹麦*、多米尼加共和国*、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、爱沙尼亚*、芬兰*、法国、格鲁吉亚、德国、加纳*、希腊*、危地马拉*、海地*、洪都拉斯*、匈牙利*、冰岛*、爱尔兰*、以色列*、意大利*、牙买加*、哈萨克斯坦*、拉脱维亚、列支敦士登*、立陶宛*、卢森堡*、马耳他*、墨西哥、摩纳哥*、黑山*、荷兰、尼加拉瓜*、挪威*、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁*、菲律宾、波兰*、摩尔多瓦共和国*、罗马尼亚*、塞尔维亚*、斯洛伐克*、... | Albania, Andorra,* Angola,* Argentina,* Australia,* Austria,* Bahamas,* Belgium, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina,* Brazil,* Bulgaria,* Canada,* Chile,* Colombia,* Costa Rica,* Croatia,* Cuba, Cyprus,* Czech Republic,* Denmark,* Dominican Republic,* Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia,* Finland,* Fran... |
人权理事会， | The Human Rights Council, |
强调《儿童权利公约》乃是增进和保护儿童权利的标准，铭记《公约》各项任择议定书的重要性，并呼吁普遍批准和切实执行这些文书以及其他有关人权文书， | Emphasizing that the Convention on the Rights of the Child constitutes the standard in the promotion and protection of the rights of the child, bearing in mind the importance of the Optional Protocols to the Convention, and calling for their universal ratification and effective implementation, as well as that of other ... |
回顾人权委员会、人权理事会和大会以往所有有关儿童权利的决议，其中最近的有理事会 2015 年 3 月 27 日第 28/19 号决议和大会 2015 年 12 月 17 日第70/137 号决议， | Recalling all previous resolutions on the rights of the child of the Commission on Human Rights, the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, the most recent being Council resolution 28/19 of 27 March 2015 and Assembly resolution 70/137 of 17 December 2015, |
欢迎儿童权利委员会就信息和通信技术与对儿童的性剥削问题所做工作，包括在委员会一般性意见特别是关于儿童免遭一切形式暴力侵害的权利的第 13 号一般性意见(2011 年)和关于商业部门对儿童权利的影响方面国家义务的第 16 号 | Welcoming the work of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the issue of information and communications technologies and child sexual exploitation, including in the context of its general comments, in particular general comments No. 13 (2011) on the |
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