id stringlengths 30 30 | corpus stringclasses 3 values | sentence stringlengths 22 724 | token stringlengths 8 29 | complexity float64 0.03 0.98 | difficulty stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3PUV2Q8SV448KDG43NZ1UW05FQYDBX | biomed | Null embryos of this type often survive beyond the morula stage, and a Mendelian distribution of embryonic genotypes is usually noted. | embryonic genotypes | 0.609375 | difficult |
351S7I5UG9WNO85TG9QLOPVC1Z9JN6 | biomed | The FeCl3-induced model of vascular injury and thrombosis in mice is now widely used to evaluate genetic and pharmacological interventions [24]. | pharmacological interventions | 0.609375 | difficult |
3HFWPF5AK9J9J7V9LKFK7COTS1V3SQ | biomed | This entire process from epithelial cell to mature fiber cell is defined as lens differentiation. | epithelial cell | 0.609375 | difficult |
34R0BODSP1ZBN3DVY8J8XSIY56DE5Q | biomed | To avoid such deleterious outcomes, surveillance systems (“checkpoints”) exist to sense meiotic errors and eliminate cells containing unresolved defects. | deleterious outcomes | 0.611111 | difficult |
3O0M2G5VC62CWOIECSKC0MB9ED3492 | biomed | The first Transforming acidic coiled coil gene, TACC1, was identified during the development of an expression map of the proximal short arm of human chromosome 8 [1]. | coil gene | 0.611111 | difficult |
3OWZNK3RYLP0D2RU6PWF331P7KGU2M | biomed | In addition, in the CSS, expression of the A/J phenotypes, rebleeding time and arterial occlusion, was modified in the B6 background, and suggested that interactions occurred among the A/J QTL. | arterial occlusion | 0.611111 | difficult |
3GVPRXWRPHU2QCT0IKOWGRUMO5F7I7 | biomed | The primitive wave of hematopoiesis produces a burst of embryonic erythrocytes and macrophages. | embryonic erythrocytes | 0.611111 | difficult |
3Q9SPIIRWJM2A9B3E44VR95K4OJWAU | biomed | DLB conceived and designed the study, carried out sample preparation, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. | electron microscopy | 0.611111 | difficult |
3HJ1EVZS2OJXISVW6VFFH2JX6ZCR3Q | biomed | DLB conceived and designed the study, carried out sample preparation, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. | confocal microscopy | 0.6125 | difficult |
3XBYQ44Z6P47P5ACK4VCMEVCSD4TWC | biomed | SEM confirmed many of the observations made by confocal microscopy. | confocal microscopy | 0.644737 | difficult |
3TL87MO8CMPHV6GCL6JLWZZV3XSFLX | biomed | SJ and SVJ carried out confocal microscopy on whole-mounts of stria vascularis. | confocal microscopy | 0.775 | difficult |
37PGLWGSJT6QLR0K1ED5KWZ8UPFIKO | biomed | The objectives of the current report were to characterize gross morphology of young (5 wk) and old (54 wk) mouse lenses with targeted disruption of both the alphaA and alphaB genes, in comparison to age matched wild type lenses, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy, to elucidate the possible functions of alpha-crystallin in the lens. | confocal microscopy | 0.821429 | very difficult |
3K2CEDRACB1BKTGYG2PPDGTLUBQTML | biomed | In the lens, alpha-crystallin also forms a complex with type III intermediate filament proteins and the lens-specific beaded filament proteins CP49 and CP115, which may be critical for proper filament assembly [16]. | filament assembly | 0.616667 | difficult |
30QQTY5GMKK7Z3O0C1DAZUIXI027UF | biomed | Their biological activity lies in stable silencing of specific sets of genes through chromatin modifications. | stable silencing | 0.616667 | difficult |
31JUPBOORN48GR6PDSDFM7I9GTFL8M | biomed | Interestingly, Sharon et al. [5] have recently pointed out additional features shared by patients with CRB1 mutations and mutations in NR2E3, including hyperopic refractive errors and a distinctive pattern of clumped pigmentation in the retina. | clumped pigmentation | 0.616667 | difficult |
3ZLW647WALVGE8EBR50EGUBPU7W32N | biomed | Spatial learning was also assessed using a probe trial, in which the platform was removed from the pool on the day following nine days of training. | probe trial | 0.616667 | difficult |
3MQY1YVHS3KLH3IO6YFKYD91IZ9B2M | biomed | Our findings reveal that target-triggered inductive signals provide an effective means of ensuring the late onset of expression of transcription factors, and thus an orderly temporal transcriptional sequence that is crucial for neuronal maturation and circuit assembly. | circuit assembly | 0.616667 | difficult |
3X2YVV51PU46GLY3ILB2G8CH0UDW16 | biomed | PGC-1α is enriched in brown adipose tissue (BAT), heart, slow-twitch skeletal muscle, and kidney—all tissues with high-capacity mitochondrial systems. | mitochondrial systems | 0.617647 | difficult |
3UYRNV2KITZY4R9AP5TUZZMYLOEN8P | biomed | In cases where this threshold is not reached, ovary differentiation ensues. | ovary differentiation | 0.617647 | difficult |
3IZVJEBJ6AK5H245ZE7QA8XGP7X6Z4 | biomed | Indeed, complete deficiency for either huntingtin or the eed protein leads to abnormal streak development, lack of headfold formation, ectopic T, Evx1 and Nodal expression and disruption of anterior primitive streak mesoderm production [47]. | Nodal expression | 0.618421 | difficult |
32K26U12DNONTREA84Q1V8UCIIDVDK | biomed | The precise spatial and temporal expression of the crystallin proteins in the developing lens may not be simply a consequence of the differentiation process, but instead may play an important, if not essential, role in the differentiation process itself. | temporal expression | 0.618421 | difficult |
3VQTAXTYN3LU1FRQPIPQ4W4T1QTBU5 | biomed | Both are heterodimeric enzymes consisting of distinct 80 kDa catalytic subunits, encoded by the Capn1 (μ-80 k) and Capn2 (m-80 k) genes, respectively, that associate with a common 28 kDa regulatory subunit encoded by the Capn4 gene. | catalytic subunits | 0.618421 | difficult |
38LRF35D5LWPYKNDAPAKMD6HDYG3U6 | biomed | Because the FOG2 mutation we report is de novo and the phenotypes of the pulmonary and diaphragmatic defects are similar between mouse and human, we suggest that this mutation in FOG2 is the first reported cause of a human developmental diaphragmatic and pulmonary defect. | developmental diaphragmatic | 0.625 | difficult |
307FVKVSYRF8I5ULXVMSMQK3JNE74S | biomed | Most aniridia patients are heterozygous for mutations that introduce a premature termination codon into the PAX6 open reading frame [2,52]. | reading frame | 0.625 | difficult |
3JMNNNO3B14D56GZ1PBGLRMMS0R2WT | biomed | To map the location of the disease-causing lesion, we performed genome-wide linkage analysis using strain-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 120 loci across the mouse genome. | linkage analysis | 0.625 | difficult |
3Z56AA6EK405IV5MKPHW2617A3FM63 | biomed | However, up-regulation of Sox9 is not sufficient to establish testis development in this mutant, as occurs in Odsex and other gain-of-function mutants where Sox9 is misexpressed in the XX gonad [ 24, 25]. | XX gonad | 0.625 | difficult |
3R0WOCG21M9NGCPA3EGWZMST4B5UDV | biomed | Disruption of Sox9 expression in the XY gonad causes male-to-female sex reversal [ 21, 22], whereas increasing the dose of Sox9 in the XX gonad leads to testis development [ 23- 25]. | XX gonad | 0.65 | difficult |
3XU9MCX6VOC8XAZD2V1AYSE50LCR2F | biomed | In light of the observation that the Wnt4 −/− XX gonad does not increase significantly in size ( Figure 6), it is possible that the FGF9/SOX9-expressing population did not reach a critical threshold. | XX gonad | 0.7 | difficult |
3TKXBROM5TAVA7U2JTDTJHZVF0FJIQ | biomed | Shh protein expression and autoprocessing at E11.5 was indistinguishable between wild-type and Dhcr7-/- embryos. | protein expression | 0.625 | difficult |
3INZSNUD80QPWK1753L53Q5FRQVD9N | biomed | This may support the idea that mr-s is involved in repressive complexes similar to other SAM domain-containing proteins. | other SAM | 0.632353 | difficult |
3PN6H8C9R4Q313BCX9Z5ZLGZX8DDA2 | biomed | The first pattern of derepression identified (type I) consists of ectopic expression of cone genes in the vast majority of cells in the ONL. | ectopic expression | 0.632353 | difficult |
3XABXM4AJ15J7OM25XLB3TH3QZ2Q8G | biomed | In accordance with this, ectopic expression of mouse Sepw1 renders cells resistant to hydrogen peroxide, and this resistance is dependent on it binding glutathione (36). | ectopic expression | 0.692308 | difficult |
3YOAVL4CA0HR2F0RGQEBDAD2TGRZ4C | biomed | Consistent with the idea that cells in this primordium are poised between two developmental pathways, some of the genes that are involved in establishing sexual dimorphism, including Dax1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal-congenital adrenal hypoplasia critical region on the X chromosome protein 1), Sox9 (Sry-like HMG box 9), Fgf9 (fibroblast growth factor 9), and Wnt4 (wingless-related MMTV integration site 4), are initially expressed in similar patterns in XX and XY gonads [ 3– 8]. | adrenal hypoplasia | 0.632353 | difficult |
30Y6N4AHYPWV0KXTZKLRUB59XC1RDO | biomed | The multipotent, adhering epithelial cells are typically attached to an underlying basal lamina that polarizes the epithelial sheet and separates it from surrounding mesenchyme. | basal lamina | 0.632353 | difficult |
3S1WOPCJFGTJU2SGNAN2Y213N78EJC | biomed | The process must be accompanied by alterations in the proliferation, polarity, shape, and adhesiveness of selected cells, as well as by modifications in their underlying basal lamina. | basal lamina | 0.825 | very difficult |
3J5XXLQDHMBPBZCDFFKPIZ80R5P3VV | biomed | Regulators of sexual differentiation have been identified in a number of organisms, but in contrast to many other developmental processes, such as axial patterning or development of many body parts, the molecular mechanisms that regulate sexual differentiation are highly variable between phyla. | axial patterning | 0.632353 | difficult |
344M16OZKIFFDSJ128FUR9IKWRDENG | biomed | Several mutations and genes have been identified that affect the pattern of hair follicle development, but Tbx15 is the only gene of which we are aware that affects the pattern of hair pigmentation in different body regions. | follicle development | 0.633333 | difficult |
308KJXFUJR6AIS79JZZK4PYL0U1TA1 | biomed | The fact that some genes are chosen more frequently, and when chosen may be expressed at higher levels per cell, is intriguing given each olfactory neuron's single-allele expression regime. | olfactory neuron | 0.633333 | difficult |
3BA7SXOG1JQJJP12ICAB8JR8ML48RZ | biomed | Further analysis revealed that palmitate oxidation rates were reduced in hepatocytes isolated from the PGC-1α−/− mice, which would predispose to lipid accumulation. | lipid accumulation | 0.633333 | difficult |
3YCT0L9OMM9GNBOJ33ZZGQMZXILSNU | biomed | The initial experiments demonstrated that in our hands careful ocular cannulation has a very minor effect on IOP (average of -0.3 mmHg, mode -0.5 mmHg) and demonstrated significant differences in intraocular pressure levels between four mouse strains. | ocular cannulation | 0.6375 | difficult |
3U18MJKL1UM0GUZN6H9Z1LIHBF0CNL | biomed | BMP activity also plays an indirect role in limb patterning as a key component of a feedback loop between SHH production in the posterior limb bud and fibroblast growth factor production in the overlying apical ectodermal ridge (AER). | limb patterning | 0.638889 | difficult |
368IUKXGA58B3Y2ZC59OJAV2F8QP62 | biomed | Ca2+ also induces a transbilayer phospholipid redistribution inducing a shape change of red blood cells [51]. | phospholipid redistribution | 0.638889 | difficult |
3D17ECOUOEV9PNWF8100BB1K21I316 | biomed | In one model, somatic DNA recombination would bring one olfactory receptor gene into a transcriptionally active genomic configuration, as observed for the yeast mating type locus [20] and the mammalian immunoglobulin genes [21]. | genomic configuration | 0.640625 | difficult |
3EGKVCRQFWSBIOBVZJMF7HA6XE3YBP | biomed | This phenomenon does not reflect a lack of anterior/posterior axis formation, as evidenced by the formation of the AVE anteriorly and the primitive streak posteriorly. | primitive streak | 0.640625 | difficult |
3E9ZFLPWOYSW5RZR0XSUAQ7AQYUIXD | biomed | Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is very distinct from other engulfment processes that result, for example, in the clearance of microorganisms, because engulfment of apoptotic cells triggers the secretion of potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators, whereas pathogen recognition causes the release of pro-inflammatory signals [6]. | immunosuppressive mediators | 0.642857 | difficult |
3WYZV0QBFJDMIJLLUN0DO33XV8ABXX | biomed | The binding sites have been localised to the amino terminal GGYY and GYGG motifs in sorcin and to the GYPP motif in the amino terminus of annexin A7. | amino terminus | 0.644737 | difficult |
31YWE12TE0CZG7IVH6OXJ1H1CIJ7X7 | biomed | These findings demonstrate very distinct activities of one transcriptional regulator at different developmental steps within a committed post-mitotic neuronal lineage. | neuronal lineage | 0.647059 | difficult |
3126F2F5F83FGDVEINSMVYNFW6EPEN | biomed | Null mutations in the Bmpr1b gene produce viable mice with defects in bone and joint formation that closely resemble those seen in mice missing Gdf5 (Storm and Kingsley 1996; Baur et al. 2000; Yi et al. 2000). | Null mutations | 0.647059 | difficult |
3WRBLBQ2GR8ACANL7X3KG07J1EH0G8 | biomed | Huntingtin is postulated to function as a flexible ~350 kDa HEAT domain scaffold that may facilitate the assembly and possibly the subcellular location of large protein complexes [3-7]. | subcellular location | 0.65 | difficult |
3ZFRE2BDQ9EI0HO101GGALA0MBVZXQ | biomed | Linkages for human RA have been found in this particular region [24]. | human RA | 0.652778 | difficult |
3ROUCZ907FUJ74W2X1I3BAC3Q3OOO9 | biomed | Defects in Rb null SACs correlated with specific E2f3 expression in these cells, and E2f3 expression was absent in neurons that differentiated without Rb. | null SACs | 0.652778 | difficult |
32CXT5U14G3BZHTJM65GDUESTK88U3 | biomed | These data may indicate that the neuroactive culprit is not immediately present after transgenic APP synthesis is initiated, but requires additional time to develop. | APP synthesis | 0.652778 | difficult |
3MD8CKRQZZN836XL9G72X90M2WYRJ2 | biomed | To rule out the possibility that hypomethylation of pericentric repeats might contribute to the destabilization of heterochromatin domains in p150CAF-1-depleted ES cells, we tested our RNAi plasmid vector in a XY ES cell line, and confirmed that loss of p150CAF-1 leads to disruption of heterochromatin organization independently of the degree of DNA methylation at pericentric repeats (unpublished data). | plasmid vector | 0.652778 | difficult |
3ZCC2DXSD747VW469B0ZFS87INMYY5 | biomed | However the reaction speed of murine platelets is much higher than those of human and due to the technical setup we might have missed larger changes in the mouse samples. | murine platelets | 0.652778 | difficult |
3TZ0XG8CBUKDFP5GOVAPHYREGZY89C | biomed | Thus, members of the ZnT and ZIP family with zinc as predominant substrate have opposite roles in cellular zinc homeostasis (43). | predominant substrate | 0.654762 | difficult |
3QD8LUVX4XYKT34CTD90LH35LCO5XQ | biomed | Design of inhibitors specific for CLN2 should incorporate the features that have been proven to be important for the related enzymes, such as the placement of an aldehyde functionality capable of making covalent interactions with the catalytic serine, or the utilization of chloromethyl ketone for the same purpose. | catalytic serine | 0.65625 | difficult |
3TKSOBLOHLGF5GIKPR8VZ6C5C5MBBO | biomed | Only the FA fraction revealed a small dox-resistant pool of peptide in acutely treated animals that we believe represents stable predeposit aggregates that have already accumulated by 4 wk of age when treatment was begun (Figure 2C). | FA fraction | 0.660714 | difficult |
3PCPFX4U40QSM3WPDBRHDLYPD3FFQM | biomed | Gender differences in CIA susceptibility are dependent on many factors, including genetic, hormonal and behavioral influences [9]. | CIA susceptibility | 0.661765 | difficult |
37MQ8Z1JQEWHUBBZGQT46O7238R2YS | biomed | Only one QTL, Cia2, was identified for the phenotype of CIA severity, but this QTL contributes to only 16% of the phenotype variations for CIA susceptibility in F2 progeny [10]. | CIA susceptibility | 0.671875 | difficult |
31D0ZWOD0AZ92JAILXBAKEWG3J4A06 | biomed | These data suggest that deficits in RanBP2 and parkin may share (patho) physiological pathways and support a multifaceted role of RanBP2. | multifaceted role | 0.661765 | difficult |
31MBOZ6PAORASUW2U4TKOTES6K0LCS | biomed | Differentiating cells, like the neural ectoderm, which is the origin of the cells belonging to the nervous system, show Annexin A7 immunoreactivity mainly in the cytosol. | neural ectoderm | 0.661765 | difficult |
33W1NHWFYHLBJ0FHVRFJLIPU9F7ZT7 | biomed | This QTL maps to the same chromosomal position as a previously identified QTL for quinine intake, Qui [16,28], indicating that taste is the major factor in regulating quinine aversion. | quinine aversion | 0.661765 | difficult |
38DCH97KHH28R5ILW1I2SJQH6AWJQT | biomed | Pregnancy-induced remission of CIA in mice appears to be caused by the increase in estrogen levels, while the postpartum exacerbation can be explained by the dramatic drop in estrogen [10], possibly together with increased prolactin levels [11]. | postpartum exacerbation | 0.6625 | difficult |
3OPLMF3EU5NTJYTTJU2Y44845OENLC | biomed | Indeed, we recently showed that neural crest cell specific Alk5 mutants display a unique spectrum of craniofacial developmental defects, e.g., cleft snout and severe mandibular hypoplasia [19]; these phenotypes were not seen in corresponding Tgfbr2 mutants [20]. | mandibular hypoplasia | 0.666667 | difficult |
39O0SQZVJN7FJBWJ87I5UJVDB1Y7RB | biomed | This role cannot be fulfilled by μ-calpain, which is expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells [31] and is assumed to be present at this stage of gestation. | embryonic stem | 0.666667 | difficult |
3NI0WFPPI9G8FHYFVKUY49UU70E066 | biomed | Mutations in the mouse ortholog of NR2E3 have been identified in the spontaneous mutant retinal degeneration 7 (rd7) [15]. | retinal degeneration | 0.666667 | difficult |
3PCPFX4U40QSM3WPDBRHDLYPD3FQFX | biomed | For example, a QTL for PROP avoidance has been suggested on chromosome 7 [16], and we observe a suggestive QTL for quinine taste on chromosome 8 (Figure 2); in neither case are Tas2rs found at these loci (data not shown). | quinine taste | 0.666667 | difficult |
3TX9T2ZCB913BHJBQWKU82WTD9PZWX | biomed | Upon stimulation with forskolin, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase activator, wild-type AQP2 translocated to the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells (Figure 4B, second column). | kinase activator | 0.676471 | difficult |
3THR0FZ95PTB1JT5K92BJT89VYJLOP | biomed | These data report the development and implementation of an improved RMCE approach that enables efficient allele modification in ES cells to generate mice and in heterozygous MEFs to accelerate phenotypic analyses. | allele modification | 0.680556 | difficult |
3QMELQS6Y5BWFBIEPXDDO5VHGQE6RB | biomed | Ectopic NT-3 supplied using osmotic pumps and adenovirus-mediated expression induce sensory axon growth during regeneration (Zhang et al. 1998, Bradbury et al. 1999, Oudega et al. 1999, Ramer et al. 2002), and induce axonal plasticity of corticospinal axons in injured adult spinal cord (Zhou et al. 2003), where the sprouting axons from the intact site cross the midline towards the NT-3 source on the lesion side of the spinal cord. | axonal plasticity | 0.680556 | difficult |
3W9XHF7WGKVGU5GVVQC9Y31H56VKT7 | biomed | The cause of goiter appears to be an impairment of iodide fixation in the follicular lumen due to a reduced rate of iodide transport across the apical membrane of thyroid gland epithelial cells [4]. | iodide fixation | 0.683333 | difficult |
32TMVRKDGNYCIJZ470EY0QGYU7K84G | biomed | These severe defects during the early stages of skeletogenesis preclude investigation of any specific roles for BMPs in later events in cartilage differentiation, bone formation, and bone metabolism [29]. | cartilage differentiation | 0.683333 | difficult |
334ZEL5JX6FY5WOV4IZCVFM4NSROS6 | biomed | GO term classification revealed that these genes were related to lymphocyte proliferation and activation, suggesting that lymphocytes in the DBA/1 strain are more activated than those in the FVB/N strain. | lymphocyte proliferation | 0.6875 | difficult |
33BFF6QPI1B2QOCI5PPL41REYER3W5 | biomed | Locus 7 on chromosome 16 overlaps with Lp1, which controls lymphocyte proliferation. | lymphocyte proliferation | 0.767857 | difficult |
36U4VBVNQODHHM8FLFBG4B9XJCWRUY | biomed | The Pygo1/Pygo2 mutant phenotype of reduced branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud is surprisingly similar to that previously reported for Wnt11 mutants [4]. | mutant phenotype | 0.6875 | difficult |
3KVQ0UJWPXL543ZMJ8DEJYPYCAI5WX | biomed | The first, or primitive, wave of hematopoiesis originates from ventral mesoderm and gives rise to progenitor cells that differentiate in embryonic blood islands. | ventral mesoderm | 0.6875 | difficult |
3DWGDA5POF4T1WYYSB66U6T3TLAV1U | biomed | The tif1γ gene is expressed specifically in ventral mesoderm and hematopoietic progenitors, then downregulated as erythroid maturation occurs. | ventral mesoderm | 0.705882 | difficult |
3PKJ68EHDNWVECJIDBV8J5YGFN0HJV | biomed | This estimate was confirmed by direct comparison of APP levels in nontransgenic and tet-off APP mice using an antibody that recognizes both endogenous APP (and amyloid precursor-like protein 2) and the transgenic protein (monoclonal antibody 22C11; Figure 1D). | endogenous APP | 0.691176 | difficult |
3G57RS03HH5JSN1F5OO7VR9983N25C | biomed | It is known that cortical dysplasia resulting from aberrant brain development causes seizure syndrome [22]. | cortical dysplasia | 0.694444 | difficult |
3VADEH0UHCXGQW0WJICRKFRUXXMSPQ | biomed | Cells adjacent to the posterior capsule of 5 wk alphaA/BKO lenses (Figure 3E) exhibited nucleic acid staining, were small and non-elongated, with numerous membrane projections., These were, however, not observed in 54 wk alphaA/BKO lenses. | posterior capsule | 0.694444 | difficult |
3MDKGGG61QN9VQV6TMI8OKWZ4BBT6B | biomed | These observations suggest that the cochlear environment supports the survival of sensory hair cells in spite of the enlargement of the endolymphatic duct. | cochlear environment | 0.7 | difficult |
34KYK9TV2R8EM2ZM0DUQPVM5GT8BSP | biomed | Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted signaling molecules belonging to the transforming growth factor β superfamily, originally identified on the basis of their ability to induce ectopic bone formation when implanted within soft tissue in vivo [1-3]. | morphogenetic proteins | 0.7 | difficult |
3LOJFQ4BOXF9DGKY90CUTZJV2K7KDO | biomed | Activity levels appeared to follow a relatively normal diurnal cycle, decreasing substantially during the daylight hours. | diurnal cycle | 0.7 | difficult |
3WPCIUYH1A88GZAL39QMUQ6RLXYTD3 | biomed | Design of inhibitors specific for CLN2 should incorporate the features that have been proven to be important for the related enzymes, such as the placement of an aldehyde functionality capable of making covalent interactions with the catalytic serine, or the utilization of chloromethyl ketone for the same purpose. | covalent interactions | 0.703125 | difficult |
3LVTFB9DE5IY03SKOVXZV6Y1EIFQGW | biomed | Here we use a taste-salient brief-access lick test [29,37] to measure taste sensitivities in C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2) and BXD/Ty (BXD) recombinant inbred (RI) mice to two bitter stimuli, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) and denatonium benzoate (DB). | quinine hydrochloride | 0.705882 | difficult |
3UUIU9GZC55DCMVSO383WEIZ8G0T5V | biomed | These data show that a single RMCE-ASAP reaction in heterozygous MEFs enables detection of a recessive phenotype. | recessive phenotype | 0.708333 | difficult |
3S829FDFT21FXGJ58JRJJTRXYTLXDP | biomed | Thus it is tempting to relate the cardiac problems in the mouse to the apparent broader range of substrate utilization of mouse MCAD. | substrate utilization | 0.708333 | difficult |
3DA79LNS59VAY78OAKKAHHKFUK9T35 | biomed | However, lung saccular development was impaired, with arrested or partially developed epithelial tubules and delayed vascular development. | epithelial tubules | 0.708333 | difficult |
3T2HW4QDUV7FRSVT57QUJKNX6QJC9M | biomed | The observed cadmium-induced upregulation of Gclc, Gsr and Gstm4 supports the importance of glutathione in the cellular cadmium response. | cadmium response | 0.708333 | difficult |
3VCK0Q0PO5EGM247U1GF6KGG2Q30NG | biomed | The membrane trafficking and mitochondrial deficits uncovered in homozygous CbCln3Δex7/8 cells are likely to particularly impact neuronal function. | mitochondrial deficits | 0.716667 | difficult |
3CO05SML7V5110WZN8XWF4LQ3NSR0V | biomed | The expression of these two proteins in the lens epithelium, however, is not uniform throughout different regions of the anterior epithelium. | anterior epithelium | 0.71875 | difficult |
3EAWOID6MTXTU7DGWS26G1ATOT50VX | biomed | TEL could serve to nucleate a polymer, which would spread by oligomerization of the SAM domain. | SAM domain | 0.720588 | difficult |
3Y7LTZE0YTMQJDU6VW5TQEBWSTEZUY | biomed | Inspection of sections prepared from the brains of PGC-1α−/− mice revealed patchy areas of microvacuolation in the pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex, accompanied by a mild increase in the number of astrocytes in the basal ganglia. | basal ganglia | 0.722222 | difficult |
363A7XIFV4MPVKBYOUZZ57M6XFGVAI | biomed | Here we present mechanistic and spatial dissections of olfactory discrimination, learning, and memory. | spatial dissections | 0.722222 | difficult |
3HRWUH63QU2FH9Q8R7MRNFC7JYE5N6 | biomed | This observation is consistent with a polygenic basis for quinine taste [16,26]. | polygenic basis | 0.722222 | difficult |
3BFF0DJK8XCEIOT30ZLBPPSRM08TSX | biomed | As noted, whereas Capn2 null murine embryos die prior to implantation, homozygous disruption of the μ-calpain large subunit gene, Capn1, did not affect the viability of mice [33]. | murine embryos | 0.725 | difficult |
33NOQL7T9OZSLGNTST4OUMT7V2N8ZS | biomed | Pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with abnormal diaphragmatic anatomy or function, and is known to occur as a secondary developmental defect in models of diaphragmatic dysfunction such as complete amuscularization [17] or phrenic nerve disruption [46]. | diaphragmatic dysfunction | 0.733333 | difficult |
3D4BBDG7ZHWTCQ6DOYPKS7KB6Y93CW | biomed | Loss of CFTR function results in destruction of the exocrine tissue and eventual pancreatic insufficiency. | pancreatic insufficiency | 0.733333 | difficult |
3E24UO25QZQTIYQYX5W9UAQC53U6O2 | biomed | With the exception of pancreatic insufficiency resulting in impaired digestion, other aspects of CF are less readily related to loss of CFTR function. | pancreatic insufficiency | 0.785714 | difficult |
3BKZLF990ZZYMUDKI1J52655JE5QYU | biomed | The absence of Trk receptor expression upon precocious induction of ETS signaling can only partially explain the observed phenotype in axonal projections. | precocious induction | 0.734375 | difficult |
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