id stringlengths 30 30 | corpus stringclasses 3 values | sentence stringlengths 10 1.38k | token stringlengths 1 16 ⌀ | complexity float64 0 0.86 | difficulty stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3HYV4299H0WUALWXW6QB9CSP7VG8EM | biomed | Indeed, although PGC-1α null mice survive in the protected environment of the laboratory, our results indicate that in the rigors of a typical external environment, PGC-1α would be necessary for survival. | survival | 0.232143 | easy |
3SX4X51T809U5021NIDLAFSY1MKAOW | biomed | To date, only three active TACC genes have been cloned in humans [1-3], one in each of mouse [7], Xenopus laevis [8], D. melanogaster [4], and C. elegans [5,6]. | date | 0.055556 | very easy |
3HO4MYYR12OOV3AVTR8ITGI1NOJU62 | biomed | To date only three PAX6 protein-protein interactions have been described: with SOX2 on the lens-specific enhancer element of the δ-crystallin gene [22]; with MDIA, which modulates PAX6 activity in early neuronal development [23], and with MAF proteins on the glucagon promoter, which causes increased expression of this pancreatic hormone gene [17]. | date | 0.236842 | easy |
3RTFSSG7T86J6S27BVTL0NLVY0ILW1 | biomed | The exact molecular function of SEPW1 protein is unknown to date, but a role as antioxidant has been proposed due to its ability to bind glutathione (35). | date | 0.35 | easy |
3J6BHNX0U9SIZSBBYUQXP4VPGNBKN6 | biomed | Another reason is that the use of old multiparous mice mimicked the RA situation (older women is the major risk group). | women | 0.055556 | very easy |
3FDWKV9VCN2QK6VNG7FZICFNDOZMU5 | biomed | Apart from the obvious gender-specific diseases such as cervical or prostate cancer, sex influences susceptibility to nearly all highly prevalent diseases that affect both women and men, including atherosclerosis and diabetes and their precursor conditions of hyperlipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. | women | 0.197368 | very easy |
3TKXBROM5TAVA7U2JTDTJHZVFZHIJP | biomed | Interestingly, m-calpain expression persisted in these cells, suggesting a possible requirement of m-calpain for cell survival [30]. | requirement | 0.055556 | very easy |
306996CF6WKESI0SNUF6TUZWQSXB15 | biomed | We specifically addressed sequence requirement for the Mcm helicase activation, mode of interaction with DNA substrates and whether the thymine sequences are required for continuous activation of Mcm helicase during the unwinding process. | requirement | 0.125 | very easy |
3EGKVCRQFWSBIOBVZJMF7HA6XDBYBV | biomed | These observations supported the hypothesis that the small subunit is required for both μ- and m-calpain, and furthermore suggested four possibilities regarding their requirement for embryonic development: 1) both isoforms were required; 2) μ-calpain was required; 3) m-calpain was required, or 4) μ- and m-calpain are redundant, and one or the other isoform was required. | requirement | 0.194444 | very easy |
3K2CEDRACB1BKTGYG2PPDGTLUASMTE | biomed | However, difficulty in achieving stable expression of the rescue transgene has thus far hampered these attempts. | attempts | 0.055556 | very easy |
3R0WOCG21M9NGCPA3EGWZMST4ACDUJ | biomed | Both activity of Snail and down-regulation of E-cadherin play pivotal roles in epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), typified by the transformation of polarized, adhering epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells [16,17]. | play | 0.276316 | easy |
3QGTX7BCHP29YY4RUVXLI2JGTBNZ5G | biomed | In contrast to wild type lenses (Figure 3L and 3Q), the alphaA/BKO lenses (Figure 3B and 3G) contained large areas devoid of cellular material, their nuclei were not limited to a well defined equatorial/bow region, and ordered radial columns of elongating fiber cells extending from the posterior capsule to the anterior epithelium were not observed. | areas | 0.073529 | very easy |
3W9XHF7WGKVGU5GVVQC9Y31H552KTC | biomed | Analysis of sequence diversity of Tas2rs in humans, great apes and old world monkeys suggest that Tas2rs are subject to some degree of positive selection [43,44]. | world | 0.075 | very easy |
3D17ECOUOEV9PNWF8100BB1K20L317 | biomed | We verified the ability of Prx1::cre to recombine the conditional Bmp2 and Bmp4 alleles at earliest limb bud stages using in situ hybridization. | limb | 0.075 | very easy |
3SBNLSTU6U542BJK91F4GE786TKDZ3 | biomed | Conversely, beads soaked with neurotrophin function-blocking antibodies led to reduction of sensory and motor axon growth towards the limb. | limb | 0.171053 | very easy |
351S7I5UG9WNO85TG9QLOPVC1YBNJA | biomed | The three major limb phenotypes revealed by eliminating Bmpr1a with Gdf5-driven Cre include webbing between digits, lack of joint formation at specific locations in the ankle, and failure to maintain articular cartilage after birth, resulting in severe arthritis. | limb | 0.225 | easy |
3WRAAIUSBJZHZ9GTO90HTSJRDQPAX1 | biomed | In addition to BMP2 and BMP7, a third member of this family that is closely related to BMP2, BMP4, is also expressed in the early limb bud. | limb | 0.3 | easy |
37VE3DA4YUHPWTL6PJIRLHF37HYHBF | biomed | Bmp2 is first expressed in the limb mesenchyme at embryonic day (E)10.5 in the mouse (Figure 1A, asterisk). | limb | 0.3125 | easy |
3MWOYZD5WVO1PJWQWMIQWLCY0SQONZ | biomed | Ectopic NT-3 supplied using osmotic pumps and adenovirus-mediated expression induce sensory axon growth during regeneration (Zhang et al. 1998, Bradbury et al. 1999, Oudega et al. 1999, Ramer et al. 2002), and induce axonal plasticity of corticospinal axons in injured adult spinal cord (Zhou et al. 2003), where the sprouting axons from the intact site cross the midline towards the NT-3 source on the lesion side of the spinal cord. | side | 0.15625 | very easy |
3TCFMTM8HEOK450W41MVS1WSWMQ210 | biomed | In contrast, transgene suppression prevented the growth of individual deposits apparent in untreated mice, and limited the surrounding pathology to what was already present when treatment began. | treatment | 0.183333 | very easy |
3H1C3QRA01JWMOMADI6GBYO8XM1ECY | biomed | Moreover, both types of amyloid, diffuse and fibrillar, remained intact throughout treatment. | treatment | 0.1875 | very easy |
3BFNCI9LYKQN09BHXHH9CLSX5MP378 | biomed | The phenotype of these patients is heterogeneous and treatment with a wide range of thiamin doses has produced limited success [1]. | treatment | 0.223684 | easy |
3D17ECOUOEV9PNWF8100BB1K20L135 | biomed | Under cold challenge conditions, however, MCAD-/- mice were unable to maintain body temperature. | challenge | 0.075 | very easy |
35NNO802AVWRTXLNYR5LCOGCOKKNIY | biomed | These findings identify Sam68 as the first RNA binding protein to regulate mesenchymal cell differentiation and the challenge will be to identify the specific RNA targets that it regulates during this process. | challenge | 0.264706 | easy |
3HFWPF5AK9J9J7V9LKFK7COTS0X3SQ | biomed | However, the identification in recent years of XP complementation group D patients with atypical disease presentation, including symptoms of both XP and TTD [8], casts doubt on the ability of such a monoallelic paradigm to explain clinical heterogeneity in compound heterozygotes. | symptoms | 0.075 | very easy |
31MCUE39BKM6T2MIQKL3IY5Q4P3G3J | biomed | As well as colorectal polyps, these individuals can develop extracolonic symptoms, among which are upper gastrointestinal tract polyps, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, desmoid tumors, disorders of the maxillary and skeletal bones, and dental abnormalities [6]. | symptoms | 0.1 | very easy |
3N2YPY1GI6YSLXSA4Z1L1QCXITNEV3 | biomed | The phenotypic behavior of homozygous mouse pups resembles symptoms seen in newborn classic MSUD patients. | symptoms | 0.265625 | easy |
389A2A304OIXVY7G5B71Q9M43LX0C4 | biomed | In fact, levels of PBS-soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the 6 mo + 3 mo and 6 mo + 6 mo treated cohorts were most similar to that of the 9 mo untreated cohort, suggesting that age, as opposed to synthetic rate (which would be negligible in the treated animals), may determine the fraction of PBS-soluble Aβ in these animals. | levels | 0.075 | very easy |
33CLA8O0MIBSY4BPQQGHIB8U9OOFRS | biomed | Because of the central role of the liver in amino acid metabolism and moderate/high levels of BCKDH activity in human liver [10-12], a few cases of MSUD have recently been treated by liver transplantation [13-16]. | levels | 0.222222 | easy |
31N9JPQXIPIRX2A3S9N0CCFXO75HNZ | biomed | We show that individual olfactory receptor genes can have vastly different expression levels, an intriguing finding in light of the unusual one-neuron one-gene transcriptional regime of the olfactory epithelium. | levels | 0.260417 | easy |
3FI30CQHVKJ9Z41PT0RNOQQDY3D6BY | biomed | Interestingly, plasma triglyceride levels of the Abcg8-/- mice were slightly higher than wild-type animals and this increased triglyceride is carried in the LDL fraction range, as measured by FPLC. | levels | 0.28125 | easy |
3MDKGGG61QN9VQV6TMI8OKWZ4AIT6G | biomed | Another prediction, based upon the enzyme and mRNA levels in knockout mice, is that if these mice are placed on a high cholesterol/high sitosterol diet, they may show significant accumulation of both sterols in the body. | levels | 0.316667 | easy |
3XJOUITW8UR258EQ8VW6UPDQ4BPTQ8 | biomed | Reversal learning can be conceptualized as the ability to recognize an unexpected consequence to a previously established associative learning rule and then alter response strategies accordingly [17,18]. | rule | 0.075 | very easy |
3VMV5CHJZ8FBSJKC5ZRU0B9OYOGGT0 | biomed | Over a decade ago the amyloid cascade hypothesis predicted that increased levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide lead to secondary pathologies that ultimately culminate in the onset of Alzheimer disease (AD) [1]. | lead | 0.075 | very easy |
3QGHA0EA0J07TJGVKI4RMKPQM56BW4 | biomed | CA = chronic arthritis; CIA = collagen-induced arthritis; CV = coefficiant of variation; GO = Gene Ontology; LN = lymph node; LOD = logarithm of the odds; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; NC = naive control; OA = onset of arthritis; PI = post-immunisation; QTG = quantitative trait gene; QTL = quantitative trait loci; RA = rheumatoid arthritis. | odds | 0.075 | very easy |
3RWB1RTQDJNY7CLN5K6M3ORTL2IP8O | biomed | Mechanisms such as chromosomal remodeling that restrict or expand access to certain target genes [34] or activation by cofactors responsible for changing the action of particular transcription factors [35] could represent possible mechanisms by which the downstream transcriptional profile of a transcription factor could be temporally shifted towards the selection and control of distinct target genes. | action | 0.125 | very easy |
3FULMHZ7OUXR381811OH58HTEBBM4I | biomed | Further experiments will be required to define the molecular mechanism of FGF9 and WNT4 action. | action | 0.233333 | easy |
3XD2A6FGFNUVY9KP2TGUYPRFSSCS91 | biomed | Using this fusion protein, our experiments demonstrate a profound change in the action of ETS signaling at the level of transcriptional regulation within post-mitotic DRG neurons over time. | action | 0.234375 | easy |
3WGZLY9VCHMPIFIX0BFR3UA47JKD83 | biomed | Recent experiments addressing the temporal constraints of transcription factor action in proliferating neural progenitor cells adds to the idea that defined temporal windows, during which transcription factors act to control distinct downstream target genes, are of key importance to neuronal fate acquisition. | action | 0.276316 | easy |
39WSF6KUV2LXVDJD3NF76YIPM0KEOV | biomed | Many studies support the view that cells in the undifferentiated gonad are bipotential; the supporting cell precursor lineage can develop into follicle cells or Sertoli cells. | view | 0.075 | very easy |
3LXX8KJXPW9G0HSWVCZLEKHEV429OG | biomed | The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | interests | 0.075 | very easy |
3Q2T3FD0ON86LCI41NJYV3PN0BG3MF | biomed | JC assisted with dynamic bile collection and mouse surgery. | surgery | 0.075 | very easy |
3HXK2V1N4KFH8KQZMK7YZO0YYB3G28 | biomed | The involvement of target-derived signals in induction of ETS transcription factor expression raises the question of the necessity for the observed delay in the onset of ETS signaling for neuronal maturation. | question | 0.173077 | very easy |
3NFWQRSHVEE19E2BAFM5J7UN7F8GFS | biomed | To examine motor learning ability in ADAM11-deficient mice in detail, we will need to use other cerebellar-dependent learning tasks, such as a classical eyelid conditioning test. | test | 0.075 | very easy |
3H1C3QRA01JWMOMADI6GBYO8XM6EC3 | biomed | Since even the most advanced future pharmaceutical agents are unlikely to attain more complete control of Aβ production than achieved here, this system provides a salient test of therapeutic intervention with Aβ-lowering compounds. | test | 0.161765 | very easy |
3VW0145YLYCH6QKT48BLBA6CW81MJ9 | biomed | In the rotating rod test in this study, although the retention time of ADAM11-deficient mice on the rod was not different from wild-type mice at 0 rpm (stationary), ADAM11-deficient mice fell more quickly from the rod than wild-type mice at 5, 10 and 15 rpm. | test | 0.279412 | easy |
3566S7OX5DJRQ6X2AD3QOSD073471F | biomed | To ensure that the transgene could be suppressed as rapidly in 6-mo-old mice with fulminant pathology as it can in young, predeposit animals, we treated an additional set of 6-mo-old animals with dox for 1 wk prior to harvest. | set | 0.075 | very easy |
3CVDZS288H011OYXLIK0WCEK32IFMZ | biomed | BMP family members are now known to play an extremely diverse set of roles in a wide variety of developmental processes [4]. | set | 0.1 | very easy |
3CZH926SICETRK9VK30YS0CK5AIE4L | biomed | Coordination of a set of subactivities including nucleotide binding, DNA binding and ATP hydrolysis is required for unwinding of duplex DNA (1,2). | set | 0.125 | very easy |
33N1S8XHHMLAAG38T8V9FC6ZHVOZ14 | biomed | Using this approach, several studies have independently shown that the NC-specific deletion of the Tgfbr2 gene leads to a distinct set of calvarial, facial and cardiac defects [8,9,20,29]. | set | 0.265625 | easy |
3D0LPO3EABZV1I043OR1D1A54CUOYP | biomed | The specific interaction of RanBP2 with a diverse set of partners likely reflects a pleiotropic role of RanBP2 in cell function, possibly through the integration of multiple pathways. | set | 0.318182 | easy |
3QXFBUZ4ZKGQSWZ154H457VQH3LGUR | biomed | However, mitochondrial respiratory rates were diminished. | rates | 0.075 | very easy |
3GV1I4SEO9PLCDN1KDGH2TMIAYPL60 | biomed | For example, there is a higher failure rate for meiosis in females, with human oocyte aneuploidy rates up to 25% versus about 2% in human sperm [3], and this may indicate that the checkpoints controlling and monitoring the events of meiotic progression in males are more stringent. | rates | 0.132353 | very easy |
3LVTFB9DE5IY03SKOVXZV6Y1EHHGQM | biomed | The retention time of synaptotagmin (Syt) IV-deficient mice on the rod was significantly shorter than wild-type mice, and they improved it approximately to the same rates as did wild-type mice during rotating rod performance [34]. | rates | 0.15 | very easy |
3YGYP1364194MWO6OEZUQGH3BF5NR2 | biomed | Both PGC-1α-deficient lines exhibit cold intolerance, reduced hepatocyte respiration rates, and neurologic lesions. | rates | 0.15 | very easy |
338431Z1FLFM4HOIPTZ755H81PFROQ | biomed | Recently, Kosters et al. reported that Abcg5/Abcg8 mRNA expression in a variety of different mouse strains correlated with biliary cholesterol secretion rates [30]. | rates | 0.233333 | easy |
3IZPORCT1F9CC02VLG4HLWK7P3WHRN | biomed | Another possible explanation is that the premature death in first 2 weeks of life is caused by the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. | life | 0.15 | very easy |
38RHULDV9YFHGRU1QSW887T3HVQIWK | biomed | Although overt neurologic dysfunction was not apparent in PGC-1α−/− mice during the first 6 mo of life (no group differences were found on five of six sensorimotor tests), the PGC-1α−/− mice showed clear deficits on the inverted screen test. | life | 0.210526 | easy |
3QGTX7BCHP29YY4RUVXLI2JGTBT5ZS | biomed | In conclusion, we have found that sensitivity to the bitter-tasting substance quinine, as assayed by a taste specific brief-access test, is a polygenic trait in mice. | conclusion | 0.083333 | very easy |
33J5JKFMK6YX6RGWTGQFCC9SACC3Q1 | biomed | The first conclusion from the present paper is that multiparity does not negatively influence the incidence or severity of CIA induced later in life (Table 2). | conclusion | 0.1 | very easy |
3B9J25CZ25DXW7RSEDQL0FSNYDACSX | biomed | However, expression of Sertoli cell markers was not previously detected in these mutants during fetal stages [ 8, 29], leading to the conclusion that Wnt4 was not involved in primary sex determination in the gonad. | conclusion | 0.2 | easy |
3YZ7A3YHR5TCXMIDZ33DM9MD6WT5SN | biomed | In conclusion, the mammalian Pygo2 gene is required for normal branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud, with mutants showing dilated tips and reduced numbers of tips. | conclusion | 0.233333 | easy |
3QGTX7BCHP29YY4RUVXLI2JGTCM5ZN | biomed | This conclusion is consistent with the finding that severely reduced levels of huntingtin, from a hypomorphic Hdh allele, lead to abnormal brains later in embryonic development [15]. | conclusion | 0.266667 | easy |
3FULMHZ7OUXR381811OH58HTEBH4M6 | biomed | Although calpain activity was first identified four decades ago, a clear understanding of the substrates and functions of the enzymes has remained elusive. | decades | 0.083333 | very easy |
3JAOYN9IHL25ZQAUV5EJZ4GH0KZ33Z | biomed | Human germline mutations in APC cause FAP [4,5], which is characterized by hundreds of adenomatous colorectal polyps, with an almost inevitable progression to colorectal cancer in the third and fourth decades of life. | decades | 0.235294 | easy |
388FBO7JZRTDJX0S29ROYCA0E2PNY9 | biomed | Other studies have dealt with similar problems by excluding animals that do not show adequate attention to the task, retaining only those mice that meet certain performance criteria [30]. | performance | 0.083333 | very easy |
3WGZLY9VCHMPIFIX0BFR3UA47KDD8Y | biomed | The retention time of synaptotagmin (Syt) IV-deficient mice on the rod was significantly shorter than wild-type mice, and they improved it approximately to the same rates as did wild-type mice during rotating rod performance [34]. | performance | 0.196429 | very easy |
30P8I9JKOILSPEZHTY8IXW6K50IV5D | biomed | Both Hirano silver stain and ubiquitin immunostaining showed neuritic pathology in all treatment groups (Figure 6). | groups | 0.083333 | very easy |
3E24UO25QZQTIYQYX5W9UAQC521O6P | biomed | The overall incidence of MSUD in the general population is 1:185,000 [1], and in certain population groups, such as Mennonites of Pennsylvania, the incidence is estimated to be as high as 1:176 [2]. | groups | 0.1875 | very easy |
3UUIU9GZC55DCMVSO383WEIZ8F2T5V | biomed | Such a transition state in the acquisition of a defined neuronal fate would be accompanied by the induction of appropriate transcriptional programs through the expression of specific transcription factors. | fate | 0.083333 | very easy |
3BS6ERDL9372E1Z97WITJGED1PND6C | biomed | This highly regulated process prevents the release of potentially noxious or immunogenic intracellular materials and constitutes the fate of most dying cells throughout the lifespan of an organism [4,5]. | fate | 0.21875 | easy |
3B623HUYJ4QVK41FX1AGYTW48MUS8C | biomed | The fate of the nucleic acid-containing cells in the posterior capsular region of younger lenses is not known at this time, nor is the morphology of earlier stage lenses. | fate | 0.25 | easy |
322ZSN9Z5GKVG3RSAYPTRMCL8K54T1 | biomed | While several transcriptional regulatory proteins have been associated with cell fate determination of bone marrow mesenchymal cells, including peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and KLF5 [25–30], the role of RNA binding proteins in this process remains unknown. | fate | 0.308824 | easy |
30OITAWPBQ368069RZ4VUBKDJHVH95 | biomed | An understanding and recognition of the significance of specific disease-associated polymorphisms/mutations in the context of sex is therefore of critical clinical importance. | importance | 0.083333 | very easy |
3511RHPADVEEYWLLC1JFDODE6KALR3 | biomed | Wnt signaling is of critical importance in several stages of kidney development. | importance | 0.147059 | very easy |
30IRMPJWDZJ3EQ33R17EYO0ZHK5KRZ | biomed | Despite the importance of articular cartilage in joint health and mobility, little is known about the factors that create and maintain it in thin layers at the ends of long bones. | importance | 0.283333 | easy |
3CMIQF80GNQW3A3ECIODJFLCK3K6QG | biomed | A major hurdle in developing new treatments for MSUD has been the lack of a practical, accurate animal model of the disease. | treatments | 0.083333 | very easy |
3NQUW096N688UWPZIKJTM3DK0Y4L9G | biomed | In addition to testing various treatments, these models should also be very useful for investigating the underlying pathophysiologic consequences of the disease. | treatments | 0.214286 | easy |
3YLTXLH3DF6R0NMG8O0SG1KSOL8PH3 | biomed | The second line of evidence derives from a comparison of the expression pattern of many type I genes in rd7 and Nrl-/- mutant backgrounds. | evidence | 0.083333 | very easy |
3OND0WXMHWFN3WXQZAKHMPLOAE6HEA | biomed | Resident microglia in transgenic mouse models localize to tissue surrounding plaques but show little evidence of amyloid engulfment [37–40]. | evidence | 0.125 | very easy |
3ZC62PVYDHATVMOMZJSVD0UPEBXXXR | biomed | Strong supportive evidence for this was provided by the analysis of the C57BL/6 mice congenic for this 129 region. | evidence | 0.15 | very easy |
3BC9H1KCYUC36R96UAIBUVNR7ENYW5 | biomed | Third, we found evidence for an age-related increase in body fat in PGC-1α-/- mice (females earlier than males), whereas Lin et al. identified a male-specific resistance to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. | evidence | 0.166667 | very easy |
3YLTXLH3DF6R0NMG8O0SG1KSOLDPH8 | biomed | This conclusion is consistent with the evidence from human ESCS patients indicating a markedly reduced rod system and a lack of measurable rhodopsin by reflection densitometry [1,2,10,11]. | evidence | 0.196429 | very easy |
338GLSUI43B4ZJB25FGM8LDQVQ7SFT | biomed | It is conceivable that pendrin dysfunction favors changes in the expression levels of proteins that are critical for the maintenance of the hearing function. | hearing | 0.083333 | very easy |
3I01FDIL6M8EW0G8KU6QT3X1LKLD2V | biomed | The time period between PD 7 and 15 is the time when the endocochlear potential develops at the onset of hearing [22]. | hearing | 0.3 | easy |
36FQTHX3Z3RA2LE7AYTPHNETOCG3BU | biomed | Previous work using human patients and genetically altered mice has identified some modifier genes and have advanced our understanding of CF pathophysiology [4]. | understanding | 0.166667 | very easy |
30IRMPJWDZJ3EQ33R17EYO0ZHK5RK6 | biomed | An understanding and recognition of the significance of specific disease-associated polymorphisms/mutations in the context of sex is therefore of critical clinical importance. | understanding | 0.183333 | very easy |
3LXX8KJXPW9G0HSWVCZLEKHEV42O9V | biomed | Since LCA is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, additional mouse models are in order to allow a full understanding of the many ways in which photoreceptor development can go awry. | understanding | 0.222222 | easy |
3BO3NEOQM0HK9ERYPN0GQIWCPCNIA9 | biomed | These progressive changes in oxidative capacity in conjunction with eventual changes in type I muscle fiber lead to a dramatically improved exercise profile and protection against obesity. | protection | 0.083333 | very easy |
3GONHBMNHVY765PXMUE7Z4U2F6JZMC | biomed | While this small fraction of protein may not be detectable by immunofluorescence, Western blotting shows that some mutant protein does progress beyond the ER (35-45 kDa species in Figure 3A). | fraction | 0.083333 | very easy |
3MXX6RQ9EV5XOBYLTHG9MCBOJGS4P2 | biomed | AlphaB was found to be expressed at significant levels in a variety of nonlenticular tissues, while alphaA has only been detected in small amounts in a few other tissues such as retina, spleen and thymus [8-12]. | variety | 0.083333 | very easy |
37SDSEDIN92VQK2LKIVW2S9VIMI819 | biomed | Studies of X-chromosome inactivation in carrier females have demonstrated preferential inactivation of the chromosome bearing the abnormal allele in a variety of tissues [2], and this skewing of X-inactivation is thought to explain the mild phenotype observed in carriers. | variety | 0.107143 | very easy |
3RKHNXPHGWWVUIVKVV2J3ZNJOJ3UK7 | biomed | BMP family members are now known to play an extremely diverse set of roles in a wide variety of developmental processes [4]. | variety | 0.236111 | easy |
3LB1BGHFL2WBEA5CZ5D07BGS3K5TYA | biomed | Expression studies demonstrated the distribution of Annexin A7 in a wide variety of tissues and cells mainly enriched in the cytosol in close association with membranous structures, but it was also described in the nucleus of adrenal chromaffin cells [4]. | variety | 0.25 | easy |
3EKZL9T8Y8M86YDC3JEMW1LLP2TCHC | biomed | Research on calpains has linked them with a wide variety of functions including muscle growth, development, degeneration (3), neuronal growth and neurodegeneration [4], cell cycle progression [5,6], signal cascades triggered by integrins and growth factors [7], membrane protrusion [8], remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell migration [9-15], and regulation of cell death via both necrosis and apoptosis [16-22]. | variety | 0.265625 | easy |
3T2EL38U0MK9MPNAD5X3JSYWH8AXQU | biomed | To test these hypotheses, transcription factor recognition sites common to the regulatory regions of the above correlated gene pairs were identified through in silico DNA sequence analysis, and their transcript abundance measured simultaneously with an expanded group of ten antioxidant and six DNA repair genes. | pairs | 0.083333 | very easy |
31HLTCK4BLVQ5BO1AUR91TX9V91GVL | biomed | These two reporters can also be used to create pairs of donors and acceptors for in vivo fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) [15]. | pairs | 0.294118 | easy |
3VADEH0UHCXGQW0WJICRKFRUXWPSPR | biomed | Design of inhibitors specific for CLN2 should incorporate the features that have been proven to be important for the related enzymes, such as the placement of an aldehyde functionality capable of making covalent interactions with the catalytic serine, or the utilization of chloromethyl ketone for the same purpose. | Design | 0.083333 | very easy |
3GV1I4SEO9PLCDN1KDGH2TMIAXWL65 | biomed | In addition to BMP2 and BMP7, a third member of this family that is closely related to BMP2, BMP4, is also expressed in the early limb bud. | family | 0.083333 | very easy |
3WUVMVA7OB3644G8PRO2QDZ2LPOZAM | biomed | Originally, E2f1 was considered the primary pro-apoptotic member of the family [10]. | family | 0.147059 | very easy |
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