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30
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3 values
sentence
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stringclasses
5 values
3YKP7CX6G2FS34FUCAWFU4Q9TE2B77
biomed
The onset of pendrin expression during development of the mouse inner ear has been determined to be embryonic day (ED) 13 [14].
ED
0.625
difficult
3M47JKRKCX1QX63IQO7DXO0CQXT680
biomed
Strong expression of pendrin was observed not only in outer sulcus epithelial cells, as predicted from in situ hybridization data, but also in root cells, in apical membranes of spiral prominence surface epithelial cells and in apical membranes of spindle-shaped cells that are part of stria vascularis (Fig. 1a,1b,1c).
stria
0.625
difficult
3QTFNPMJC6IDONAXYVT7CJJ2KXLZN6
biomed
In addition, we observed an apparent degeneration of stria vascularis, including an increase in pigmentation and an irregular pattern of the tight junctions of marginal cells (Fig. 2c, 6,7).
stria
0.640625
difficult
3UOMW19E6D6WQ5TH2HDD74IVKU0C5V
biomed
The presence of KCNJ10 mRNA in stria vascularis of Slc26a4-/- mice supports the finding that intermediate cells are present.
stria
0.647059
difficult
30ZKOOGW2W6998V0HGFAYJFQ8BAA19
biomed
Tissue height of stria vascularis was normal (Fig. 5), consistent with the similar numbers of 18S rRNA molecules in isolated preparations (see above).
stria
0.65625
difficult
3TUOHPJXYHXE6MJWPEW9BHGI58TWXX
biomed
CO2 may be supplied by the metabolically highly active stria marginal cells.
stria
0.660714
difficult
3H781YYV6TID85OLZ41608OCL81TEW
biomed
Knockout of the X-linked Avpr2 gene in mice [15] gave an NDI-like phenotype in male, hemizygous neonates, but the phenotype could not be assessed in adults as the mice died within 1 wk of birth.
neonates
0.630952
difficult
3F6045TU7DODTUOQTNG3HUMP05G992
biomed
It remains unclear, however, whether BMP2 and BMP7 activity is required endogenously for anterior-posterior limb patterning by SHH.
SHH
0.631579
difficult
3JU8CV4BRLC1S483C1VI0AHT07ROPV
biomed
Moreover, BMP signaling has a weak ability to posteriorly polarize the limb in ectopic grafting experiments [10], an activity enhanced by prior low-level exposure to SHH [11].
SHH
0.734375
difficult
39AYGO6AFFKB0DQMWQWWFLQ7FSX6NT
biomed
CYW, DG and ZD carried out the Western analyses.
DG
0.666667
difficult
3E9ZFLPWOYSW5RZR0XSUAQ7AQX1XIX
biomed
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by CAG repeats in the HD locus that extend a polyglutamine tract in a ubiquitous HEAT domain protein called huntingtin [1].
CAG
0.632353
difficult
3IWA71V4TIGGC74QYWJ5DNH5H616X7
biomed
EF participated in establishment and characterization of cell lines and performed ATP determinations.
EF
0.633333
difficult
3L21G7IH47WA5QT3XMTQ15XXB1KY1C
biomed
Osteoarthritis is known to have a significant genetic component, but it likely involves multiple genetic factors that have been difficult to identify (Spector et al. 1996; Felson et al. 1998; Hirsch et al. 1998).
Spector
0.638889
difficult
3ZG552ORAM40QHGUBF6KZP38LQRV2C
biomed
RM, ÅA, RH and ML designed the study.
ML
0.638889
difficult
3X878VYTIEIIGLRAHCIBDUHU8CVF7U
biomed
Design of inhibitors specific for CLN2 should incorporate the features that have been proven to be important for the related enzymes, such as the placement of an aldehyde functionality capable of making covalent interactions with the catalytic serine, or the utilization of chloromethyl ketone for the same purpose.
ketone
0.638889
difficult
39KV3A5D187RKQWWNWIAKT09X2OS7P
biomed
Locus 7 on chromosome 16 overlaps with Lp1, which controls lymphocyte proliferation.
lymphocyte
0.640625
difficult
34F34TZU7WZRZMG0UQS1W1SEQ4IJ2F
biomed
Target-derived factors have also been implicated in controlling neuronal maturation of predetermined neurons in Drosophila, in which expression of members of the BMP family in the target region is essential for the induction of mature peptidergic properties in a subpopulation of neurons marked by the coordinate express...
Drosophila
0.647059
difficult
3HEM8MA6H9C4DGLJRENMPFCTF91PQY
biomed
An emerging principle from work in Drosophila and vertebrates is that target-derived factors play a crucial role in the induction of these transcriptional programs [10].
Drosophila
0.65625
difficult
3KTZHH2ONIFSM9OAD4EUMKXYGXC8MG
biomed
The results in this report indicate a striking and surprising evolutionary divergence of Pygopus function between Drosophila and mammals.
Drosophila
0.6875
difficult
3H5TOKO3D9JPE5GGELH0GCK7OCU64S
biomed
In Drosophila, it has been shown that the PHD domain is absolutely necessary for Pygopus function in Wg signaling.
Drosophila
0.767857
difficult
3D7VY91L65XBO7MHGGY4DMNZO3SMBO
biomed
Detailed genetic studies in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have recently yielded evidence that basic phagocytic mechanisms and pathways for the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells are highly conserved throughout phylogeny [7,8].
Drosophila
0.861111
very difficult
3ACRLU860NEDCJU4ZIAL0EIQF11EBR
biomed
After an early onset during hepatogenesis, Afp expression is repressed postnatally and replaced by albumin (66).
albumin
0.65
difficult
35JDMRECC499302FF42Z1P9NVETGEA
biomed
Here, we report on the identification and function of two novel partners of RanBP2, Cox11 and hexokinase type I (HKI), which interact with a large and orphan domain of RanBP2, the leucine-rich domain (LD); and on the outcome of partial loss-of-function of RanBP2 on HKI, animal physiology, and glucose/energy metabolism.
LD
0.65
difficult
33TGB4G0LPHME5F2U9RYOX9J1EHXTE
biomed
The data herein show that the multi-chaperone role of RanBP2 extends also to its LD in light of its ability to associate to distinct folding species of Cox11 and to prevent HKI from being degraded.
LD
0.714286
difficult
3ECKRY5B1QWLAMZ61FGF7BNLYXZIZF
biomed
The BAT-gal transgene reporter of canonical Wnt signaling showed reduced but generally not absent signal in Pygo1/Pygo2 mutant embryos, with tissue-specific variation in level of diminution.
diminution
0.660714
difficult
3X0EMNLXEPPWIOH0DDHWV2B1W0JPVT
biomed
CYW and SP were responsible for the Acdp antibody production.
SP
0.660714
difficult
3MVY4USGB6NO9ADS6NM7BIQIBIZISA
biomed
Sequencing of Aqp2 coding region of affected mice identified a thymine to guanine (T to G) transversion (Figure 1A), which is predicted to lead to a valine for phenylalanine substitution at amino acid 204 of the protein (F204V).
guanine
0.666667
difficult
3EKTG13IZU3N1G8T7TNYRPJ40XBLMF
biomed
XY and KB performed the animal experiments.
KB
0.671875
difficult
306W7JMRYYYW3IKDMFOL84M44Y3B8P
biomed
In Alk5 mutants there is very little, if any, detectable septal mesenchyme present, and thus it could be argued that in these mutants OFT rotation fails due to a lack of penetration of septal prongs into the cushion mesenchyme.
OFT
0.675
difficult
34KYK9TV2R8EM2ZM0DUQPVM5GSABSP
biomed
Some work has suggested isoform specific roles, such as a role for m-calpain in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell motility [28,29] and a role for μ-calpain in interferon-inducible protein 9-induced migration of keratinocytes [28].
motility
0.675
difficult
37ZQELHEQ0YDPGBEJ63D4HNT5T4MND
biomed
During budding morphogenesis, intersecting signaling networks from the epithelium and mesenchyme govern transcriptional, adhesive, polarity, and motility programs in these select groups of cells.
motility
0.714286
difficult
344M16OZKIFFDSJ128FUR9IKWQKNEU
biomed
Goiter is variable and generally develops around puberty [3].
Goiter
0.678571
difficult
3VO4XFFP15MF7AHJVST5PTL8FEY7QA
biomed
Further investigation, beyond the scope of this study would be necessary to determine the contribution in the differences in size and sheer stress of the carotids to arterial occlusion rates in the B6 and A/J mice.
carotids
0.678571
difficult
3VEI3XUCZRX4PH0J4TCMU5MYBU5RP1
biomed
Thus, Slit2 might also be involved in terminal branching of propioceptive axons in the ventral cord and in the midline branching observed in our double KOs.
KOs
0.7
difficult
38B7Q9C28G5QBBMSVGDRXKVNA3B69P
biomed
In various manipulations of the neurotrophins it has been noted that molecular markers for proprioceptive axons such as PV or calcitonin gene-related peptide for nerve growth factor-responsive axons are compromised (Ringstedt et al. 1997; Patel et al. 2000), thus PV immunostaining in Bax/NT-3 double KOs cannot reveal t...
KOs
0.775
difficult
3KWGG5KP6J2UYCENUGUZO6TH6OYCMR
biomed
Furthermore, the results also suggest that Sam68 expression levels, hypomorphism, and mutations in humans may influence susceptibility to marrow adipocyte accumulation and osteoporosis.
osteoporosis
0.714286
difficult
3I6NF2WGIGW97H9M439WXV3AILUG59
biomed
For example, ADAM17 (TACE) has been shown to cleave several substrates, including tumour necrosis factor alpha[3,4], heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor [6,7] and transforming growth factor alpha [8].
TACE
0.720588
difficult
3XEIP58NL0NN0N7CMIDSZRFDF1NZL4
biomed
To date, cases of MSUD have not been associated with defects in the regulatory kinase and phosphatase [1].
phosphatase
0.722222
difficult
3KG2UQJ0MJO4AV96BZAULQ7YFT3NQ1
biomed
Fluorescent protein reporters currently represent a superior alternative to other gene-based reporters such as the bacterial lacZ or human placental alkaline phosphatase in that their visualization is non-invasive, and as such does not require chromogenic substrates.
phosphatase
0.75
difficult
3DFYDSXB2W00JYP2DA272KN69U9UJE
biomed
BCKDH is also associated with two regulatory proteins, a specific kinase and a phosphatase which regulate the activity of this enzyme through a phosphorylation (inactivation) and dephosphorylation (activation) cycle of the E1 α subunit [5,6].
phosphatase
0.8
very difficult
3I6NF2WGIGW97H9M439WXV3AIMSG59
biomed
In addition, hsp expression has been shown to accompany growth arrest in human B lymphocytes [27] and macrophage differentiation of HL 60 cells [28].
HL
0.730769
difficult
3PUOXASB573SZL63XLA2UIOIF779ZI
biomed
Poor lung development or diffuse lung alveolar atelectasis with cyanotic and lethargic breathing are consistent between both Dhcr7 null models [16,17], and therefore is the likely reason for the respiratory insufficiency and subsequent death of Dhcr7-/- pups.
atelectasis
0.733333
difficult
3R5LWXWHR08I90TWA9SRPEUUBK9XG5
biomed
I.H.S performed most of the sequence analysis and drafted the assembly of the TACC, KLP, KIF and RHAMM sequences.
KIF
0.733333
difficult
3P7RGTLO6EDBF9HMPQLS3YBPHGCAKC
biomed
CO2 and free radicals are generated by the large numbers of mitochondria in the metabolically highly active strial marginal cells.
mitochondria
0.75
difficult
3SU800BH86SH5LTF80MGZLZSNPWQUW
biomed
Our data suggest that while recombination events destined to be resolved as COs can proceed normally in Trip13 mutants, DSBs that enter the NCO repair pathway are incompletely resolved or processed inefficiently.
COs
0.75
difficult
3GL25Y6843UI1APILCQM2JER77DXM7
biomed
Two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in subpopulations of taste receptor cells (TRCs) of the gustatory epithelium have been implicated in the detection and transduction of sweet, bitter and umami (i.e., glutamate) taste: T1Rs for sweet-and umami-tasting stimuli [1-8], and T2Rs for bitter-tastin...
glutamate
0.75
difficult
3S1WOPCJFGTJU2SGNAN2Y213N6AEJC
biomed
The diffuse cardiomyopathy with multifocal myocyte degeneration and necrosis observed in MCAD-/- mice has not been reported in human MCAD patients, however, cardiac arrhythmias and dysfunction have been reported in MCAD-deficient patients [17, 18].
cardiomyopathy
0.8
very difficult
3D3B8GE892RYLH4XACC03KM45869P3
biomed
MM and MN carried out ES cell culture.
MN
0.805556
very difficult
33IXYHIZB5IJO6U8GPHAZLFMLWM2ED
biomed
That D2R-mediated signaling orchestrates just motor components of learning is a conclusion that is potentially biased due to the practice of avoiding doses of drugs that induce catalepsy (and therefore measuring only partial blockade of dopamine D2Rs) and single administrations [e.g. [3]].
catalepsy
0.833333
very difficult
3UEBBGULPFOKEW36UKBMNMVEGNSUFB
biomed
Supplementary data are available at NAR online.
NAR
0.861111
very difficult
3Y40HMYLL1I1EIURUEH8TTVLKTKUX0
europarl
Despite the fact that the Treaty does not require it, the Council has chosen to ask for an opinion.
fact
0.15625
very easy
3OZ4VAIBEXF0WDE2I0CCY6PPN3VVJL
europarl
The average consumption in the EU fluctuates between 100 and 400 litres, although in fact 80 litres per person per day should be enough for a European standard of living.
fact
0.236842
easy
3NFWQRSHVEE19E2BAFM5J7UN7HQFGD
europarl
The main Charlemagne Prize was presented on 13 May two days after the Youth Prize, also in Aachen, to the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk.
days
0.111111
very easy
3TZ0XG8CBUKDFP5GOVAPHYREGZ298H
europarl
Commissioner, ladies and gentlemen, we have all been deeply moved and disturbed by the terrible events and tragic occurrences in the Gaza Strip over the last few days.
days
0.116667
very easy
3M7OI89LVYOS99TV70NIZAWVGPFC6F
europarl
(For the outcome and other details of the vote: see Minutes)
details
0.075
very easy
3MG8450X2OAW59S08N7RZG9IIVSPUQ
europarl
This policy urgently needs serious change and correction, not only in order to make it fairer, but also if it is to be more effective, for the benefit of everyone.
everyone
0.1
very easy
3AC6MFV69KILEROMVXYU7ZM6YM0HZ5
europarl
If everyone agrees, so does the President.
everyone
0.161765
very easy
3Y7LTZE0YTMQJDU6VW5TQEBWSTIZU2
europarl
Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, everyone is aware of the situation in Gaza.
everyone
0.192308
very easy
375VMB7D4JJI7LUA9XRIGJ4IAH2IDX
europarl
Madam President, Commissioner, ladies and gentlemen, in our everyday lives we depend increasingly on transport.
lives
0.176471
very easy
3W0KKJIARR9XWLO7SS1E775URTE8KA
europarl
People who produce information and create opinion often do so at risk of their lives.
lives
0.191176
very easy
3QGHA0EA0J07TJGVKI4RMKPQM68BW8
europarl
It is a European issue that they can not only understand but can see in their day-to-day lives.
lives
0.210526
easy
3W0XM68YZPVFLL4MT7SZSXIMDN81KJ
europarl
(FR) Ladies and gentlemen, a European final, who would have believed it only a few weeks ago?
weeks
0.25
easy
341YLJU21IZV4BWUC871K0DEDPWI25
europarl
The report, which is short on statements, is an important step in regulating and facilitating our cooperation with our significant neighbour, Ukraine.
statements
0.025
very easy
3566S7OX5DJRQ6X2AD3QOSD073871J
europarl
This will be followed by a statement from the Vice-President of the Commission and then short statements on behalf of the political groups.
statements
0.2
easy
3QD8LUVX4XYKT34CTD90LH35LDB5XF
europarl
Mr President, I am asking for the floor under Rule 145 on personal statements, which allows me to speak for up to three minutes; I will not take that much time.
statements
0.25
easy
356TQKY9XFX916HN9YC53208LAU87M
europarl
The next item is the Council and Commission statements on the situation in Honduras.
statements
0.264706
easy
3P520RYKCH6SCZAHO8YD1A41RVU5UN
europarl
The next item is the Council and Commission statements on climate change and energy.
statements
0.309524
easy
3K2CEDRACB1BKTGYG2PPDGTLUBTMTH
europarl
Most people with albinism die of skin cancer before they reach age 30.
skin
0.194444
very easy
3PUV2Q8SV448KDG43NZ1UW05FQ2BDZ
europarl
Before we move on to our discussions, I invite you to join with me in honouring the memory of those who laid down their lives in the defence of Europe, and of those others who devoted their lives to its service, working to transform it into what it now is.
others
0.133333
very easy
3WGZLY9VCHMPIFIX0BFR3UA47LX8DF
europarl
I would ask you to avail yourself of your rights and demand an explanation from the Commission during the current part-session, or to ensure that a debate can be launched on the matter during the next part-session in December.
explanation
0.25
easy
32W3UF2EZOLEUMPHOCU32CCHKZS4C7
europarl
Colleagues, for those who would like to listen to the explanation about the Tőkés vote:
explanation
0.265625
easy
367O8HRHKG8U13EDLYK3HHGZ61V4SG
europarl
These include the increasing numbers of those affected by human trafficking in connection with forced labour, the provision of services, forced begging by children and petty crime, as well as trafficking for the purposes of illegal adoption or forced marriages.
numbers
0.21875
easy
3A9LA2FRWSEW9WO7UFA9AE6VQLIXH2
europarl
Madam President, I refer to Rule 127 in conjunction with Rules 95 et seq of the Rules of Procedure and welcome the Conference of Presidents' decision to include on today's agenda, in place of the Council and Commission statements on safety in cities, items on the dramatic events taking place in Kosovo and the nuclear t...
cities
0.232143
easy
33IXYHIZB5IJO6U8GPHAZLFMLWQE2T
europarl
We decided on Monday that the Council' s statement on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Geneva Convention was to be postponed.
Monday
0.05
very easy
3WRKFXQBOB7L5WP15TEWT4EJS4SIYN
europarl
On Monday, the report by our fellow Member, Mr Amadou, and the report on Life+ were debated and, today, we are examining two oral questions tabled ahead of the next meeting of the Conference of the parties to the Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna, the CITES.
Monday
0.194444
very easy
3ZQX1VYFTD5GMC9MQKT7EOM3BZ48OC
europarl
The final draft agenda drawn up by the Conference of Presidents at its meeting of Monday, 19 April 2010 pursuant to Rule 137 of the Rules of Procedure has been distributed.
Monday
0.2625
easy
3XU80RHWHZGBZIC2VXOLJE0TSLS449
europarl
My proposal is to insert, after 'trade union activists', the words 'Falun Gong members'.
words
0.166667
very easy
3KLL7H3EGD1457JCU09RMT9AADCVH5
europarl
I shall begin with some comments on the report on the Council's Fifth Annual Report and on the motion for a resolution.
comments
0.05
very easy
3DIIW4IV8PV57PBHGMQPDFACX494I6
europarl
Are there any comments?
comments
0.109375
very easy
3UUIU9GZC55DCMVSO383WEIZ8HKT5H
europarl
Are there any more comments?
comments
0.147059
very easy
3P4C70TRMRHN96C7WQP3EKZ74CWLG6
europarl
I thank you for your work and the valuable comments made on the proposal for a GSP regulation for 2009-2011.
comments
0.171875
very easy
3SMIWMMK615MPIP1K9LMRAHEBSUUWP
europarl
I am sure there will be other Members here who have comments to make.
comments
0.233333
easy
362E9TQF2HQLJ541BNSQM47FN9IGI5
europarl
It is based on closer cooperation between authorities, cooperation that should have the objectives of building and increasing trust between Member States, of speeding up decisions and thereby providing help more quickly than before to those with a genuine claim to asylum, and of enabling us to combat abuses of the syst...
trust
0.05
very easy
32LAQ1JNT9PUX1L7P4GB4QAF7YCUTZ
europarl
I voted in favour of the report by Ingo Friedrich today as it contains positive elements such as the monitoring and reporting procedure to review every six months what has been done to ensure that the multilingual way of working in the European Parliament extends to the full range of official and working languages.
range
0.263889
easy
3V8JSVE8YYQ9PRNF9AO58PGR0BKEY9
europarl
Supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products (Codified version) (
products
0.05
very easy
33BFF6QPI1B2QOCI5PPL41REYHX3WH
europarl
Value added tax (VAT) on products has become quite a complicated matter in recent years.
products
0.125
very easy
36GJS3V78VQHEGO7T5DQY5MF0O9JGM
europarl
These financial products strongly affect the lives of consumers, which is why they must be taken into consideration.
products
0.180556
very easy
3NFWQRSHVEE19E2BAFM5J7UN7HTFGG
europarl
Whatever the case, I would like to ask the Commissioner if the European Commission can commit to products that contain thrombin not being able to be considered as imitations as a result of a suitable label, especially within the framework of the present study of the proposed Regulation on the food information provided ...
products
0.205882
easy
3OLZC0DJ8JF412UW0IRCM5APAO6VI9
europarl
As a matter of fact, most products that you can currently purchase in shops in the European Union already bear the country of origin mark, as most legal systems currently require it.
products
0.319444
easy
3W31J70BASWZ8OEK94HJ9T1DHKYKCR
europarl
Mr President, I would like to refer to Item 2 of the Minutes of yesterday's sitting, and return to the subject of crime in Brussels.
subject
0.05
very easy
3NKW03WTLM7UXPIK301HH9KP89AQW6
europarl
We need the cooperation of everybody to achieve our ambitions.
everybody
0.05
very easy
39HYCOOPKOL434K1UCPA8CBZRP5MDY
europarl
He offered everybody a great example of faith and courage and endured the suffering of his later years with great dignity.
everybody
0.171053
very easy
38RHULDV9YFHGRU1QSW887T3HWSIWO
europarl
Therefore, your comments will appear in the Minutes, but I believe that everybody will hold celebrations, at least, on 31 December of this year and then, possibly, a second time.
everybody
0.180556
very easy
3XJOUITW8UR258EQ8VW6UPDQ4D7TQU
europarl
Institutional capabilities in such situations are very limited, with states unable to assume the functions of governance, or with the consequences of natural disasters, violent conflict, or a lack of political will on the part of the government regarding development objectives.
lack
0.160714
very easy
3MQY1YVHS3KLH3IO6YFKYD91IZDB2Q
europarl
Now Parliament is asking for this literally in a resolution for the release of convicted terrorists.
release
0.05
very easy
3D42WVSDH8V1V5NB4L8BQ71RCC0FYT
europarl
The next item is Question Time (B6-0316/2007).
Question
0.05
very easy
38O9DZ0A62NFBR1TA7YCNXN9414628
europarl
The arrest of a prominent member of the opposition, Constantin Nicolescu, an arrest announced prior to the start of the judicial hearing and without any hard evidence, demonstrates the undemocratic way in which the current government is acting.
start
0.05
very easy
39TX062QX1OHFOH8FUL76K5L7HJX3G
europarl
Well, it is no secret that since the start of the week that channel has vanished from our screen.
start
0.184211
very easy
3T8DUCXY0N6WD9X4RTLK8UN1UD39TO
europarl
Since the start of the negotiations, 22 chapters - out of 35 - have been opened, of which seven have been provisionally closed.
start
0.236111
easy
39TX062QX1OHFOH8FUL76K5L7G13X2
europarl
The war in Gaza ended a month ago, on 18 January, and I think you would agree with me that it feels like yesterday.
January
0.055556
very easy