id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a045a | Gene | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | Besides viruses, where has RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance been observed? | {
"text": [
"in plants and very rarely in animals"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0460 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | Where do organisms inherit their genes from? | {
"text": [
"from their parents"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0461 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents? | {
"text": [
"a complete copy"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0462 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have? | {
"text": [
"two copies of each chromosome"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0463 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | How many sets of chromosomes does a sexual organism inherit from each parent? | {
"text": [
"one complete set from each parent"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0464 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome? | {
"text": [
"because they inherit one complete set from each parent"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f95 | Gene | According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. ... | According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype? | {
"text": [
"variations in its genotype"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f96 | Gene | According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. ... | What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype? | {
"text": [
"observable physical and behavioral characteristics"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f97 | Gene | According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. ... | What is a genotype? | {
"text": [
"particular set of genes"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f98 | Gene | According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. ... | What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles? | {
"text": [
"Each gene"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f99 | Gene | According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. ... | How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait? | {
"text": [
"two alleles for each trait"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbd | Gene | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive? | {
"text": [
"at a locus"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbe | Gene | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to? | {
"text": [
"their corresponding phenotypes"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbf | Gene | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype? | {
"text": [
"when paired with another copy of the same allele"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fc0 | Gene | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | When do alleles assort independently? | {
"text": [
"in the production of gametes"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fc1 | Gene | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | What are gametes? | {
"text": [
"germ cells"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f0 | Gene | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on? | {
"text": [
"cell division"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f1 | Gene | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | In cell division, what two cells are created? | {
"text": [
"identical daughter cells"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f2 | Gene | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication? | {
"text": [
"DNA polymerases"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f4 | Gene | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication? | {
"text": [
"semiconservative"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0504 | Gene | After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell me... | What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete? | {
"text": [
"physically separate the two copies of the genome"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0505 | Gene | After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell me... | What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete? | {
"text": [
"divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0506 | Gene | After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell me... | In binary fission, what shape is each genome? | {
"text": [
"circular"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0507 | Gene | After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell me... | In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells? | {
"text": [
"as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0508 | Gene | After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell me... | Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur? | {
"text": [
"extremely fast"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0524 | Gene | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what? | {
"text": [
"molecular inheritance"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0526 | Gene | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism? | {
"text": [
"In asexually reproducing organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0527 | Gene | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes? | {
"text": [
"In sexually reproducing organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0528 | Gene | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | What are the gametes produced by females called? | {
"text": [
"eggs or ova"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055a | Gene | During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reass... | When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur? | {
"text": [
"During the process of meiotic cell division"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055b | Gene | During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reass... | If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? | {
"text": [
"no effect"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055c | Gene | During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reass... | If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? | {
"text": [
"reassortment of otherwise linked alleles"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055d | Gene | During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reass... | Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle? | {
"text": [
"independent assortment"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055e | Gene | During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reass... | In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur? | {
"text": [
"a crossover point"
],
"answer_start": [
1023
]
} |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a0588 | Gene | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication? | {
"text": [
"mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a0589 | Gene | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells? | {
"text": [
"10−8 per nucleotide per replication"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a058a | Gene | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses? | {
"text": [
"10−3"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a058b | Gene | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | What can small mutations be caused by? | {
"text": [
"DNA replication"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a058c | Gene | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | What can larger mutations be caused by? | {
"text": [
"errors in recombination"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd1079 | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population? | {
"text": [
"polymorphic"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107a | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What can some alleles give rise to? | {
"text": [
"different phenotypic traits"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107b | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What is a gene's most common allele known as? | {
"text": [
"the wild type"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107c | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What are rare alleles called? | {
"text": [
"mutants"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107d | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population? | {
"text": [
"genetic drift"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109b | Gene | Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the pr... | What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called? | {
"text": [
"silent mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109c | Gene | Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the pr... | What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called? | {
"text": [
"synonymous mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109d | Gene | Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the pr... | What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called? | {
"text": [
"conservative mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109e | Gene | Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the pr... | What is a result of deleterious mutations? | {
"text": [
"Genetic disorders"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109f | Gene | Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the pr... | What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to? | {
"text": [
"adaptive evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
839
]
} |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10b9 | Gene | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called? | {
"text": [
"homologs"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10ba | Gene | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | What is one reason for homologs to appear? | {
"text": [
"gene duplication within an organism's genome"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10bb | Gene | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called? | {
"text": [
"paralogous genes"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10bc | Gene | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called? | {
"text": [
"orthologous genes"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d0 | Gene | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure? | {
"text": [
"The relationship between genes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d1 | Gene | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called? | {
"text": [
"conserved sequence"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d2 | Gene | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time? | {
"text": [
"by neutral molecular evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d3 | Gene | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly? | {
"text": [
"stabilizing"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d4 | Gene | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for? | {
"text": [
"phylogenetic"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f2 | Gene | The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within... | What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages? | {
"text": [
"gene duplication"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f3 | Gene | The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within... | What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome? | {
"text": [
"gene duplication"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f4 | Gene | The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within... | What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called? | {
"text": [
"paralogs"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f5 | Gene | The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within... | What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in? | {
"text": [
"nonfunctional"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f6 | Gene | The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within... | What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called? | {
"text": [
"pseudogenes"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
56f8da629e9bad19000a05fc | Gene | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called? | {
"text": [
"De novo or \"orphan\" genes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8da629e9bad19000a05fd | Gene | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome? | {
"text": [
"18 to 60"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56f8da629e9bad19000a05fe | Gene | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes? | {
"text": [
"typically shorter"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56f8da629e9bad19000a05ff | Gene | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes? | {
"text": [
"simpler in structure"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56f8da629e9bad19000a0600 | Gene | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes? | {
"text": [
"gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0606 | Gene | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | What is the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as? | {
"text": [
"Horizontal gene transfer"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0607 | Gene | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes? | {
"text": [
"prokaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0608 | Gene | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading? | {
"text": [
"antibiotic resistance"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0609 | Gene | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare? | {
"text": [
"eukaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
56f8dbb99e9bad19000a060a | Gene | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes? | {
"text": [
"alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56f8dca99b226e1400dd1126 | Gene | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms? | {
"text": [
"genome size"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f8dca99b226e1400dd1127 | Gene | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur? | {
"text": [
"viruses"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56f8dca99b226e1400dd1128 | Gene | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have? | {
"text": [
"2"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56f8dca99b226e1400dd1129 | Gene | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene? | {
"text": [
"viroids"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56f8dca99b226e1400dd112a | Gene | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth? | {
"text": [
"5 million"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
56f8de279e9bad19000a062a | Gene | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known? | {
"text": [
"the 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56f8de279e9bad19000a062b | Gene | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes? | {
"text": [
"2,000,000"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
56f8de279e9bad19000a062c | Gene | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were? | {
"text": [
"alternative variants"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
56f8de279e9bad19000a062d | Gene | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome? | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
56f8de279e9bad19000a062e | Gene | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes? | {
"text": [
"1–2%"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
56f8df189e9bad19000a0648 | Gene | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism? | {
"text": [
"Essential genes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8df189e9bad19000a0649 | Gene | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of? | {
"text": [
"environmental stress"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56f8df189e9bad19000a064a | Gene | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli? | {
"text": [
"250–400"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
56f8df189e9bad19000a064b | Gene | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs? | {
"text": [
"Half"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
56f8df189e9bad19000a064c | Gene | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have? | {
"text": [
"1000 genes"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1162 | Gene | Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some e... | What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions? | {
"text": [
"Housekeeping genes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1163 | Gene | Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some e... | At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at? | {
"text": [
"constant"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1164 | Gene | Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some e... | When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments? | {
"text": [
"housekeeping genes"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1165 | Gene | Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some e... | How are some essential genes regulated? | {
"text": [
"developmentally"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1166 | Gene | Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some e... | When are some essential genes expressed? | {
"text": [
"at certain times during the organism's life cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56f8e1499e9bad19000a0670 | Gene | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene? | {
"text": [
"HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56f8e1499e9bad19000a0671 | Gene | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? | {
"text": [
"through a database maintained by HGNC"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56f8e1499e9bad19000a0672 | Gene | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | How many symbols does each gene have? | {
"text": [
"only one"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56f8e1499e9bad19000a0673 | Gene | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with? | {
"text": [
"homologs in other species"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
56f8e1499e9bad19000a0674 | Gene | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | What type of model does the mouse play a role for? | {
"text": [
"common model"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
56f8e2679b226e1400dd1182 | Gene | Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in... | What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology? | {
"text": [
"Genetic engineering"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8e2679b226e1400dd1183 | Gene | Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in... | When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes? | {
"text": [
"the 1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
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