id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cea | Gene | Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo... | What base pairs with thymine? | {
"text": [
"adenine"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ceb | Gene | Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo... | What base does guanine pair with? | {
"text": [
"cytosine"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0207 | Gene | Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ... | What causes the directionality of DNA strands? | {
"text": [
"the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0208 | Gene | Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ... | What is known as the 3' end? | {
"text": [
"an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0209 | Gene | Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ... | What is known as the 5' end? | {
"text": [
"an exposed phosphate group"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020a | Gene | Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ... | What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction? | {
"text": [
"Nucleic acid synthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0211 | Gene | The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically... | How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin? | {
"text": [
"by transcribing the gene into RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0213 | Gene | The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically... | What base does RNA have in place of thymine? | {
"text": [
"the base uracil"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0214 | Gene | The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically... | What are codons? | {
"text": [
"a series of three-nucleotide sequences"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0215 | Gene | The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically... | What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation? | {
"text": [
"The genetic code"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0235 | Gene | The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo... | What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as? | {
"text": [
"its genome"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0236 | Gene | The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo... | What does a chromosome consist of? | {
"text": [
"a single, very long DNA helix"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0237 | Gene | The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo... | What is encoded on a chromosome? | {
"text": [
"thousands of genes"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0238 | Gene | The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo... | What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called? | {
"text": [
"its locus"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0239 | Gene | The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo... | What does each locus contain? | {
"text": [
"one allele of a gene"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d29 | Gene | The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h... | Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored? | {
"text": [
"on a set of large, linear chromosomes"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2a | Gene | The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h... | Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what? | {
"text": [
"a nucleosome"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2d | Gene | The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h... | Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what? | {
"text": [
"Telomeres"
],
"answer_start": [
833
]
} |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5b | Gene | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | What are prokaryotes? | {
"text": [
"bacteria and archaea"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5c | Gene | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | How do prokaryotes store their genomes? | {
"text": [
"on a single large, circular chromosome"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5d | Gene | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain? | {
"text": [
"a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5e | Gene | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what? | {
"text": [
"plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5f | Gene | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells? | {
"text": [
"horizontal gene transfer"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0285 | Gene | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes? | {
"text": [
"prokaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0286 | Gene | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism? | {
"text": [
"eukaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0287 | Gene | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | What is referred to as "junk DNA"? | {
"text": [
"DNA without an identified function"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0288 | Gene | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA? | {
"text": [
"barely 2%"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0289 | Gene | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA | {
"text": [
"about 80%"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f5 | Gene | The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA. | Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence? | {
"text": [
"often only a small part"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f6 | Gene | The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA. | What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? | {
"text": [
"the actual protein coding sequence"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f7 | Gene | The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA. | What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of? | {
"text": [
"DNA regions that are not transcribed"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f8 | Gene | The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA. | What is another element of the structure of a gene? | {
"text": [
"untranslated regions of the RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a0309 | Gene | Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than ... | What do all genes contain that is required for their expression? | {
"text": [
"a regulatory sequence"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030a | Gene | Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than ... | How is a promoter sequence recognized? | {
"text": [
"by transcription factors and RNA polymerase"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030c | Gene | Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than ... | What does a "strong" promoter sequence do? | {
"text": [
"bind the transcription machinery well"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030d | Gene | Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than ... | What does a "weak" promoter sequence do? | {
"text": [
"bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e27 | Gene | Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, e... | How do regulatory regions act? | {
"text": [
"by binding to transcription factors"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e28 | Gene | Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, e... | What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors? | {
"text": [
"the DNA to loop"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e29 | Gene | Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, e... | How do enhancers increase transcription? | {
"text": [
"by binding an activator protein"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e2a | Gene | Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, e... | What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein? | {
"text": [
"helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e2b | Gene | Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, e... | What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase? | {
"text": [
"silencers bind repressor proteins"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4b | Gene | The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dict... | What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA? | {
"text": [
"untranslated regions"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4c | Gene | The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dict... | Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA? | {
"text": [
"untranslated regions"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4d | Gene | The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dict... | What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain? | {
"text": [
"untranslated introns"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4e | Gene | The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dict... | What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA? | {
"text": [
"The sequences at the ends of the introns"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4f | Gene | The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dict... | What encodes the protein or RNA product? | {
"text": [
"the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6b | Gene | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | What are most prokaryotic genes organized into? | {
"text": [
"operons"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6c | Gene | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as? | {
"text": [
"a unit"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6d | Gene | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have? | {
"text": [
"related functions"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6e | Gene | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with? | {
"text": [
"the same regulatory network"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6f | Gene | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have? | {
"text": [
"multiple protein-coding sequences"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e8f | Gene | Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Simila... | What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence? | {
"text": [
"enhancers"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e91 | Gene | Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Simila... | What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons? | {
"text": [
"a gene's introns"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e92 | Gene | Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Simila... | How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another? | {
"text": [
"in trans"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e93 | Gene | Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Simila... | Where can regulatory regions be found? | {
"text": [
"different chromosomes"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0393 | Gene | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest? | {
"text": [
"the model that one gene makes one protein."
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0394 | Gene | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined? | {
"text": [
"the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0395 | Gene | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | How do genes encode multiple proteins? | {
"text": [
"by alternative splicing and coding sequences"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0396 | Gene | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed? | {
"text": [
"split in short section across the genome"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0397 | Gene | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged? | {
"text": [
"concatenated by trans-splicing."
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b5 | Gene | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena? | {
"text": [
"A broad operational definition"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b7 | Gene | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by? | {
"text": [
"their specific DNA loci"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b8 | Gene | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by? | {
"text": [
"their functional products (proteins or RNA)"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b9 | Gene | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions? | {
"text": [
"regulatory elements"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebb | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein? | {
"text": [
"two steps are required"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebc | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies? | {
"text": [
"the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebd | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies? | {
"text": [
"mRNA is translated to protein"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebe | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | What step must RNA-coding genes still go through? | {
"text": [
"the first step"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebf | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called? | {
"text": [
"gene expression"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec5 | Gene | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. The... | What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein? | {
"text": [
"The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec6 | Gene | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. The... | What are sets of three nucleotides known as? | {
"text": [
"codons"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec7 | Gene | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. The... | What does each codon correspond to? | {
"text": [
"a specific amino acid"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec8 | Gene | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. The... | What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region? | {
"text": [
"a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\""
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee3 | Gene | Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRN... | What does transcription produce? | {
"text": [
"a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee4 | Gene | Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRN... | How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA? | {
"text": [
"complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee5 | Gene | Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRN... | What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA? | {
"text": [
"The gene's DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee7 | Gene | Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRN... | What is the enzyme called that performs transcription? | {
"text": [
"an RNA polymerase"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef7 | Gene | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes? | {
"text": [
"in the cytoplasm"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef8 | Gene | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin? | {
"text": [
"at the 5' end of the RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef9 | Gene | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? | {
"text": [
"transcription occurs in the nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0efa | Gene | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA? | {
"text": [
"in the nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0efb | Gene | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as? | {
"text": [
"the primary transcript"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f09 | Gene | Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of p... | What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called? | {
"text": [
"Translation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0a | Gene | Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of p... | What does a ribosome consist of? | {
"text": [
"large complexes of RNA and protein"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0c | Gene | Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of p... | How is the genetic code read? | {
"text": [
"via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0d | Gene | Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of p... | How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041a | Gene | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | When are genes expressed? | {
"text": [
"only when the product is needed"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041b | Gene | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | What are examples of a cell's external environment? | {
"text": [
"available nutrients, temperature and other stresses"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041c | Gene | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | What are examples of a cell's internal environment? | {
"text": [
"cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041d | Gene | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | At which step can gene expression be regulated? | {
"text": [
"at any step"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041e | Gene | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961? | {
"text": [
"The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0438 | Gene | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product? | {
"text": [
"A typical protein-coding gene"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0439 | Gene | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | In some cases, what are the actual functional products? | {
"text": [
"the RNA molecules"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043a | Gene | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products? | {
"text": [
"the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043b | Gene | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | What sort of function are ribozymes capable of? | {
"text": [
"enzymatic function"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043c | Gene | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as? | {
"text": [
"non-coding RNA genes"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0456 | Gene | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | In what form do some viruses store their entire genome? | {
"text": [
"in the form of RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0457 | Gene | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins? | {
"text": [
"Because they use RNA to store genes"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0458 | Gene | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | What is one type of an RNA retrovirus? | {
"text": [
"HIV"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0459 | Gene | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | What sort of transcription does the genome of HIV require before its proteins can be synthesized? | {
"text": [
"reverse transcription"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.