id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f8c9319e9bad19000a04dc | Alps | The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be... | Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what? | {
"text": [
"Alpine culture"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0ffd | Alps | Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking. | Much of what has not changed since the medieval period? | {
"text": [
"Alpine culture"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0ffe | Alps | Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking. | When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important? | {
"text": [
"the medieval period"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0fff | Alps | Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking. | What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture? | {
"text": [
"carpentry"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd102f | Alps | Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w... | What has been a traditional occupation for centuries? | {
"text": [
"Farming"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1030 | Alps | Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w... | What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"tourism"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1031 | Alps | Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w... | Why is pasture land limited? | {
"text": [
"because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1032 | Alps | Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w... | When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline? | {
"text": [
"mid-June"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0538 | Alps | Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th... | What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries? | {
"text": [
"Cheesemaking"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0539 | Alps | Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th... | How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh? | {
"text": [
"up to 45 kg (100 lb)"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053a | Alps | Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th... | What is an important farming activity in mountain villages? | {
"text": [
"Haymaking"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053b | Alps | Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th... | How many times is Hay normally brought each year? | {
"text": [
"twice"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053c | Alps | Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th... | When is Carnival celebrated? | {
"text": [
"before Lent"
],
"answer_start": [
906
]
} |
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a0548 | Alps | In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober... | What do people in high villages build their homes according to? | {
"text": [
"medieval designs that withstand cold winters"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a0549 | Alps | In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober... | What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? | {
"text": [
"the stube"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054a | Alps | In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober... | The typic Swiss chalet originated from where? | {
"text": [
"the Bernese Oberland"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054b | Alps | In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober... | Which direction do Chalets often face? | {
"text": [
"south or downhill"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054c | Alps | In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober... | What are Chalets built of? | {
"text": [
"solid wood"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0564 | Alps | Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat... | The food is passed from the kitchen to where? | {
"text": [
"the stube"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0565 | Alps | Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat... | Where is the dining room table placed? | {
"text": [
"the stube"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0566 | Alps | Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat... | Traditionally, what are meals served on? | {
"text": [
"carved wooden plates"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0567 | Alps | Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat... | How is furniture traditionally carved? | {
"text": [
"elaborately"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105b | Alps | Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing... | What are roofs traditionally constructed from? | {
"text": [
"Alpine rocks"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105c | Alps | Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing... | Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? | {
"text": [
"the higher parts of the valleys"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105d | Alps | Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing... | The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? | {
"text": [
"40%"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105e | Alps | Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing... | How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps? | {
"text": [
"19"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105f | Alps | Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing... | What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? | {
"text": [
"Romansh"
],
"answer_start": [
987
]
} |
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0592 | Alps | At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i... | What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0593 | Alps | At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i... | Where is Saalbach located? | {
"text": [
"Austria"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0594 | Alps | At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i... | How many people visit the Alps every year? | {
"text": [
"over 120 million"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0595 | Alps | At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i... | What is an integral part of the Alpine economy? | {
"text": [
"tourism"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd106f | Alps | The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w... | When did the tourism industry begin? | {
"text": [
"the early 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1070 | Alps | The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w... | When were large hotels built in the Alps? | {
"text": [
"during the Belle Époque"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1071 | Alps | The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w... | When were cog-railways built in the Alps? | {
"text": [
"early in the 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1072 | Alps | The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w... | When was the first figure skating championship held? | {
"text": [
"1882"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1073 | Alps | The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w... | Where was the first figure skating championship held? | {
"text": [
"St. Moritz"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059a | Alps | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924? | {
"text": [
"Chamonix, France"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059b | Alps | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928? | {
"text": [
"St. Moritz, Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059c | Alps | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936? | {
"text": [
"Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059d | Alps | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen? | {
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059e | Alps | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? | {
"text": [
"(1992)"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
56f8d3179b226e1400dd1095 | Alps | During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in F... | When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns? | {
"text": [
"post-World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56f8d3179b226e1400dd1096 | Alps | During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in F... | When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing? | {
"text": [
"the 1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56f8d3179b226e1400dd1097 | Alps | During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in F... | Where is Les Menuires located? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a5 | Alps | The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ... | How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region? | {
"text": [
"4,200 km (2,600 mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a6 | Alps | The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ... | How many vehicles use the roads? | {
"text": [
"6 million"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a7 | Alps | The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ... | Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a8 | Alps | The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ... | How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? | {
"text": [
"57 km"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56f8d4209b226e1400dd10ad | Alps | Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terr... | Where is the village of Avoriaz located? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f8d4209b226e1400dd10ae | Alps | Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terr... | Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56f8d4209b226e1400dd10af | Alps | Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terr... | Why are villages considering becoming car free zones? | {
"text": [
"reasons of sustainability"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b3 | Alps | The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within),... | When are many passes in the Alps closed? | {
"text": [
"winter"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b4 | Alps | The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within),... | The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what? | {
"text": [
"motorways"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b5 | Alps | The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within),... | What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes? | {
"text": [
"mountain passes"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56f88b90aef2371900626167 | Gene | A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different ge... | What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits? | {
"text": [
"The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56f88b90aef2371900626168 | Gene | A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different ge... | What influence are most biological traits under? | {
"text": [
"polygenes (many different genes)"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56f88b90aef2371900626169 | Gene | A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different ge... | What is one instantly visible genetic trait? | {
"text": [
"eye colour or number of limbs"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
56f88e06aef2371900626180 | Gene | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to? | {
"text": [
"different variants, known as alleles"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56f88e06aef2371900626181 | Gene | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | What do alleles do? | {
"text": [
"encode slightly different versions of a protein"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56f88e06aef2371900626182 | Gene | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | What do alleles cause? | {
"text": [
"different phenotype traits"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56f88e06aef2371900626183 | Gene | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to? | {
"text": [
"having a different allele of the gene"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
56f88e06aef2371900626184 | Gene | Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers... | What causes genes to evolve? | {
"text": [
"natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
56f8935baef23719006261ce | Gene | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from? | {
"text": [
"its coding regions"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56f8935baef23719006261cf | Gene | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | What can coding regions be split into? | {
"text": [
"several exons"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56f8935baef23719006261d0 | Gene | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA? | {
"text": [
"RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56f8935baef23719006261d1 | Gene | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | What are some gene products? | {
"text": [
"functional non-coding RNAs"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
56f895849e9bad19000a0181 | Gene | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units? | {
"text": [
"Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56f895849e9bad19000a0183 | Gene | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? | {
"text": [
"independent assortment"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
56f895849e9bad19000a0184 | Gene | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? | {
"text": [
"the distinction between dominant and recessive traits"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
56f895849e9bad19000a0185 | Gene | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of? | {
"text": [
"discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019b | Gene | Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ... | What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work? | {
"text": [
"one of blending inheritance"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019c | Gene | Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ... | Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis? | {
"text": [
"Charles Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019d | Gene | Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ... | What does the term gemmule describe? | {
"text": [
"hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019e | Gene | Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ... | What year was Mendel's work first published? | {
"text": [
"1866"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019f | Gene | Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ... | Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's? | {
"text": [
"Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c77 | Gene | The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905. | What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from? | {
"text": [
"γένος (génos)"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c78 | Gene | The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905. | What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean? | {
"text": [
"\"race, offspring\""
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c79 | Gene | The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905. | What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'? | {
"text": [
"Wilhelm Johannsen"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7a | Gene | The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905. | What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909? | {
"text": [
"the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7b | Gene | The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905. | Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905? | {
"text": [
"William Bateson"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c93 | Gene | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s? | {
"text": [
"Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c94 | Gene | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography? | {
"text": [
"Rosalind Franklin"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c95 | Gene | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule? | {
"text": [
"James D. Watson and Francis Crick"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c96 | Gene | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology? | {
"text": [
"reverse transcription in retroviruses"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
} |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c97 | Gene | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as? | {
"text": [
"molecular genetics"
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca7 | Gene | In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab... | When was the first sequence of a gene determined? | {
"text": [
"In 1972"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca8 | Gene | In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab... | What was the first gene to be sequenced? | {
"text": [
"the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca9 | Gene | In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab... | Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977? | {
"text": [
"Frederick Sanger"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0cab | Gene | In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab... | What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages? | {
"text": [
"the Human Genome Project"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c7 | Gene | The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e... | In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed? | {
"text": [
"the 1930s and 1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c8 | Gene | The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e... | What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called? | {
"text": [
"the modern evolutionary synthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c9 | Gene | The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e... | Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? | {
"text": [
"George C. Williams"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01ca | Gene | The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e... | What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? | {
"text": [
"\"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.\""
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01cb | Gene | The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e... | Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution? | {
"text": [
"Richard Dawkins"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01db | Gene | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in? | {
"text": [
"long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dc | Gene | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | What does DNA consist of? | {
"text": [
"a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dd | Gene | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule? | {
"text": [
"a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01de | Gene | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits? | {
"text": [
"adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01df | Gene | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of? | {
"text": [
"a phosphate group"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ce9 | Gene | Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo... | What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of? | {
"text": [
"phosphate-sugar"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
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