id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64db | Middle_Ages | In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land fro... | What nation lost the Hundred Years' War? | {
"text": [
"England"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64dc | Middle_Ages | In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land fro... | What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor? | {
"text": [
"Henry VII"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64dd | Middle_Ages | In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land fro... | Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar? | {
"text": [
"Norway"
],
"answer_start": [
903
]
} |
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e3 | Middle_Ages | Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea a... | Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261? | {
"text": [
"Palaeologi"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e4 | Middle_Ages | Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea a... | Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands? | {
"text": [
"Venice"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e5 | Middle_Ages | Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea a... | What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia? | {
"text": [
"Ottomans"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e6 | Middle_Ages | Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea a... | In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans? | {
"text": [
"1366"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} |
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e7 | Middle_Ages | Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea a... | Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo? | {
"text": [
"Serbia"
],
"answer_start": [
788
]
} |
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ed | Middle_Ages | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur? | {
"text": [
"1305–78"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ee | Middle_Ages | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | What is another term for the Avignon Papacy? | {
"text": [
"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ef | Middle_Ages | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | When did the Great Schism end? | {
"text": [
"1418"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f0 | Middle_Ages | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f1 | Middle_Ages | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | Who was made pope in 1417? | {
"text": [
"Martin V"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2a | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | Of what nationality was John Wycliffe? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2b | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic? | {
"text": [
"1415"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2c | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible? | {
"text": [
"the laity"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2d | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe? | {
"text": [
"Hussitism"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2e | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | How did Jan Hus die? | {
"text": [
"burned at the stake"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e34 | Middle_Ages | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass? | {
"text": [
"the clergy"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e35 | Middle_Ages | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | When did Thomas à Kempis die? | {
"text": [
"1471"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e36 | Middle_Ages | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | In what year did the Church condemn witches? | {
"text": [
"1484"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
} |
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e37 | Middle_Ages | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published? | {
"text": [
"1486"
],
"answer_start": [
766
]
} |
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e38 | Middle_Ages | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | What was the Malleus Maleficarum? | {
"text": [
"handbook for witch-hunters"
],
"answer_start": [
816
]
} |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f7 | Middle_Ages | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to? | {
"text": [
"scholasticism"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f8 | Middle_Ages | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by? | {
"text": [
"customary law"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f9 | Middle_Ages | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law? | {
"text": [
"England"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64fa | Middle_Ages | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages? | {
"text": [
"Lithuania"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64fb | Middle_Ages | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus? | {
"text": [
"universals"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6501 | Middle_Ages | Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial sec... | What was the main purpose of education in this period? | {
"text": [
"training of future clergy"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6502 | Middle_Ages | Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial sec... | Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium? | {
"text": [
"grammar"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6503 | Middle_Ages | Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial sec... | About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500? | {
"text": [
"ten"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6504 | Middle_Ages | Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial sec... | In 1500, approximately what percent of European women could read? | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6505 | Middle_Ages | Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial sec... | Along with their family, who typically taught a child letters and numbers? | {
"text": [
"a village priest"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650b | Middle_Ages | The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remai... | Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century? | {
"text": [
"Petrarch"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650c | Middle_Ages | The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remai... | When did Chaucer die? | {
"text": [
"1400"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650d | Middle_Ages | The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remai... | Who was a notable female French author of this period? | {
"text": [
"Christine de Pizan"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650e | Middle_Ages | The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remai... | In what language was most religious literature of this period written? | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650f | Middle_Ages | The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remai... | Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period? | {
"text": [
"Meister Eckhart"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e3e | Middle_Ages | In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Ba... | Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores? | {
"text": [
"Portugal"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e3f | Middle_Ages | In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Ba... | What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde? | {
"text": [
"Prince Henry the Navigator"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e40 | Middle_Ages | In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Ba... | What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498? | {
"text": [
"Vasco da Gama"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e41 | Middle_Ages | In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Ba... | What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492? | {
"text": [
"the Americas"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e42 | Middle_Ages | In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Ba... | What English monarch financed John Cabot? | {
"text": [
"Henry VII"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e48 | Middle_Ages | One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of cros... | Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages? | {
"text": [
"infantry"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e49 | Middle_Ages | One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of cros... | What troops were uniquely successful in English service? | {
"text": [
"longbowmen"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4a | Middle_Ages | One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of cros... | What influenced the increasing development of armor? | {
"text": [
"the increasing power of crossbows"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4b | Middle_Ages | One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of cros... | What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry? | {
"text": [
"pikes"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4c | Middle_Ages | One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of cros... | Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against? | {
"text": [
"hand-held guns"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e52 | Middle_Ages | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | What was replaced by the spinning wheel? | {
"text": [
"the traditional distaff"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e53 | Middle_Ages | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | What invention replaced laces on clothing? | {
"text": [
"buttons"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e54 | Middle_Ages | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | What new type of windmill was invented in this period? | {
"text": [
"the tower mill"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e55 | Middle_Ages | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | In what country did the blast furnace first appear? | {
"text": [
"Sweden"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e56 | Middle_Ages | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | Where did patent law originate? | {
"text": [
"Venice"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5c | Middle_Ages | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish? | {
"text": [
"1400"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5d | Middle_Ages | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style? | {
"text": [
"the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5e | Middle_Ages | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages? | {
"text": [
"Early Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5f | Middle_Ages | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery? | {
"text": [
"Mudéjar potters"
],
"answer_start": [
847
]
} |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e60 | Middle_Ages | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate? | {
"text": [
"the Royal Gold Cup"
],
"answer_start": [
950
]
} |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e66 | Middle_Ages | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea? | {
"text": [
"Giovanni Pisano"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e67 | Middle_Ages | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period? | {
"text": [
"Painted"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e68 | Middle_Ages | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | When did Rogier van der Weyden die? | {
"text": [
"1464"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e69 | Middle_Ages | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck? | {
"text": [
"Netherlandish"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e6a | Middle_Ages | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | What does incunabula refer to? | {
"text": [
"works printed before 1500"
],
"answer_start": [
825
]
} |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e70 | Middle_Ages | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged? | {
"text": [
"Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e71 | Middle_Ages | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to? | {
"text": [
"the Classical world"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e72 | Middle_Ages | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages? | {
"text": [
"as a time of ignorance and superstition"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e73 | Middle_Ages | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason? | {
"text": [
"faith"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
56fb966eb28b3419009f1e78 | Middle_Ages | Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most im... | What is Edward Grant a historian of? | {
"text": [
"Science"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56fb966eb28b3419009f1e79 | Middle_Ages | Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most im... | Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church? | {
"text": [
"David Lindberg"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
56fb966eb28b3419009f1e7a | Middle_Ages | Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most im... | According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century? | {
"text": [
"18th"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e7e | Middle_Ages | The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence sho... | During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e7f | Middle_Ages | The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence sho... | Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade? | {
"text": [
"dissections"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e80 | Middle_Ages | The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence sho... | According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy? | {
"text": [
"ancient science"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e81 | Middle_Ages | The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence sho... | According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to? | {
"text": [
"natural philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e82 | Middle_Ages | The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence sho... | Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages? | {
"text": [
"Ronald Numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
56fc2c4e00a8df19004037be | Phonology | Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis eit... | What is phonology a branch of? | {
"text": [
"linguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56fc2c4e00a8df19004037bf | Phonology | Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis eit... | What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? | {
"text": [
"phonemes"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56fc2c4e00a8df19004037c0 | Phonology | Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis eit... | The study of sign language is a part of what? | {
"text": [
"Phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c4 | Phonology | The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary. | What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to? | {
"text": [
"the phonological system"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c5 | Phonology | The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary. | What is another term for phonological system? | {
"text": [
"sound system"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c6 | Phonology | The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary. | Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language? | {
"text": [
"vocabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c7 | Phonology | The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary. | What sort of language system is phonology? | {
"text": [
"fundamental"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff3 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from? | {
"text": [
"phonetics"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff4 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of? | {
"text": [
"descriptive"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff5 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline? | {
"text": [
"linguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff6 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | When was the phonome's modern concept developed? | {
"text": [
"mid 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff7 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? | {
"text": [
"speech perception"
],
"answer_start": [
796
]
} |
56fc2fec2603e71400409ffd | Phonology | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | What language does phonology as a word come from? | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56fc2fec2603e71400409ffe | Phonology | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | What Greek word is -logy derived from? | {
"text": [
"lógos"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56fc2fec2603e71400409fff | Phonology | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | Who in 1939 defined phonology? | {
"text": [
"Nikolai Trubetzkoy"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56fc2fec2603e7140040a000 | Phonology | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | A distinction was drawn between language and what? | {
"text": [
"speech"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
56fc2fec2603e7140040a001 | Phonology | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | When did Lass write about phonology? | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e0 | Phonology | The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i... | What type of grammar was phonology first a part of? | {
"text": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e1 | Phonology | The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i... | What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar? | {
"text": [
"Ashtadhyayi"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e2 | Phonology | The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i... | Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi? | {
"text": [
"Pāṇini"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e3 | Phonology | The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i... | During what time period did Panini do his work? | {
"text": [
"4th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e4 | Phonology | The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i... | What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi? | {
"text": [
"the Shiva Sutras"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56fc316300a8df19004037ea | Phonology | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | When was the phoneme as a concept introduced? | {
"text": [
"1876"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
56fc316300a8df19004037eb | Phonology | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student? | {
"text": [
"Mikołaj Kruszewski"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56fc316300a8df19004037ec | Phonology | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | What nationality was de Courtenay? | {
"text": [
"Polish"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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