id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfb | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today? | {
"text": [
"Musée d'Art et d'Histoire"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfc | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located? | {
"text": [
"Neuchâtel, Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
56fdca0319033b140034cd75 | Computer | The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. | When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented? | {
"text": [
"1872"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56fdca0319033b140034cd76 | Computer | The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. | Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872? | {
"text": [
"Sir William Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56fdca0319033b140034cd77 | Computer | The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. | What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function? | {
"text": [
"system of pulleys and wires"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c01 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use? | {
"text": [
"wheel-and-disc"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c02 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers? | {
"text": [
"Lord Kelvin"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c03 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed? | {
"text": [
"1920s"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c04 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers? | {
"text": [
"Vannevar Bush"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7b | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | Who invented the concept of a programmable computer? | {
"text": [
"Charles Babbage"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7c | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | Who is considered the "father of the computer"? | {
"text": [
"Charles Babbage"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7d | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage? | {
"text": [
"early 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7e | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd83 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | Who was Charles Babbage's son? | {
"text": [
"Henry Babbage"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd84 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit? | {
"text": [
"Henry Babbage"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd85 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | When was the mill created by Henry Babbage? | {
"text": [
"1888"
],
"answer_start": [
653
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd86 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given? | {
"text": [
"1906"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c09 | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine? | {
"text": [
"Sir William Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0a | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created? | {
"text": [
"1872"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0b | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876? | {
"text": [
"James Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0c | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure? | {
"text": [
"Lord Kelvin"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c11 | Computer | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen? | {
"text": [
"MIT"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c12 | Computer | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year? | {
"text": [
"1927"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c13 | Computer | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom? | {
"text": [
"H. W. Nieman"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56fdcd6019033b140034cd8b | Computer | By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule). | By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete? | {
"text": [
"50s"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56fdcd6019033b140034cd8c | Computer | By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule). | Analog computers remain in use in what industries? | {
"text": [
"education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule)."
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56fdda6219033b140034cd8f | Computer | The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-bas... | Who wrote the paper "On Computable Numbers"? | {
"text": [
"Alan Turing"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56fdda6219033b140034cd90 | Computer | The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-bas... | When did Alan Turing write the paper, "On Computable Numbers"? | {
"text": [
"1936"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
56fdda6219033b140034cd91 | Computer | The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-bas... | Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931? | {
"text": [
"Kurt Gödel"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56fddf1719033b140034cd95 | Computer | He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine... | A Universal Machine is known as what today? | {
"text": [
"Universal Turing machine"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56fddf75761e401900d28c17 | Computer | By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well... | What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine? | {
"text": [
"the United States Navy"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56fddf75761e401900d28c18 | Computer | By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well... | When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine? | {
"text": [
"1938"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fddf75761e401900d28c19 | Computer | By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well... | What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target? | {
"text": [
"trigonometry"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1d | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | Who created the relay computer, the Z2? | {
"text": [
"Konrad Zuse"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1e | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2? | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1f | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers? | {
"text": [
"The Z2"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c20 | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality? | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c25 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer? | {
"text": [
"1941"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c26 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse? | {
"text": [
"the Z3"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c27 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | How many relays did the Z3 contain? | {
"text": [
"2000"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c28 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency? | {
"text": [
"about 5–10 Hz"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c29 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3? | {
"text": [
"64"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c2f | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s? | {
"text": [
"Post Office Research Station"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c30 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s? | {
"text": [
"London"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c31 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year? | {
"text": [
"1942"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c32 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use? | {
"text": [
"about 300"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c33 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work? | {
"text": [
"Iowa State University"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c39 | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | Who built the first Colossus in 1943? | {
"text": [
"Flowers"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c3a | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park? | {
"text": [
"18 January 1944"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c3b | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II? | {
"text": [
", the British"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c3c | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II? | {
"text": [
"Bletchley Park"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c41 | Computer | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world? | {
"text": [
"Colossus"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c42 | Computer | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain? | {
"text": [
"1500 thermionic valves (tubes)"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c43 | Computer | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain? | {
"text": [
"2400"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
56fde41819033b140034cd97 | Computer | The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memor... | The US-buils ENIAC stands for what? | {
"text": [
"Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56fde41819033b140034cd98 | Computer | The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memor... | What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States? | {
"text": [
"ENIAC"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9b | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | How many times could it add or subtract a second? | {
"text": [
"5000"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9c | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | What was the limit of its high speed memory? | {
"text": [
"ENIAC"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9d | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | ENIAC was constructed by whom? | {
"text": [
"John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9e | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC? | {
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9f | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | When was ENIAC fully operational? | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda5 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom? | {
"text": [
"Alan Turing"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda6 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer? | {
"text": [
"1936"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda7 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory? | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda8 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when? | {
"text": [
"1945."
],
"answer_start": [
776
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda9 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC? | {
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdaf | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | {
"text": [
"Baby"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb0 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | What was the first stored-program computer in the world? | {
"text": [
"The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb1 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built? | {
"text": [
"Victoria University of Manchester"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb2 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | {
"text": [
"Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb3 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program? | {
"text": [
"21 June 1948"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdb9 | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1? | {
"text": [
"The Mark 1"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdba | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | What was the first available computer for the public? | {
"text": [
"Ferranti Mark 1"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbb | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built? | {
"text": [
"1951"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbc | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed? | {
"text": [
"University of Manchester"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbd | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | When was the LEO 1 computer first operational? | {
"text": [
"April 1951"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
56fde92d761e401900d28c47 | Computer | The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silico... | When was the bipolar transistor created? | {
"text": [
"1947."
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56fde92d761e401900d28c48 | Computer | The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silico... | When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers? | {
"text": [
"1955"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc3 | Computer | At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the ... | At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves? | {
"text": [
"Tom Kilburn"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc4 | Computer | At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the ... | The first transistorised computer was operational in what year? | {
"text": [
"1953"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc5 | Computer | At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the ... | What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms? | {
"text": [
"valves"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc6 | Computer | At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the ... | Who built the Harwell CADET? | {
"text": [
"electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc7 | Computer | At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the ... | In what year was the Harwell CADET built? | {
"text": [
"1955"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
56fdea41761e401900d28c4b | Computer | The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated... | The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom? | {
"text": [
"Geoffrey W.A. Dummer"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56fdea41761e401900d28c4c | Computer | The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated... | Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at? | {
"text": [
"Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdce | Computer | The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 Febr... | Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC? | {
"text": [
"Texas Instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdcf | Computer | The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 Febr... | When was the first functional IC demonstrated? | {
"text": [
"12 September 1958."
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdd0 | Computer | The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 Febr... | What was Kilby's IC made of? | {
"text": [
"germanium"
],
"answer_start": [
732
]
} |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdd1 | Computer | The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 Febr... | Noyce's IC was made up of what material? | {
"text": [
"silicon"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
56fdeb6419033b140034cdd7 | Computer | This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term "microprocessor", it is la... | What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor? | {
"text": [
"Intel 4004"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
56fdeb6419033b140034cdd8 | Computer | This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term "microprocessor", it is la... | Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor? | {
"text": [
"Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
56fdeb6419033b140034cdd9 | Computer | This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term "microprocessor", it is la... | Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at? | {
"text": [
"Intel."
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
56fdebbf761e401900d28c4f | Computer | With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular ph... | Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what? | {
"text": [
"smartphones"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
56fdebbf761e401900d28c50 | Computer | With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular ph... | How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013? | {
"text": [
"237 million devices"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
56fdec0119033b140034cddd | Computer | In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of opera... | Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms? | {
"text": [
"(gigaflops)"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56fdecd819033b140034cddf | Computer | Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the pr... | When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what? | {
"text": [
"the flow of control"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
56fdecd819033b140034cde0 | Computer | Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the pr... | What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening? | {
"text": [
"the flow of control"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
56fdedfb761e401900d28c53 | Computer | In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers a... | Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after? | {
"text": [
"Harvard Mark I computer"
],
"answer_start": [
1165
]
} |
56fdedfb761e401900d28c54 | Computer | In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers a... | A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what? | {
"text": [
"the Harvard architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
1130
]
} |
56fdee67761e401900d28c58 | Computer | While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short nam... | Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what? | {
"text": [
"an assembler."
],
"answer_start": [
662
]
} |
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