id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fc316300a8df19004037ed | Phonology | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | What was de Courtenay's profession? | {
"text": [
"scholar"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56fc316300a8df19004037ee | Phonology | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | Who was influenced by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay? | {
"text": [
"Ferdinand de Saussure"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01b | Phonology | An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Bau... | What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication? | {
"text": [
"Principles of Phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01c | Phonology | An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Bau... | When was Principles of Phonology published? | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01d | Phonology | An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Bau... | What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded? | {
"text": [
"morphophonology"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01e | Phonology | An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Bau... | What school was Trubetzkoy a member of? | {
"text": [
"the Prague school."
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01f | Phonology | An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Bau... | What was Trubetzkoy's title? | {
"text": [
"Prince"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56fc38192603e7140040a025 | Phonology | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | When was The Sound Pattern of English published? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fc38192603e7140040a026 | Phonology | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English? | {
"text": [
"Morris Halle"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56fc38192603e7140040a027 | Phonology | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory? | {
"text": [
"emphasis on segments"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} |
56fc38192603e7140040a028 | Phonology | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists? | {
"text": [
"morphophonology"
],
"answer_start": [
880
]
} |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403806 | Phonology | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology? | {
"text": [
"David Stampe"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403807 | Phonology | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | According to Stampe what is phonology based on? | {
"text": [
"a set of universal phonological processes"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403808 | Phonology | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in? | {
"text": [
"suppressed"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403809 | Phonology | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | Who is the number two natural phonologist? | {
"text": [
"Patricia Donegan"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
56fc3a7400a8df190040380a | Phonology | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | Who was the founder of natural morphology? | {
"text": [
"Wolfgang U. Dressler"
],
"answer_start": [
901
]
} |
56fc3b342603e7140040a037 | Phonology | In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved... | Who founded autosegmental phonology? | {
"text": [
"John Goldsmith"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56fc3b342603e7140040a038 | Phonology | In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved... | When did John Goldsmith share his work? | {
"text": [
"1976"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fc3b342603e7140040a039 | Phonology | In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved... | What did Autosegmental phonology morph into? | {
"text": [
"feature geometry"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56fc3bd800a8df1900403816 | Phonology | Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages... | When was Government phonology first seen? | {
"text": [
"the early 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56fc3bd800a8df1900403817 | Phonology | Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages... | Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology? | {
"text": [
"Government"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fc3bd800a8df1900403818 | Phonology | Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages... | What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology? | {
"text": [
"restricted variation"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
56fc3e072603e7140040a03d | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory? | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56fc3e072603e7140040a03e | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | Where was optimality theory created? | {
"text": [
"LSA summer institute"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56fc3e072603e7140040a03f | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology? | {
"text": [
"John McCarthy"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
56fc3e072603e7140040a040 | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | Who were prominent critics of optimality theory? | {
"text": [
"Mark Hale and Charles Reiss"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403824 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What followed government phonology? | {
"text": [
"strict-CV phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403825 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | Where is government phonology popular? | {
"text": [
"the United Kingdom,"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403826 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What theory is seen more in the US? | {
"text": [
"optimality theory"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382a | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to? | {
"text": [
"phonological theory"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382b | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology? | {
"text": [
"synchronic and diachronic accounts"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382c | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being? | {
"text": [
"recent years."
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382d | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take? | {
"text": [
"integrated"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56fc43d900a8df1900403832 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | What are the units called that traditional phonology studies? | {
"text": [
"phonemes"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56fc43d900a8df1900403833 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | What is another word for variations? | {
"text": [
"allophones"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56fc43d900a8df1900403834 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | What is the opposite of aspirated? | {
"text": [
"unaspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04b | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes? | {
"text": [
"phonological"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04c | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language? | {
"text": [
"sound inventory"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04d | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? | {
"text": [
"native"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511d | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history? | {
"text": [
"historical"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511e | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | {
"text": [
"contrasts"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511f | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English? | {
"text": [
"the same phoneme"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755123 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas? | {
"text": [
"complicate"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755124 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words? | {
"text": [
"unrecognizable"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755125 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | What does splicing words affect? | {
"text": [
"speech perception"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d1 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or re... | What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists? | {
"text": [
"sounds"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d2 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or re... | What part of a human does language processing? | {
"text": [
"brain"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d3 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or re... | The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists? | {
"text": [
"allophones"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe1900755129 | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts? | {
"text": [
"early 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512a | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units? | {
"text": [
"abstract"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512b | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What is a name for the basic morpheme unit? | {
"text": [
"morphophonemes"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512c | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What is the act of analyzing morphophones called? | {
"text": [
"morphophonology"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512d | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind? | {
"text": [
"theoretical"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d7 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | What do phonemes differentiate? | {
"text": [
"meaning"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d8 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology? | {
"text": [
"how sounds alternate"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d9 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline? | {
"text": [
"phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755133 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied? | {
"text": [
"prosody"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755134 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes? | {
"text": [
"feeding"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755135 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline? | {
"text": [
"Phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755136 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | Stress and intonation are studied under what topic? | {
"text": [
"prosody"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513b | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be? | {
"text": [
"general analytical tools"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513c | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to? | {
"text": [
"sign languages"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513d | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from? | {
"text": [
"modality"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513e | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds? | {
"text": [
"sub-lexical units"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4d | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | In computer terms, what does CPU stand for? | {
"text": [
"central processing unit"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4e | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | What are the devices called that are from an external source? | {
"text": [
"Peripheral devices"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4f | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | What are two things that a computer always has? | {
"text": [
"(CPU), and some form of memory"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd53 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | What were analog computers originally used for? | {
"text": [
"astronomical calculations"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd54 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | During what war were computers first used for military applications? | {
"text": [
"World War II,"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd55 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | In computer terms, what does PC stand for? | {
"text": [
"personal computers"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd56 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital compute... | During what war were the first digital computers invented? | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56fdc4f319033b140034cd5b | Computer | Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of ... | Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers? | {
"text": [
"integrated circuits"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56fdc4f319033b140034cd5c | Computer | Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of ... | How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers? | {
"text": [
"millions to billions of times"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd5f | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculat... | When was the first known use of the word "computer"? | {
"text": [
"1613"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd60 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculat... | In which book, was the term "computer" first used? | {
"text": [
"The Yong Mans Gleanings"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd61 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculat... | Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings? | {
"text": [
"Richard Braithwait"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd62 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculat... | From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
56fdc60e19033b140034cd67 | Computer | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items... | The earliest device to help count was what? | {
"text": [
"a form of tally stick"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56fdc60e19033b140034cd68 | Computer | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items... | Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what? | {
"text": [
"(clay spheres, cones, etc.)"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6b | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | What was the abacus first used for? | {
"text": [
"arithmetic tasks"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6c | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | When was the Roman abacus first used? | {
"text": [
"2400 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6d | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | Where was the Roman abacus first used? | {
"text": [
"Babylonia"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6e | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money? | {
"text": [
"a checkered cloth"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6f | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what? | {
"text": [
"sums of money"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdd | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer? | {
"text": [
"The Antikythera mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bde | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom? | {
"text": [
"Derek J. de Solla Price."
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdf | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered? | {
"text": [
"1901"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28be0 | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901? | {
"text": [
"Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28be1 | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between? | {
"text": [
"Kythera and Crete"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28be7 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | Who invented the planisphere? | {
"text": [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28be8 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history? | {
"text": [
"Hipparchus"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28be9 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history? | {
"text": [
"the planisphere and dioptra"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28bea | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when? | {
"text": [
"1235"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28beb | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where? | {
"text": [
"Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
56fdc789761e401900d28bf1 | Computer | The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. | The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century? | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf3 | Computer | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as tr... | When was the slide rule first invented? | {
"text": [
"1620–1630"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf4 | Computer | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as tr... | What is the slide rule used for? | {
"text": [
"doing multiplication and division."
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf5 | Computer | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as tr... | What industry are slide rules still used today? | {
"text": [
"Aviation"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bf9 | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz? | {
"text": [
"a Swiss watchmaker"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfa | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen? | {
"text": [
"In the 1770s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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