id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fdee67761e401900d28c59 | Computer | While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short nam... | Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what? | {
"text": [
"machine language"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56fdeebd19033b140034cde3 | Computer | Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code b... | Programming languages are translated into machine code by what? | {
"text": [
"a compiler or an assembler"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
56fdeebd19033b140034cde4 | Computer | Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code b... | Programming languages are translated at run time by what? | {
"text": [
"an interpreter"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
56fdeee819033b140034cde7 | Computer | Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an Inte... | An ARM architecture computer can be found in what? | {
"text": [
"a PDA or a hand-held videogame"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
56fdefbe19033b140034cde9 | Computer | Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby... | Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer? | {
"text": [
"a compiler"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
56fdf01419033b140034cdeb | Computer | These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL. | An example of a 4GL is what? | {
"text": [
"SQL"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56fdf2d419033b140034cdef | Computer | Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to "hang", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. O... | Another name for errors in programs are called what? | {
"text": [
"\"bugs"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56fdf2d419033b140034cdf0 | Computer | Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to "hang", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. O... | Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what? | {
"text": [
"programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf3 | Computer | Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. | Who was the developer of the first compier? | {
"text": [
"Admiral Grace Hopper"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf4 | Computer | Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. | Who first coined the term "bugs"? | {
"text": [
"Admiral Grace Hopper"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf5 | Computer | Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. | What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer? | {
"text": [
"moth"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf6 | Computer | Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. | What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth? | {
"text": [
"Harvard Mark II"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf7 | Computer | Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. | When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth? | {
"text": [
"September 1947"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56fdf3c119033b140034cdfd | Computer | A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires. | The ALU of a computer stands for what? | {
"text": [
"arithmetic logic"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56fdf3c119033b140034cdfe | Computer | A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires. | Input and output devices are known as what term? | {
"text": [
"I/O"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56fdf3c119033b140034cdff | Computer | A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires. | Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer? | {
"text": [
"the control unit, the memory"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5d | Computer | Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic represent... | A circuit in a computer part represents what? | {
"text": [
"a bit (binary digit) of information"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5e | Computer | Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic represent... | In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what? | {
"text": [
"on"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5f | Computer | Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic represent... | In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what? | {
"text": [
"off"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
56fdf50019033b140034ce03 | Computer | The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of ex... | What are other names for a control unit for a computer? | {
"text": [
"a control system or central controller)"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56fdf50019033b140034ce04 | Computer | The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of ex... | Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what? | {
"text": [
"(decodes"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56fdf56519033b140034ce07 | Computer | A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. | A special memory cell of a CPU is called what? | {
"text": [
"a register"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56fdf56519033b140034ce09 | Computer | A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. | What is a component that all CPUs have? | {
"text": [
"the program counter"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56fdf63d19033b140034ce0d | Computer | Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known... | In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations? | {
"text": [
"the ALU"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56fdf63d19033b140034ce0e | Computer | Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known... | Instructions that change the program counter are called what? | {
"text": [
"\"jumps\""
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
56fdf63d19033b140034ce0f | Computer | Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known... | Loops are defined as what? | {
"text": [
"instructions that are repeated by the computer)"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
56fdf66f761e401900d28c63 | Computer | The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen. | In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what? | {
"text": [
"microsequencer"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56fdf66f761e401900d28c64 | Computer | The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen. | A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component? | {
"text": [
"CPU"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56fdf6df761e401900d28c67 | Computer | The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. | The CPU is an abbreviation for what? | {
"text": [
"central processing unit"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56fdf6df761e401900d28c68 | Computer | The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. | What 3 parts make up the CPU? | {
"text": [
"The control unit, ALU, and registers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdf6df761e401900d28c69 | Computer | The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. | CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what? | {
"text": [
"a microprocessor"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56fdf6df761e401900d28c6a | Computer | The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. | Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor? | {
"text": [
"mid-1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56fdf722761e401900d28c6f | Computer | The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real... | Some trigonometry functions are what? | {
"text": [
"sine, cosine,"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56fdf722761e401900d28c70 | Computer | The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real... | The term for whole numbers is what? | {
"text": [
"(integers"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56fdf73719033b140034ce13 | Computer | Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic. | Boolean logic consists of what? | {
"text": [
"AND, OR, XOR, and NOT"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56fdf762761e401900d28c73 | Computer | Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices. | Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what? | {
"text": [
"Superscalar"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdf80d761e401900d28c75 | Computer | A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 246... | How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold? | {
"text": [
"a single number"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56fdf80d761e401900d28c76 | Computer | A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 246... | What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers? | {
"text": [
"the software's"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
56fdf85a761e401900d28c79 | Computer | In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight... | A group of 8 bits is called what? | {
"text": [
"a byte"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56fdf85a761e401900d28c7a | Computer | In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight... | How many numbers can a byte represent? | {
"text": [
"256 different numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56fdf85a761e401900d28c7b | Computer | In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight... | What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent? | {
"text": [
"0 to 255 or −128 to +127"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56fdf89e761e401900d28c7f | Computer | The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main... | What part of the computer has memory cells called registers? | {
"text": [
"The CPU"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdf89e761e401900d28c80 | Computer | The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main... | What is the typical range of registers for a CPU? | {
"text": [
"two and one hundred registers"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56fdf9de19033b140034ce15 | Computer | RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is t... | What type of memory can a CPU only read from? | {
"text": [
"ROM"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56fdf9de19033b140034ce16 | Computer | RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is t... | What type of memory can a CPU read and write from? | {
"text": [
"RAM"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fdf9de19033b140034ce17 | Computer | RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is t... | What type of memory is always kept and kept the same? | {
"text": [
"ROM"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
56fdf9de19033b140034ce18 | Computer | RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is t... | A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what? | {
"text": [
"the BIOS"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
56fdf9de19033b140034ce19 | Computer | RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is t... | Software stored in ROM is called what usually? | {
"text": [
"firmware,"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
} |
56fdfa03761e401900d28c83 | Computer | In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's ... | RAM cache memory is slower than what? | {
"text": [
"registers"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56fdfa85761e401900d28c85 | Computer | I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk dri... | Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what? | {
"text": [
"peripherals"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56fdfa85761e401900d28c86 | Computer | I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk dri... | A mouse is what type of peripheral device? | {
"text": [
"input"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56fdfa85761e401900d28c87 | Computer | I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk dri... | A printer is what type of peripheral device? | {
"text": [
"output"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56fdfa85761e401900d28c88 | Computer | I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk dri... | Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device? | {
"text": [
"input and output"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
56fdfa85761e401900d28c89 | Computer | I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk dri... | A keyboard is what type of peripheral device? | {
"text": [
"input"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56fdfad119033b140034ce1f | Computer | While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn. | In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what? | {
"text": [
"multitasking"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56fdfb9219033b140034ce21 | Computer | One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs... | A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what? | {
"text": [
"\"time-sharing\""
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
56fdfb9219033b140034ce22 | Computer | One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs... | A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what? | {
"text": [
"an interrupt,"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56fdfbee19033b140034ce25 | Computer | Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to cl... | Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion? | {
"text": [
"more slowly,"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56fdfbee19033b140034ce26 | Computer | Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to cl... | What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for? | {
"text": [
"input/output devices"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56fdfc2c761e401900d28c8f | Computer | Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and la... | Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what? | {
"text": [
"CPUs"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
56fdfd72761e401900d28c91 | Computer | Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only ... | How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess? | {
"text": [
"thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56fdfd72761e401900d28c92 | Computer | Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only ... | What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful? | {
"text": [
"Supercomputers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fe00a519033b140034ce29 | Computer | Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre. | What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations? | {
"text": [
"SAGE system"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56fe00a519033b140034ce2a | Computer | Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre. | When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations? | {
"text": [
"the 1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56fe00e019033b140034ce2d | Computer | In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spr... | ARPA is now known as what? | {
"text": [
"DARPA)"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56fe00e019033b140034ce2e | Computer | In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spr... | Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s? | {
"text": [
"ARPA"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56fe0112761e401900d28c95 | Computer | In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of... | The network spread to be known as what today? | {
"text": [
"the Internet."
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56fe016d761e401900d28c97 | Computer | The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performi... | The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what? | {
"text": [
"programs"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56fe016d761e401900d28c98 | Computer | The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performi... | The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what? | {
"text": [
"The Church–Turing thesis"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56fe01af19033b140034ce31 | Computer | A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic mac... | All devices that can process information can qualify being called what? | {
"text": [
"a computer"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
56fe022c19033b140034ce33 | Computer | Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quot... | Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what? | {
"text": [
"transistors"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56fe022c19033b140034ce34 | Computer | Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quot... | Transistors are typically made up of what today? | {
"text": [
"photolithographed semiconductors"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
56fe022c19033b140034ce35 | Computer | Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quot... | A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what? | {
"text": [
"billiard ball computer)"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56fe0329761e401900d28c9b | Computer | There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed.... | What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly? | {
"text": [
"quantum computers"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
56fe0329761e401900d28c9c | Computer | There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed.... | By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly? | {
"text": [
"quantum factoring"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
56fe034c19033b140034ce39 | Computer | A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. | Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field? | {
"text": [
"artificial intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
56fe037c19033b140034ce3b | Computer | The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware. | Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what? | {
"text": [
"hardware"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56fe03d5761e401900d28c9f | Computer | Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware". | Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what? | {
"text": [
"Software"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56fe03d5761e401900d28ca0 | Computer | Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware". | Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what? | {
"text": [
"firmware"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56fe03d5761e401900d28ca1 | Computer | Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware". | What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC? | {
"text": [
"software"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56fe0408761e401900d28ca5 | Computer | Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it. | A BIOS chip is located where in a computer? | {
"text": [
"the motherboard"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56fe0408761e401900d28ca6 | Computer | Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it. | What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip? | {
"text": [
"BIOS set up"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56fe044419033b140034ce3d | Computer | When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are: | Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what? | {
"text": [
"CPU"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56fe044419033b140034ce3e | Computer | When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are: | Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed? | {
"text": [
"output devices"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
5705ca3352bb89140068962e | Black_people | Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends si... | Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"? | {
"text": [
"communities and countries, \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory,"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
5705ca3352bb89140068962f | Black_people | Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends si... | What is "black people" a term for? | {
"text": [
"racial classification or of ethnicity"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
5706477d75f01819005e7af5 | Black_people | Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term bla... | What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"? | {
"text": [
"societal variables"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
5706477d75f01819005e7af6 | Black_people | Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term bla... | Are mixed race people classified as black? | {
"text": [
"mixed-race people are generally not classified as \"black.\""
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
5706480975f01819005e7afe | Black_people | The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English... | What made up Mauretania? | {
"text": [
"Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
5706480975f01819005e7aff | Black_people | The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English... | Who conquered parts of Mauretania? | {
"text": [
"The Romans"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5706480975f01819005e7b00 | Black_people | The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English... | During what period did Mauretania exist? | {
"text": [
"the classical period."
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
5706480975f01819005e7b01 | Black_people | The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English... | Where were the people of the region noted? | {
"text": [
"in Classical literature"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
5706480975f01819005e7b02 | Black_people | The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English... | What is Mauri in English? | {
"text": [
"Moors"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
5706498475f01819005e7b08 | Black_people | Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Af... | Where was the Arab Slave Trade? | {
"text": [
"North Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
5706498475f01819005e7b09 | Black_people | Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Af... | When were the Arab Invasions? | {
"text": [
"the 7th century"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
5706498475f01819005e7b0a | Black_people | Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Af... | Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? | {
"text": [
"North Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
5706498475f01819005e7b0b | Black_people | Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Af... | When did these communities begin? | {
"text": [
"some dating from prehistoric communities."
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
5706498475f01819005e7b0c | Black_people | Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Af... | Who are they descendants of? | {
"text": [
"Trans-Saharan trade in peoples"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
57064c4575f01819005e7b1a | Black_people | In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission. | When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live? | {
"text": [
"(1672–1727)"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
57064c4575f01819005e7b1b | Black_people | In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission. | How many black slaves did he own? | {
"text": [
"150,000"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
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