id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5729240c1d046914007790bb | States_of_Germany | In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for)... | What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout? | {
"text": [
"96.5%"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
5729240c1d046914007790bc | States_of_Germany | In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for)... | Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum? | {
"text": [
"Chancellor Konrad Adenauer"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
5729240c1d046914007790bd | States_of_Germany | In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for)... | The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what? | {
"text": [
"join the Federal Republic of Germany."
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
572924e26aef051400154a9c | States_of_Germany | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismi... | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
572924e26aef051400154a9d | States_of_Germany | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismi... | What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed? | {
"text": [
"filed a constitutional complaint"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
572924e26aef051400154a9e | States_of_Germany | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismi... | When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed? | {
"text": [
"July 1961"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
572924e26aef051400154a9f | States_of_Germany | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismi... | On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed | {
"text": [
"exclusively federal matter"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
572926bd6aef051400154aca | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his 28 October 1969 address? | {
"text": [
"Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
572926bd6aef051400154acb | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address? | {
"text": [
"Bonn"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
572926bd6aef051400154acc | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | An expert commission was established under which chairman? | {
"text": [
"Werner Ernst"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
572926bd6aef051400154acd | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | When did the expert commission deliver its report? | {
"text": [
"the district of Germersheim"
],
"answer_start": [
1052
]
} |
572926bd6aef051400154ace | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of? | {
"text": [
"Baden-Württemberg"
],
"answer_start": [
1106
]
} |
5729281f6aef051400154ae6 | States_of_Germany | The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Min... | Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law"? | {
"text": [
"Article 28"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
5729281f6aef051400154ae7 | States_of_Germany | The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Min... | Most states are governed by what figure? | {
"text": [
"Ministerpräsident"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
5729281f6aef051400154ae8 | States_of_Germany | The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Min... | What are most state legislatures called? | {
"text": [
"Landtag"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
5729281f6aef051400154ae9 | States_of_Germany | The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Min... | How is the Minister President chosen? | {
"text": [
"a majority vote among the Landtag's members"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
} |
5729281f6aef051400154aea | States_of_Germany | The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Min... | Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies? | {
"text": [
"a cabinet"
],
"answer_start": [
791
]
} |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1c | States_of_Germany | The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bav... | What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called? | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1d | States_of_Germany | The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bav... | What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia? | {
"text": [
"the State Government"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1e | States_of_Germany | The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bav... | What did Bavaria's government have before 2001? | {
"text": [
"a bicameral parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1f | States_of_Germany | The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bav... | How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
716
]
} |
57292b1f6aef051400154b20 | States_of_Germany | The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bav... | The parliament in Berlin is called what? | {
"text": [
"Abgeordnetenhaus"
],
"answer_start": [
1103
]
} |
57292bceaf94a219006aa155 | States_of_Germany | The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts ... | What are the districts of Germany considered? | {
"text": [
"administrative districts"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
57292bceaf94a219006aa156 | States_of_Germany | The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts ... | Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what? | {
"text": [
"\"rural districts\""
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
57292bceaf94a219006aa157 | States_of_Germany | The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts ... | How many urban districts are in Bremen? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
57292bceaf94a219006aa158 | States_of_Germany | The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts ... | Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time? | {
"text": [
"urban districts"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
572934ad1d04691400779163 | States_of_Germany | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city ... | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what? | {
"text": [
"one or more Kreisfreie Städte"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
572934ad1d04691400779164 | States_of_Germany | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city ... | What do local associations replace? | {
"text": [
"administrative entities at the district level"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
572934ad1d04691400779165 | States_of_Germany | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city ... | What are local associations intended to implement? | {
"text": [
"simplification of administration"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
572934ad1d04691400779166 | States_of_Germany | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city ... | What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into? | {
"text": [
"Kommunalverband besonderer Art"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
572934ad1d04691400779167 | States_of_Germany | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city ... | What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require? | {
"text": [
"the issuing of special laws"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
5729353d3f37b31900478101 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | Every rural district is subdivided into what? | {
"text": [
"municipalities"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
5729353d3f37b31900478102 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | Every urban district is what in its own right? | {
"text": [
"municipality"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
5729353d3f37b31900478103 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | How many municipalities are there? | {
"text": [
"12,141"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
5729353d3f37b31900478104 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany? | {
"text": [
"a municipality"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
5729353d3f37b31900478105 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | What are town rights called? | {
"text": [
"Stadtrechte"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
572936086aef051400154b78 | States_of_Germany | The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on... | Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities? | {
"text": [
"local governments can justify"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
572936086aef051400154b79 | States_of_Germany | The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on... | What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law. | {
"text": [
"Article 28(2)"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
572936086aef051400154b7a | States_of_Germany | The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on... | Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what? | {
"text": [
"a wide range of activities"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
572936086aef051400154b7b | States_of_Germany | The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on... | What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure? | {
"text": [
"development"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff5 | Glass | Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fi... | What ingredient makes glass colorful? | {
"text": [
"metallic salts"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff6 | Glass | Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fi... | What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass? | {
"text": [
"organic polymer plastic"
],
"answer_start": [
1178
]
} |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff7 | Glass | Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fi... | What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows? | {
"text": [
"transparency"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff8 | Glass | Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fi... | What type of glass products can be used for sending information? | {
"text": [
"optical fibers"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff9 | Glass | Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fi... | In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air? | {
"text": [
"thermal insulating material"
],
"answer_start": [
1100
]
} |
572913b8af94a219006aa037 | Glass | Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high ref... | What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot? | {
"text": [
"Iron"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
572913b8af94a219006aa038 | Glass | Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high ref... | How does barium affect glass? | {
"text": [
"increases the refractive index"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
572913b8af94a219006aa039 | Glass | Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high ref... | What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses? | {
"text": [
"radioactivity"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
572913b8af94a219006aa03a | Glass | Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high ref... | What is another name for lead glass? | {
"text": [
"flint glass"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
572913b8af94a219006aa03b | Glass | Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high ref... | What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index? | {
"text": [
"low dispersion"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
572914e2af94a219006aa04b | Glass | Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processi... | What causes glass to dissolve in water? | {
"text": [
"soda"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
572914e2af94a219006aa04c | Glass | Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processi... | Why is lime often added to glass? | {
"text": [
"better chemical durability"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
572914e2af94a219006aa04d | Glass | Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processi... | What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica? | {
"text": [
"70 to 74"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
572914e2af94a219006aa04e | Glass | Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processi... | What is a benefit of fused quartz? | {
"text": [
"excellent thermal shock characteristics"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
572914e2af94a219006aa04f | Glass | Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processi... | What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz? | {
"text": [
"high melting-temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
572923981d046914007790af | Glass | Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of... | What happens during refining? | {
"text": [
"removal of bubbles"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
572923981d046914007790b0 | Glass | Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of... | What method is used for making windows? | {
"text": [
"float glass process"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
572923981d046914007790b1 | Glass | Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of... | What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth? | {
"text": [
"nitrogen"
],
"answer_start": [
739
]
} |
572923981d046914007790b2 | Glass | Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of... | What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance? | {
"text": [
"alumina and calcium oxide"
],
"answer_start": [
939
]
} |
572923981d046914007790b3 | Glass | Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of... | Who were the inventors of the float glass process? | {
"text": [
"Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
572924f66aef051400154aa4 | Glass | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | What can be used to make glass less refractive? | {
"text": [
"boron"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
572924f66aef051400154aa5 | Glass | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | What is the refraction index of typical glass? | {
"text": [
"1.5"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
572924f66aef051400154aa6 | Glass | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | What is a toxic additive that increases refraction? | {
"text": [
"lead oxide"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
572924f66aef051400154aa7 | Glass | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | What are high-index glasses erroneously called? | {
"text": [
"crystal"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
572924f66aef051400154aa8 | Glass | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | Why are high-index glasses valued? | {
"text": [
"for their diamond-like optical properties"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
572925d76aef051400154ab8 | Glass | The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass an... | Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past? | {
"text": [
"silicate glasses"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
572925d76aef051400154ab9 | Glass | The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass an... | What kind of glass are containers made from? | {
"text": [
"soda-lime glass"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
572925d76aef051400154aba | Glass | The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass an... | What is sand mostly made of? | {
"text": [
"silica"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
572925d76aef051400154abb | Glass | The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass an... | What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from? | {
"text": [
"pure silica"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
} |
572925d76aef051400154abc | Glass | The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass an... | What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean? | {
"text": [
"silicate glasses"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
572927efaf94a219006aa117 | Glass | Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in ... | What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent? | {
"text": [
"internal subdivisions"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
572927efaf94a219006aa118 | Glass | Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in ... | What force gives glass its surface texture? | {
"text": [
"surface tension"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
} |
572927efaf94a219006aa119 | Glass | Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in ... | What, in contrast to glass, doesn't let light pass through? | {
"text": [
"polycrystalline materials"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
572927efaf94a219006aa11a | Glass | Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in ... | What type of glass absorbs some light? | {
"text": [
"colored"
],
"answer_start": [
878
]
} |
57292a1e1d046914007790fb | Glass | Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa... | What kind of glass exists in nature? | {
"text": [
"obsidian"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
57292a1e1d046914007790fc | Glass | Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa... | Obsidian is what type of glass? | {
"text": [
"volcanic"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
57292a1e1d046914007790fd | Glass | Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa... | What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times? | {
"text": [
"cutting tools"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
57292a1e1d046914007790fe | Glass | Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa... | When are the oldest beads thought to have been made? | {
"text": [
"mid third millennium BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
57292a1e1d046914007790ff | Glass | Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa... | What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing? | {
"text": [
"faience"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
572936abaf94a219006aa1a3 | Glass | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | What can give glass a faint green tinge? | {
"text": [
"iron(II) oxide"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
572936abaf94a219006aa1a4 | Glass | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | What can prevent a green color in glass? | {
"text": [
"Manganese dioxide"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
572936abaf94a219006aa1a5 | Glass | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | What other than additives can give glass a yellow color? | {
"text": [
"reducing combustion atmosphere"
],
"answer_start": [
725
]
} |
572936abaf94a219006aa1a6 | Glass | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black? | {
"text": [
"iron polysulfides"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
572936abaf94a219006aa1a7 | Glass | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass? | {
"text": [
"Color"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57293c473f37b31900478151 | Glass | Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and met... | What word does "glass" come from? | {
"text": [
"glesum"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
57293c473f37b31900478152 | Glass | Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and met... | Where did glasswork begin relatively late? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
57293c473f37b31900478153 | Glass | Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and met... | In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia? | {
"text": [
"1730 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
57293c473f37b31900478154 | Glass | Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and met... | What city was a center of glass production for the Romans? | {
"text": [
"Trier"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
57293c473f37b31900478155 | Glass | Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and met... | In what current country is Trier located? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
5729450a6aef051400154c2e | Glass | Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. Fr... | When did stained glass make a big comeback? | {
"text": [
"19th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
} |
5729450a6aef051400154c2f | Glass | Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. Fr... | When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship? | {
"text": [
"10th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
5729450a6aef051400154c30 | Glass | Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. Fr... | When did big windows of stained glass become less common? | {
"text": [
"the Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
761
]
} |
5729450a6aef051400154c31 | Glass | Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. Fr... | What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls? | {
"text": [
"Sainte-Chapelle"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
5729450a6aef051400154c32 | Glass | Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. Fr... | What did technological changes allow regular homes to have? | {
"text": [
"larger windows"
],
"answer_start": [
1201
]
} |
572946226aef051400154c38 | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | What type of glass is used in cars? | {
"text": [
"laminated"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
572946226aef051400154c39 | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | When did eyeglasses originate? | {
"text": [
"late Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
572946226aef051400154c3a | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material? | {
"text": [
"glass"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
572946226aef051400154c3b | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | What type of power systems use glass? | {
"text": [
"solar"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
572946226aef051400154c3c | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations? | {
"text": [
"astronomers"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
572947c3af94a219006aa247 | Glass | From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy ... | What famous lampmaker used glass? | {
"text": [
"Louis Comfort Tiffany"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.