id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5729e46baf94a219006aa6b0 | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | {
"text": [
"Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a3 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is determined by an object's movement through space? | {
"text": [
"kinetic energy"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a4 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy? | {
"text": [
"thermal energy"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a5 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is a function of the position of an object within a field? | {
"text": [
"potential energy"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
5729e5501d0469140077965b | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | What is dependent upon electrical potential energy? | {
"text": [
"Elastic energy in materials"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
5729e5501d0469140077965c | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Where is chemical energy stored and released? | {
"text": [
"from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
5729e5501d0469140077965d | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | {
"text": [
"kinetic"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550de | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is a term for living force? | {
"text": [
"vis viva"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550df | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared? | {
"text": [
"vis viva"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e0 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva? | {
"text": [
"Gottfried Leibniz"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e1 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | {
"text": [
"late 17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e2 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | {
"text": [
"Isaac Newton"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b3 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Young"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b4 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | {
"text": [
"1807"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b5 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who coined the term "potential energy?" | {
"text": [
"William Rankine"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b6 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat? | {
"text": [
"James Prescott Joule"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b7 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550e8 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | {
"text": [
"William Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550e9 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | {
"text": [
"Thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550ea | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy? | {
"text": [
"Jožef Stefan"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550eb | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time? | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f0 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is another energy-related concept? | {
"text": [
"Lagrangian"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f1 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Who is the Lagrangian named after? | {
"text": [
"Joseph-Louis Lagrange"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f2 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy? | {
"text": [
"Lagrangian"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f3 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems? | {
"text": [
"Lagrange formalism"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
5729e83f6aef0514001550f8 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | When was Noether's theorem created? | {
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
5729e83f6aef0514001550f9 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5729e83f6aef0514001550fa | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513a | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513b | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | {
"text": [
"Chemical reactions"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513c | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | {
"text": [
"e−E/kT"
],
"answer_start": [
961
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513d | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | Who created the population factor e-E/kT? | {
"text": [
"Boltzmann's"
],
"answer_start": [
931
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513e | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature? | {
"text": [
"Arrhenius equation"
],
"answer_start": [
1154
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155144 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155145 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | {
"text": [
"Energy"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155146 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What does H-e stand for? | {
"text": [
"Human energy conversion"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155147 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | How many watts is in one official horsepower? | {
"text": [
"746 watts"
],
"answer_start": [
1017
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | {
"text": [
"Sunlight"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e8 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What do plants release during photosynthesis? | {
"text": [
"oxygen"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e9 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What may be triggered suddenly by a spark? | {
"text": [
"Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6ea | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What are two low-energy compounds? | {
"text": [
"carbon dioxide and water"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
5729f4331d04691400779685 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | {
"text": [
"an external source of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
5729f4331d04691400779686 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult? | {
"text": [
"1500–2000"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
5729f4331d04691400779687 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | {
"text": [
"mitochondria"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
5729f51d6aef051400155160 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe? | {
"text": [
"The second law of thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
5729f51e6aef051400155161 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive? | {
"text": [
"living organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
5729f51e6aef051400155162 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | {
"text": [
"ecological niches"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
5729f6063f37b3190047860f | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy? | {
"text": [
"after it strikes the Earth"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
5729f6063f37b31900478610 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | {
"text": [
"Sunlight"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
5729f6063f37b31900478611 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event? | {
"text": [
"hurricane"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
5729f6063f37b31900478612 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | {
"text": [
"hurricane"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b31900478617 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks? | {
"text": [
"Earthquakes"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b31900478618 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release? | {
"text": [
"heat"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b31900478619 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | {
"text": [
"thermal energy"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b3190047861a | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What is mechanical potential energy? | {
"text": [
"elastic strain"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa6ff | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations? | {
"text": [
"stellar phenomena"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa700 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | {
"text": [
"nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa701 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | {
"text": [
"Big Bang"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa702 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | {
"text": [
"fusion"
],
"answer_start": [
882
]
} |
5729f80c6aef051400155166 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5729f80c6aef051400155167 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system? | {
"text": [
"The Schrödinger equation"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
5729f80c6aef051400155168 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems? | {
"text": [
"The Schrödinger equation"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
5729f8db6aef051400155174 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains? | {
"text": [
"electron–positron annihilation"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5729f8db6aef051400155175 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the inverse process called? | {
"text": [
"pair creation"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
5729f8db6aef051400155176 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | {
"text": [
"pair creation"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779695 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | {
"text": [
"Carnot's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779696 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is the direction of transformations in energy? | {
"text": [
"what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779697 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is often determined by entropy considerations? | {
"text": [
"direction of transformations in energy"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71d | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name an example of a heavy isotope? | {
"text": [
"uranium"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71e | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name another example of a heavy isotope. | {
"text": [
"thorium"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71f | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth? | {
"text": [
"nucleosynthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa720 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time? | {
"text": [
"chemical potential energy"
],
"answer_start": [
866
]
} |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa725 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | When does energy give rise to weight? | {
"text": [
"when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa726 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | Mass is also equivalent to what? | {
"text": [
"certain amount of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa727 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | Who created the formula E = mc2? | {
"text": [
"Albert Einstein"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa728 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | In what year did Einstein create E = mc2? | {
"text": [
"1905"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa729 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity? | {
"text": [
"E = mc²"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517a | Energy | Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of... | Matter may be converted to what? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517b | Energy | Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of... | Energy may be converted to what? | {
"text": [
"Matter"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517c | Energy | Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of... | Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight? | {
"text": [
"mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517d | Energy | Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of... | Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found? | {
"text": [
"high-energy nuclear physics"
],
"answer_start": [
881
]
} |
5729fe926aef051400155182 | Energy | Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), witho... | Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds? | {
"text": [
"reversible processes and irreversible processes"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5729fe926aef051400155183 | Energy | Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), witho... | What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes? | {
"text": [
"Thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5729fe926aef051400155184 | Energy | Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), witho... | A reversible process is one in which this does not happen. | {
"text": [
"dissipation"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
5729ff176aef051400155192 | Energy | As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fracti... | As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what? | {
"text": [
"irreversible states"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
5729ff176aef051400155193 | Energy | As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fracti... | What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states? | {
"text": [
"inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
5729ff176aef051400155194 | Energy | As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fracti... | In this heat death of energy, what does not change? | {
"text": [
"energy of the universe"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
5729ffedaf94a219006aa743 | Energy | According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict glo... | According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself? | {
"text": [
"conservation of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
5729ffedaf94a219006aa745 | Energy | According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict glo... | What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
572a0071af94a219006aa749 | Energy | This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently... | What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time? | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
572a0071af94a219006aa74a | Energy | This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently... | What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
572a0071af94a219006aa74b | Energy | This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently... | This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what? | {
"text": [
"the uncertainty principle"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
572a0071af94a219006aa74c | Energy | This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently... | What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval? | {
"text": [
"uncertainty principle"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
572a00d23f37b31900478637 | Energy | In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest qua... | What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons? | {
"text": [
"Virtual photons"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
572a00d23f37b31900478638 | Energy | In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest qua... | What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges? | {
"text": [
"Virtual photons"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
572a00d23f37b31900478639 | Energy | In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest qua... | What results in Coulomb law? | {
"text": [
"electrostatic interaction between electric charges"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
572a016b3f37b3190047863d | Energy | Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during... | What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter? | {
"text": [
"Energy transfer"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a016b3f37b3190047863e | Energy | Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during... | The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what? | {
"text": [
"heat"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
572a016b3f37b3190047863f | Energy | Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during... | Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems? | {
"text": [
"transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
572a01dc1d046914007796c1 | Energy | The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to... | What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. | {
"text": [
"first law of thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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