id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a2b821d04691400779803 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what? | {
"text": [
"physically possible process"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779804 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | How is our experience of time at the macro level? | {
"text": [
"not time-reversal invariant"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779805 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | What do we not have memories of? | {
"text": [
"the future"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | How are things in statistical mechanics? | {
"text": [
"complicated"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | What are superior to classical thermodynamics? | {
"text": [
"statistical mechanics"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? | {
"text": [
"a statistical postulate"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal? | {
"text": [
"symmetric"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536e | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics? | {
"text": [
"not an absolute law"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
572a34b91d0469140077984f | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechani... | What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue? | {
"text": [
"the laws are not time-reversal symmetric"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
572a34b91d04691400779850 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechani... | What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile? | {
"text": [
"weak nuclear force"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
572a34b91d04691400779851 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechani... | Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry? | {
"text": [
"macroscopic"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution? | {
"text": [
"Tim Maudlin"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry? | {
"text": [
"intrinsic"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | What grounds the distinction between sequences? | {
"text": [
"asymmetry"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time? | {
"text": [
"Maudlin"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a2 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time? | {
"text": [
"J. M. E. McTaggart"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a3 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | What was McTaggart's first series called? | {
"text": [
"the A-series"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else? | {
"text": [
"each other"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | What is McTaggart's second series called? | {
"text": [
"The B-series"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f3 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities? | {
"text": [
"Presentism"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what? | {
"text": [
"exist"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions | {
"text": [
"Eternalist"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present? | {
"text": [
"all things—past, present, and future"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f7 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer? | {
"text": [
"special language"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects? | {
"text": [
"somewhat similar"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fe | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times? | {
"text": [
"endurantist"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8ff | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality? | {
"text": [
"perdurantist"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa900 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Which view is seen as conventional? | {
"text": [
"Endurantism"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa901 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Who is an example of a perdurantist? | {
"text": [
"David Lewis"
],
"answer_start": [
878
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779875 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | How can asymmetry of causation be observed? | {
"text": [
"in a non-arbitrary way"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779876 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
958
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779877 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction? | {
"text": [
"temporal"
],
"answer_start": [
1373
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779878 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to? | {
"text": [
"implications of form and functional capacity"
],
"answer_start": [
1416
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d3 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age? | {
"text": [
"the Neolithic"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d4 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era preceded the Neolithic? | {
"text": [
"Holocene Epipaleolithic period"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d5 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What event is associated with the start of farming? | {
"text": [
"Neolithic Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d6 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era saw an increase in metal tool use? | {
"text": [
"Copper Age"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155272 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture? | {
"text": [
"10,200 – 8,800 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155273 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | Where did the Neolithic culture begin? | {
"text": [
"Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155274 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | What food item was the key to the evolution of farming? | {
"text": [
"wild cereals"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155275 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC? | {
"text": [
"The Natufian period"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7e9 | Neolithic | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ? | {
"text": [
"pottery"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7ea | Neolithic | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop? | {
"text": [
"agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7eb | Neolithic | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures? | {
"text": [
"independent domestication events"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7ef | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start? | {
"text": [
"roughly 10,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f0 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located? | {
"text": [
"Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f1 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple? | {
"text": [
"nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f2 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | What is the name of earliest man made place of worship? | {
"text": [
"Göbekli Tepe"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
572a1bc11d0469140077979d | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start? | {
"text": [
"around 8,800 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
572a1bc11d0469140077979e | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | What era followed the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era? | {
"text": [
"the Mesolithic era"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
572a1bc11d0469140077979f | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | How many settlers were found in Jordan? | {
"text": [
"3,000 inhabitants"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
572a1bc11d046914007797a0 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East? | {
"text": [
"Ain Ghazal"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b6 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) phase start? | {
"text": [
"Around 10,200 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b7 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel? | {
"text": [
"Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b8 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel? | {
"text": [
"2"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b9 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA? | {
"text": [
"Jericho"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552ba | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho? | {
"text": [
"stone and marble"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
572a1ef73f37b319004786ff | Neolithic | In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a ... | What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods? | {
"text": [
"Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
572a1ef73f37b31900478700 | Neolithic | In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a ... | What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods? | {
"text": [
"social, economic and cultural characteristics"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
572a1ef73f37b31900478701 | Neolithic | In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a ... | When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5? | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
572a1ef73f37b31900478702 | Neolithic | In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a ... | What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods? | {
"text": [
"Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
572a20041d046914007797b5 | Neolithic | Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases a... | When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt? | {
"text": [
"6,000 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
572a20041d046914007797b6 | Neolithic | Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases a... | How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock? | {
"text": [
"fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
572a20041d046914007797b7 | Neolithic | Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases a... | What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture? | {
"text": [
"the Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
572a213aaf94a219006aa819 | Neolithic | In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (L... | When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe? | {
"text": [
"7th millennium BC"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
572a213aaf94a219006aa81a | Neolithic | In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (L... | Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found? | {
"text": [
"Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
572a213aaf94a219006aa81b | Neolithic | In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (L... | What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC? | {
"text": [
"Anthropomorphic figurines"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
572a213aaf94a219006aa81c | Neolithic | In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (L... | What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? | {
"text": [
"cultural diffusion and migration of peoples"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
572a213aaf94a219006aa81d | Neolithic | In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (L... | Who possibly created the earliest system of writing? | {
"text": [
"The Vinča culture"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
572a22271d046914007797c9 | Neolithic | In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding t... | When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea? | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572a22271d046914007797ca | Neolithic | In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding t... | What time period was the Korean farm site dated? | {
"text": [
"between 3600 and 3000 B.C."
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
572a22271d046914007797cb | Neolithic | In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding t... | What items were found on the Korean farm site? | {
"text": [
"Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
572a22271d046914007797cc | Neolithic | In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding t... | What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site? | {
"text": [
"accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
} |
572a23643f37b31900478727 | Neolithic | In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neo... | What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC? | {
"text": [
"crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
572a23643f37b31900478728 | Neolithic | In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neo... | What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education? | {
"text": [
"Formative stage"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
572a23643f37b31900478729 | Neolithic | In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neo... | What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education? | {
"text": [
"Archaic Era"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
572a23643f37b3190047872a | Neolithic | In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neo... | What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during 500 to 1200 C.E.? | {
"text": [
"bow and arrow"
],
"answer_start": [
794
]
} |
572a24993f37b31900478739 | Neolithic | During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic ... | What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia? | {
"text": [
"small tribes"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
572a24993f37b3190047873a | Neolithic | During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic ... | What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age? | {
"text": [
"social stratification"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
572a24993f37b3190047873b | Neolithic | During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic ... | What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies? | {
"text": [
"Paleolithic cultures"
],
"answer_start": [
797
]
} |
572a257e6aef051400155302 | Neolithic | The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who c... | What caused a major increase in social inequality? | {
"text": [
"domestication of large animals"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572a257e6aef051400155303 | Neolithic | The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who c... | What started competition between families for wealth? | {
"text": [
"Possession of livestock"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
572a257e6aef051400155304 | Neolithic | The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who c... | Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock? | {
"text": [
"Neolithic pastoralists"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
572a257e6aef051400155305 | Neolithic | The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who c... | What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital? | {
"text": [
"Catal Huyuk"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
572a270a1d046914007797e5 | Neolithic | Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC... | What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life? | {
"text": [
"the household"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
572a270a1d046914007797e6 | Neolithic | Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC... | What time period were the huge circular ditches found in? | {
"text": [
"4800 BC and 4600 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
572a270a1d046914007797e7 | Neolithic | Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC... | What did the ditches later evolve into? | {
"text": [
"causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
572a270a1d046914007797e8 | Neolithic | Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC... | What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command? | {
"text": [
"required considerable time and labour to construct"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
572a2a391d046914007797f3 | Neolithic | There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "... | Where was evidence of fortified settlements found? | {
"text": [
"Linearbandkeramik"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
572a2a391d046914007797f4 | Neolithic | There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "... | What did some villages fortify their settlements with? | {
"text": [
"a palisade and an outer ditch"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
572a2a391d046914007797f5 | Neolithic | There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "... | What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements? | {
"text": [
"weapon-traumatized bones"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
572a2a391d046914007797f6 | Neolithic | There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "... | What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era? | {
"text": [
"the Talheim Death Pit"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
572a2e201d04691400779821 | Neolithic | Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explici... | What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders? | {
"text": [
"Control of labour"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a2e201d04691400779822 | Neolithic | Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explici... | What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies? | {
"text": [
"Marxist concept of primitive communism"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
572a2e201d04691400779823 | Neolithic | Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explici... | What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders? | {
"text": [
"inter-group conflict"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572a30906aef05140015534a | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era? | {
"text": [
"shelter"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572a30906aef05140015534b | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | What era consisted of people living temporary homes? | {
"text": [
"paleolithic"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
572a30906aef05140015534c | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era? | {
"text": [
"mud brick houses"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
572a30906aef05140015534d | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes? | {
"text": [
"The growth of agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
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