Split (2)

train · 82.9k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringlengths 3 59	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 217	answers dict
57301e6bb2c2fd14005688bd	Roman_Republic	Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from h...	Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey?	{ "text": [ "Clodius" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57301e6bb2c2fd14005688be	Roman_Republic	Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from h...	What political position were Pompey and Crassus assured they would receive in 55 BC?	{ "text": [ "consul" ], "answer_start": [ 411 ] }
57301e6bb2c2fd14005688bf	Roman_Republic	Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from h...	What caused the death of Julius Caesar's female offspring?	{ "text": [ "childbirth" ], "answer_start": [ 739 ] }
57301e6bb2c2fd14005688c0	Roman_Republic	Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from h...	Which individual ran for consul in 55 BC?	{ "text": [ "Domitius Ahenobarbus" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
57301e6bb2c2fd14005688c1	Roman_Republic	Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from h...	Who was responsible for an expedition against the Parthian Kingdom?	{ "text": [ "Crassus" ], "answer_start": [ 491 ] }
5730239eb2c2fd1400568931	Roman_Republic	Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed ...	In which year did Clodius die?	{ "text": [ "52 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 132 ] }
5730239eb2c2fd1400568932	Roman_Republic	Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed ...	Who was responsible for the death of Clodius?	{ "text": [ "Milo" ], "answer_start": [ 182 ] }
5730239eb2c2fd1400568933	Roman_Republic	Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed ...	Who did the senators decide would aid them in their conflict with Caesar?	{ "text": [ "Pompey" ], "answer_start": [ 492 ] }
5730239eb2c2fd1400568934	Roman_Republic	Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed ...	What type of powers were granted to Pompey by the senate?	{ "text": [ "dictatorial" ], "answer_start": [ 632 ] }
5730239eb2c2fd1400568935	Roman_Republic	Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed ...	Ultimately what forced the senate to abandon Rome and flee to Greece?	{ "text": [ "Caesar's rapid advance" ], "answer_start": [ 840 ] }
573024cc04bcaa1900d7721d	Roman_Republic	Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given ...	In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?	{ "text": [ "Caesar" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
573024cc04bcaa1900d7721e	Roman_Republic	Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given ...	What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?	{ "text": [ "power to veto" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
573024cc04bcaa1900d7721f	Roman_Republic	Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given ...	In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?	{ "text": [ "46 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 296 ] }
573024cc04bcaa1900d77220	Roman_Republic	Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given ...	What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?	{ "text": [ "raised the membership of the Senate to 900" ], "answer_start": [ 407 ] }
5730260904bcaa1900d7722d	Roman_Republic	Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla...	On what date was Caesar killed?	{ "text": [ "March 15, 44 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 27 ] }
5730260904bcaa1900d7722e	Roman_Republic	Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla...	Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?	{ "text": [ "senators" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
5730260904bcaa1900d7722f	Roman_Republic	Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla...	What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?	{ "text": [ "the monarchy" ], "answer_start": [ 298 ] }
5730260904bcaa1900d77230	Roman_Republic	Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla...	Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?	{ "text": [ "Caesar" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5730260904bcaa1900d77231	Roman_Republic	Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla...	Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?	{ "text": [ "fear of retaliation" ], "answer_start": [ 522 ] }
573027a5b2c2fd1400568981	Roman_Republic	After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena...	Who was soon allied with Caesar's adopted son following his death?	{ "text": [ "Mark Antony" ], "answer_start": [ 25 ] }
573027a5b2c2fd1400568982	Roman_Republic	After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena...	In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?	{ "text": [ "42 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 464 ] }
573027a5b2c2fd1400568983	Roman_Republic	After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena...	How did Mark Antony die?	{ "text": [ "he committed suicide" ], "answer_start": [ 622 ] }
573027a5b2c2fd1400568984	Roman_Republic	After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena...	What was the alliance that was formed with Marcus Lepidus named?	{ "text": [ "the Second Triumvirate" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
573027a5b2c2fd1400568985	Roman_Republic	After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena...	In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?	{ "text": [ "Battle of Actium" ], "answer_start": [ 591 ] }
57302972b2c2fd140056899d	Roman_Republic	As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ...	Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?	{ "text": [ "Rome's military" ], "answer_start": [ 36 ] }
57302972b2c2fd140056899e	Roman_Republic	As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ...	What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?	{ "text": [ "obstinate persistence" ], "answer_start": [ 952 ] }
57302972b2c2fd140056899f	Roman_Republic	As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ...	What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?	{ "text": [ "civil war" ], "answer_start": [ 464 ] }
57302972b2c2fd14005689a0	Roman_Republic	As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ...	What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?	{ "text": [ "defense of an ally" ], "answer_start": [ 426 ] }
57302aab04bcaa1900d772a5	Roman_Republic	During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ru...	Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?	{ "text": [ "Servius Tullius" ], "answer_start": [ 301 ] }
57302aab04bcaa1900d772a6	Roman_Republic	During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ru...	Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?	{ "text": [ "wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment" ], "answer_start": [ 425 ] }
57302aab04bcaa1900d772a7	Roman_Republic	During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ru...	Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation?	{ "text": [ "wealthiest citizens" ], "answer_start": [ 425 ] }
57302aab04bcaa1900d772a8	Roman_Republic	During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ru...	From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?	{ "text": [ "Greeks" ], "answer_start": [ 172 ] }
57302aab04bcaa1900d772a9	Roman_Republic	During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ru...	Where did Dionysius hail from?	{ "text": [ "Halicarnassus" ], "answer_start": [ 375 ] }
57302c1e04bcaa1900d772cd	Roman_Republic	One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch...	What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?	{ "text": [ "only effective when fighting in large, open spaces" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
57302c1e04bcaa1900d772ce	Roman_Republic	One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch...	In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?	{ "text": [ "4th century BC" ], "answer_start": [ 212 ] }
57302c1e04bcaa1900d772cf	Roman_Republic	One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch...	What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle?	{ "text": [ "manipular formation" ], "answer_start": [ 292 ] }
57302c1e04bcaa1900d772d0	Roman_Republic	One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch...	Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?	{ "text": [ "copied from Rome's Samnite enemies" ], "answer_start": [ 474 ] }
57302c1e04bcaa1900d772d1	Roman_Republic	One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch...	What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula?	{ "text": [ "hilly terrain" ], "answer_start": [ 161 ] }
57302da5b2c2fd1400568a09	Roman_Republic	The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were de...	How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?	{ "text": [ "300 horsemen" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0a	Roman_Republic	The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were de...	Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?	{ "text": [ "richest class of equestrians" ], "answer_start": [ 186 ] }
57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0b	Roman_Republic	The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were de...	What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of?	{ "text": [ "lower social classes." ], "answer_start": [ 562 ] }
57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0c	Roman_Republic	The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were de...	Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry?	{ "text": [ "light infantry" ], "answer_start": [ 470 ] }
57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0d	Roman_Republic	The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were de...	What type of infantry joined light, and the cavalry in battle?	{ "text": [ "heavy infantry" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
57302f5e947a6a140053d24a	Roman_Republic	Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi...	Where did Rome receive half of their army from?	{ "text": [ "the Socii" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
57302f5e947a6a140053d24b	Roman_Republic	Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi...	How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?	{ "text": [ "900 cavalry" ], "answer_start": [ 547 ] }
57302f5e947a6a140053d24c	Roman_Republic	Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi...	How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?	{ "text": [ "770,000 men" ], "answer_start": [ 297 ] }
57302f5e947a6a140053d24d	Roman_Republic	Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi...	What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?	{ "text": [ "alae" ], "answer_start": [ 471 ] }
57302f5e947a6a140053d24e	Roman_Republic	Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi...	What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?	{ "text": [ "military confederation with the other peoples" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
573035d7b2c2fd1400568a85	Roman_Republic	The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both...	During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?	{ "text": [ "2nd century BC" ], "answer_start": [ 362 ] }
573035d7b2c2fd1400568a86	Roman_Republic	The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both...	What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?	{ "text": [ "greater collapse of the middle classes" ], "answer_start": [ 550 ] }
573035d7b2c2fd1400568a87	Roman_Republic	The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both...	What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?	{ "text": [ "property" ], "answer_start": [ 334 ] }
573035d7b2c2fd1400568a88	Roman_Republic	The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both...	What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?	{ "text": [ "huge losses incurred during various wars" ], "answer_start": [ 453 ] }
5730382aa23a5019007fcfa9	Roman_Republic	In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for...	Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?	{ "text": [ "all citizens" ], "answer_start": [ 134 ] }
5730382aa23a5019007fcfaa	Roman_Republic	In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for...	Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?	{ "text": [ "citizen stock" ], "answer_start": [ 590 ] }
5730382aa23a5019007fcfab	Roman_Republic	In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for...	Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?	{ "text": [ "non-citizens" ], "answer_start": [ 611 ] }
5730382aa23a5019007fcfac	Roman_Republic	In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for...	Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?	{ "text": [ "Gaius Marius" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
5730382aa23a5019007fcfad	Roman_Republic	In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for...	What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?	{ "text": [ "Marian reforms" ], "answer_start": [ 24 ] }
573039c004bcaa1900d773c5	Roman_Republic	The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each centu...	Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?	{ "text": [ "480 infantrymen" ], "answer_start": [ 163 ] }
573039c004bcaa1900d773c6	Roman_Republic	The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each centu...	How many troops were placed into each tent group?	{ "text": [ "8 men" ], "answer_start": [ 370 ] }
573039c004bcaa1900d773c7	Roman_Republic	The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each centu...	Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield?	{ "text": [ "cavalry troops" ], "answer_start": [ 386 ] }
573039c004bcaa1900d773c8	Roman_Republic	The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each centu...	What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion?	{ "text": [ "cohort" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
57303b58947a6a140053d2e0	Roman_Republic	After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large ...	In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates?	{ "text": [ "Mediterranean Sea" ], "answer_start": [ 344 ] }
57303b58947a6a140053d2e1	Roman_Republic	After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large ...	Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities?	{ "text": [ "as many as a thousand ships" ], "answer_start": [ 436 ] }
57303b58947a6a140053d2e2	Roman_Republic	After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large ...	Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the English Channel?	{ "text": [ "Caesar" ], "answer_start": [ 199 ] }
57303b58947a6a140053d2e3	Roman_Republic	After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large ...	What was the driving force behind the revitalization of the Roman naval forces?	{ "text": [ "to meet several new demands" ], "answer_start": [ 164 ] }
57303b58947a6a140053d2e4	Roman_Republic	After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large ...	What aspect of the Roman military saw a decline in size after the subjugation of the Mediterranean?	{ "text": [ "Roman navy" ], "answer_start": [ 82 ] }
57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab1	Roman_Republic	The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a...	What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?	{ "text": [ "the esteem and prestige of the senators" ], "answer_start": [ 45 ] }
57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab2	Roman_Republic	The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a...	Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?	{ "text": [ "the senate" ], "answer_start": [ 560 ] }
57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab3	Roman_Republic	The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a...	What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called?	{ "text": [ "senatus consulta" ], "answer_start": [ 251 ] }
57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab4	Roman_Republic	The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a...	What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate?	{ "text": [ "foreign policy" ], "answer_start": [ 461 ] }
57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab5	Roman_Republic	The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a...	What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress?	{ "text": [ "the senate itself would select its members" ], "answer_start": [ 1109 ] }
57303f17b2c2fd1400568adf	Roman_Republic	The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and politi...	What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?	{ "text": [ "legal status of Roman citizenship" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae0	Roman_Republic	The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and politi...	Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?	{ "text": [ "assemblies" ], "answer_start": [ 413 ] }
57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae1	Roman_Republic	The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and politi...	Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?	{ "text": [ "optimo jure" ], "answer_start": [ 682 ] }
57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae2	Roman_Republic	The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and politi...	Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect?	{ "text": [ "magistrates" ], "answer_start": [ 432 ] }
57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae3	Roman_Republic	The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and politi...	What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in?	{ "text": [ "concilia" ], "answer_start": [ 714 ] }
57304103b2c2fd1400568afb	Roman_Republic	Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until ...	What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?	{ "text": [ "Comitia Centuriata" ], "answer_start": [ 232 ] }
57304103b2c2fd1400568afc	Roman_Republic	Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until ...	What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?	{ "text": [ "centuries" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
57304103b2c2fd1400568afe	Roman_Republic	Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until ...	Which elected official had imperium powers?	{ "text": [ "magistrates" ], "answer_start": [ 416 ] }
5730426f04bcaa1900d7742d	Roman_Republic	The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure ...	How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?	{ "text": [ "35 tribes" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
5730426f04bcaa1900d7742e	Roman_Republic	The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure ...	How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?	{ "text": [ "geographical subdivisions" ], "answer_start": [ 196 ] }
5730426f04bcaa1900d7742f	Roman_Republic	The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure ...	What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?	{ "text": [ "the Comitia Tributa" ], "answer_start": [ 423 ] }
5730426f04bcaa1900d77431	Roman_Republic	The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure ...	Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?	{ "text": [ "a plebeian" ], "answer_start": [ 746 ] }
573043a9947a6a140053d37c	Roman_Republic	Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the au...	Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate?	{ "text": [ "People of Rome" ], "answer_start": [ 72 ] }
573043a9947a6a140053d37d	Roman_Republic	Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the au...	What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power?	{ "text": [ "imperium" ], "answer_start": [ 229 ] }
573043a9947a6a140053d37e	Roman_Republic	Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the au...	What did the constitutional power of imperium grant a magistrate?	{ "text": [ "authority to command a military force" ], "answer_start": [ 318 ] }
573043a9947a6a140053d37f	Roman_Republic	Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the au...	What would be one of the duties that a newly elected magistrate could expect to perform?	{ "text": [ "to look for omens" ], "answer_start": [ 622 ] }
573043a9947a6a140053d380	Roman_Republic	Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the au...	What power was in possession of every single magistrate in Rome?	{ "text": [ "power of coercion" ], "answer_start": [ 386 ] }
573045afa23a5019007fd039	Roman_Republic	One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit...	How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?	{ "text": [ "one-year" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
573045afa23a5019007fd03a	Roman_Republic	One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit...	How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?	{ "text": [ "at least two people" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
573045afa23a5019007fd03b	Roman_Republic	One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit...	What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus?	{ "text": [ "Provocatio" ], "answer_start": [ 166 ] }
573045afa23a5019007fd03c	Roman_Republic	One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit...	What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued?	{ "text": [ "promagistrate" ], "answer_start": [ 716 ] }
573045afa23a5019007fd03d	Roman_Republic	One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit...	Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?	{ "text": [ "a tribune" ], "answer_start": [ 386 ] }
57304721b2c2fd1400568b5b	Roman_Republic	The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa...	Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?	{ "text": [ "Consuls" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
57304721b2c2fd1400568b5c	Roman_Republic	The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa...	Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?	{ "text": [ "Praetors" ], "answer_start": [ 405 ] }
57304721b2c2fd1400568b5d	Roman_Republic	The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa...	Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?	{ "text": [ "two censors" ], "answer_start": [ 488 ] }
57304721b2c2fd1400568b5e	Roman_Republic	The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa...	How long could an elected censor remain in office for?	{ "text": [ "18-month term" ], "answer_start": [ 520 ] }
57304721b2c2fd1400568b5f	Roman_Republic	The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa...	What officer primarily had duties over finance matters?	{ "text": [ "quaestors" ], "answer_start": [ 781 ] }
57304904947a6a140053d39e	Roman_Republic	Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. O...	How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?	{ "text": [ "six months" ], "answer_start": [ 530 ] }
57304904947a6a140053d39f	Roman_Republic	Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. O...	What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?	{ "text": [ "Constitutional government would be dissolved" ], "answer_start": [ 542 ] }

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