id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a12 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement? | {
"text": [
"Chu and Jin"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a13 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | What period was the Chu kingdom in? | {
"text": [
"Spring"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a14 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | What period was the Jin kingdom in? | {
"text": [
"Autumn"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a15 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China? | {
"text": [
"Korea and Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
796
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a16 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | What did ancient China call its police? | {
"text": [
"prefects"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcb | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What war ended in 1479? | {
"text": [
"War of the Castilian Succession"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcc | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | Who formed Spain's first national police force? | {
"text": [
"Ferdinand and Isabella"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcd | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish? | {
"text": [
"Santa Hermandad"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fce | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What does Santa Hermandad mean? | {
"text": [
"Holy Brotherhood"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcf | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | When did Spain suppress local police units? | {
"text": [
"1835"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab68 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties? | {
"text": [
"The Marshal of France and the Constable of France"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab69 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified? | {
"text": [
"Great Officers of the Crown of France"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6a | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Marshal's force called? | {
"text": [
"the Marshalcy"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6b | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Constable's force called, in English? | {
"text": [
"the Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6c | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Constable's force called, in French? | {
"text": [
"Connétablie"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff867 | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | In what year did Paris get a police force? | {
"text": [
"1667"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff868 | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | Who created Paris's police force? | {
"text": [
"King Louis XIV"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff869 | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the largest European city in 1667? | {
"text": [
"Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff86a | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English? | {
"text": [
"lieutenant general of police"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff86b | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French? | {
"text": [
"lieutenant général de police"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a26 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | Who was Paris's first head of police? | {
"text": [
"Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a27 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | How many commissioners worked under Reynie? | {
"text": [
"44"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a28 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | How many policing districts was Paris divided into? | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a29 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France? | {
"text": [
"October 1699"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a2a | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | When were police inspectors added to Paris's police? | {
"text": [
"1709"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab86 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | When did the French language adopt the word 'police'? | {
"text": [
"in the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab87 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | What language did French borrow the word 'police' from? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab88 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'? | {
"text": [
"Britannica 1911"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab89 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | When were the Marine Police created in the UK? | {
"text": [
"1798"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab8a | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | What was the first use of 'police' in the UK? | {
"text": [
"the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab90 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police? | {
"text": [
"Patrick Colquhoun"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab91 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force? | {
"text": [
"1797"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab92 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force? | {
"text": [
"docks"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab93 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year? | {
"text": [
"£500,000"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab94 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | How did Colquhoun praise the French police? | {
"text": [
"\"the greatest degree of perfection\""
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9a | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force? | {
"text": [
"50"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9b | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing? | {
"text": [
"33,000"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9c | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals? | {
"text": [
"11,000"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9d | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year? | {
"text": [
"£122,000"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9e | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | When was the Thames River Police made a public service? | {
"text": [
"28 July 180"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba4 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | Who started the Bow Street detectives? | {
"text": [
"Henry and John Fielding"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba5 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | How did the Bow Street group pay their employees? | {
"text": [
"stipendiary system"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba6 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | How did the Thames River Police pay their employees? | {
"text": [
"full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba7 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police? | {
"text": [
"Robert Peel"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba8 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work? | {
"text": [
"full-time"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabae | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | Which law established Glasgow's police? | {
"text": [
"Glasgow Police Act"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabaf | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | When was Glasgow's police force established? | {
"text": [
"1800"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb0 | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | Which law established Ireland's police? | {
"text": [
"Irish Constabulary Act"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb1 | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | When was Ireland's police force established? | {
"text": [
"1822"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb2 | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | What was Ireland's police force called? | {
"text": [
"Royal Irish Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabb8 | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | Who was the 'father of modern policing'? | {
"text": [
"Peel"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabb9 | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | Whose philosophy influenced Peel? | {
"text": [
"Jeremy Bentham"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabba | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | What political position did Bentham think police should have? | {
"text": [
"neutral"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabbb | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | How did Peel standardize police? | {
"text": [
"as an official paid profession"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabbc | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | How did Peel organize police? | {
"text": [
"in a civilian fashion"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd4 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed? | {
"text": [
"1829"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd5 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of? | {
"text": [
"the judicial system"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd6 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | Where was the 'Continental model' of police from? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd7 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | What part of the government did French police work under? | {
"text": [
"the authority of the monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff3 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | When did Rio get its first police investigator? | {
"text": [
"1566"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff4 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century? | {
"text": [
"most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff5 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment? | {
"text": [
"July 9, 1775"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff6 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808? | {
"text": [
"Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff7 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | Who invaded Portugal in 1808? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a60 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When did Canada get its first police? | {
"text": [
"1729"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a61 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | What was Canada's first police force? | {
"text": [
"Royal Newfoundland Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a62 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Toronto police created? | {
"text": [
"1834"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a63 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Montreal police created? | {
"text": [
"1838"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a64 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When were the first Mounties created? | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff88f | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | What were the Old West's local police options? | {
"text": [
"poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff890 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police? | {
"text": [
"The Army"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff891 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which private contractor acted as police for businesses? | {
"text": [
"Pinkerton National Detective Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff892 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height? | {
"text": [
"Army"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6a | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept? | {
"text": [
"German and French"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6b | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? | {
"text": [
"Nicolas Delamare"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6c | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? | {
"text": [
"Traité de la Police"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6d | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published? | {
"text": [
"1705"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6e | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What was von Hornigk's career? | {
"text": [
"Political economist and civil servant"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a74 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? | {
"text": [
"Foucault"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a75 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? | {
"text": [
"procuring abundance"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a76 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? | {
"text": [
"mercantilist theory"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0e | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? | {
"text": [
"Edwin Chadwick"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0f | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | When was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
"text": [
"1829"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac10 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Where was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
"text": [
"London Review"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac11 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What did Chadwick say police should be focused on? | {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac12 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What was the alternative to prevention? | {
"text": [
"a deterrent of punishment"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac18 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? | {
"text": [
"patrol duties"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac19 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Where do some think the most important police work happens? | {
"text": [
"on patrol"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac1a | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | How do patrol officers affect crime? | {
"text": [
"prevent crime by their presence"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602011 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Nadelmann write about global policing? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602012 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Sheptycki write about global policing? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602013 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? | {
"text": [
"international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a86 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a87 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"anarchist agitators and other political radicals"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a88 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | Which police force monitored Karl Marx? | {
"text": [
"Prussian"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What international police agency was created before WW2? | {
"text": [
"Interpol"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a8a | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | In what era did cross-border policing increase? | {
"text": [
"post–Cold War"
],
"answer_start": [
1050
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac28 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation? | {
"text": [
"the English Channel region"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac29 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2a | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
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