id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2b | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When was the Schengen Treaty signed? | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202b | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? | {
"text": [
"outside of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202c | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices? | {
"text": [
"Alain"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202d | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What kind of policing has become common practice? | {
"text": [
"Intelligence-led"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602035 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Where has transnational policing become more important? | {
"text": [
"in United Nations peacekeeping"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602036 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What kind of countries get assistance with policing? | {
"text": [
"weak, failed or failing states"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602037 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007? | {
"text": [
"Goldsmith and Sheptycki"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a90 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007? | {
"text": [
"Lloyd, et al."
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a91 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | What is the least-accountable IGO? | {
"text": [
"Interpol"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a92 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | How accountable is Interpol? | {
"text": [
"22%"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a98 | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What should non-lethal weapons properly be called? | {
"text": [
"\"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\""
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9a | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What is supposed to be the last resort for police? | {
"text": [
"The use of firearms or deadly force"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9c | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | Where can police shoot fleeing convicts? | {
"text": [
"Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff897 | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | How do modern police often communicate? | {
"text": [
"radio"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff898 | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | Where do police have radios? | {
"text": [
"carried both on the person and installed in vehicles"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff899 | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | Why do police use radios? | {
"text": [
"to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
5732bf5c328d981900602040 | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | What use of unmarked cars is controversial? | {
"text": [
"for traffic law enforcement"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
5732bf5c328d981900602041 | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? | {
"text": [
"1996"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa2 | Police | Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some... | Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol? | {
"text": [
"they allow for more open interaction with the public"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa4 | Police | Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some... | What do police use to control motorcyclist events? | {
"text": [
"Motorcycles"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a1 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Who introduced education requirements for US police? | {
"text": [
"August Vollmer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a2 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Who was O.W. Wilson a student of? | {
"text": [
"August Vollmer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a3 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Where did Wilson reduce police corruption? | {
"text": [
"Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a4 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities? | {
"text": [
"to reduce their vulnerability to corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a5 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | How did Wilson recruit more qualified police? | {
"text": [
"an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa8 | Police | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | What does Miranda provide? | {
"text": [
"safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa9 | Police | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | What does the 5th Amendment protect against? | {
"text": [
"self-incrimination"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aaa | Police | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | Which amendment prevents self-incrimination? | {
"text": [
"Fifth"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aae | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | When was the Terry v. Ohio case? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aaf | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into? | {
"text": [
"investigatory stop and arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ab | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What is the legal status of UK police officers? | {
"text": [
"constables"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ac | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do? | {
"text": [
"authorize a search of a suspect's house"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ad | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do? | {
"text": [
"authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ae | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's? | {
"text": [
"arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac51 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | What could be impeded without police interference? | {
"text": [
"the realization of the private right"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | The word "genocide" was unknown until what year? | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war? | {
"text": [
"as \"a crime without a name\""
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" | {
"text": [
"Raphael Lemkin"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
573344334776f419006607d2 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario? | {
"text": [
"as a descriptive term"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
573344334776f419006607d3 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group? | {
"text": [
"Lemming"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
573344334776f419006607d4 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm? | {
"text": [
"international relations and community"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
573344334776f419006607d5 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine? | {
"text": [
"Australian"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
573344334776f419006607d6 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members? | {
"text": [
"\"ritualcide\""
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
573350a0d058e614000b5840 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide? | {
"text": [
"legal aspect of the term"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
573350a0d058e614000b5841 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as? | {
"text": [
"a crime"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
573350a0d058e614000b5842 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as? | {
"text": [
"the deliberate killing of a certain group"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
573350a0d058e614000b5843 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? | {
"text": [
"officials in power of a state or area"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
573350a0d058e614000b5844 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings? | {
"text": [
"the Peace of Westphalia"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
57335849d058e614000b5896 | Genocide | After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution... | In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? | {
"text": [
"Nazi Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
57335849d058e614000b5897 | Genocide | After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution... | Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide? | {
"text": [
"Lemkin"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57335849d058e614000b5898 | Genocide | After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution... | Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946? | {
"text": [
"United Nations General Assembly"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
57335849d058e614000b5899 | Genocide | After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution... | While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution? | {
"text": [
"provide a legal definition of the crime"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
573392e24776f41900660d9c | Genocide | The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the... | Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed? | {
"text": [
"political killings"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
573392e24776f41900660d9d | Genocide | The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the... | What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention? | {
"text": [
"USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
573392e24776f41900660d9e | Genocide | The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the... | What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention? | {
"text": [
"its own Great Purge"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
573392e24776f41900660d9f | Genocide | The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the... | What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide? | {
"text": [
"international intervention in domestic politics"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
573392e24776f41900660da0 | Genocide | The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the... | Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention? | {
"text": [
"William Schabas"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
5733963c4776f41900660df6 | Genocide | In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio... | In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide? | {
"text": [
"Jorgic v. Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
5733963c4776f41900660df7 | Genocide | In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio... | Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide? | {
"text": [
"majority of legal scholars"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
5733963c4776f41900660df8 | Genocide | In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio... | What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts? | {
"text": [
"biological-physical"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
5733963c4776f41900660df9 | Genocide | In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio... | What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide? | {
"text": [
"national, racial, religious or ethnic"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
5733ba844776f41900661145 | Genocide | In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary fo... | In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR? | {
"text": [
"the judgements of several international and municipal courts"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5733ba844776f41900661146 | Genocide | In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary fo... | Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide? | {
"text": [
"that biological-physical destruction was necessary"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
5733ba844776f41900661147 | Genocide | In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary fo... | Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
5733ba844776f41900661148 | Genocide | In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary fo... | The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor? | {
"text": [
"Convention States municipal laws"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
5733ba844776f41900661149 | Genocide | In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary fo... | A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law? | {
"text": [
"the type of group destruction"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} |
5733bdc4d058e614000b61a1 | Genocide | The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. ... | Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law? | {
"text": [
"\"in whole or in part\""
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
5733bdc4d058e614000b61a2 | Genocide | The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. ... | What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)? | {
"text": [
"Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
5733bdc4d058e614000b61a3 | Genocide | The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. ... | In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims? | {
"text": [
"entire human groups"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
5733bdc4d058e614000b61a4 | Genocide | The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. ... | In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what? | {
"text": [
"that group"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
5733bdc4d058e614000b61a5 | Genocide | The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. ... | Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion? | {
"text": [
"opinions of respected commentators"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what? | {
"text": [
"when the targeted part is substantial enough"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? | {
"text": [
"The numeric size"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what? | {
"text": [
"absolute terms"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY? | {
"text": [
"prominence within the group"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f4 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? | {
"text": [
"perpetrators' access to the victims"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f5 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? | {
"text": [
"historical examples of genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f6 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control? | {
"text": [
"possible extent of their reach"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f7 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy? | {
"text": [
"the opportunity presented to him"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f8 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what? | {
"text": [
"inform the analysis"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
5733ce494776f41900661298 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective? | {
"text": [
"12 January 1951"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5733ce494776f41900661299 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? | {
"text": [
"20"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129a | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty? | {
"text": [
"only two"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129b | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What member ratified in 1970? | {
"text": [
"the United Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129c | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a2 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise? | {
"text": [
"a diplomatic compromise"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a3 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool? | {
"text": [
"a research tool"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a4 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What does the treaty possess that others lack? | {
"text": [
"international legal credibility"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a5 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what? | {
"text": [
"alternative definitions"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e3 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | {
"text": [
"Jonassohn and Björnson"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e4 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | {
"text": [
"their focus"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e5 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? | {
"text": [
"Frank Chalk"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e6 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? | {
"text": [
"R. J. Rummel"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e7 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? | {
"text": [
"Ted Gurr"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661615 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide? | {
"text": [
"social and political groups"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661616 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow? | {
"text": [
"The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661617 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group? | {
"text": [
"political groups"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661618 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing? | {
"text": [
"Genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661619 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? | {
"text": [
"intends to destroy a group"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
5733fb934776f41900661637 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents? | {
"text": [
"policies"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.