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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A gramme of air—that is about 700 cubic centimetres—contains only 0.000085 milligramme of organic ammonia. Expressing the organic ammonia in its equivalent of dry albumen we have in 700 cubic centimetres of air 0.00085 milligramme of dry albumen. Translated into volume this 0.00085 milligramme of dry albumen will fall ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
现在这一数量结果能否足以让我们承认,大气中确实存在如活力论者所假定的那样大量的细菌吗? 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘力 审稿)
Spontaneous Generation
C. Ekin
Editor’s Note
Earlier in Nature, pugnacious chemist James Alfred Wanklyn had questioned whether the low amounts of nitrogenous matter in the air were really enough to account for the multitude of invisible microorganisms be... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the presence of organised corpuscles. 中文
(2, 296; 1870)
Charles Ekin: Bath.
自然发生学说
伊金
编者按
好辩的化学家詹姆斯·阿尔弗雷德·万克林曾在《自然》上发表文章提出,鉴于空气中含氮物质的含量很低,是否真的可能存在那么多被认为足以导致疾病的看不见的细菌?而他更倾向于自然发生说,即生命体可以从纯无机物中生成。一位读者读了万克林的快报文章后提出,万克林的计算实际上是对疾病的细菌学说的支持而不是反对。在这篇文章中查尔斯·伊金表示对还有人在争论以上两种理论感到吃惊,因为路易·巴斯德早在近十年前就已经提出了这些观点。尽管有越来越多的证据支持了疾病的细菌学说,但有些... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | causing them to pass through a fine blue to a white condition, which Professor Tyndall exhibited about two years ago, and which he employed to explain the blue colour of the sky, and the remarkable polarisation of its light. The finer state of division in the freshly-formed smoke gives it its bright blue colour, as doe... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | surface only—as explained above. The second popular theory which seems to be ill-founded is that the green colour of lakes, rivers, and seas is due to plants growing on the bottoms and giving their colour by reflection. The green colour is produced in the same way as the blue in all probability, and may be due to a yel... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | coast it is deep blue. 11. On a heavy, clouded day, with rain, gleams of sunshine out at sea give patches of green colour and reddish brown. 12. Water standing in an old copper mine at Killarney was intensely green, whilst the water in the lake at the side was black in the mass. 13. Red colour is produced in some seas ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | red rays more than the blue, by the fine aqueous vapour of the higher regions of the atmosphere, and of the blue rays more than the red by the coarser vapours near the earth’s surface—as e.g. a fog. 中文
The foregoing notes may suggest to others similar observations of greater importance, which it would be interesting to... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | (3)日内瓦湖是蔚蓝色的。(4)位于格恩西附近的海和位于艾费尔的拉赫湖,颜色都更蓝一些,接近于靛蓝色。(5)白垩崖附近的海水是淡蓝色的,而离海岸不远处的海水是绿色或者浅灰色的。(6)罗纳河、摩泽尔河和冰河等都是淡蓝色或者灰蓝色的。(7)莱茵河、斯海尔德河(正如比利时绘画描绘的那样,在安特卫普非常明显)、塞纳河和泰晤士河河口等都是绿色的。(8)日内瓦湖呈现出一片片的深绿色。在傍晚太阳刚刚落山时,这种颜色在图恩湖和卢塞恩湖上更加常见。(9)在阳光明媚又有风的日子,马恩岛附近的海域是鲜绿色的。(10)佛罗里达珊瑚礁附近的海域据说是深绿色的,而远离海岸的地方则是深蓝色的。(11)在阴云密布的雨天,微弱的阳光使海呈现出一块块绿色和红棕色。(1... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | IT is, I think, rather unfortunate that Mr. Proctor, in his recent work entitled “More Worlds than One”, should have re-advocated the earlier and now discarded views of Sir W. Thomson concerning the source of solar heat or energy by meteoric percussion. That theory, however ingenious as advanced by the physicist, is su... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | nearly 5,000 meteors, observed during every part of the year, I feel I am justified in stating that not more than seven or eight percent of the shooting stars observed on any clear night throughout the year, are sporadic, or do not belong to meteor systems at present known to us. More than one hundred meteor systems ar... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of 0.1 belonging to our own solar system! The argument, to begin with, is in a great degree fallacious, e.g., because meteors frequently strike the earth, they must, it is argued, strike the sun in vastly greater numbers, and with far greater velocities. But it is forgotten that the meteors themselves, like the earth, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | our own earth? If composed of separate meteors, are they not each individually revolving round the sun, rather than occupied in being gradually drawn into it as a vortex?* 中文
Of course I do not say that meteors are never drawn into the sun, or that they may not occasionally and by accident enter the solar atmosphere; I... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | similarly have been gradually checked in its passage through the solar atmosphere, and a considerable amount therefore of the calculated mechanical effect lost. Small meteors would probably be consumed thousands of miles from the real body of the sun, seeing that the sun’s inflamed atmosphere is now known to extend at ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 然而,迄今为止我们对流星的全部了解都表明:从大气中划过的大量流星,用肉眼看起来仅仅宛若豆子大小,彼此相隔数千英里,各自具有自己固定的运动系统,在某些时段还会呈现出固定的辐射点。这些都清楚地表明:它们和其他行星一样在规则的轨道上绕着太阳旋转,而仅仅因为它们实在是有些微不足道,使得它们和地球一样并不会漩涡式地或者直线式地冲向太阳。我曾经把近5,000颗常年都能观察到的流星的视轨迹投影在天球上,结果表明,对于所有那些在全年任何一个晴朗的夜晚都能观察到的流星,其中最多只有7%或8%的流星是偶然出现的或者不属于任何已知的流星群。目前人们已经确认了100多个流星群,基本上可以确信其中一些是和已知彗星有关联的。从我刚刚收到的来自米兰的斯基亚帕雷利... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 对于坠落到太阳表面的陨石来说,情况可能是类似的,在陨石通过太阳大气层时它们的速度就会逐渐降低,因此原先估算的力学效应也随之大幅降低了。我们知道太阳燃烧的大气有时会向外延伸50,000英里以上,因此小流星很可能在距离太阳实体数千英里之外就已经燃烧耗尽了。难道太阳本身的热量还不及流星穿越太阳大气时摩擦产生的热量吗?这恐怕是个问题吧! 英文
这里,我仅仅提到了一些细节以指出用流星及其动力学理论解释太阳能量的来源和守恒时存在各种不确定因素和困难,除此之外,先前已经有人对该理论提出过一些疑问,我在这里则更多的是从天文学的角度对该理论提出质疑。至于太阳的热量究竟源自哪里以及是怎样维持和被消耗的,现在仍然是个谜。 英文
(金世超 翻译;何香涛 审... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Mr. Greg is very careful to show me that the meteor-systems encountered by the earth cannot fall into the sun. I dwell on this very fact at p. 203 of “Other Worlds”—I say, totidem verbis, that no known meteoric system can form a hail of meteors upon the sun. “It is forgotten,” says Mr. Greg, “that the meteors themselve... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 1. We have abundant evidence that the density of the aggregation of cometic perihelia increases rapidly near the sun. For example, whereas between limits of distance 40,000,000 and 60,000,000 miles from the sun this density is represented by the number 1.06, it is represented by the number 1.67 for limits 20,000,000 an... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | infer from them that the zodiacal light is a ring of bodies or vapours travelling around the earth (at a considerable distance); other phenomena suggest that the zodiacal light is a disc of bodies or vapours travelling around the sun; yet others suggest that the zodiacal light is a phenomenon of our own atmosphere. But... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果普里查德教授将我说过的“我确信”(这个词是用来表述一些可靠的推论的,而且使用时都附注了参考文献)强加到某个我确实写出来过但“我并没有担保”其正确性的理论上的话,那这并不是我的过错(当然,我也不会责备格雷格先生),不过即便这个被普里查德教授强行认为是我确信的理论也并不是格雷格先生(非常合理地)攻击过的那条荒谬的理论。 英文
除此之外,格雷格先生的文章中大部分内容都是非常准确的,不过其中也有两处错误: 英文
1. 我们有充分的证据表明,随着彗星近日点靠近太阳,其聚集密度迅速增大。例如,在距离太阳40,000,000~60,000,000英里的范围内,这一密度为1.06;在20,000,000~40,000,000英里的范围内,这一密... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | MR. Greg still misses my meaning. I do believe that meteors supply a portion of the solar energy, and I also believe that they fall in enormous quantities into the sun; what I do not believe is that the whole solar energy is derived from meteors, or that any meteors fall in a solid state upon the sun (whose surface is ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | imaginary case, though quite inappreciably, but his total heat would be increased by whatever heat exists in the earth’s substance. 中文
Apart from this, however, if the minimum velocity with which a meteor or other body can reach the sun, is such as would—if wholly applied to heating the body—completely melt it, then th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(金世超 翻译;何香涛 审稿)
The Coming Transits of Venus*
Editor’s Note
This comment points out that the next transit of the planet Venus across the Sun’s disk is expected in four years. The author calls for scientists to begin developing plans for observations and cooperation. One key challenge is to improve on the error of a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | by which we may hope for an accurate result. 中文
In planning determinations of the solar parallax from the Transits of Venus, it has hitherto been the custom to depend entirely upon the observations of the internal contact of the limbs of the sun and planet proposed by Halley. It is a little remarkable, that while astro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | apparent enlargement is an evident result of the law just cited. 中文
[The speaker here drew a number of diagrams for the purpose of illustrating his theory.] 中文
The following diagrams show the effect of this law upon the time of interval contact of a planet with the disc of the sun. The planet being supposed to approach... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Examining Fig. 2a, it will be seen that the planet still appears entirely within the disc of the sun. The geometrical circle which bounds the latter, and that which bounds the planet, instead of touching, are separated by an amount equal to double the irradiation. And, when they finally do touch, neither of them will b... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the thread of light was still complete. They furthermore announced that with a good telescope the ligament did not appear at all, but the thread of light between Venus and the sun broke off by becoming indefinitely thin. 中文
The result is not difficult to account for. Irradiation has already been described as a spreadin... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Reference to the figures will make it clear that there is no generic difference between the phenomenon commonly called the rupture of the black drop and that of the formation of the thread of light. If the bright cusps are much rounded, as in Fig. 1a, the appearance between them is necessarily that of a drop, while if ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | perfection, and that the transit in question would therefore furnish much better data of judging what we might expect in future observations. The comparison was made in the following way:—I selected from the “Astronomische Nachrichten”, the “Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society”, and the “Comptes Rendus”, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | an artificial planet moved over it by clock-work. The actual time of contact could be determined by electricity, and the relative positions of the planet and the disc by actual measurement. With this apparatus it would be easy to determine the personal errors to which each observer was liable, and these errors would ap... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | value in arc of an inch on the photograph plate. This determination is not without difficulty. It will not do to trust the measured diameters of the images of the sun, because they are affected by irradiation, just as the optical image is. If the plates were nearly of the same size, and the ratio of the diameters of Ve... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
金星从日面划过而发生的凌日现象比其他任何天文现象都更能引起人们的关注,天文界投入了巨大的精力去研究这一现象。在上个世纪,研究凌日现象是精确获得日地距离的唯一方法,凌日现象的这种重要性使得人们对它的出现相当期待。尽管现在也有其他的方法能以同样的精度确定日地距离,但金星凌日这种天象的罕见性使它受到了比其他观测更多的关注。和观测金星凌日一样,对火星的某些特殊观测同样需要天文学家们的集体协作,而确保这次协作的能力为观测金星凌日提供了在火星的观测中不曾拥有的优势。 英文
尽管下一次凌日是在4年后,但是欧洲的政府和科学机构已经开始着手准备观测的前期工作了。在给天文学家们提供所需的各种支持以便他们能够参与这项观测方面,本国政府不见得会落后。... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 光线一定是在它最细的地方断裂,因此它的形成和断裂都不是发生在实际相切的时候,而是发生在光线粗得可以看见了,或者细得看不见了的时候。辐射效应越强,清晰度就越差,光线出现时也就越粗。 英文
在1868年11月1日水星凌日时,里阿斯在里约热内卢进行了一项有趣的观测,其中就展示了这一点。他有两个望远镜,其中一个比另一个口径小很多(口径相差很多)。开始用小望远镜观测,在看到行星接触日面后立刻改用大口径的观测,他发现这时水星和太阳之间仍有光线存在,直到几秒后才相切。 英文
借助这些图示,我们可以清楚地知道黑滴断裂和光线形成之间没有什么不同,如果明亮的边缘像图1a中显示的那样再圆一点,它们之间就会出现黑滴一样的图像,而当它们像图1中的那么尖锐时,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果观测者能够在凌日前后多和望远镜进行磨合,则能够获得更令人满意的数据,从而解决以上这些问题。 英文
我报告的目标并不是要深入到选址和制定观测计划之类的细节中,而是要尽力向大家表明,一个仓促组织、临时装备的队伍是不会取得有价值的结果的,计划中的每一步都需要认真考虑,初步准备工作也都需要慎重考虑。我这次的介绍就是希望科学院能够在此事上准备充分,不负众望。 英文
(余恒 翻译;蒋世仰 审稿)
* 这是在华盛顿举行的美国科学院第13次年会上西蒙·纽科姆教授所宣读文章的要点(原始文章有图示)。
Address of Thomas Henry Huxley
T. H. Huxley
Editor’s Note
In 1870, Thoma... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I propose to endeavour to follow this ancient precedent, in a manner suited to the limitations of my knowledge and of my capacity. I shall not presume to attempt a panoramic survey of the world of science, nor even to give a sketch of what is doing in the one great province of biology, with some portions of which my or... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the notion that a seed dies before the young plant springs from it; a belief so wide spread and so fixed, that Saint Paul appeals to it in one of the most splendid outbursts of his fervid eloquence:— 中文
“Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened, except it die.” 中文
The proposition that life may, and does, proc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The first distinct enunciation of the hypothesis that all living matter has sprung from pre-existing living matter, came from a contemporary, though a junior, of Harvey, a native of that country, fertile in men great in all departments of human activity, which was to intellectual Europe, in the sixteenth and seventeent... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt what these solid particles are; for the blowflies, attracted by the odour of the meat, swarm round the vessel, and, urged by a powerful but in this case misleading instinct, lay eggs out of which maggots are immediately hatched upon the gauze. The conclusion, therefore, is unavoidab... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the latter was the dominant view, sanctioned alike by antiquity and by authority; and it is interesting to observe that Redi did not escape the customary tax upon a discoverer of having to defend himself against the charge of impugning the authority of the Scriptures; for his... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is of great importance to apprehend Redi’s position rightly; for the lines of thought he laid down for us are those upon which naturalists have been working ever since. Clearly, he held Biogenesis as against Abiogenesis; and I shall immediately proceed, in the first place, to inquire how far subsequent investigation... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | almost universally discredited. 中文
But the skill of the microscope-makers of the eighteenth century soon reached its limit. A microscope magnifying 400 diameters was a chef d’oeuvre of the opticians of that day; and at the same time, by no means trustworthy. But a magnifying power of 400 diameters, even when definition... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Led by various theoretical considerations which I cannot now discuss, but which looked promising enough in the lights of that day, Buffon and Needham doubted the applicability of Redi’s hypothesis to the infusorial animalcules, and Needham very properly endeavoured to put the question to an experimental test. He said t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the organic molecules of which it is composed; and, as the stoppage of a whirlpool destroys nothing but a form, and leaves the molecules of the water, with all their inherent activities intact, so what we call the death and putrefaction of an animal, or of a plant, is merely the breaking up of the form, or manner of as... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | his infusions and the superjacent air? Spallanzani joined issue with the English naturalist on both these pleas, and he showed that if, in the first place, the glass vessels in which the infusions were contained were hermetically sealed by fusing their necks, and if, in the second place, they were exposed to the temper... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The battle had to be fought again. It was needful to repeat the experiments under conditions which would make sure that neither the oxygen of the air, nor the composition of the organic matter, was altered in such a matter as to interfere with the existence of life. 中文
Schulze and Schwann took up the question from this... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the organisms were, in some way or other, the causes both of fermentation and of putrefaction. The chemists, with Berzelius and Liebig at their head, at first laughed this idea to scorn; but in 1843, a man then very young, who has since performed the unexampled feat of attaining to high eminence alike in Mathematics, P... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The researches of Schroeder and Dusch in 1854, and of Schroeder alone, in 1859, cleared up this point by experiments which are simply refinements upon those of Redi. A lump of cotton-wool is, physically speaking, a pile of many thicknesses of a very fine gauze, the fineness of the meshes of which depends upon the close... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But it remains yet in the order of logic, though not of history, to show that among these solid destructible particles there really do exist germs capable of giving rise to the development of living forms in suitable menstrua. This piece of work was done by M. Pasteur in those beautiful researches which will ever rende... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | tube; and as the germs cannot fall upwards, and there are no currents, they never reach the interior of the flask. But if the tube be broken short off where it proceeds from the flask, and free access be thus given to germs falling vertically out of the air, the fluid which has remained clear and desert for months, bec... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | tartrate of ammonia, yeast-ash, and water, under no influence but that of free access of air and the ordinary temperature, rearrange themselves and give rise to the protoplasm of Bacterium. But the alternative is to admit that these Bacteria arise from germs in the air; and if they are thus propagated, the burden of pr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On the other side the sole assertions worthy of attention are that hermetically sealed fluids, which have been exposed to great and long-continued heat, have sometimes exhibited living forms of low organization when they have been opened. 中文
The first reply that suggests itself is the probability that there must be som... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | And in the next place, if the results of the experiments I refer to are really trustworthy, it by no means follows that Abiogenesis has taken place. The resistance of living matter to heat is known to vary within considerable limits, and to depend, to some extent, upon the chemical and physical qualities of the surroun... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | were given me to look beyond the abyss of geologically recorded time to the still more remote period when the earth was passing through physical and chemical conditions, which it can no more see again than a man can recall his infancy, I should expect to be a witness of the evolution of living protoplasm from not livin... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | helminthologists, has succeeded in tracing every such parasite, often through the strangest wanderings and metamorphoses, to an egg derived from a parent, actually or potentially like itself; and the tendency of inquiries elsewhere has all been in the same direction. A plant may throw off bulbs, but these, sooner or la... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | infested organism. 中文
If there were a kind of diseased structure, the histological elements of which were capable of maintaining a separate and independent existence out of the body, it seems to me that the shadowy boundary between morbid growth and Xenogenesis would be effaced. And I am inclined to think that the prog... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | inch in diameter, which are made visible in the lymph by the microscope. Similar experiments have proved that two of the most destructive of epizootic diseases, sheep-pox and glanders, are also dependent for their existence and their propagation upon extremely small living solid particles, to which the title of microzy... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is, at present, a well-established fact that certain diseases, both of plants and of animals, which have all the characters of contagious and infectious epidemics, are caused by minute organisms. The smut of wheat is a well-known instance of such a disease, and it cannot be doubted that the grape-disease and the pot... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of Xenogenesis; and it is only quite recently that the real course of events has been made out. It has been ascertained, that when one of the spores falls upon the body of a fly, it begins to germinate and sends out a process which bores its way through the fly’s skin; this, having reached the interior cavities of its ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Silkworms are liable to many diseases; and even before 1853 a peculiar epizootic, frequently accompanied by the appearance of dark spots upon the skin (whence the name of “Pébrine” which it has received), has been noted for its mortality. But in the years following 1853 this malady broke out with such extreme violence,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The Italian naturalist, Filippi, discovered in the blood of the silkworms affected by this strange disease a multitude of cylindrical corpuscles, each about 1/6,000 of an inch long. These have been carefully studied by Lebert, and named by him Panhistophyton; for the reason that in subjects in which the disease is stro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Such being the facts with respect to the Pébrine, what are the indications as to the method of preventing it? It is obvious that this depends upon the way in which the Panhistophyton is generated. If it may be generated by Abiogenesis, or by Xenogenesis, within the silkworm or its moth, the extirpation of the disease m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | frequently dogs the footsteps of the most skilful operator, and those deadly consequences of wounds and injuries which seem to haunt the very walls of great hospitals, and are, even now, destroying more men than die of bullet or bayonet, are due to the importation of minute organisms into wounds, and their increase and... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | knowledge of the nature of epidemic and epizootic diseases, and consequently of the means of checking, or eradicating, them, the dawn of which has assuredly commenced? 中文
Looking back no further than ten years, it is possible to select three (1863, 1864, and 1869) in which the total number of deaths from scarlet-fever ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
尊敬的各位来宾、女士们、先生们——长久以来,对于新上任的英国科学促进会主席,有一个传统是:他要利用职位的升迁这次机会,向那些为使其此次能够处于主席之位而投票的同事们作报告,报告人应放眼于科学世界,告诉大家从他的高度可以看到些什么:例如,为了丰富自然知识的贵族军队,其大部队是朝什么方向前进的;我们的大敌(愚昧无知)中有哪些重要据点最近被攻克;此外,本着公平公正的原则,他要标出何处是科学的前沿,或者在长久持续的围攻下都没有取得进展的领域。 英文
我打算以一种适合于我有限的知识和能力的方式来尽力遵循这一古老的惯例。我不会冒昧地试图去统览整个科学世界的全貌,甚至不会去概括生物学某一重大领域里大家都在研究些什么,尽管我平时的工作使我熟悉... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 因此,这里的某种东西肯定是以固体颗粒形式存在的,并且由于太大而不能通过纱布。那么,这些固体颗粒是什么?这个长久以来一直困扰着我们的问题,已经得到了解决。答案是:绿头苍蝇被肉的臭味吸引,云集在容器周围,受一种强大的但在本例中却是产生误导的本能驱使,将卵产在纱布之外,于是这些卵立刻在纱布之上被孵化成蛆虫。因此,必然的结论就是,蛆虫并非由肉产生,而是那些苍蝇通过空气带来的卵产生的。 英文
这些实验好像简单得近乎幼稚,有人会好奇为什么以前没有人想到过这些。然而,尽管这些实验很简单,但是却值得对它们进行最认真的研究,因为从那时开始针对这一问题所做的每项实验工作,都被这位意大利哲学家设计的模型定型了。不管他使用的材料的性质如何变化,他的实验结果... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 放置了两天的干草过滤浸液会长满有生命的物质,其中任何达到人类血红细胞直径大小或者大约1/3,200英寸大小的物质都算得上是庞然大物了。只有记住这些事实,我们才能公平地对待18世纪中期由布丰和尼达姆提出的引人注目的言论和推测。 英文
将任何动物体或植物体的一部分浸泡在水中时,这部分就会逐渐软化、分解;此时,会发现水中充满微小的活动着的生物,即所谓的藻类微生物,除非借助于显微镜,否则仅仅依靠肉眼是看不到它们的;它们大部分属于我已经讲过的最小生物一类,用18世纪的普通显微镜来观察的话,它们看起来肯定都不过是些小点和线状物。 英文
在一些这里我不会讨论但是当时看起来非常有前景的各种理论思考的引领下,布丰和尼达姆对雷迪的假说是否适用于藻类微生... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 有必要再在确保空气中的氧气和有机物质的构成成分不改变,并且没有干扰生命存在的物质的情况下,再次重复这些实验。 英文
舒尔策和施旺在1836年和1837年开始从这一角度出发进行研究。通过灼热的玻璃管或通过浓硫酸之后,空气中所含氧气的比例都不会改变,但是这样肯定会抑制或者破坏空气中可能含有的任何有机物质。因此,这些实验被设计成,只有那些通过了炽热的玻璃管或者浓硫酸的空气才会与沸腾的浸液相接触。他们得到的结果是,这样处理的浸液并没有产生任何有生命的物质,而如果过后将相同的浸液暴露在空气中,那么很快就会产生大量的有生命的物质。这些实验的准确性时而被否决,时而被证实。然而,假设被接受了,那么这些实验真正证明的就是,对空气的处理毁掉了对于浸液中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果将长颈瓶的颈部拉长成一个管状并向下弯曲,然后将其中盛入的液体小心煮沸,之后如果将管子也充分加热以破坏当液体冷却时进入管子的空气中的所有细菌的话,那么无论将装置放置多久,其中的液体都不会产生任何生命。原因很简单。尽管充满着微生物的大气和长颈瓶中的无菌空气间存在自由的流通,但是这两个地方的空气只能在管子里发生接触。因为细菌不能朝上落,也没有气流,所以它们永远都到达不了长颈瓶的内部。但是如果从长颈瓶延伸处将管子截短,这样外界空气中的细菌就可以自由地垂直下降,那么原本放置数月仍然保持清澈且无生命的液体在几天内就会变浑并且充满生命。 英文
这些实验已经由不同的观察者独立重复了一遍又一遍,并且都取得了成功;有一套非常简单的,可以亲自观察这些... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 但是在目前的科学水平下,我们面对的是二选一,不是微生物可以承受超过我们预期的更充分的加热,就是死亡物质的分子能够将自己重排成新的有生命的物质(这一点不能用任何有效的或可理解的已知原因来解释),但是事实证明有生命的物质经常是以其他方式产生的,于是我不明白在二者中进行选择怎么会令人生疑,哪怕只是一时的怀疑。 英文
尽管我不能将自己的这种信念表达得过于强烈,但我必须谨慎地使自己不去猜想——我觉得无生源论这种事情根本就没有发生过,将来也不会发生。有机化学、分子物理学和生理学尚处于初期阶段,每天都在取得巨大的进步,我认为任何人都可能会极为自以为是地认为物质表现出来的我们称为“有生命的”属性的条件终有一天不再被人为地整合到一起。我有依据能确定迄... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这份报告的附录中包含一篇入门短文,由伯登·桑德森撰写,题目是《探秘传染病的病理学》,这篇小文章是长久以来最清晰、最易理解、最合理地讨论了我关注的这一重大问题的作品之一。为了便于我进行接下来的陈述,在此特向你们提一下其中的细节及权威性的引文。 英文
接种疫苗过程中发生的情况你们肯定都很熟悉。在皮肤上开一个微小的口,然后将极微量的疫苗物质注入伤口。一定时间内,在伤口处会出现一个小水泡,其中充满的液体就是疫苗物质,数量上相当于最初注入的一百倍或一千倍。那么在这一过程中发生了什么?是具有刺激性的疫苗物质导致了水泡的产生吗?水泡中的液体是否具有同疫苗物质相同的刺激性?或者疫苗物质中含有有生命的颗粒吗?这些颗粒会在它们被接种的地方生长并繁殖吗?... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我会提到一些事例以使大家了解这种伤害对法国带来了多大的痛苦。 英文
在法国南部,丝绸的生产作为工业体系的一个重要分支已经有几个世纪了。1853年,法国该产业的年产量已经达到了占据整个世界该产业年产量的1/10的程度,这代表着117,000,000法郎的货币价值,或者说将近500万英镑的货币价值。所有产业中与生丝的生产相关的行业创造的货币价值的总额,我想比我能够估计出来的还要多得多。可以这么说,里昂是靠法国的蚕丝建立起来的,就像内战前的曼彻斯特是靠美国的棉花建立起来的一样。 英文
蚕容易得很多种疾病。有一种经常伴随着皮肤上出现暗色斑点(因此该病被称为“微粒子病”)的特殊家畜流行病,甚至在1853年以前,这种病就以其高致死率而著称。在1... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我研读这些著作后深信,经常与技术最好的外科医生形影相随的令人惋惜的死亡,以及那些萦绕在各大医院的围墙之内的创伤和损伤造成的致命后果,即使现在,都在摧毁着很多人,其杀伤力超过子弹和刺刀,这些都是由于微小的生物进入了创口,而后不断增加、繁殖引起的;拯救了众生的外科医生将是最能够搞清楚雷迪假说的实践结果的人。 英文
在从一个可能的假说发展成一条确定的自然法则的漫长而缓慢的过程中,科学的思想有其发展所遵循的路径,我在这篇致词一开始就邀请你们随我一起尝试追踪这条路径。我们的研究并没有将我们带入非常引人入胜的领域;简单地说,这是一片充满着令人憎恶的蛆虫和霉菌的土地。可以想象一下,与雷迪以及斯帕兰扎尼同时代的那些实际而严肃的人可能如何微笑着耸耸肩... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | At several of the recent meetings of the British Association the varied and important business of the Mathematical and Physical Section has been introduced by an Address, the subject of which has been left to the selection of the president for the time being. The perplexing duty of choosing a subject has not, however, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | A+A', A, A', AA') complete.” 中文
The theme thus distinctly laid down for his successor by our late President is indeed a magnificent one, far too magnificent for any efforts of mine to realise. I have endeavoured to follow Mr. Spottiswoode, as with far-reaching vision he distinguishes the systems of science into which p... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | quantity, and, by proceeding step by step from more simple to more complex operations, we are enabled to express the same thing in many different forms. The equivalence of these different forms, though a necessary consequence of self-evident axioms, is not always, to our minds, self-evident; but the mathematician, who,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Intellectual processes of this kind have been going on since the first formation of language, and are going on still. No doubt the feature which strikes us first and most forcibly in any phenomenon, is the pleasure or the pain which accompanies it, and the agreeable or disagreeable results which follow after it. A theo... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If the skill of the mathematician has enabled the experimentalist to see that the quantities which he has measured are connected by necessary relations, the discoveries of physics have revealed to the mathematician new forms of quantities which he could never have imagined for himself. Of the methods by which the mathe... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | different kinds of quantities, must have them presented to it by nature. I do not here refer to the fact that all quantities, as such, are subject to the rules of arithmetic and algebra, and are therefore capable of being submitted to those dry calculations which represent, to so many minds, their only idea of mathemat... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | this condition is fulfilled, the illustration is not only convenient for teaching science in a pleasant and easy manner, but the recognition of the mathematical analogy between the two systems of ideas leads to a knowledge of both, more profound than could be obtained by studying each system separately. 中文
There are me... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | To such men impetus, energy, mass, are not mere abstract expressions of the results of scientific inquiry. They are words of power which stir their souls like the memories of childhood. For the sake of persons of these different types, scientific truths should be presented in different forms, and should be regarded as ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | beyond our own solar system seemed then to be exceedingly unpromising, if not altogether illusory. The opinion that the bodies which we see and handle, which we can set in motion or leave at rest, which we can break in pieces and destroy, are composed of smaller bodies which we cannot see or handle, which are always in... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | find that the substance is beginning to lose the properties which it exhibits when in a large mass, and that effects depending on the individual action of molecules are beginning to become prominent. The study of these phenomena is at present the path which leads to the development of molecular science. That superficia... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | still confessedly very rough; but if, at the present time, we can form even a rough plan for arriving at a result of this kind, we may hope that as our means of experimental inquiry become more accurate and more varied, our conception of a molecule will become more definite, so that we may be able at no distant period ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | arbitrary, no central forces or occult properties of any other kind. We have nothing but matter and motion, and when the vortex is once started its properties are all determined from the original impetus, and no further assumptions are possible. Even in the present undeveloped state of the theory, the contemplation of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | time. Now this absolute equality in the magnitude of quantities, occurring in all parts of the universe, is worth our consideration. The dimensions of individual natural bodies are either quite indeterminate, as in the case of planets, stones, trees, &c., or they vary within moderate limit, as in the case of seeds, egg... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Yet, after all, the dimensions of our earth and its time of rotation, though, relatively to our present means of comparison, very permanent, are not so by any physical necessity. The earth might contract by cooling, or it might be enlarged by a layer of meteorites falling on it, or its rate of revolution might slowly s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | heated solid bodies be placed in contact, a continual approximation of both to an intermediate temperature takes place. In the case of the two gases, a separation may be effected by chemical means; but in the other two cases the former state of things cannot be restored by any natural process. In the case of the conduc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | branches which adapt themselves to the new aspects of the sky towards which they climb, and roots which contort themselves among the strange strata of the earth into which they delve. To us who breathe only the spirit of our own age, and know only the characteristics of contemporary thought, it is as impossible to pred... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | distinctions and provisional reservations is an example of a metaphor of a bolder kind; but it is a legitimate metaphor if it conveys a true idea of the electrical relations to those who have been already trained in dynamics. Suppose, then, that we have successfully introduced certain ideas belonging to an elementary s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | action at a distance and attributes electric action to tensions and pressures in an all-pervading medium, these stresses being the same in kind with those familiar to engineers, and the medium being identical with that in which light is supposed to be propagated. Both these theories are found to explain not only the ph... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | mistakes. I am not prepared to deny that, to some mind of a higher order than ours, each of these errors might be traced to the regular operation of the laws of actual thinking; in fact we ourselves often do detect, not only errors of calculation, but the causes of these errors. This, however, by no means alters our co... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我曾努力追随斯波蒂斯伍德先生,他以深远的见地将科学系统归类成各种不断增长的现象,而我们对于这些现象的认识还处于蒙昧状态。我也曾被廷德尔博士那敏锐的洞察力和有力的陈述带入那个力量与精微的圣殿,在那里,分子遵循着自身存在的定律,猛烈地撞在一起,或者在更为热烈的拥抱中纠缠,就这样悄然形成了事物的可见形式。我曾被西尔维斯特教授引领向那些宁静的峰巅 英文
“那里从没有云的踪迹,或风的迹象,
从不曾有些微雪花的斑痕,
从不曾有丝毫雷电的呼啸,
或是人类的悲怨之声,能够破坏,
他们那庄严持久的宁静。” 英文
然而,谁能引领我进入那更为隐蔽与晦暗的思想与事实交汇的地带,数学家的头脑运算与分子间的物理作用呈现出其真实关联的所在在哪里呢?难道这... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这是带有数学家特征的观点;不过在时间顺序上它位于物理观点之后,因为,为了使人类的头脑能够想象出不同种类的量,首先它们本身就必须是确实存在的。这里我并没有提及这样的事实,即所有的量本身都必须服从代数和几何规则,并因此服从于很多人认为的是代表其唯一数学观念的那些干巴巴的计算。人类的头脑在从事计算机器的工作时,很少会得到满足,当然也不会用到其最高级的功能。无论是数学家还是物理学者,科学工作者所希求的,是获得和发展有关他所研究的事物的清晰观念。为了这个目的,他甘愿投身于漫长的计算,并暂时充当一台计算机器,只要最终能使自己的观念变得清晰一些。不过,要是他发现通过某种过程(在得到计算结果之前就必然已把前面的步骤忘光的过程)不可能获得清晰的观念,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 我们知道,我们可以将一品脱水分成数百万份,每一份水都具有这一品脱水作为一个整体时所具有的所有性质,很自然地我们会得出这样的结论:我们可以无限细分这些水,就如同我们可以无限细分盛有这些水的空间一样。我们已经听说法拉第是如何将一粒金子分成不计其数的分离颗粒,而且我们可能会看到廷德尔博士用少量的丁基硝酸盐生成了一个巨大的云团,这个大云团的可见的微小部分仍是云团,因此一定包含很多丁基硝酸盐分子。然而,从各个独立的渠道所获得的证据正朝我们涌来,这迫使我们承认如果将细分过程继续推进,我们将会遇到一个极限,因为这时每一部分只包含一个分子,这是一种不能被任何自然界的力量分割或改变的独立个体。即使是在平时关于分得很细的物质的实验中,我们也会发现这些物... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 那么这种发生在宇宙各个部分的量在量值上的绝对等价性就值得我们思考。自然个体的尺度不是非常不确定(比如,行星、石块、树木等),就是能够在适度的范围内变化(比如,种子、卵等);但是即使在这些例子中所遇到的量值上微小的不同也不会影响物体的本质特征。即使是具有非常确定的几何形状的晶体,其绝对尺寸也是可变的。在人类的工作中我们时常会发现一定程度的一致性。比如,同一模子中铸造出的不同子弹具有一致性,同一版次印刷出的书籍的不同副本具有一致性。如果我们观察一个文明国家的货币和度量衡,也会发现一致性,一种产生于按国家规定的标准仔细调节的一致性。这些国家标准的一致程度是对这个制定了法律来规范各种标准并且委派了官员来检测各种标准的国家的公平意识程度的衡量... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这样,这种方法是真正科学的,即,不仅是科学合法的产物,而且能够继续产生科学。一些电现象之间的相互联系和动力学现象之间的相互联系具有相同的形式。在作出恰当区分和提出临时条件后,将这些动力学词汇应用到电现象中就是一个大胆的比喻的例子,但是如果能够向受过动力学方面培训的人传达真正的电学关系,这就是一个合理的比喻。假设我们通过比喻的方式,成功地将某些属于一门基础科学的观点引入到某类新现象,那么旧观点在新课题上的应用能在多大程度上被当作新现象在物理上与旧观点相似的证据,这就成了一个重要的哲学问题。解决这一问题的最好例子就是,对于同种事物存在两种不同的解释。最著名的当属光的粒子理论和波动理论了。在某些情况下,光现象可以用两种理论很好地解释,而在... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | around the Sun from west to east, and be found in greater numbers near the Sun’s equatorial regions, making these hotter than its poles? Murphy is wrong about the source of solar energy, which comes from nuclear fusion, but his speculations testify to the magnitude of the puzzle. 中文
I am not mathematician enough to for... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | compared. 中文
It can scarcely he doubted that the meteors must enter the sun’s atmosphere with a velocity not much less than that of a planet, revolving at the distance at which they enter. We know that the sun’s rotatory motion is incomparably less than this, and consequently the meteors, revolving from west to east, o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
流星自西向东运动的事实是非常重要的。如果坠落到太阳上的流星是持续不断而且坠落密度差不多是均匀的话,那么几乎不用怀疑:流星肯定会像整个太阳系一样围绕着太阳自西向东运动,从空间上来说它们应该是非常扁圆的球体,而且其赤道面应该几乎和太阳的赤道面相重合。 英文
如果事实的确如此,那么大量的流星就会坠落到太阳的赤道附近而不是两极,从而使太阳的赤道比两极更热。实际上,事实正是如此。在没有任何理论支撑的情况下,塞奇已经通过实验确认了太阳的赤道明显比两极热。实验中使用了电热倍增器,该仪器显示的结果是来自太阳赤道和两极这两个热源的热量差值,而不是其比率。 英文
毫无疑问,流星必然是以一定的速度进入太阳大气,这一速度与行星的速度相比并不会小很多,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | benign and Lethean influences of Time. 中文
But I am credibly informed that there are persons upon whom Dr. Bastian’s really wonderful effluence of words weighs as much as if it were charged with solid statements and accurate reasonings; and I am further told that it is my duty to the public to state why such distinguish... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | a solution, in a drop of which no “minutest visible specks” are to be seen by a careful searcher. Suppose that the drop, reduced to a thin film by the cover-glass, occupies an area 1/3 of an inch in diameter; to search this area with a microscope in such a way as to make sure that it does not contain a germ 1/40,000 of... | 400套付费套装书 |
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