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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of the other. The question of the existence or non-existence of atoms cannot be presented to us this evening with greater clearness than in the alternative theories of these two philosophers. 中文
Take any portion of matter, say a drop of water, and observe its properties. Like every other portion of matter we have ever ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The essence of the doctrine of Anaxagoras is that the parts of a body are in all respects similar to the whole. It was therefore called the doctrine of Homoiomereia. Anaxagoras did not of course assert this of the parts of organised bodies such as men and animals, but he maintained that those inorganic substances which... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Every substance, simple or compound, has its own molecule. If this molecule be divided, its parts are molecules of a different substance or substances from that of which the whole is a molecule. An atom, if there is such a thing, must be a molecule of an elementary substance. Since, therefore, every molecule is not an ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Our business this evening is to describe some researches in molecular science, and in particular to place before you any definite information which has been obtained respecting the molecules themselves. The old atomic theory, as described by Lucretius and revived in modern times, asserts that the molecules of all bodie... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The further development of the theory is generally supposed to have been begun with a paper by Krönig, which does not, however, so far as I can see, contain any improvement on what had gone before. It seems, however, to have drawn the attention of Prof. Clausius to the subject, and to him we owe a very large part of wh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | and in this way we can explain the effect of warming the gas, and also the law discovered by Charles that the proportional expansion of all gases between given temperatures is the same. 中文
The dynamical theory also tells us what will happen if molecules of different masses are allowed to knock about together. The great... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If all these molecules were flying in the same direction, they would constitute a wind blowing at the rate of seventeen miles a minute, and the only wind which approaches this velocity is that which proceeds from the mouth of a cannon. How, then, are you and I able to stand here? Only because the molecules happen to be... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | is a slow one, and if we could close up every opening of this hall so as to make it air-tight, and leave everything to itself for some weeks, the ammonia would become uniformly mixed through every part of the air in the hall. 中文
This property of gases, that they diffuse through each other, was first remarked by Priestl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But, according to our theory, the same kind of motion is going on in calm air as in the inter-diffusing gases, the only difference being that we can trace the molecules from one place to another more easily when they are of a different nature from those through which they are diffusing. 中文
If we wish to form a mental r... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | For instance, if a horizontal stratum of air is moving horizontally, molecules diffusing out of this stratum into those above and below will carry their horizontal motion with them, and so tend to communicate motion to the neighbouring strata, while molecules diffusing out of the neighbouring strata into the moving one... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | All these three kinds of diffusion—the diffusion of matter, of momentum, and of energy—are carried on by the motion of the molecules. The greater the velocity of the molecules and the farther they travel before their paths are altered by collision with other molecules, the more rapid will be the diffusion. Now we know ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | free path, and is always in a state of close encounter with other molecules. 中文
Hence in a liquid the diffusion of motion from one molecule to another takes place much more rapidly than the diffusion of the molecules themselves, for the same reason that it is more expeditious in a dense crowd to pass on a letter from h... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | We have no time to do more than mention that most wonderful molecular motion which is called electrolysis. Here is an electric current passing through acidulated water, and causing oxygen to appear at one electrode and hydrogen at the other. In the space between, the water is perfectly calm, and yet two opposite curren... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | discovered. 中文
These, then, are, some of the fields from which the data of molecular science are gathered. We may divide the ultimate results into three ranks, according to the completeness of our knowledge of them. 中文
To the first rank belong the relative masses of the molecules of different gases, and their velocitie... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Now Loschmidt has deduced from the dynamical theory the following remarkable proportion:—As the volume of a gas is to the combined volume of all the molecules contained in it, so is the mean path of a molecule to one-eighth of the diameter of a molecule. 中文
Assuming that the volume of the substance, when reduced to the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | nature, besides that which he has been studying, appear under a new aspect. 中文
The study of molecules has developed a method of its own, and it has also opened up new views of nature. 中文
When Lucretius wishes us to form a mental representation of the motion of atoms, he tells us to look at a sunbeam shining through a d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | income-tax, education, religious belief, or criminal convictions. The number of individuals is far too great to allow of their tracing the history of each separately, so that, in order to reduce their labour within human limits, they concentrate their attention on a small number of artificial groups. The varying number... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The data of the statistical method as applied to molecular science are the sums of large numbers of molecular quantities. In studying the relations between quantities of this kind, we meet with a new kind of regularity, the regularity of averages, which we can depend upon quite sufficiently for all practical purposes, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Now if, during the whole previous history of either specimen, whether imprisoned in the rocks, flowing in the sea, or careering through unknown regions with the meteorites, any modification of the molecules had taken place, these relations would no longer be preserved. 中文
But we have another and an entirely different m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But in the heavens we discover by their light, and by their light alone, stars so distant from each other that no material thing can ever have passed from one to another, and yet this light, which is to us the sole evidence of the existence of these distant worlds, tells us also that each of them is built up of molecul... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | call natural. 中文
Science is incompetent to reason upon the creation of matter itself out of nothing. We have reached the utmost limit of our thinking faculties when we have admitted that because matter cannot be eternal and self-existent it must have been created. 中文
It is only when we contemplate, not matter in itself... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | systems are built—the foundation stones of the material universe—remain unbroken and unworn. 中文
They continue this day as they were created, perfect in number and measure and weight, and from the ineffaceable characters impressed on them we may learn that those aspirations after accuracy in measurement, truth in statem... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
另一方面,阿那克萨哥拉认为,水滴被分割成的各个部分,除了和物质性质无关的物体尺寸发生了变化以外,其他一切方面都和整个的水滴类似。因此,如果原来的水滴是可分的,那么分割得到的各个部分也应该是可分的,哪怕分到极小,永无止境。 英文
阿那克萨哥拉学说的根本点是:一个物体的部分和它的整体在所有方面都是相似的,所以被称为同质性学说。阿那克萨哥拉当然没有把它应用到人和动物这样的有机体的身上,但是他认为那些看上去是均质的无机物的确是同质的,并且人类的普遍经验也能证实每一种物质实体毫无例外都是可分的。 英文
原子学说和同质性学说就是这样地针锋相对。 英文
但是现在我们必须转入对分子这个现代名词的讨论,它在《约翰逊词典》里是没有的。分子所包含的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 那么平均来说,每个分子碰撞器壁的次数相同,产生的冲击强度也相同,因此对总压力的贡献也相同。这样一来,一个固定容积的容器承受的压强和其中分子的总数量,也就是其中的气体总量,成正比。 英文
这就是罗伯特·玻意耳发现的空气压强正比于其密度这一事实的完整动力学解释。它还表明,如果我们将不同批次的气体加入容器,则无论它们的种类是否相同,每个部分都将独立地产生自己的分压强。 英文
下一步让我们假定分子速率增加的情形。因为每秒钟内,每个分子碰撞器壁的次数相应增加,同时每次碰撞的冲击强度也成比例增加,所以每个分子对压强的贡献和它的速度的平方成正比。在我们现在的理论中,分子速率平方的增加和温度的增加相对应。这样我们就能解释加热气体导致压强增加的效应,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
有的季节蜂群可以飞得很远,养蜂人为了能在别人的地盘上也能认出自己的蜂群,有时会向蜂群洒一把面粉。现在我们假定面粉正好把蜂群下面一半的蜜蜂染白,而上面一半没有沾上面粉。 英文
如果这群蜜蜂继续散乱地飞来飞去,蜂群上半部就会有越来越多的沾上面粉的蜜蜂,直到它们均匀地分布于上下两部分。但是这种扩散的原因不是因为蜜蜂沾上了面粉,而是因为它们到处乱飞。沾面粉标记的目的只是为了帮助我们识别特定的蜜蜂。 英文
我们没有办法标记一定数目的空气分子,使得它们在扩散到其他分子中之后还能被追踪到。但是我们可以用某些参数的传递来证明它们的扩散。 英文
比如说,如果一个水平空气层向水平方向移动,那么从该层扩散到上下两个相邻层的分子将携带水平动量,并把这... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 这个结合体还有可能再次被冲击离解。这样来看,电解是一种电动势协助下的分子扩散过程。 英文
分子科学的另一个分支是关于液体和气体之间的分子交换。它既包括同一种物质气液两态之间的蒸发和凝结理论,也包括液体吸收不同种物质气体分子的理论。安德鲁斯博士关于气液两态之间关系的研究表明,虽然我们基本教科书中的结论看上去如此简洁,似乎是天经地义,但其实际的意义可能包含着非常深奥的原理。在有合适的人将其搞清楚之前,人们认为一切已经尽善尽美了。 英文
以上就是分子科学取得数据成果的一些领域。我们根据完整的相关知识,把这些最终的成果分成三个等级。 英文
第一个等级中有不同气体分子的相对质量以及它们以米每秒为单位的速度。这些数据是根据气体压强和密度的实验结... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
这显然不是研究人类性质的唯一方法。我们可以观察个体的行为,也可以按照当前最好的理论,根据以往的特征预测目前情况下的行为,并把观察结果和预测的行为相比较。人们采用这种方法以增进他们对人类性质各个方面的认识,就像天文学家通过对比行星的实际位置和依据已知参数预测的位置之间的差别来修正轨道参数一样。父母、校长、历史学家、政治家对人性的研究,和登记员、制表人还有注重数据的政治家的研究是不同的。一个可以叫历史方法,另一个则是统计方法。 英文
动力学方程完全是历史方法定律在物质研究上的应用,但应用这些方程需要知道所有的数据,然而哪怕是实验中物质最小的部分也包含着极多我们看不见的分子。我们不可能确定任何一个分子的实际运动状况,所以必须放弃严格... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
只有当我们思考物质的存在形式,而不是物质本身的时候,我们的思维才算找到了一些可以解决问题的线索。 英文
我们知道,形而上学者认为必要的真理是:物质必须具有一些基本的性质——它应该存在于空间中,能够运动,运动应该是持续的等等。我们可以利用已知的与这些真理有关的知识进行推导,但是并无数据可以用来猜测这些真理的本源。 英文
但是每一个氢分子的质量都正好是这么多,这个事实就完全是另一个性质了。这种质量的分布,或者用查默斯博士的词语——这种布置,实在是太特别了,让我们都不习惯。 英文
比如,行星轨道的形式和尺度,也不是由任何自然定律决定的,而是取决于特殊的质量的布置。作为米制计量体系标准的地球的尺寸也是这样。但是这些天文和地理的量值在科... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | found that the results were always similar, and that they did not depend on any temporary and capricious antipathy between the water and the fire. This is an explanation of the lowest order, in which the class to which the phenomenon is referred consists of other phenomena which can only be distinguished from it by the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the motions of a system in which the astronomical elements may have any values whatever. 中文
When we pass from astronomical to electrical science, we can still observe the configuration and motion of electrified bodies, and thence, following the strict Newtonian path, deduce the forces with which they act on each other;... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In the meantime the mathematicians, guided by that instinct which teaches them to store up for others the irrepressible secretions of their own minds, had developed with the utmost generality the dynamical theory of a material system. 中文
Of all hypotheses as to the constitution of bodies, that is surely the most warran... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Hence, if we are careful to remember that the word particle means a small part of a body, and that it does not involve any hypothesis as to the ultimate divisibility of matter, we may consider a body as made up of particles, and we may also assert that in bodies or parts of bodies of measurable dimensions, the number o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The quantity T is the kinetic energy of the system, or, in other words, that part of the energy which is due to the motion of the parts of the system. 中文
The kinetic energy of a particle is half the product of its mass into the square of its velocity, and the kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In this case the virial must be negative, and since by Boyle’s Law the product of pressure and volume is constant, the virial also must be constant, whatever the volume, in the same quantity of gas at constant temperature. It follows from this that Rr, the product of the repulsion of two particles into the distance bet... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But we know that most ordinary gases deviate from Boyle’s Law, especially at low temperatures and great densities. Let us see whether the hypothesis of forces between the particles, which we rejected when brought forward as the sole cause of gaseous pressure, may not be consistent with experiment when considered as the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The relation between pressure and density arising from such an action between the particles is of this kind. 中文
As the density increases from zero, the pressure at first depends almost entirely on the motion of the particles, and therefore varies almost exactly as the pressure, according to Boyle’s Law. As the density ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Now the points B and F represent two states of the medium in which the pressure is the same but the density very different. The whole of the medium may pass from the state B to the state F, not through the intermediate states C D E, but by small successive portions passing directly from the state B to the state F. In t... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The higher the temperature, the greater the part of the pressure which depends on motion, as compared with that which depends on forces between the particles. Hence, as the temperature rises, the dip in the curve becomes less marked, and at a certain temperature the curve, instead of dipping, merely becomes horizontal ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Let us now return to the case of a highly rarefied gas in which the pressure is due entirely to the motion of its particles. It is easy to calculate the mean square of the velocity of the particles from the equation of Clausius, since the volume, the pressure, and the mass are all measurable quantities. Supposing the v... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Clausius, in his earlier investigations at least, did not attempt to determine whether the velocities of all the molecules of the same gas are equal, or whether, if unequal, there is any law according to which they are distributed. He therefore, as a first hypothesis, seems to have assumed that the velocities are equal... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The result which I published in 1860 has since been subjected to a more strict investigation by Dr. Ludwig Boltzmann, who has also applied his method to the study of the motion of compound molecules. The mathematical investigation, though, like all parts of the science of probabilities and statistics, it is somewhat di... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Fig. 2. Diagram of Velocities
中文
The most useful quantity for purposes of comparison and calculation is called the “velocity of mean square”. It is that velocity whose square is the average of the squares of the velocities of all the molecules. 中文
This is the velocity given above as calculated from the properties of d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | This result coincides with the law of equivalent volumes established by Gay Lussac. This law, however, has hitherto tested on purely chemical evidence, the relative masses of the molecules of different substances having been deduced from the proportions in which the substances enter into chemical combination. It is now... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is not essential, however, to the mathematical investigation to assume that the molecule is made up of atoms. All that is assumed is that the position and configuration of the molecule can be completely expressed by a certain number of variables. 中文
Let us call this number n. 中文
Of these variables, three are require... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In 1860 I investigated the ratio of the two parts of the energy on the hypothesis that the molecules are elastic bodies of invariable form. I found, to my great surprise, that whatever be the shape of the molecules, provided they are not perfectly smooth and spherical, the ratio of the two parts of the energy must be a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If this is the case, the specific heat is inversely as the specific gravity, according to the law of Dulong and Petit, which is, to a certain degree of approximation, verified by experiment. 中文
But if we take the actual values of the specific heat as found by Regnault and compare them with this formula, we find that n ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | So does any capacity which the molecule may have for storing up energy in the potential form. But the calculated specific heat is already too great when we suppose the molecule to consist of two atoms only. Hence every additional degree of complexity which we attribute to the molecule can only increase the difficulty o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Another consequence of Boltzmann’s theorem is, that the temperature tends to become equal throughout a vertical column of gas at rest. 中文
In the case of the atmosphere, the effect of wind is to cause the temperature to vary as that of a mass of air would do if it were carried vertically upwards, expanding and cooling a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | To show that all the molecules of the same substance are equal in mass, we may refer to the methods of dialysis introduced by Graham, by which two gases of different densities may be separated by percolation through a porous plug. 中文
If in a single gas there were molecules of different masses, the same process of dialy... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The observed transparency of gases may seem hardly consistent with the results of molecular investigations. 中文
A model of the molecules of a gas consisting of marbles scattered at distances bearing the proper proportion to their diameters, would allow very little light to penetrate through a hundred feet. 中文
But if we ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But the most important result of these inquiries is a more distinct conception of thermal phenomena. In the first place, the temperature of the medium is measured by the average kinetic energy of translation of a single molecule of the medium. In two media placed in thermal communication, the temperature as thus measur... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The motion which we call light, though still more minute and rapidly alternating than that of sound, is, like that of sound, perfectly regular, and therefore is not heat. What was formerly called Radiant Heat is a phenomenon physically identical with light. 中文
When the radiation arrives at a certain portion of the medi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Among other properties of a gas, it will have that established by Dulong and Petit, so that the capacity for heat of unit of volume of the ether must be equal to that of unit of volume of any ordinary gas at the same pressure. Its presence, therefore, could not fail to be detected in our experiments on specific heat, a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 事实上,我们只能通过观测那些看不见的结构部分的外部作用来确定其内部结构。 英文
主要用来进行此类研究的方法是先建立一个假说,然后计算如果该假说成立会产生什么结果。若这些结果与实际现象相吻合,我们就说这个假说得到了确证,至少在没有其他人提出与客观现象更一致的另一种假说之前,是可以这样说的。 英文
之所以有如此多的物理理论依靠假说的方式建立起来,是因为理论家早期没有获得具有足够普适性的方法和术语来表达他们归纳出的结果。受此限制,他们要么将观点表达得含糊不清以至于毫无用处,要么用另一种形式表达观点,而这种形式的细节只能靠非常规的想象力来弥补。 英文
与此同时,数学家在其本能(这种本能使他们将自身才智孕育出的丰硕果实供给他人)的驱使下已经发... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
在上述情况中,位力必定为负值,又由玻意耳定律可知压力与体积的乘积为常数,则等量恒温的气体,不论其体积是多少,位力也一定是常数。由此可知,两个微粒之间的排斥力与距离的乘积Rr必为常数,换言之,排斥力必定与距离成反比。然而,牛顿已经指出这一定律不适用于分子间作用力的情况,因为它将使物体中相隔较远的部分间的相互作用比相邻的部分间的相互作用更强。实际上,我们只需注意到,如果Rr是常数,那么每一对微粒的位力都一定是相同的,于是系统的位力一定会正比于系统中微粒的对数——即正比于微粒数的平方,或者说正比于容器中气体数量的平方。根据这一定律,相同密度的气体在不同容器中的压力也是不同的,在较大容器中的压力会比在较小容器中的压力更大,而在开放的大... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
现在,让我们设想介质始终以均匀的状态沿着假设的曲线B C D E F从B变化到F,并以蒸气和液体混合的形式沿着直线F B返回。因为温度一直是恒定的,所以其间不会有热能转化为功,而转化为功的热能对应于区域F D E与B C D的面积差。因此,在给定温度下使蒸气压力达到最大的条件,就是直线B F与上方和下方曲线围成的面积相等。 英文
温度越高,由运动决定的那部分压力与由微粒间作用力决定的部分相比就越大。因此,随着温度升高,曲线的凹陷变得不明显,当温度达到某一个值时,曲线不再凹陷而在某一点达到水平线的位置之后曲线就像前面那样上升了。这个点称为临界点。安德鲁斯已经用巧妙的研究方法确定了碳酸的临界点。临界点对应于确定的温度、压力和密度。... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
如果从图中选择一个固定的点,从这点出发画一条线来表示速度的方向和大小,并在线段末端画出端点,那么端点的位置就表示分子的运动状态。 英文
如果我们对所有分子作同样处理,那么整张图上将画满了点,某些位置的点会比其他位置的点多。 英文
可以看出,这些点的分布规律与观测或调节中经常出现的误差的分布规律是相同的。 英文
你面前这张图中的点可以用来表示分子的速度,或者对同一颗恒星位置的不同观测结果,或者位于目标靶心周围的弹洞,上述这些具有相同的分布方式。 英文
分子速率的取值范围是从零到无限大,因此说到分子的平均速率我们必须先定义我们指的是什么。 英文
图2. 速度图像
英文
为了便于比较和计算,最有用的量叫作“均方速率”。这个量的平... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
对于刚体来说n = 6,这使得运动的总能量为平动动能的2倍。 英文
但是,如果分子能够在外力作用下改变形状,它就一定可以储存势能,而如果外力是能保证分子的稳定性的那种,当内部运动的平均能量增加时,平均势能也会增加。 英文
因此,随着温度升高,平动动能、内部运动能量和势能的增量分别为3,(n–3)和e,其中e是取值为正的未知量,其数值取决于将分子各组成部分束缚在一起的力的定律。 英文
当物体的体积保持不变时,加热的效果是增加总能量。我们由此给出恒容气体的比热——
其中p0和V0是零摄氏度或绝对温度273 ̊时单位质量的压力和体积,而J则是热的动力学当量。恒压条件下的比热为
对于那些有相同复杂程度的分子,n值是相同的,e值可能... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
如果在一种气体中存在不同质量的分子,将同样的透析过程足够多次地重复之后,我们就可以得到两部分气体,其中一部分的平均分子质量比另一部分的大。这两部分气体有不同的密度和化合量。现在,也许可以说,没有谁曾以足够精细的方式对每一种化学物质进行过这一实验。然而自然过程在持续不断地进行着这种类型的实验。如果同种物质具有十分相似但质量略有差别的分子,那么其中质量较大的分子将会被优先选择来形成一种化合物,而质量较小的分子则形成另一种。但是,无论是从水中还是从碳氢化合物中得到的氢都具有相同的密度,因此,氧和碳都不能在氢分子中找到大于或小于平均质量的个体。 英文
目前已有的对分子实际大小的估计都建立在将物体固态或液态时的体积与气态时的体积相比较的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果我们愿意的话,我们可以假定每个以太分子都是一个氢分子的千分之一或百万分之一,并且它们可以自由穿越任何常见分子的间隙。但是,正如我们已经看到的,普通分子的扰动与以太分子的扰动之间会自发地建立平衡。换句话说,以太与其中的物体会趋于温度相同的状态,那么以太就会服从诸如压力和温度等常见的气体定律。 英文
以太除了具有气体的性质以外,根据杜隆和珀蒂建立的定律,相同压力下,单位体积以太的热容与单位体积任何普通气体的热容相等。因此,在比热实验中不可能检测不到以太的存在,从而我们可以断言以太不是由分子构成的。 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;李芝芬 审稿)
* 2月18日,克拉克·麦克斯韦教授(皇家学会会员)在化学学会所作的讲座。
† 《论液态和气态的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | All this is unproved, and I think baseless. No dynamical reason can be assigned why there should be a downward current at the centre of the vortex. If the waterspout is formed in a vortex, which I think probable, though I am not certain of it, the vortical motion will produce not a downward but an upward current at its... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “It begins, by its diminished specific gravity, to rise, and then, if all circumstances are favourable, the cloud will increase as it ascends, and finally become of so great perpendicular depth, that by its less specific gravity the air below it, in consequence of diminished pressure, will so expand and cool by expansi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
埃斯皮的《风暴原理》一书阐述了关于海龙卷的准确理论。尽管该理论存在否认龙卷风旋转这一重大错误,但它却开创了气象学的新纪元,并且就我所知,到现在为止它依然是无可替代的。 英文
当水汽凝结为水滴而形成云时,水汽中的潜热就被释放出来并使空气膨胀。一个简单的计算说明:扣除水汽凝结造成的体积减小,潜热释放使空气膨胀而造成的空气体积增加大约是水汽凝结前空气体积的4~5倍。如果此时空气湿度接近饱和,而且温度正好能使干空气处于对流平衡状态(也就是说,此时任意两个气层之间的温度差都取决于它们之间的气压差),并且在某气柱中水汽发生了凝结,那么水汽凝结释放的潜热就会使该气柱中的空气比周围同高度的空气更暖更轻。接下来便会像埃斯皮的著作中第44页所说的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | the last soirée of the Society of Telegraph Engineers by the president, Mr. Latimer Clark. The principle of the apparatus is as follows:— 中文
A vibrating reed is caused to interrupt the electric current entering the wire a certain number of times per second and the current so interrupted at the sending end sets a simila... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | While this is going on the reed of course emits its musical note. Two Leclanché or bichromate cells are sufficient to work the transmitter and give a good note. The spring contact b is to be adjusted by the screw there seen until the note emitted by the reed is both loud and pure. The magnets A and B are adjustable to ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Here the line-current is passed to earth through the primary circuit P of the small induction coil, and the induced current is led to the sounding-box. This consists of a flat hollow cylindrical wooden box B, covered by a convoluted face of sheet zinc with two air holes hh, perforated in it, this box is attached to a m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | reproduce the same number of corresponding notes at the distant station. The current is controlled by eight keys at the sending end and sifted by eight sounders at the receiving end, each sounder being sensitive only to those portions of the current affected by its corresponding transmitter. The superimposed effect of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
第一类设备中有一个简单的双电磁铁,电磁铁上的钢舌一端被刚性地固定在一个电极上,另一端位于另一个电极下方,可以自由振动。这些竖立在一个一端封闭的木制管子上。如图2所示,t T为钢舌,其中t为固定端,T为自由端,P为发音管。接收到的电流从电话线路流经电磁铁M最后到接地端,该电流使钢舌振动,于是发音管发出音符,这与发送端簧片发出的音符完全相同。10个丹聂耳电池可以负载1,000欧姆的电阻,使设备发出强劲而优美的信号,尤其是当接收器被拿在手里靠近头部的时候。为了得到最好的效果,必须校正图1中的螺丝a。 英文
图2
英文
另一类接收设备是两类中最有意思的,它包括一个很小的感应线圈,这个感应线圈用来连接一个特殊的发音盒,如图3所示。 ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “On a Possible Mode of Detecting a Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether”. By the late Prof. J. Clerk Maxwell. In a letter to Mr. D. P. Todd, Director of the Nautical Almanac Office, Washington, U. S. Communicated by Prof. Stoke, Sec. R. S. 中文
Mr. Todd has been so good as to communicate to me a copy... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I have received with much pleasure the tables of the satellites of Jupiter which you have been so kind as to send me, and I am encouraged by your interest in the Jovial system to ask you if you have made any special study of the apparent retardation of the eclipses as affected by the geocentric position of Jupiter. 中文
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | But no method can be made available without good tables of the motion of the satellites, and as I am not an astronomer, I do not know whether, in comparing the observations with the tables of Damoiseau, any attempt has been made to consider the term in v cosλ. 中文
I have, therefore, taken the liberty of writing to you, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 并且按照在地球上测量光速的方法,光按原路返回,地球相对于以太的速度会改变这一往返的时间。但是,这个时间上的改变量依赖于地球速度与光速之比的平方,因此,这个量太小,以至于无法观测。 英文
但是,如果J E表示木星与地球之间的距离,l表示地心经度,l'和λ分别表示太阳在以太中运动方向的经度和纬度,v表示太阳在以太中运动的速度,V表示光速,t表示光从木星到地球的传播时间,
J E=[V-vcosλcos(l-l')]t
通过比较木星在黄道不同位置时的t,就有可能确定l'和v cosλ。 英文
除非有一个行星的轨道向黄道极大倾斜,不然我就无法知道怎样确定λ。我们应该注意到,尽管用这种方法测量的光速V也与J E的变化有关,也就是说,依赖于地球... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | If the title of mathematician be restricted (as it too commonly is) to those who possess peculiarly ready mastery over symbols, whether they try to understand the significance of each step or no, Clerk Maxwell was not, and certainly never attempted to be, in the foremost rank of mathematicians. He was slow in “writing ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | His original work was commenced at a very early age. His first printed paper, “On the Description of Oval Curves, and those having a Plurality of Foci”, was communicated for him by Prof. Forbes to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and inserted in the “Proceedings” for 1846, before he reached his fifteenth year. He had th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Cauchy’s Calcul Différentiel, Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs, and others of a very high order. These were read through, not merely consulted. Unfortunately no list is kept of the books consulted in the Library. One result of this period of steady work consists in two elaborate papers, printed in the Transactions of the Ro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | During his undergraduateship in Cambridge he developed the germs of his future great work on “Electricity and Magnetism” (1873) in the form of a paper “On Faraday’s Lines of Force”, which was ultimately printed in 1856 in the “Trans. of the Cam. Phil. Soc.” He showed me the MS. of the greater part of it in 1853. It is ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of stresses and motions of the medium which is required to account for the phenomena of light. Maxwell has shown that, on this hypothesis, the velocity of light is the ratio of the electro-magnetic and electro-static units. Since this ratio, and the actual velocity of light, can be determined by absolutely independent ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The next in point of date of Maxwell’s greatest works is his “Essay on the Stability of the Motion of Saturn’s Rings”, which obtained the Adam’s Prize in the University of Cambridge in 1857. This admirable investigation was published as a pamphlet in 1859. Laplace had shown in the Mécanique Céleste that a uniform solid... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | diameter would balance a large change in the inner rings. This is consistent with the progressive changes which have been observed since the discovery of the rings. An ingenious and simple mechanism is described, by which the motions of a ring composed of equal satellites can be easily demonstrated. 中文
Another subject ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The last of his greatest investigations is the splendid Series on the Kinetic Theory of Gases, with the closely connected question of the sizes, and laws of mutual action, of the separate particles of bodies. The Kinetic Theory seems to have originated with D. Bernoulli; but his successors gradually reverted to statica... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | contiguous strata of gas sliding over one another, and shows that the coefficient of viscosity is independent of the density of the gas. From Stokes’ calculation of that coefficient he gave the first deduced approximate value of the mean length of the free path; which could not, for want of data, be obtained from the r... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 3. Throughout a vertical column of gas gravity has no effect in making one part hotter or colder than another; whence (by the dynamical theory of heat) the same must by true for all substances. 中文
Maxwell has published in later years several additional papers on the Kinetic Theory, generally of a more abstruse characte... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | form of the paper...” So writes Maxwell in the Cam. and Dub. Math. Jour. (May, 1854), and proceeds to give an exceedingly simple and beautiful explanation of the phenomenon. The explanation is, of course, of a very general character, for the complete working out of such a problem appears to be, even yet, hopeless; but ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “On the Focal Lines of a Refracted Pencil” (Math. Soc. Proc. 1873) 中文
A remarkable paper, for which he obtained the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, is entitled “On Reciprocal Figures, Frames, and Diagrams of Forces.” It is published in the Transactions of the Society for 1870. Portions of it had previous... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In addition to those we have mentioned we cannot recall many pieces of experimental work on Maxwell’s part:—with two grand exceptions. The first was connected with the determination of the British Association Unit of Electric Resistance, and the closely associated measurement of the ratio of the electrokinetic to the e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | His “Theory of Heat”, which has already gone through several editions, is professedly elementary, but in many places is probably, in spite of its admirable definiteness, more difficult to follow than any other of his writings. In intrinsic importance it is of the same high order as his “Electricity”, but as a whole it ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The works which we have mentioned would of themselves indicate extraordinary activity on the part of their author, but they form only a fragment of what he has published; and when we add to this the further statement, that Maxwell was always ready to assist those who sought advice or instruction from him, and that he h... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is to be hoped that these scattered gems may be collected and published, for they are of the very highest interest, as the work during leisure hours of one of the most piercing intellects of modern times. Every one of them contains evidence of close and accurate thought, and many are in the happiest form of epigram.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 他更喜欢以几何或物理的形式表示自己所研究的问题,并且总是借助于以下方式来完成下一步的研究:在必要时,将这些表示转化成符号的形式。在他众多的伟大著作中所出现的较少的符号,在需要的时候似乎又能拓展成为直接触及主题的成熟的篇章,从这些方面来看,他的著作与威廉·汤姆孙爵士的十分相似,他在早年就很有远见卓识地把爵士当作自己的榜样。 英文
毫无疑问,为每个问题建立思维上的表示,这个习惯是麦克斯韦作为一名研究者能够获得巨大成功的主要秘诀之一。除此之外,他还拥有卓越的洞察力和非凡的意志力。他的思路清晰,堪比法拉第。从数学家一词的这种(真正的)意义来说,麦克斯韦就是一位最高层次的数学家。 英文
然而,麦克斯韦的思维之敏捷,连他自己都无法控制,这使得他... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 接着,他在电学研究中给出了所有更重要的物理量的四维形式,然而他并没有在建立表示方法的同时进行计算。我在别处(《自然》,第7卷,第478页)讨论过这项伟大工作中的多个重要发现,这本身就足以使其作者跻身最伟大的科学家行列。我可以在这里说,这项工作的目标就是,至少在涉及电磁力时,弄清“超距作用”,并且要通过光现象所需的介质应力和运动来解释它们。麦克斯韦指出,在这种假设下,光速为电磁单元与静电单元之比。因为这个比值和光速都可以由完全独立的实验确定,所以上面的理论可以用极为严格的初级实验来检验。但是,目前这两个物理量都还没能在2%~3%的误差范围内被清楚地认识,每个量的最可几数值当然比分散的数值更加集中。现在毫无疑问,麦克斯韦电现象理论建立的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 赫拉帕斯(1847年)似乎是第一个重新注意到气体压力动力学理论的人。焦耳在1848年计算了氢气和其他气体微粒的平均速度。科隆尼格在1856年(《波根多夫年鉴》)考虑到了这个问题,但是除了得到气体的重量只有静止气体微粒的一半这一惊人结果之外,他似乎并没有进一步发展焦耳的结果。 英文
在不久之后(1859年),克劳修斯取得了巨大的进展。他用动力学理论成功地解释了气体体积、温度、压强之间的关系,膨胀造成的冷却,以及气体中缓慢的热扩散和热传导。他还研究了气体微粒的平均自由程长度、给定空间中的粒子数以及粒子碰撞过程中的最小距离这三者之间的关系。克劳修斯工作的最大价值在于,他在处理这个问题时,引入了概率论的方法。 英文
然后就是克拉克·麦克斯韦... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
2. 从介质中任意一点发出的光线,都会在另外一点精确相遇。 英文
3. 如果光线在介质外的某一点发散,并且经由一个以此发散点为球心的球面进入介质,那么这些光线将精确地会聚到介质中的某一点上。 英文
我本人在一篇文章(《爱丁堡皇家学会会报》,1865年)中,用一种新颖的方法对这个问题及相关问题进行了分析。 英文
光学是克拉克·麦克斯韦最喜欢的课题之一,但是在他关于光学不同分支或者直接与光学相关的大量文章中,我们只需提及下面这些:
《论光学仪器的普遍规律》(《数学季刊》,1858年)
《论四次圆纹曲面》(《数学季刊》,1868年)
《论在屏幕上生成纯光谱的最佳方案》(《爱丁堡皇家学会会刊》,1868年)
《论折射光束的焦线... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果我还补充说,麦克斯韦总是乐于帮助那些寻求建议或指引的人,而且他通读过很多好友的著作的校样(在上面所作的注释使其更加丰富,往往起到画龙点睛的作用),大家可能会觉得十分惊讶,他哪来那么多时间完成这么多事情。 英文
很多读者一定还记得在我们的专栏中偶尔出现的那些非常尖锐的讽刺小诗,通常都是关于科学主题的,并且署名†;在凯莱肖像画上的诗句中由行列式、–1的根、n维空间以及三次曲面上的27条线等很自然地组成的一首充满韵律的英文小诗;为鲍尔博士关于旋量的论文写的令人赞叹的简介;用出奇得体的伏特和欧姆组成的电报情书;特别是那篇《为女士所作的关于汤姆孙反射检流计的演讲》,所有这些都让人无法忘怀。当今世上没有人可以超越麦克斯韦在小诗中表现出的用几... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I am much puzzled by some recent results as to the density of nitrogen, and shall be obliged if any of your chemical readers can offer suggestions as to the cause. According to two methods of preparation I obtain quite distinct values. The relative difference, amounting to about 1/1,000 part, is small in itself; but it... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On the other hand, can the ammonia-made nitrogen be too light from the presence of impurity? There are not many gases lighter than nitrogen, and the absence of hydrogen, ammonia, and water seems to be fully secured. On the whole it seemed the more probable supposition that the impurity was hydrogen, which in this degre... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 然后将气体通过一个盛有硫酸的洗气瓶,之后再使其通过加热炉中的氧化铜,最后依次通过硫酸、钾碱和磷酸酐。 英文
第二种制备方法是拉姆齐教授向我建议的。与第一种方法相比,只有第一个加热铜的玻璃管被一个装有液氨的洗气瓶代替,这一洗气瓶允许空气在通过时产生气泡,除此之外再没有任何改变。这种氨法非常简便,但是通过这种方法得到的氮气比采用第一种方法制得的氮气轻1/1,000。那么,产生这种差异的原因是什么呢? 英文
用第一种方法制得的氮气中如果还有残余的氧气,那么其密度就会更大。但是按照这种假设,制得的氮气中就要有大约1%的氧气,但是我用碱性焦酸盐进行检测并没有发现任何氧气。值得注意的是,这种氮气的密度与最近勒迪克用同一种方法制得的氮气的密度非常... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | tube, whether the painted side or the other be turned towards the tube. The fluorescence is still visible at two metres distance. It is easy to show that the origin of the fluorescence lies within the vacuum tube. 中文
(2) It is seen, therefore, that some agent is capable of penetrating black cardboard which is quite opa... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | face with white lead, it casts little shadow when it is so turned that the painted face is parallel to the X-rays, but a strong shadow if the rays have to pass through the painted side. The salts of the metals, either solid or in solution, behave generally as the metals themselves. 中文
(3) The preceding experiments lead... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Of special interest in this connection is the fact that photographic dry plates are sensitive to the X-rays. It is thus possible to exhibit the phenomena so as to exclude the danger of error. I have thus confirmed many observations originally made by eye observation with the fluorescent screen. Here the power of the X-... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | With prisms of ebonite and aluminium, I have obtained images on the photographic plate, which point to a possible deviation. It is, however, uncertain, and at most would point to a refractive index 1.05. No deviation can be observed by means of the fluorescent screen. Investigations with the heavier metals have not as ... | 400套付费套装书 |
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