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mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Deterrence theory | Rational deterrence theory: One approach to theorizing about deterrence has entailed the use of rational choice and game-theoretic models of decision making (see game theory). Rational deterrence theory entails:
Rationality: actors are rational
Unitary actor assumption: actors are understood as unitary
Dyads: interac... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Deterrence theory | It states that when two countries each have nuclear weapons, the probability of a direct war between them greatly decreases, but the probability of minor or indirect conflicts between them increases. This occurs because rational actors want to avoid nuclear wars, and thus they neither start major conflicts nor allow mi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Deterrence theory | According to political scientists Joseph Brown and Tanisha Fazal, states frequently neither confirm nor deny responsibility for cyber operations so that they can avoid the escalatory risks (that come with public credit) while also signaling that they have cyber capabilities and resolve (which can be achieved if intelli... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Direct fire | Description: Examples of direct-fire weapons include most ancient and modern weapons such as slings, blowguns, bows, crossbows, firearms, and recoilless rifles. The term is most often used in the context of artillery, such as howitzers and mortars.
Direct fire remained the dominant method of operating artillery through... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Director (military) | Naval warships: For warships of the 20th century, the director is part of the fire control system; it passes information to the computer that calculates range and elevation for the guns. Typically, positions on the ship measured range and bearing of the target; these instantaneous measurements are used to calculate rat... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Disaster response | Definition: Disaster response refers to the actions taken directly before, during or in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and safety and to meet the subsistence needs of the people affected.: 16
The Business Dictionary provide a more comprehensive definition for "disa... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Disaster response | The biggest international umbrella organizations are the Inter-Agency Standing Committee and the International Council for Voluntary Agencies.
Humanitarian OSM Team works to update and provide map in areas struck by disaster.
Disaster response technologies:
Ad hoc infrastructure: A range of infrastructures could be ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Disaster response | Following disaster, collective processing of emotions leads to greater resilience and community engagement.
Impacts of disasters:
On men and women: In the immediate aftermath of a disaster, an affected population has a number of needs. In disaster response relief, many actors tend to focus on addressing the most imm... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Disinformation | Etymology: The English word disinformation comes from the application of the Latin prefix dis- to information making the meaning "reversal or removal of information". The rarely used word had appeared with this usage in print at least as far back as 1887.
Some consider it a loan translation of the Russian дезинформаци... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Disinformation | election cycle which falsely claimed that he supported Donald Trump. He said the worst thing the news media could do was spread disinformation. He said the act was a sin, comparing those who spread disinformation to individuals who engage in coprophilia.
Ethics in warfare: In a contribution to the 2014 book Military E... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Disinformation | Develop market-oriented disinformation research that examines the financial incentives and business models that nudge content creators and digital platforms to circulate disinformation online.
Include a multidisciplinary approach, involving history, political economy, ethnic studies, feminist studies, and science and t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ditch (fortification) | Uses: In early fortifications, ditches were often used in combination with ramparts to slow down the enemy whilst defensive fire could be brought to bear from the relative protection afforded by the rampart and possibly the palisade.
In medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Divide and rule | Definition: The use of this technique is meant to empower the sovereign to control subjects, populations, or factions of different interests, who collectively might be able to oppose its rule. Niccolò Machiavelli identifies a similar application to military strategy, advising in Book VI of The Art of War (1521). a capt... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Divide and rule | In Revolutions of 1848, the governments which were being revolted against used this tactic to counter the rebels.
The Salami strategy of Hungarian Communist leader, Mátyás Rákosi.
The colonial authorities in British Cyprus often stirred up the Turkish minority in order to neutralize agitation from the Greek majority. T... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Drone warfare | United States: Estimates for the total people killed in U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, range from 2,000 to 3,500 militants killed and 158–965 civilians killed. 81 insurgent leaders in Pakistan have been killed. Drone strikes in Yemen are estimated to have killed 846–1,758 militants and 116–225 civilians. 57 Al-Qaeda i... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Drone warfare | On October 13, 2022, the first recorded instance of an unarmed drone-on-drone combat encounter occurred above the Donetsk region of Ukraine. A Ukrainian DJI Mavic quadcopter was recorded ramming a Russian drone of the same model, resulting in the latter crashing towards the surface below. Another instance of this aeria... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Early modern warfare | Europe: In Europe, Medieval castles were replaced by the "Italian style" fortresses, known for low, thick, sloping walls and star-shaped designs with bastions. However, by the mid-18th century, polygonal forts emerged to counter the power of explosive shells.
Fortifications: The period from 1501 to 1800 saw a rapid ad... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Early modern warfare | The Italian Wars alone would threaten Europe's very existence. This may in part be attributed to improvements in weapons technology and in the techniques of using it (for example infantry volley fire).
However, the main reason was that armies were now much bigger, but logistical support for them was inadequate. This me... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Early modern warfare | The cavalry charge remained an important part of battle tactics for the rest of 17th century and until the modern area, and its shock value could be decisive when implemented properly like during Battle of Vienna (1683).
However, the power formerly wielded by a heavy cavalry-focused army was at an end. For the first ti... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Early modern warfare | Japanese battle planning soon centered around manipulating one's enemies into allied fortified positions to rapidly dispatch enemy manpower, only engaging in hand-to-hand combat when necessary.
Similarly, Japanese daimyō were introduced to artillery in 1551, when a trader claiming to be the king of Rome presented eleme... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Early modern warfare | A man by the name of Konstantin Mihailović was captured by the Turks in 1455 and would eventually write a memoir about his time with the Ottoman Empire's Janissary units. His account would be considered flawed because of the translations from Serbian to Czech and Polish. There is no original text from his memoir and on... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Echelon formation | Military formation: Use of the formation dates back to ancient infantry and cavalry warfare, as an alternative to column, line-abreast, or phalanx (box) formations. One of its earliest uses was at the Battle of Leuctra, when the Thebans attacked the Spartan right with a column 48 men deep while their weaker center and ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Economic warfare | History:
Crusades: In his Book on the Recovery of the Holy Land, Fidentius of Padua provides prescriptions for economic warfare to be waged against the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt in furtherance of the Crusades. He envisions a fleet of 40–50 galleys to enforce a blockade on trade between Europe and Egypt. He sees this ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Economic warfare | Samuel P. Huntington argued that the program was also a part of a general policy of forced draft urbanization, which aimed to destroy the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, forcing them to flee to the U.S.-dominated cities, depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base.
French Economi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Economy of force | Notes:
See also: Carl Von Clausewitz's Vom Krieg (On War)
J.F.C. Fuller's The Nine Principles of War.
Col. John Boyd's OODA loop (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) theory.
Further reading: Handel, Michael I. (2001). Robert Cowley, Geoffrey Parker (ed.). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Ha... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Electromagnetic warfare | The electromagnetic environment: Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). The recognized need for military forces t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Electromagnetic warfare | The intelligence the Japanese gained ultimately led to the decisive Battle of Tsushima, where the Russian Navy lost all its battleships and most of its cruisers and destroyers. These losses effectively ended the Russo-Japanese War in Japan's favor.
During World War II, the Allies and Axis Powers both extensively used E... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Electronic counter-countermeasure | History: Ever since electronics have been used in battle in an attempt to gain superiority over the enemy, effort has been spent on techniques to reduce the effectiveness of those electronics. More recently, sensors and weapons are being modified to deal with this threat. One of the most common types of ECM is radar ja... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Electronic countermeasure | History: The first example of electronic countermeasures being applied in a combat situation took place during the Russo-Japanese war. On July 13, 1904, Russian wireless telegraphy stations installed in the Port Arthur fortress and on board Russian light cruisers successfully interrupted wireless communication between ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Electronic countermeasures | History: The first example of electronic countermeasures being applied in a combat situation took place during the Russo-Japanese war. On July 13, 1904, Russian wireless telegraphy stations installed in the Port Arthur fortress and on board Russian light cruisers successfully interrupted wireless communication between ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Electronic-warfare aircraft | List of electronic-warfare aircraft: Examples of modern aircraft designed or modified for EW include:
Antonov An-12BK-PPS (Soviet Union)
Antonov An-26REP (Soviet Union)
Boeing EA-18G Growler (United States)
Denel TP1 Oryx EW (South Africa)
Chengdu J-10D (China)
Douglas C-47TP EW (South Africa)
Douglas EA-3 Skywarrio... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Empty Fort Strategy | Cao Cao: According to the Sanguozhi, in 195, the Empty Fort Strategy was used by the warlord Cao Cao against his rival Lü Bu in one incident at Chengshi County (乘氏縣; southwest of present-day Juye County, Shandong). In the summer of that year, Lü Bu went to Dongmin County (東緡縣; northeast of present-day Jinxiang County, ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Empty Fort Strategy | In the face of imminent danger, with the main Shu army deployed elsewhere and only a small group of soldiers in Xicheng with him, Zhuge Liang came up with a ploy to hold off the approaching enemy.
Zhuge Liang ordered all the gates to be opened and instructed soldiers disguised as civilians to sweep the roads while he s... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Empty Fort Strategy | In May 618, the Göktürks allied with the warlord Liu Wuzhuo to attack the Sui dynasty in order to gain territory. Jinyang became one of their targets.
Around the time, Li Yuan had just arrested Wang Wei (王威) and Gao Junya (高君雅), two officials sent by Emperor Yang to spy on him. He was also still busy plotting his rebel... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Encirclement | History: Encirclement has been used throughout the centuries by military leaders, including generals such as Spartacus, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, Khalid bin Waleed, Hannibal, Sun Tzu, Yi Sun Shin, Shaka Zulu, von Wallenstein, Nader Shah, Napoleon, von Moltke, Heinz Guderian, von Rundstedt, von M... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Endemic warfare | Description: Ritual fighting (or ritual battle or ritual warfare) permits the display of courage, masculinity, and the expression of emotion while resulting in relatively few wounds and even fewer deaths. Thus such a practice can be viewed as a form of conflict-resolution and/or as a psycho-social exercise. Native Amer... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Envelopment | See also: Platform envelopment
== References == |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Espionage | History: Espionage has been recognized as of importance in military affairs since ancient times.
The oldest known classified document was a report made by a spy disguised as a diplomatic envoy in the court of King Hammurabi, who died in around 1750 BC. The ancient Egyptians had a developed secret service, and espionage... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Espionage | The United States, like most nations, conducts espionage against other nations, under the control of the National Clandestine Service. Britain's espionage activities are controlled by the Secret Intelligence Service.
Technology and techniques: Source:
Organization: A spy is a person employed to seek out top secret in... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Espionage | In United States law, treason, espionage, and spying are separate crimes. Treason and espionage have graduated punishment levels.
The United States in World War I passed the Espionage Act of 1917. Over the years, many spies, such as the Soble spy ring, Robert Lee Johnson, the Rosenberg ring, Aldrich Hazen Ames, Robert ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Espionage | An early example of espionage literature is Kim by the English novelist Rudyard Kipling, with a description of the training of an intelligence agent in the Great Game between the UK and Russia in 19th century Central Asia. An even earlier work was James Fenimore Cooper's classic novel, The Spy, written in 1821, about a... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Exhausting | Definition: Fatigue in a medical context is used to cover experiences of low energy that are not caused by normal life.
A 2021 review proposed a definition for fatigue as a starting point for discussion: "A multi-dimensional phenomenon in which the biophysiological, cognitive, motivational and emotional state of the bo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Exhausting | However a 2019 review was inconclusive as to whether cytokines play any definitive role in ME/CFS.
Reduced brain connectivity: Fatigue has been correlated with reductions in structural and functional connectivity in the brain. This has included in post-stroke, MS, NMOSD and MOG, and ME/CFS. This was also found for fat... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Exhausting | Chronic: Chronic fatigue is a self-reported fatigue lasting at least 6 consecutive months. Chronic fatigue may be either persistent or relapsing. Chronic fatigue is a symptom of many chronic illnesses and of idiopathic chronic fatigue.
By effect: Fatigue can have significant negative impacts on quality of life. Profou... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Expeditionary warfare | In the ancient world: The earliest examples of expeditionary warfare come from the Sea Peoples, a term used for a confederation of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fabian strategy | Rome versus Carthage: The Second Punic War: This strategy derives its name from Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, the dictator of the Roman Republic given the task of defeating the great Carthaginian general Hannibal in southern Italy during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). At the start of the war, Hannibal boldly c... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | False flag | Use in warfare: In land warfare, such operations are generally deemed acceptable under certain circumstances, such as to deceive enemies, provided the deception is not perfidious and that all such deceptions are discarded before opening fire upon the enemy. Similarly, in naval warfare such a deception is considered per... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | False flag | As a tactic to undermine political opponents:
Operation TPAJAX: On 4 April 1953, the CIA was ordered to undermine the government of Iran over a four-month period, as a precursor to overthrowing Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. One tactic used to undermine Mosaddegh was to carry out false flag attacks "on mosques an... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | False flag | Similar false flag tactics were also employed during the Algerian civil war, starting in the middle of 1994. Death squads composed of Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS) security forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks. Such groups included the Organis... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Feigned retreat | History:
Antiquity: Sun Tzu (544?–496? BCE) wrote, in the Chinese military treatise The Art of War: "Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight." This advice cautioned against pursuing an enemy that unexpectedly runs away or shows a weaker force, as it may be bait for an ambush.
Herodotus reported that the Spartans... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Feint | Attacks: A feint attack is designed to draw defensive action towards the point under assault. It is usually used as a diversion to force the enemy to concentrate more manpower in a given area, to weaken the opposing force in another area. Unlike a related diversionary maneuver, the demonstration, a feint involves actu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fifth column | History:
Origin: The term "fifth column" originated in Spain (originally quinta columna) during the early phase of the Spanish Civil War. It gained popularity in the Loyalist faction media in early October 1936 and immediately started to spread abroad.
The exact origins of the term are not clear. Its first known appe... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fifth column | Twenty-two of the arrested, including Mashhadi, were executed.
Zainichi Koreans living in Japan, particularly those affiliated with the organization Chongryun (which is itself affiliated with the government of North Korea) are sometimes seen as a "fifth column" by some Japanese, and have been the victims of verbal and ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | History: Since World War I, achieving and maintaining air superiority has been considered essential for victory in conventional warfare.
Fighters continued to be developed throughout World War I, to deny enemy aircraft and dirigibles the ability to gather information by reconnaissance over the battlefield. Early fighte... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | Night and all-weather fighters: The equipment necessary for daytime flight is inadequate when flying at night or in poor visibility. The night fighter was developed during World War I with additional equipment to aid the pilot in flying straight, navigating and finding the target. From modified variants of the Royal Ai... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | The success of the Eindecker kicked off a competitive cycle of improvement among the combatants, both sides striving to build ever more capable single-seat fighters. The Albatros D.I and Sopwith Pup of 1916 set the classic pattern followed by fighters for about twenty years. Most were biplanes and only rarely monoplane... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | The period of improving the same biplane design over and over was now coming to an end, and the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire started to supplant the Gloster Gladiator and Hawker Fury biplanes but many biplanes remained in front-line service well past the start of World War II. While not a combatant in Spai... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | This made them inadequate as either bomber-interceptors or ground-attack aircraft, roles Allied fighters were still able to fill. Most importantly, Japan's training program failed to provide enough well-trained pilots to replace losses. In contrast, the Allies improved both the quantity and quality of pilots graduating... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | Later variants of the Me 262 (C-1a and C-2b) were also fitted with "mixed-power" jet/rocket powerplants, while earlier models were fitted with rocket boosters, but were not mass-produced with these modifications.
The USSR experimented with a rocket-powered interceptor in the years immediately following World War II, th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | Technological advances in aerodynamics, propulsion and aerospace building-materials (primarily aluminum alloys) permitted designers to experiment with aeronautical innovations such as swept wings, delta wings, and area-ruled fuselages. Widespread use of afterburning turbojet engines made these the first production airc... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | The F-16's maneuverability was further enhanced by its slight aerodynamic instability. This technique, called "relaxed static stability" (RSS), was made possible by introduction of the "fly-by-wire" (FBW) flight-control system (FLCS), which in turn was enabled by advances in computers and in system-integration techniqu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | Of the 4.5th generation designs, the Strike Eagle, Super Hornet, Typhoon, Gripen, and Rafale have been used in combat.
The U.S. government has defined 4.5 generation fighter aircraft as those that "(1) have advanced capabilities, including— (A) AESA radar; (B) high capacity data-link; and (C) enhanced avionics; and (2)... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | The power of air-to-air guns has increased greatly over time, and has kept them relevant in the guided missile era. In WWI two rifle (approximately 0.30) caliber machine guns was the typical armament, producing a weight of fire of about 0.4 kg (0.88 lb) per second. In WWII rifle caliber machine guns also remained comm... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fighter aircraft | The percentage of kills achieved by radar guided missiles also surpassed 50% of total kills for the first time by 1991. Since 1991, 20 of 61 kills worldwide have been beyond-visual-range using radar missiles. Discounting an accidental friendly fire kill, in operational use the AIM-120D (the current main American radar ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire and movement | History: The Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus was likely the first to use the tactic in wartime, in the Thirty Years' War, against his Habsburg opponents.
Fire and movement became particularly important when more and more rifled muskets and breech-loading weapons, later followed by machine guns, were fielded on the battl... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire support | Overview: Fire support generally consists of fire from heavy or crew-served weaponry with high firepower, including strikes and barrages from artillery, mortars, rocket artillery, and missiles; naval gunfire support from naval artillery; airstrikes, strafes, and close air support from military aircraft; and drone strik... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire support | 2020, www.ausa.org/news/artillery-played-%E2%80%98decisive%E2%80%99-role-1st-gulf-war. Accessed 14 May 2024.
Blosser, Kelly. “Naval Surface Fire Support—Mission Planning and Coordination.” US Navy, 1996, Accessed 02 May 2024.
“Bombardments and Barrages: Preparing American Artillery for the Front in World War I.” Americ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire-control radar | Operational phases: Fire-control radars operate in three different phases:
Designation or vectoring phase
The fire-control radar must be directed to the general location of the target due to the radar's narrow beam width. This phase is also called "lighting up". It ends when lock-on is acquired.
Acquisition phase
The ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire-control system | Naval fire control:
Origins: The original fire-control systems were developed for ships.
The early history of naval fire control was dominated by the engagement of targets within visual range (also referred to as direct fire). In fact, most naval engagements before 1800 were conducted at ranges of 20 to 50 yards (20 ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire-control system | Rangefinder telescopes on a separate mounting measured the distance to the target. These measurements were converted by the Fire Control Table into the bearings and elevations for the guns to fire upon. In the turrets, the gunlayers adjusted the elevation of their guns to match an indicator for the elevation transmitte... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fire-control system | Direct and indirect fire control systems: Land based fire control systems can be used to aid in both Direct fire and Indirect fire weapon engagement. These systems can be found on weapons ranging from small handguns to large artillery weapons.
Modern fire control systems: Modern fire-control computers, like all high-p... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Flanking maneuver | Tactical flanking: The flanking maneuver is a basic military tactic with several variations. Flanking an enemy entails attacking from one or more sides, at an angle to the enemy's direction of engagement. There are three standard flanking maneuvers.
The first maneuver is the ambush, where a unit performs a surprise att... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Flanking maneuver | Examples are the Second World War's German Winter Line in Italy anchored by the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas and the trench systems of the Western Front which ran from the North Sea to the Alps. Attacking such positions would be expensive in casualties and more than likely lead to stalemate. Flanking attacks into areas... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fleet in being | Use of the term: The term was first used in 1690 when Lord Torrington, commander of the Royal Navy forces in the English Channel, found himself facing a stronger French fleet. He proposed avoiding a sea battle, except under very favourable conditions, until he could be reinforced. By thus keeping his "fleet in being", ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fleet in being | "The Idea of a 'Fleet in Being' in Historical Perspective". Naval War College Review. 67 (1). Article 6. JSTOR 26397437. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020.
Mahan, Captain A. T. (June 1906). "Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea (Tsushima)". US Naval Institute Proceedings. XX... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Flying wedge | Military tactics:
Antiquity:
Greeks and Romans: The wedge (έμβολον, embolon in Greek; cuneus in Latin, colloquially also caput porcinum, "boar's head"), was used by both infantry and cavalry. The men deployed in a triangular or trapezoid formation with the tip leading the way. According to Arrian and Asclepiodotus,... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Flying wedge | It provides more overwatch as a result of the area it spans. Bounding overwatch can also be transitioned fast and efficiently. The regiment can change formation with ease and the front of it has a significant amount of strength from its crossfire.
Drill formation: The wedge formation is used ceremonially by cadets at ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Foot drill | Drill in antiquity: Vegetius composed his treatise on the Roman Empire's military, De Re Militari, at some point between 378 and 390 CE during the reign of Valentinian II in the Western Roman Empire. This work consists of three separate, yet related books, the first establishing methods of training and selecting new re... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force concentration | Mass of decision: Force concentration became integral to the Prussian military operational doctrine of the mass of decision, which aimed to cause disproportionate losses on the enemy and therefore destroy the enemy's ability to fight.
From an empirical examination of past battles, the Prussian military theorist Carl vo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force concentration | With the attacking force having only two armoured units, the defenders should have the advantage.
However, as the defensive line increases from the imaginary four units in length, the advantage slips from the defender to the attacker. The longer the line to be held, the thinner the defenders will be spread. With the de... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force dispersal | Military aviation: In respect of military aviation, dispersal of aircraft, especially fighter and bomber aircraft, was historically a very common strategy of planning, construction and operation of military aerodromes and airbases. Original military aerodromes would store their aircraft (when not being operated) in on... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force multiplication | History: Notable historical examples of force multiplication include:
Fortifications: e.g. the Theodosian Wall of Constantinople
Reliance on air force by the Coalition in the Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Doctrinal changes: During the First World War, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tac... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force multiplication | Officer and pilot comments included "definitely was a force multiplier. Giving you an eye deep beyond you". "We could pick up incoming targets whether aircraft or missiles almost 400 kilometers away. It gives a grand battle coordination in the air".
Creating local forces: The use of small numbers of specialists to cre... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force multiplier | History: Notable historical examples of force multiplication include:
Fortifications: e.g. the Theodosian Wall of Constantinople
Reliance on air force by the Coalition in the Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Doctrinal changes: During the First World War, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tac... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Force multiplier | Officer and pilot comments included "definitely was a force multiplier. Giving you an eye deep beyond you". "We could pick up incoming targets whether aircraft or missiles almost 400 kilometers away. It gives a grand battle coordination in the air".
Creating local forces: The use of small numbers of specialists to cre... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fortification | Nomenclature: Many United States Army installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. During the pioneering era of North America, many outposts on the frontiers, even non-military outposts, were referred to generically as forts. Larger military installations may be called fortresses; smaller o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fortification | Numerous Indus Valley Civilization sites exhibit evidence of fortifications. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the Indus floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of Kot Diji were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fortification | Kuta Wato/Kota Bato: Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"
Kota Sug/Jolo: The capital and seat of the Sultanate of Sulu. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fortification | The guns, however, were often mounted in open emplacements and protected only by a parapet; both in order to keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in closed casemates had seen them put out of action by rubble as their own casemates were collapsed around them.
Gone were citadels surrounding towns: f... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fortification | Older fortification may prove useful such as the old 'Yugo' pyramid shelters built in the 1980s which were used by US personnel on 8 Jan 2020 when Iran fired 11 ballistic missiles at Ayn al-Asad Airbase in Iraq.
Fuel is volatile and has to comply with rules for storage which provide protection against accidents. Fuel i... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Forward operating base | Description: In its most basic form, a forward operating base consists of a ring of barbed wire around a position with a fortified entry control point, or ECP. An ECP is a controlled entry and exit point of the FOB and typically has positions to protect personnel against personnel-borne improvised explosive devices (PB... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Fourth-generation warfare | Elements: Fourth-generation warfare is defined as conflicts which involve the following elements:
Complex and long term
Terrorism (tactic)
A non-national or transnational base – highly decentralized
A direct attack on the enemy's culture, including genocidal acts against civilians.
All available pressures are used – p... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Frogman | Scope of operations: Tactical diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by armed forces and tactical units. They may be divided into:
Combat or assault divers.
Special mission work divers (called "clearance divers" in the British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy), who do general work underwater.
Work d... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Frogman | scuba unit. This was a revolutionary alternative way to dive, and the start of the transition from the usual heavy underwater diving equipment of the hard hat divers which had been in general use since the 18th century, to self-contained divers, free of being tethered by an air line and rope connection.
Wartime operat... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Frontal assault | Battles with notably successful frontal assaults: Battle of Bunker Hill – After two failed attempts, the British army succeeds in capturing the heights.
Battle of Missionary Ridge – Union army storms Missionary Ridge after flank attacks are stalled.
Battle of Pea Ridge – Union army routs Confederate forces in a frontal... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Full-spectrum dominance | US military doctrine: As early as April 2001 the United States Department of Defense defined "full-spectrum superiority" (FSS) as:
The cumulative effect of dominance in the air, land, maritime, and space domains and information environment, which includes cyberspace, that permits the conduct of joint operations withou... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Geneva Conventions | History: The Swiss businessman Henry Dunant went to visit wounded soldiers after the Battle of Solferino in 1859. He was shocked by the lack of facilities, personnel, and medical aid available to help these soldiers. As a result, he published his book, A Memory of Solferino, in 1862, on the horrors of war. His wartime ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Geneva Conventions | The details of applicability are spelled out in Common Articles 2 and 3.
Common Article 2 relating to international armed conflict (IAC): This article states that the Geneva Conventions apply to all the cases of international armed conflict (IAC), where at least one of the warring nations has ratified the Conventions.... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Geneva Conventions | The protecting power is a mediator enabling the flow of communication between the parties to the conflict. The protecting power also monitors the implementation of these Conventions, such as by visiting the zone of conflict and prisoners of war. The protecting power must act as an advocate for prisoners, the wounded, a... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Geneva Protocol | Negotiation history: In the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the use of dangerous chemical agents was outlawed. In spite of this, the First World War saw large-scale chemical warfare. France used tear gas in 1914, but the first large-scale successful deployment of chemical weapons was by the German Empire in Ypres, ... |
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