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mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Geneva Protocol | El Salvador, the final signatory to ratify the Protocol, did so on 26 February 2008. As of April 2021, 146 states have ratified, acceded to, or succeeded to the Protocol, most recently Colombia on 24 November 2015.
Reservations: A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol,... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Grand strategy | Definition: There is no universally accepted definition of grand strategy. One common definition is that grand strategy is a state's strategy of how means (military and nonmilitary) can be used to advance and achieve national interests in the long-term.
Grand strategy expands on the traditional idea of strategy in thre... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Grand strategy | World War II: An example of modern grand strategy is the decision of the Allies in World War II to concentrate on the defeat of Germany first. The decision, a joint agreement made after the attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) had drawn the US into the war, was a sensible one in that Germany was the most powerful member of th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Grand strategy | With this in mind, some supporters of this strategy argue that the U.S. should work to contain China and other competitors rather than engage them. In regards to humanitarian crises and regional conflicts, primacy holds that the U.S. should only intervene when they directly impact national security, more along the line... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Grand strategy | Failed states, in this view, are sources of instability; rogue states can sponsor terrorism, acquire weapons of mass destruction, and behave unpredictably; illiberal peer competitors would compete directly with the United States and "would complicate the spread of liberal institutions and the construction of liberal st... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Green-water navy | Definitions: The elements of maritime geography are loosely defined and their meanings have changed throughout history. The US's 2010 Naval Operations Concept defines blue water as "the open ocean", green water as "coastal waters, ports and harbors", and brown water as "navigable rivers and their estuaries". Robert Rub... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Green-water navy | Replenishment capability – 27,800 tonne Karel Doorman (Also has amphibious capabilities), plus combat support ship Den Helder (building; projected service entry 2024).
Spain: The Spanish Navy is a green-water navy, and participates in joint operations with NATO and European allies around the world. The fleet has 54 co... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Grey-zone (international relations) | Definition: Use of the term grey-zone is widespread in national security circles, but there is no universal agreement on the definition of grey-zone, or even whether it is a useful term, with views about the term ranging from "faddish" or "vague", to "useful" or "brilliant".
The grey-zone is defined as "competitive int... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Guerrilla | Etymology: The Spanish word guerrilla is the diminutive form of guerra ("war"); hence, "little war". The term became popular during the early-19th century Peninsular War, when, after the defeat of their regular armies, the Spanish and Portuguese people successfully rose against the Napoleonic troops and defeated a high... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Guerrilla | In the 1960s, the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco (Spanish: foquismo) theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution. This theory was later formalized as "focal-ism" by Régis Debray. Its central principle is that vanguardism by cadres o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Guerrilla | War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press.
Kruijt, Dirk; Tristán, Eduardo Rey; Álvarez, Alberto Martín (2019). Latin American Guerrilla Movements: Origins, Evolution, Outcomes. Routledge. ISBN 9780429534270.
Laqueur, Walter (1977). Guerrilla : a historical and critical study. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978029... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Guerrilla warfare | Etymology: The Spanish word guerrilla is the diminutive form of guerra ("war"); hence, "little war". The term became popular during the early-19th century Peninsular War, when, after the defeat of their regular armies, the Spanish and Portuguese people successfully rose against the Napoleonic troops and defeated a high... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Guerrilla warfare | In the 1960s, the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco (Spanish: foquismo) theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution. This theory was later formalized as "focal-ism" by Régis Debray. Its central principle is that vanguardism by cadres o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Guerrilla warfare | War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press.
Kruijt, Dirk; Tristán, Eduardo Rey; Álvarez, Alberto Martín (2019). Latin American Guerrilla Movements: Origins, Evolution, Outcomes. Routledge. ISBN 9780429534270.
Laqueur, Walter (1977). Guerrilla : a historical and critical study. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978029... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Gun data computer | Variations: M1: This was used by seacoast artillery for major-caliber seacoast guns. It computed continuous firing data for a battery of two guns that were separated by not more than 1,000 feet (300 m). It utilised the same type of input data furnished by a range section with the then-current (1940) types of position-f... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Gunboat diplomacy | Etymology: The term "gunboat diplomacy" comes from the nineteenth-century period of imperialism, when Western powers – from Europe and the United States – would intimidate other, less powerful entities into granting concessions through a demonstration of Western superior military capabilities, usually represented by t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Gunboat diplomacy | XXVIII, 1968, pp. 85–112.
Bauer, K. J.: The "Sancala" Affair: Captain Voorhees Seizes an Argentine Squadron, in: American Neptune, Vol. XXIV, 1969, pp. 174–186
In German: Krüger, Henning: Zwischen Küstenverteidigung und Weltpolitik. Die politische Geschichte der preußischen Marine 1848 bis 1867 (Between coastal defenc... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Hammer and anvil | Antiquity:
Battle of Issus: The tactic was used in Antiquity, as the maneuver's origins used light cavalry, ubiquitous in the ancient world. The tactic also worked with the heavy cataphracts of the Eastern world. It appeared in a number of battles fought by the ancient Greeks and Romans. In addition to being used in ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Hammer and anvil | Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower affirmed Montgomery's overall strategy in a message of 10 July, urging stronger efforts:
I am familiar with your plan for generally holding firmly with your left, attracting thereto all of the enemy armour, while your right pushes down the Peninsula and threatens the rear and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Hedgehog defence | Description: In warfare, it is a military tactic to defend against a mobile armoured attack, or blitzkrieg. The defenders deploy in depth in heavily fortified positions suitable for all-around defence. The attackers can penetrate between the "hedgehogs", but each position continues to fight on when it is surrounded. Th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Help:Maintenance template removal | Overview: Maintenance templates (or "tags") are not removed automatically. Even if you fix the issue(s) described in a maintenance template, the tag will remain in the article until you or someone else manually removes it. The mechanics of removal are usually as simple as clicking "Edit" at the top of the page or in th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Help:Maintenance template removal | When a flagged issue has been addressed in parts of an article but remains in discrete sections, clarity may be served by replacing the template with a section variant, or by use of inline cleanup tags, if such versions of the template exist.
In some cases, it may be helpful to request a review of a maintenance templat... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Help:Referencing for beginners | Inline citations: Inline citations are usually small, numbered footnotes like this. They are generally added either directly following the fact that they support, or at the end of the sentence that they support, following any punctuation. When clicked, they take the reader to a citation in a reference section near the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | High ground | History: In Sun Tzu's The Art of War, military leaders are advised to take high ground and let the enemy try to attack from a lower position. Fighting from an elevated position is said to be easier for a number of tactical reasons. Holding the high ground offers an elevated vantage point with a wide field of view, enab... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | Antiquity: The most basic requirements of an army are food and water. Neolithic armies were equipped with weapons used for hunting — spears, knives, axes and bows and arrows. By 1150 BCE the Olmecs of Mesoamerica were producing obsidian weapons that were neither hunting weapons nor agricultural tools. Early armies were... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | Sheep were the most important of the herd animals, and butter and cheese was produced from their milk, although horse meat was a particular favourite. Livestock could be spared for slaughter only occasionally, but when it was, all parts of the animal were eaten, and the bones were saved to make broth. They supplemented... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | Some of these magazines were dedicated to providing frontier towns and fortresses several months' worth of supplies in the event of a siege, while the rest were supported French armies operating in the field.
When operating in enemy territory an army was forced to plunder the local countryside for supplies, a historica... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | The French system fared poorly in the Peninsular War in the face of Spanish guerrilla warfare that targeted their supply lines and the British blockade of French-occupied ports on the Iberian Peninsula. The need to supply a besieged Barcelona made it impossible to control the province and ended French plans to incorpor... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | In 1915, as many as 25 per cent of the rounds in a batch might be defective. The shortage of ammunition created a political crisis in the UK, the Shell Crisis of 1915, which led to the formation of a new coalition government.
As munitions production increased, transport became the major bottleneck. Military logistical ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | Motor vehicles ran on tyres, but the supply of rubber to the Allies of World War II was curtailed when the Japanese overran the major sources of natural rubber. Imports to the United States dropped from 910,000 tonnes (900,000 long tons) in 1941 to 11,000 tonnes (11,000 long tons) in 1942. Fuel rationing and recycling ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | While American Lend Lease aid to Australia was only 3.3% of aid to all countries, Australian Reverse Lend Lease represented 13.0% of aid to the United States. Bypassed Japanese forces in the South West Pacific Area were expected to "wither on the vine" and starve, but this did not occur; they cultivated gardens using l... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | This greatly reduced the costs involved in storage and handling of items, but in the combat environment of the Iraq War, the drawbacks became all too clear when suppliers and transport resources could not respond to rapidly changing patterns of demand. Shortages developed, and units responded by reverting to traditiona... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | 161–182. ISBN 978-0-367-15749-4. OCLC 1303906366.
Nineteenth century: Achan, Jane; Talisuna, Ambrose O.; Erhart, Annette; Yeka, Adoki; Tibenderana, James K.; Baliraine, Frederick N.; Rosenthal, Phillip J.; D'Alessandro, Umberto (24 May 2011). "Quinine, an Old Anti-Malarial Drug in a Modern World: Role in the Treatment... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | Vol. 1. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2293-1. OCLC 1023039366.
Gropman, Alan (1997). "Industrial Mobilisation". In Gropman, Alan (ed.). The Big 'L': American Logistics in World War II (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. pp. 1–96. ISBN 978-0-16-048668-5. OCLC 36888... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | History of military logistics | Powerlift—Getting to Desert Storm: Strategic Transportation and Strategy in the New World Order. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-94642-5. OCLC 27430669.
National Research Council (1999). Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next: Doing More with Less. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | Definition: Many standard military activities can be considered deceptive, but not deception. For example, a unit may move into an assembly area to complete organizing and rehearsing prior to a mission. It is a standard deceptive tactic to camouflage the vehicles, equipment and personnel in the assembly area with the i... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | Belgian authorities discounted this true information as false because of the ease with which they obtained it.
Multiple Forms of Surprise: Friendly events about which an adversary can be deceived are described in the mnemonic SALUTE-IS, which stands for Size, Activity, Location, Unit, Time, Equipment, Intent, and Styl... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | Seeing the Gauls appear to retreat, the Romans would advance into the bowl shape or sack created by the bending of Hannibal's line. Once inside the sack, the African infantry positioned on the left and right would wheel inwards and attack the Roman flanks. In combination with the Carthaginian cavalry, the infantry on t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | To conceal the lack of gunpowder from the British, Washington's quartermaster soldiers filled gunpowder casks with sand and shipped them from Providence, Rhode Island to the Continental Army's depots. The deception fooled British spies, and British commanders decided not to risk an attack during the siege.
Battle of L... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | Hull decided to move the British to Fort Malden, further away from Detroit, so that he could seize the defenses in Windsor. To implement his plan, Hull resorted to deception, which began when his troops collected all the boats and canoes they could find. On 11 July 1812, Hull sent some boats down the river to Springwel... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | The British were surprised by the ambush and retreated in confusion, leaving seventeen dead on the field. Forsyth was the only American casualty. Even though Forsyth was killed, his feigned retreat and ambush succeeded at inflicting heavy casualties on the British force.
Battle of Lundy's Lane: In the July 1814 Battle... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | Western front: In March 1917, leaders of the German Army on the Western Front decided to withdraw from their positions in France to the Hindenburg Line, a 90-mile long defensive position that ran from Arras to Laffaux. With Germany unable to conduct an offensive because of personnel losses earlier in the war, commander... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | To gain and maintain the element of surprise for Bagration, the Soviets executed a successful deception effort. The overall intent was to make German commanders believe the Soviets would only defend in the center of the front (Belorussia), while launching a major offensive to the south in Ukraine and Crimea and a feint... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | This plan, codenamed Operation Downfall, had several components, including the Operation Olympic invasion of the southern Japanese island of Kyushu. The deception created to enable Olympic to succeed, Operation Pastel, would have included false attacks against Japanese held-ports in China, as well as Japanese positions... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | The destruction of half their MiGs and uncertainty about whether future flights observed on radar and electronic sensors were unescorted F-105s or F-4s pretending to be F-105s caused North Vietnam to ground its MiGs. The MiGs failed in their mission of preventing U.S. Operation Rolling Thunder bombing runs over North V... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Holding attack | Prior to the start of the Coalition offensive in February 1991, its ground forces successfully moved multiple divisions west to the largely undefended border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. When the attack commenced, the Coalition conducted a feint directly into Kuwait while the main effort—the "Left Hook" enabled by co... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Horses in warfare | Types of horse used in warfare: A fundamental principle of equine conformation is "form to function". Therefore, the type of horse used for various forms of warfare depended on the work performed, the weight a horse needed to carry or pull, and distance travelled. Weight affects speed and endurance, creating a trade-of... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Horses in warfare | Harness and vehicles: The invention of the wheel was a major technological innovation that gave rise to chariot warfare. At first, equines, both horses and onagers, were hitched to wheeled carts by means of a yoke around their necks in a manner similar to that of oxen. However, such a design is incompatible with equine... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Horses in warfare | To fight nomadic raiders from the north and west, the Chinese of the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) developed effective mounted units. Cavalry was not used extensively by the Romans during the Roman Republic period, but by the time of the Roman Empire, they made use of heavy cavalry. However, the backbone of the Roman a... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Horses in warfare | On the European continent, the need to carry more armour against mounted enemies such as the Lombards and Frisians led to the Franks developing heavier, bigger horses. As the amount of armour and equipment increased in the later Middle Ages, the height of the horses increased; some late medieval horse skeletons were of... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Horses in warfare | Many cavalry units transferred in title and role to "mounted rifles": troops trained to fight on foot, but retaining mounts for rapid deployment, as well as for patrols, scouting, communications, and defensive screening. These troops differed from mounted infantry, who used horses for transport but did not perform the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Horses in warfare | The German and the Soviet armies used horses until the end of the war for transportation of troops and supplies. The German Army, strapped for motorised transport because its factories were needed to produce tanks and aircraft, used around 2.75 million horses – more than it had used in World War I. One German infantry ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Hull-down | Ships: When a ship moves away, due to the curvature of the Earth, the ship's hull will disappear under the sightline at a much smaller distance than its upper rigging. The geodetic visibility depends on the altitude of the observation site and the altitude of the object being viewed. For example, in clear air a lookout... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Humanitarian aid | Types:
Food aid: Food aid is a type of aid whereby food that is given to countries in urgent need of food supplies, especially if they have just experienced a natural disaster. Food aid can be provided by importing food from the donor, buying food locally, or providing cash.
The welfare impacts of any food aid-induce... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Humanitarian aid | Problematic aspects:
Economic distortions due to food aid: Some of the unintended effects of food aid include labor and production disincentives, changes in recipients' food consumption patterns and natural resources use patterns, distortion of social safety nets, distortion of NGO operational activities, price chang... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Humanitarian aid | However, this does not find an effect on conflict in countries without a recent history of civil conflict. Moreover, different types of international aid other than food which is easily stolen during its delivery, namely technical assistance and cash transfers, can have different effects on civil conflict.
Community-dr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Humanitarian aid | His graphic account of the immense suffering he witnessed, written in his book A Memory of Solferino, became a foundational text to modern humanitarianism.
A Memory of Solferino changed the world in a way that no one, let alone Dunant, could have foreseen nor truly appreciated at the time. To start, Dunant was able to... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Humanitarian aid | A report documented an 85% increase in humanitarian air during 2020 then the year before.
See also: Church asylum
Emergency management
Humanitarian corridor
Humanitarian protection
Humanitarian Response Index
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
World Humanitarian Day
References:
Further reading: Götz, Norber... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | ISBN (identifier) | History: The Standard Book Number (SBN) is a commercial system using nine-digit code numbers to identify books. In 1965, British bookseller and stationers WHSmith announced plans to implement a standard numbering system for its books. They hired consultants to work on their behalf, and the system was devised by Gordon ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | ISBN (identifier) | In most countries, a book publisher is not legally required to assign an ISBN, although most large bookstores only handle publications that have ISBNs assigned to them.
The International ISBN Agency maintains the details of over one million ISBN prefixes and publishers in the Global Register of Publishers. This databas... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | ISBN (identifier) | In general, the ISBN check digit is calculated as follows.
Let
Then
This check system—similar to the UPC check digit formula—does not catch all errors of adjacent digit transposition. Specifically, if the difference between two adjacent digits is 5, the check digit will not catch their transposition. For instance, th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Individual movement techniques | See also: Tactic (method)
== References == |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Industrial warfare | Total war: One of the main features of industrial warfare is the concept of "total war". The term was coined during World War I by Erich Ludendorff (and again in his 1935 book Total War), which called for the complete mobilization and subordination of all resources, including policy and social systems, to the German wa... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Industrial warfare | With the advent of the industrial age and various technological advancements, lighter, yet powerful and accurate artillery pieces were produced. This gave rise to field artillery which were used on a tactical level to support troops.
Machine guns are fully automatic guns. In this era of warfare they only existed as mou... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Industrial warfare | This concept was called strategic bombing. Douhet also argued in The Command of the Air (1921) that future military leaders could avoid falling into bloody World War I-style trench stalemates by using aviation to strike past the enemy's forces directly at their vulnerable civilian population, which Douhet believed woul... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infantry | Etymology and terminology: In English, use of the term infantry began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot. The word derives from Middle French infanterie, from older Italian (also Spanish) infanteria (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin īnfāns (without speech, newborn, ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infantry | When combat is expected, infantry typically switch to "packing light", meaning reducing their equipment to weapons, ammunition, and other basic essentials, and leaving other items deemed unnecessary with their transport or baggage train, at camp or rally point, in temporary hidden caches, or even (in emergencies) simpl... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infantry | The antiquity saw everything from the well-trained and motivated citizen armies of Greece and Rome, the tribal host assembled from farmers and hunters with only passing acquaintance with warfare and masses of lightly armed and ill-trained militia put up as a last ditch effort. Kushite king Taharqa enjoyed military succ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infantry Minor Tactics | See also: Tactic (method)
== References == |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infiltration tactics | Development during World War I: These tactics emerged gradually during World War I. Several nations modified their existing tactics in ways that supported ideas that were later called infiltration tactics, with the German developments having the most impact, both during the war and afterwards.
Germany: As far back as ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infiltration tactics | In August 1915, a young French infantry officer, Captain André Laffargue, put forward additional ideas in a pamphlet titled Étude sur l’attaque dans la période actuelle de la guerre (Study of the Attack in the Current Period of the War). Laffargue based his proposals in particular on his experiences in the initially su... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infiltration tactics | Though not yet effective, their promise of breakthroughs in the future was held out.
The British Third Army employed tactics giving platoons more independence at the Battle of Arras in April 1917 (most notably the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps), following the reorganisation of British infantry platoons ac... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Infiltration tactics | Samuels, Martin. Doctrine and Dogma: German and British Infantry Tactics in the First World War. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. ISBN 0-313-27959-4.
Samuels, Martin. Command or Control?: Command, Training, and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918. London; Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1995. ISBN 0-7146-... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Information warfare | Overview: Information warfare has been described as "the use of information to achieve our national objectives." According to NATO, "Information war is an operation conducted in order to gain an information advantage over the opponent."
Information warfare can take many forms:
Television, internet and radio transmissi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Information warfare | Attempting to do so would also raise many ethical concerns about the right to privacy, making defending against such attacks even tougher.
The mass-integration of ICT into our system of war makes it much harder to assess accountability for situations that may arise when using robotic and/or cyber attacks. For robotic ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Interdiction | Military: In the military, interdiction is the act of delaying, disrupting, or destroying enemy forces or supplies en route to the battle area. A distinction is often made between strategic and tactical interdiction. The former refers to operations whose effects are broad and long-term; tactical operations are designed... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Investment (military) | Antiquity: Thucydides notes the role circumvallation played in the Sicilian Expedition and in the Spartan siege of Plataea during the initial stages of the Peloponnesian War in 429 BC.
Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War describes his textbook use of the circumvallation to defeat the Gauls under their c... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Irregular military | Regular vs. irregular: The words "regular" and "irregular" have been used to describe combat forces for hundreds of years, usually with little ambiguity. The requirements of a government's chain of command cause the regular army to be very well defined, and anybody fighting outside it, other than official paramilitary ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Irregular military | Although they are part of a regular army, United States Special Forces are trained in missions such as implementing irregular military tactics. However, outside the United States, the term special forces does not generally imply a force that is trained to fight as guerillas and insurgents. Originally, the United States... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Irregular military | Camisards – Huguenot insurgency in the beginning of the 18th century in the Cévennes
Cateran - Scottish clan warriors and marauders pre-18th century.
Çetes - Muslim irregulars Asia Minor 1910s-1920s
Cheta - armed bands resisting Ottoman rule in Macedonia, early 20th century.
Chetniks - nationalist movement and guerrill... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Irregular warfare | Terminology:
Early usage: One of the earliest known uses of the term irregular warfare is in the 1986 English edition of "Modern Irregular Warfare in Defense Policy and as a Military Phenomenon" by former Nazi officer Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte. The original 1972 German edition of the book is titled "De... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Islamic military jurisprudence | Development of rulings: The first military rulings were formulated during the first century after Muhammad established an Islamic state in Medina. These rulings evolved in accordance with the interpretations of the Qur'an (the Islamic Holy scriptures) and Hadith (the recorded traditions, actions (behaviors), sayings an... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Islamic military jurisprudence | This view of al-Shafi'i is mitigated by the fact that an opposite view, in agreement with the majority, is also attributed to al-Shafi'i.
According to Abdulaziz Sachedina, offensive jihad raises questions about whether jihad is justifiable on moral grounds. He states that the Qur'an requires Muslims to establish just p... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Islamic military jurisprudence | Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, late 19th AD Grand Mufti of Saudi also supported Ibn Taymiyyah fatwa and issued his own fatwa with similar ruling on the basis Zubayr conduct of interrogating Kenana. Ibn Baz highlighted Zubayr conduct were acknowledged and permitted by Muhammad, as Kenana was one of Jewish conspirator in Khaybar. ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Jewish laws on war | Characteristics: A mandatory war is to be distinguished from a "voluntary war" (מלחמת רשות; milḥemet reshūt), that is to say, a battle waged of free choice, which requires the approbation of the Sanhedrin, presumably in order to impose a religious and moral check on reckless warfare. It is also to be distinguished fro... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Jungle warfare | History:
Pre-modern: Throughout world history, forests have played significant roles in many of the most historic battles. For example, in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest between the Romans and the Germanic tribes in 9 CE, the Germans used the forest to ambush the Romans. In ancient China, the Chinese Empire plant... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Jungle warfare | Much British strategic thinking on counterinsurgency tactics in a jungle environment was passed on through BRIAM (British Advisory Mission) to South Vietnam headed by Sir Robert Thompson, a former Chindit and the Permanent Secretary of Defense for Malaya during the Emergency.
The Americans further refined jungle warfar... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Jungle warfare | Special unit Border Patrol Police Regional Divisions
4th Border Patrol Police Regional Divisions
43th Border Patrol Police Sub-Division
SINGA Special Operations Team
44th Border Patrol Police Sub-Division
Long Range Surveillance Unit (LRSU)
United States: The U.S. Army 25th Infantry Division is the primary jungle warf... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Just war theory | Origins:
Ancient Egypt: A 2017 study found that the just war tradition can be traced as far back as to Ancient Egypt. Egyptian ethics of war usually centered on three main ideas, these including the cosmological role of Egypt, the pharaoh as a divine office and executor of the will of the gods, and the superiority of... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Just war theory | In the 13th century Aquinas reflected in detail on peace and war. Aquinas was a Dominican friar and contemplated the teachings of the Bible on peace and war in combination with ideas from Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Saint Augustine and other philosophers whose writings are part of the Western canon. Aquinas' views on w... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Just war theory | Just-war theorists combine a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just-war tradition act as an aid in determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just-war theories aim "to distinguish between justifiable and unjustifiable uses... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Just war theory | "The Just War Theory: A Traditional Catholic Moral View", The Tidings (2006). Showing the Catholic view in three points, including John Paul II's position concerning war.
Blattberg, Charles. Taking War Seriously. A critique of just war theory.
Brough, Michael W., John W. Lango, Harry van der Linden, eds., Rethinking th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Ancestry and early life: Khalid's father was al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, an arbitrator of local disputes in Mecca in the Hejaz (western Arabia). Al-Walid is identified by the historians Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Durayd (d. 837) and Ibn Habib (d. 859) as the "derider" of the Islamic prophet Muhammad mentioned in the Meccan ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | The tribe converted and Khalid instructed them in the Qur'an and Islamic laws before returning to Muhammad in Medina with a Balharith delegation.
Commander in the Ridda wars: After Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions, Abu Bakr, became caliph (leader of the Muslim community). The issue o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | According to the modern historian Meir Jacob Kister, it was likely the threat posed by this army which compelled Musaylima to forge an alliance with Sajah. Ikrima was repelled by Musaylima's forces and thereafter instructed by Abu Bakr to quell rebellions in Oman and Mahra (central southern Arabia) while Shurahbil was ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | The annual sum to be paid by al-Hira amounted to 60,000 or 90,000 silver dirhams, which Khalid forwarded to Medina, marking the first tribute the Caliphate received from Iraq.
During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and his Shayban tribe, who had been ra... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira departure. This phase entailed Khalid and his men—numbering between 500 and 800 strong—marching from a well called Quraqir across a vast stretch of waterless desert for six days and five nights until... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based Ibn Asakir (d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. A... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | The modern historians De Goeje, William Muir and Andreas Stratos viewed Umar's enmity with Khalid as a contributing cause of Khalid's dismissal. Shaban acknowledges the enmity but asserts it had no bearing on the caliph's decision. De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Khalid was married to Asma, a daughter of Anas ibn Mudrik, a prominent chieftain and poet of the Khath'am tribe. Their son Abd al-Rahman became a reputable commander in the Arab–Byzantine wars and a close aide of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria and later founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate,... |
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