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19,500 | Please write an abstract with title: Surrogate Based Co-Design for Combined Structure and Control Design Problems, and key words: Optimal control, Control design, Design optimization, Process control, Couplings. Abstract: Design optimization of structure and control combined systems are coupled problems. The conventional sequential design strategy (structure design sequentially followed by control design) usually neglects the coupling effects between structure and control and can only produce sub-optimal designs of the complex systems. Nevertheless, simultaneous design strategy with a reasonable and explicit optimization iteration management can ensure global optimization designs of the coupled system. In this study, a surrogate based co-design is explored to achieve the simultaneous optimization, which transforms continuous optimal control problems into discrete nonlinear programming problems. The discrete control parameters combining with the structure parameters can be simultaneously optimized and the co-design strategy can be achieved by introducing necessary and reasonable dynamic constraints. Here, the proposed surrogate based co-design is tested using a practical engineering case study, a heavy-load face-shovel excavator (FSE). The case study is built upon existing FSE design problems by incorporating detailed structure and control design variables while satisfying the system dynamic equations. The proposed surrogate based co-design is implemented and compared with the conventional sequential design strategy and an existing co-design strategy. Results indicate that the surrogate based co-design is accurate and efficient enough to achieve better performances than the conventional sequential design strategy by making FSE's structure more compact with relatively small vibrations. |
19,501 | Please write an abstract with title: "Organic lubricant evaporation method", a new lubricating surface treatment for thin film magnetic recording media, and key words: Lubricants, Surface treatment, Magnetic films, Magnetic recording, Surface resistance, Perpendicular magnetic recording, Lithium, Substrates, Sputtering, Disk recording. Abstract: A new surface treatment method was developed, which improves wear resistance of thin film magnetic recording media. In this method, a thin film of higher fatty acids, their metal salts, amides, esters, etc. is coated on the magnetic film surface by the vacuum deposition method, and it is called the "lubricant deposition method". In this experiment, a still life of more than 60 minutes could be obtained by depositing lithium oleate on the HIN deposition tape. |
19,502 | Please write an abstract with title: Comparison Between Two PID Neural Network Controller Approaches - Simulation and Discussion, and key words: Industries, Adaptation models, Automation, Neural networks, PD control, Nonlinear systems. Abstract: Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in academia and industry thanks to their simplicity and performance. For nonlinear or unknown systems, they are however not very well suited. Augmenting a PID controller with a neural network adds the abilities to adapt to unknown and learn the dynamics of nonlinear systems. In this paper, two PID neural network controllers (PIDNNC) are simulated, compared and discussed in detail. Based on simulations, one approach is preferred due to its adaptability and I and D gains approaching zero when they are not needed. |
19,503 | Please write an abstract with title: Fault immunization model for elliptic radial basis function neuron, and key words: Neurons, Shape, Radial basis function networks, Gaussian distribution, Resource management, Radio access networks, Cost function, Learning systems, Mathematics, Machine learning. Abstract: Radial basis function can be efficiently applied to the problems of pattern classification and machine learning and is also feasible to implement it on a VLSI chip. Typically, a radial basis function is usually realized by a Gaussian distribution function. Although this function is popular and has some useful properties, rotating, translating, and scaling the shape of this function in a high dimensional require costly learning time. In this paper, two related issues are considered. The first issue concerns the problem of developing a new radial basis function with less learning time. The second issue focuses on the mathematical model of fault immunization of the proposed elliptic radial basis function. We consider only the data in a two dimensional space and test our solutions with some benchmarked data. The immunization technique increases the fault immunization degree ranging from 2% to 26%. |
19,504 | Please write an abstract with title: Practical and accurate low-level pointer analysis, and key words: Performance analysis, Information analysis, Scheduling, Algorithm design and analysis, Bridges, Computer science, Assembly, Optimizing compilers, Tail, Computational complexity. Abstract: Pointer analysis is traditionally performed once, early in the compilation process, upon an intermediate representation (IR) with source-code semantics. However, performing pointer analysis only once at this level imposes a phase-ordering constraint, causing alias information to become stale after subsequent code transformations. Moreover, high-level pointer analysis cannot be used at link time or run time, where the source code is unavailable. This paper advocates performing pointer analysis on a low-level intermediate representation. We present the first context-sensitive and partially flow-sensitive points-to analysis designed to operate at the assembly level. As we will demonstrate, low-level pointer analysis can be as accurate as high-level analysis. Additionally, our low-level pointer analysis also enables a quantitative comparison of propagating high-level pointer analysis results through subsequent code transformations, versus recomputing them at the low level. We show that, for C programs, the former practice is considerably less accurate than the latter. |
19,505 | Please write an abstract with title: Three-level topologies for low voltage power converters in drives, traction and utility applications, and key words: Topology, Low voltage, Costs, Switching converters, Switching frequency, Semiconductor diodes, Filters, Power conversion, Transformers, Insulated gate bipolar transistors. Abstract: This paper evaluates three-level topologies as alternative to two-level topologies in converters for low voltage applications. Topologies, semiconductor losses, filter aspects, part count, initial cost and cost over life-cycle are compared for a grid interface, a conventional drive application, and a high speed drive application. |
19,506 | Please write an abstract with title: Dual-Hamiltonian-path-based multicasting on wormhole-routed star graph interconnection networks, and key words: Multiprocessor interconnection networks, Routing, Hypercubes, System recovery, Chaotic communication, Computer science, Information management, Electronic mail. Abstract: The star graph interconnection network has been recognized as an attractive alternative to the popular hypercube network. In this paper we first address a dual-Hamiltonian-path-based (DHPB) routing model with two virtual channels based on two Hamiltonian paths and a network partitioning strategy for wormhole-routed star graph networks. Then, we propose three efficient multicast routing schemes on basis of such a model. The proposed schemes are network-selection-based (NSB), heuristic-network-selection-based (HNSB), and two-phase heuristic-network-selection-based (TP-HNSB) dual-path routing. All of the three proposed schemes are deadlock-free. Finally, experimental results are given to show our proposed three routing schemes outperform the unicast-based, the Hamiltonian-path, and the single-Hamiltonian-path-based (SHPB) dual-path routing schemes significantly. |
19,507 | Please write an abstract with title: Novel Micro-Textured Film Offers Promise in Universal Handling of 3D Devices, and key words: Integrated circuits, Three-dimensional displays, Adhesives, Semiconductor device manufacture, Microstructure, Standards. Abstract: This paper will discuss the challenges associated with the constant evolution of IC device dimensions, and the need for carriers that can adapt quickly to the change in form factor but still maintain JEDEC standards for compatibility with existing equipment sets and pick & place tools. The paper will present a new technology inspired by gecko fibril microstructures with reversible adhesion that offers a unique approach to device handling. |
19,508 | Please write an abstract with title: State Estimation Utilizing Multiple Description Coding over Lossy Networks, and key words: State estimation, Networked control systems, Decoding, Source coding, Performance loss, Communication system control, Estimation error, Telecommunication network reliability, Channel capacity, Protocols. Abstract: For state estimation in networked control systems, the impact of packet dropping over network links is an important problem. In this paper, we introduce multiple description (MD) source coding scheme to improve the statistical stability and performance of the estimation error covariance of Kalman filter with packet loss. We consider about two cases: when the packet loss over network links occurs in an i.i.d. fashion or in a bursty fashion. Compared with the traditional single description source coding, MD coding scheme can greatly improve the performance of Kalman filter over a large set of packet loss scenarios in both cases. |
19,509 | Please write an abstract with title: Optimized Power and Cell Individual Offset for Cellular Load Balancing via Reinforcement Learning, and key words: Cellular networks, Key performance indicator, Reinforcement learning, Markov processes, Throughput, Load management, Downlink. Abstract: We consider the problem of jointly optimizing the transmission power and cell individual offsets (CIOs) in the downlink of cellular networks using reinforcement learning. To that end, we reformulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). We abstract the cellular network as a state, which comprises of carefully selected key performance indicators (KPIs). We present a novel reward function, namely, the penalized throughput, to reflect the tradeoff between the total throughput of the network and the number of covered users. We employ the twin deep delayed deterministic policy gradient (TD3) technique to learn how to maximize the proposed reward function through the interaction with the cellular network. We assess the proposed technique by simulating an actual cellular network, whose parameters and base station placement are derived from a 4G network operator, using NS-3 and SUMO simulators. Our results show the following: 1) optimizing one of the controls is significantly inferior to jointly optimizing both controls; 2) our proposed technique achieves 18.4% throughput gain compared with the baseline of fixed transmission power and zero CIOs; 3) there is a tradeoff between the total throughput of the network and the number of covered users. |
19,510 | Please write an abstract with title: Robust Collaborative Learning for Sequence Modelling, and key words: Deep learning, RNA, Conferences, Collaboration, Signal processing algorithms, Signal processing, Robustness. Abstract: Current deep learning techniques for RNA classification suffer from over-fitting and lack of reproducibility. We show that by introducing robustness by design in both CNN and RNN algorithms, we are able to achieve standalone state-of-the-art accuracy. By constructing model-agnostic robustness checks and reusing features obtained from both architectures, we build a collaborative framework that improves performance and stability. |
19,511 | Please write an abstract with title: A decoupling structure for array antenna, and key words: Dipole antennas, Computational modeling, Computational electromagnetics, Software, Aperture antennas, Dielectrics, MIMO communication. Abstract: A decoupling structure of MIMO antenna system is designed. The crossed dipole structure is used in the antenna, which has better radiation characteristics while reducing the array aperture through miniaturization and artificial dielectric layer (ADL) decoupling structure. The simulation software Ansoft HFSS is used to optimize the array. The results show that the array has good isolation in the working frequency band, and the gain of the two - in - one unit is 8.5dbi. |
19,512 | Please write an abstract with title: Using eigen-deformations in handwritten character recognition, and key words: Character recognition, Pattern matching, Pattern recognition, Shape, Principal component analysis, Intelligent systems, Image matching, Image recognition, Hidden Markov models, Deformable models. Abstract: Deformations in handwritten characters have class-dependent tendencies. For example, characters of class "A" are often deformed by global slant transformation and never deformed to be similar to "R". In this paper, the extraction and the utilization of such tendencies called eigen-deformations are investigated for better performance of elastic matching based recognition systems. The eigen-deformations are extracted by the principal component analysis of actual deformations automatically collected by elastic matching. From experimental results it was shown that the extracted eigen-deformations represent typical deformations of each class. It was also shown that the recognition performance can be improved significantly by using the eigen-deformations in detecting overfitting, which often results in misrecognition. |
19,513 | Please write an abstract with title: An Algorithm for Enhanced Performance of Photovoltaic Array Under Partial Shading Condition, and key words: Photovoltaic systems, Manganese, Mathematical model, Wiring. Abstract: The partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) modules causes a reduction in generated power and multiple peak points in their electrical characteristics. If the number of shaded modules of two or more rows are different then electrical characteristics exhibit multiple peaks. Also, as the number of shaded modules in a row increases the generated power decreases. These two observations are the main idea of this paper. The algorithm proposed in this paper redistributes shaded modules to various rows such that each row gets the lowest possible number of shaded modules and thereby increases the generated power. This work discusses a condition to achieve an equal number of shaded modules in all rows for which there is only one peak in the electrical characteristics. For the case where this condition is not satisfied, there can only be two-row groups with a different number of shaded modules. However, each group is having the same number of shaded modules and so only two peaks in the electrical characteristics. The proposed algorithm is applicable to any mxn structure of PV arrays. Extensive simulations are carried out and the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with existing methods for various shading patterns. The results show that the proposed method gives minimum power loss, better performance ratio, and a lesser number of peak points. |
19,514 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of an Index for Preventive Control Ranking and Selection for Voltage Stability Analysis, and key words: Indexes, Power system stability, Voltage control, Stability criteria, Generators, Capacitors, Sensitivity analysis. Abstract: Preventive control selection for voltage stability concerns with determining the preventive controls that have to be activated, and finding a coordination between these preventive controls. This work develops an index, namely correction index CI, that can be used to rank the preventive controls for voltage stability analysis. This ranking helps the operators to select the most effective preventive controls to simultaneously mitigate the impacts of system contingencies on the critical buses. In other words, if such index is used for control selection, the useless (or less effective) controls can be ignored. This index is based on the degree of the effectiveness of the preventive controls to improve the voltage stability margin of power systems. The index can measure the efficiency of each preventive control not only to one bus (i.e. pilot bus), but to multiple critical buses of the system. The cost aspect is also involved in index calculation to distinguish between the cheap and the expensive controls. This means that the correction index helps the operators to select only the cheap and the high-effective controls. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 39 bus network under a contingency scenario. The results show that the proposed index is accurate and valid for control ranking. |
19,515 | Please write an abstract with title: Resource allocation of Multi-service Network Slicing based on SCMA, and key words: Greedy algorithms, Codes, Network slicing, Heuristic algorithms, Simulation, Ultra reliable low latency communication, Market research. Abstract: Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a non-orthogonal multiple-access technique, and how to apply it to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultrareliable low latency communication (URLLC) coexisting multiservice network slices is a serious challenge. The correlation among subcarriers, codebooks, users and power allocation are all issues that need to be solved by this system. Thus, we propose a SCMA-based slicing model for multi-service networks, and design a heuristic greedy algorithm and a power allocation algorithm based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions (KKT). The former obtains a sub-optimal solution of the problem by assigning codebooks to users and performing subcarrier matching, and the latter obtains the optimal solution of power allocation by the KKT condition. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm and show that the SCMA scheme can achieve higher energy efficiency compared with the Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) scheme. |
19,516 | Please write an abstract with title: Liquid Film Characteristics of Vertical Upward Annular Flow under Low Surface Tension, and key words: Time-frequency analysis, Liquids, Digital images, Conferences, Fluid flow, Gray-scale, Fluorescence. Abstract: The liquid film characteristics of the upward gas-liquid annular flow with low surface tension are investigated experimentally by Planar Laser-induced Fluorescence (PLIF) technology. The aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene-lauryl-ether was used as the low surface tension liquid phase in the experiment. The digital image processing technology was employed to obtain the liquid film information. The velocity of disturbance wave was calculated based on gray-scale cross-correlation algorithm. Experimental results show that there is a significant influence of low surface tension on the upward annular flow liquid film characteristics. Under a low surface tension, the gas-liquid interface disturbance is intensified with a reduced disturbance amplitude, and the average thickness of annular liquid film is reduced. The flow characteristics of liquid film are further studied through the disturbance wave velocity, and the flow characteristic in time and frequency domains. |
19,517 | Please write an abstract with title: Coexistence of multi-attractor in small genetic regulatory networks, and key words: Mathematical model, Genetics, Stability criteria, Negative feedback loops, Switches, Differential equations. Abstract: The dynamics of living things are obviously complicated. Genetic regulatory networks of organisms have the capacity to show various attractor phenotypes. This paper focus on the coexistence of multiple types of attractors in a simple tri-node genetic motif. We discuss the coexistence of multiple equilibriums for the genetic motif and establish the stability criteria for each equilibrium. The dynamic display of the genetic motif depends on different biochemical parameters and initial conditions. It is proved that the motif at least exists a point attractor for sure, and the point attractor is so special that it is also a structure switching attractor. The topology of the tri-node motif will change into a two-node negative feedback loop under right initial conditions. Besides, the motif may also have other types of attractors (periodic and chaotic attractors) under some biochemical parameters. Several numerical simulations are illustrated to deepen our insight. |
19,518 | Please write an abstract with title: Nanowires: a New Horizon for Polarization-resolved Terahertz Time-domain Spectroscopy, and key words: Spectroscopy, Optical polarization, Optical device fabrication, Detectors, Optical detectors, Optical receivers, Broadband communication. Abstract: In this study, a novel type of broadband polarization-sensitive photoconductive terahertz detectors based on crossed nanowire networks is demonstrated, enabling fast and precise polarization terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurements. |
19,519 | Please write an abstract with title: Lossless data compression for image decomposition with recursive IDP algorithm, and key words: Data compression, Image decomposition, Image coding, Pixel, Transform coding, Image restoration, Data engineering, Image quality, Computer science, Color. Abstract: Specific algorithms for lossless compression of the data, obtained after processing of halftone and color images with the inverse difference pyramid decomposition (IDP), are described in this paper. The basic steps of the IDP algorithm (coding and decoding) are defined, and the corresponding diagram for modified Huffman code generation is shown. The presented lossless run-length and modified Huffman algorithms are used together with a lossy image coding method, and are aimed at preserving the image quality after the IDP decomposition unchanged. Some practical results and comparison with the standard JPEG2000 are given also. |
19,520 | Please write an abstract with title: Bending characteristics of asymmetric SOI polarization rotators, and key words: Optical polarization, Optical waveguides, Silicon on insulator technology, Finite element methods, Optical refraction, Optical variables control, Geometrical optics, Tellurium, Refractive index, Transmission line matrix methods. Abstract: We examine polarization conversion and radiation and transition losses in bending slanted-angle silicon-on-insulator polarization rotators. |
19,521 | Please write an abstract with title: Predicting Data Scientist Stuckness During the Development of Machine Learning Classifiers, and key words: Visualization, Machine learning algorithms, Codes, Machine learning, Predictive models, Prediction algorithms, Feature extraction. Abstract: The success of data scientists in developing machine learning models is contingent on an iterative development process for detecting patterns in data, finding and extracting useful features, and maximizing their model’s performance. However, it is often the case that they struggle during model development and become stuck and unable to make significant progress. We collected qualitative and quantitative data from the workflow of data scientists that allow us to learn from and examine such moments of stuckness. We used this data to develop a model for predicting stuckness based on real-time indicators, such as code artifacts, and then used the model to develop an innovative algorithm that determines precisely when a potential stuckness intervention should occur: as close as possible to the beginning of actual stuckness. Our algorithm’s performance indicates the potential efficacy of predicting data scientist stuckness algorithmically under real-world circumstances and for real-world needs. |
19,522 | Please write an abstract with title: P2417/D7.8, Feb 2022 - IEEE Draft Guide for Early Detection, Mitigation, Preventative Measures, and Response to Smoke, Fire, and Explosions in Underground Electrical Structures, and key words: IEEE Standards, Underground power cables, Power system reliability, Fault diagnosis, Maintenance engineering, Explosion protection. Abstract: Abstract: Failures of underground cables and accessories can result in the release of toxic gases and large amounts of energy. These failures include smoking manholes, manhole fires, and manhole explosions. These failure events can damage underground infrastructure and pose a risk to the maintenance crews and the public. The root causes, prevention, early detection, mitigation, and response to failures of accessories and cable inside, and connected to underground electrical structures (i.e., manholes, vaults, handholes, etc.) are examined. Methods that can help prevent manhole events and methods that can mitigate the severity of manhole events are suggested. |
19,523 | Please write an abstract with title: Sample Condensation in Online Continual Learning, and key words: Adaptation models, Computational modeling, Toy manufacturing industry, Neural networks, Benchmark testing, Data models, Computational efficiency. Abstract: Online Continual learning is a challenging learning scenario where the model must learn from a non-stationary stream of data where each sample is seen only once. The main challenge is to incrementally learn while avoiding catastrophic forgetting, namely the problem of forgetting previously acquired knowledge while learning from new data. A popular solution in these scenario is to use a small memory to retain old data and rehearse them over time. Unfortunately, due to the limited memory size, the quality of the memory will deteriorate over time. In this paper we propose OLCGM, a novel replay-based continual learning strategy that uses knowledge condensation techniques to continuously compress the memory and achieve a better use of its limited size. The sample condensation step compresses old samples, instead of removing them like other replay strategies. As a result, the experiments show that, whenever the memory budget is limited compared to the complexity of the data, OLCGM improves the final accuracy compared to state-of-the-art replay strategies. |
19,524 | Please write an abstract with title: A Quantum-Dash Dual-Wavelength DFB Laser for Optical Millimeter-Wave Radio-over-Fiber Systems, and key words: Optical fibers, Wireless communication, Optical recording, Laser noise, Bit rate, Optical fiber communication, Optical modulation. Abstract: We experimentally demonstrate an optical-heterodyne millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber system with broadband wireless links through 25.22 km standard-single-mode fiber featuring a high bitrate of 24-Gb/s (64QAM × 4GBaud) using a highly correlated InAs/InP quantum-dash dual-wavelength DFB laser. |
19,525 | Please write an abstract with title: Seizure Forecasting from Subcutaneous EEG Using Long Short Term Memory Neural Networks: Algorithm Development and Optimization, and key words: Deep learning, Neural networks, Medical treatment, Epilepsy, Prediction algorithms, Electroencephalography, Forecasting. Abstract: Seizure forecasting is a great research interest due to its potential in helping patients manage activities or facilitate targeted therapies, specifically with the emergence of new subcutaneous continuous EEG recording systems that have shown promise to be helpful. In work presented here, we used one subject diagnosed with refractory epilepsy with 230 days of monitoring to evaluate seven architectures to design a seizure prediction algorithm using a deep learning RNN classifier. The preliminary results suggest that it is possible to forecast seizures using two-channel chronic subcutaneous EEG recordings. With an average AUC of 0.74947 for architectures found to have better than chance performance. Future work will focus on extending results to additional patients, investigating cross-subject performance, and the importance of the different inputs to the architectures. |
19,526 | Please write an abstract with title: Ge micro-crystals photedetectors with enhanced infrared responsivity, and key words: Epitaxial layers, Contacts, Conferences, Graphene, Crystals, Germanium, Silicon. Abstract: Ge-on-Si micro-crystals grown on Si patterned substrates can be used as absorbing elements for photodetection in the near-infrared. In such microstructures light confinement effects, due to crystal faceting and pattern periodicity, enhance light absorption as compared to conventional epitaxial layers. The challenge in realizing this type of devices is the formation of a top transparent contact suspended on the microcrystal array. Graphene can be used as a suspended contact that can adapt to the 3D-morphology of the microcrystals, ensuring the formation of an electrically continuous layer. The fabricated devices feature a responsivity exceeding that of planar devices with comparable thickness. |
19,527 | Please write an abstract with title: Adjusting the Impedance by Phase Control, and key words: conservation of energy, power factor, over-unity and perpetual motion. Abstract: New equations for a transformer circuit are derived when the attenuation and the phase change occurring as the magnetic flux propagates through the magnetic core are considered. The power and the impedance can be adjusted by controlling the phase change. The law of conservation of energy is clearly broken, and the power dissipated at the load can be larger than that provided by the source. An induction machine and an imperfect transformer circuit can be treated in a similar fashion. |
19,528 | Please write an abstract with title: Dual-Quaternion-Based Sampled-Data Pose Tracking Control of Spacecraft, and key words: Space vehicles, Asymptotic stability, Backstepping, Quaternions, Process control, Numerical simulation, Stability analysis. Abstract: This paper focus on the nonlinear sampled-data tracking problem of spacecraft. The integrated model of the pose tracking based on dual quaternion is firstly obtained. Then, the Euler-approximation model is applied to obtain the discrete-time model. Further, a nonlinear sampled-data controller based on dual quaternion discrete-time model is proposed so the tracking error between the pose trajectory of spacecraft and desired trajectory asymptotically converge to zero. |
19,529 | Please write an abstract with title: A Reputation-Based Multi-User Task Selection Incentive Mechanism for Crowdsensing, and key words: Task analysis, Resource management, Sensors, Heuristic algorithms, Games, Privacy, Indexes. Abstract: Crowdsensing high quality data relies on the efficient participation of users. However, the existing incentive mechanism is unable to take into account the dual requirements of both quantity and quality of users' participation. In this paper, we propose Crowdsensing Task Selection algorithm and rewards allocation incentive mechanism based on Reputation Evaluation model(CTSRE), which deploys the reputation weighted rewards allocation method to effectively encourage users to actively participate in the execution of tasks. In CTSRE, we adopt a game-theoretic approach and apply best response dynamics based algorithm to achieve the goal of maximizing users' utilities. We show that the task selection algorithm can converge in finite time and meet the fairness requirement. We also design a reputation conversion method and updating rule to improve incentive and fairness of the mechanism. Through numerical experiments and comparative analysis, we verify that the task selection algorithm meets the convergence requirements. The application of sigmoid function for reputation conversion improves the fairness of rewards allocation and motivate users to improve their reputation to obtain high rewards. Experimental results indicate that CTSRE can effectively ensure the quantity and the quality of users' participation. |
19,530 | Please write an abstract with title: Graphics Processing in Virtual Production, and key words: Image quality, Graphics, Costs, Graphics processing units, Production, Games, Rendering (computer graphics). Abstract: Real-time rendering techniques, developed for computer games, offer great opportunities in Virtual Production. Ray Tracing has been used for CGI movies for many years but it is only recently that its application in real-time has become practical. This is partly due to improved algorithms but mostly advanced hardware such as the Nvidia Geforce RTX 3000 series of cards which provide hardware support for real-time lighting thus improving the quality of the rendered images in CGI. We conducted a series of tests for rendering of a Virtual Production scene in Unreal game engine. Images are rendered in 4K and output to a network distribution system where the image is broken down into a series of smaller images each rendered onto LED screens. Results were plotted to show the comparison of render times between two graphics workstations using Nvidia RTX A6000 GPU cards and Nvidia RTX A3090 GPU. Our findings state that whilst RTX produces better image quality the gains might not be worth the additional hardware cost required by the high-end graphic cards. It might also be optimal to split the rendering of the scene across multiple computers. |
19,531 | Please write an abstract with title: Fault Diagnosis Using Improved Discrimination Locality Preserving Projections Integrated With Sparse Autoencoder, and key words: Feature extraction, Fault diagnosis, Principal component analysis, Manifold learning, Matrix decomposition, Dimensionality reduction. Abstract: In order to ensure safe operations of industrial processes, it is especially important to find fault types accurately and quickly based on historical data and then deal with faults in time. Unfortunately, due to the tricky characteristics of industrial process data such as massive number, high dimensionality, and nonlinearity, it turns out that timely and accurate diagnosis of faults becomes of great difficulty in industrial processes. To address this problem, novel effective fault diagnosis using an improved global and local dimensionality reduction (DR) method named discrimination locality preserving projections integrated with sparse autoencoder (SAEDLPP) is proposed in this article. In SAEDLPP, the global DR information of data is first obtained by sparse autoencoder (SAE); next, the DR data obtained through SAE are passed through discrimination locality preserving projections (DLPP) to obtain local DR information, preserving not only the global information but the local information of the extracted features. Finally, fault diagnosis is achieved by separating the extracted features by SAEDLPP using an AdaBoost classifier to recognize fault types. Simulations are conducted on the Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) and the results indicate that the provided SAEDLPP-based fault diagnosis methodology can achieve much higher accuracy in fault diagnosis than other associated methods. |
19,532 | Please write an abstract with title: CSMA/CD-based Ethernet passive optical network with shared LAN capability, and key words: Multiaccess communication, Local area networks, Optical network units, Optical fiber LAN, Broadcasting, Protocols, Cyclic redundancy check. Abstract: We propose the first physical layer solution of an Ethernet PON that offers shared LAN capability and upstream access. It features high channel utilization, relieves the processing burden on the OLT, and optimizes downstream capacity. |
19,533 | Please write an abstract with title: Drivers and Obstacles for the Adoption of Consent Management Solutions by Ad-Tech Providers, and key words: Ecosystems, Companies, General Data Protection Regulation, Interviews, Standards. Abstract: In the world of online marketing, Consent Management Providers (CMPs) are on the rise. CMPs collect online users’ consent to the processing of their personal data by publishers and ad-tech vendors. At the same time, there are reasonable doubts about the compliance of the existing market standard with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This could potentially create compliance risks for the companies adopting the standard, in particular for ad-tech vendors that – in the pre-CMP era – were invisible to users.This paper reveals drivers and obstacles for the adoption of the Transparency & Consent Framework (TCF) by ad-tech-vendors, gained in semi-structured interviews with representatives of Global Vendors List (GVL) members. Presenting the first qualitative study of ad-tech vendors’ perspectives, the paper provides novel insights into the CMP ecosystem. It particularly shows existing market pressure and reveals ad-tech vendors’ confusion and doubts about the TCF’s compliance with the GDPR. |
19,534 | Please write an abstract with title: Optimal visual perception and detectionof oral cavity neoplasia, and key words: Visual perception, Neoplasms, Fluorescence, Band pass filters, Optical filters, Biomedical engineering, Biomedical optical imaging, Lighting, Diseases, Inspection. Abstract: The most common way to detect disease is by visual inspection of the suspect tissue. However, the human eye is not optimized for this task because the perceived spectrum of light is divided into three channels, all of which have overlapping spectral sensitivity curves. Here, we present new methods to optimize visually perceived contrast based on spectral differences between normal and abnormal tissue. We apply these methods to the perception of fluorescence emission from the oral cavity. Abnormalities in the oral cavity are optimally perceived when the excitation is between 420-440 nm. To optimally visualize fluorescence at 340-nm excitation, the emission should be observed through a blue bandpass filter transmitting light at 430 nm. |
19,535 | Please write an abstract with title: SPA: Verbal Interactions between Agents and Avatars in Shared Virtual Environments using Propositional Planning, and key words: Avatars, Planning, Natural languages, Uncertainty, Computational modeling, Robot sensing systems, Virtual environments. Abstract: We present a novel approach for generating plausible verbal interactions between virtual human-like agents and user avatars in shared virtual environments. Sense-Plan-Ask, or SPA, extends prior work in propositional planning and natural language processing to enable agents to plan with uncertain information, and leverage question and answer dialogue with other agents and avatars to obtain the needed information and complete their goals. The agents are additionally able to respond to questions from the avatars and other agents using natural-language enabling real-time multi-agent multi-avatar communication environments.Our algorithm can simulate tens of virtual agents at interactive rates interacting, moving, communicating, planning, and replanning. We find that our algorithm creates a small runtime cost and enables agents to complete their goals more effectively than agents without the ability to leverage natural-language communication. We demonstrate quantitative results on a set of simulated benchmarks and detail the results of a preliminary user-study conducted to evaluate the plausibility of the virtual interactions generated by SPA. Overall, we find that participants prefer SPA to prior techniques in 84% of responses including significant benefits in terms of the plausibility of natural-language interactions and the positive impact of those interactions. |
19,536 | Please write an abstract with title: Fusion Target Attention Mask Generation Network For Video Segmentation, and key words: Solid modeling, Object segmentation, Adaptation models, Training, Motion segmentation, Visualization, Convolution. Abstract: Video segmentation aims to segment target objects in a video sequence, which remains a challenge due to the motion and deformation of objects. In this paper, we propose a novel attention-driven hybrid encoder-decoder network that generates object segmentation by fully leveraging spatial and temporal information. Firstly, a multi-branch network is designed to learn feature representation from object appearance, location and motion. Secondly, a target attention module is proposed to further exploit context information from learned representation. In addition, a novel edge loss is designed which constraints the model to generate salient edge features and accurate segmentation. The proposed model has been evaluated over two widely used public benchmarks, and experiments demonstrate its superior robustness and effectiveness as compared with the state of the arts. |
19,537 | Please write an abstract with title: Transient Stability Self-Adaptive Assessment Based on Sample Enhancement of DCGAN, and key words: Training, Network topology, Power system stability, Predictive models, Stability analysis, Power grids, Topology. Abstract: Since there are very few transient instabilities in the actual power system, the stable and unstable samples are extremely unbalanced, which brings great difficulties to the data-driven transient stability prediction. And due to the time-varying nature of the power system, the rapidity of the generation of new training samples in the online application of temporary stability prediction faces challenges. Aiming at the problem of decreased prediction accuracy when the AI network is applied to the transient stability prediction of the power system when the operation mode or topology of the power grid changes greatly, a method of transient stability self-adaptive assessment based on sample enhancement of improved DCGAN is proposed in this paper. While offline, perform cluster analysis on the historical topology of the power grid, generate a historical sample database, and train the temporary stability prediction model. When the topology of power grid changes, the new scene is matched with the historical scene and the samples are transfered to the new scene through a certain transfered principle. Then, the instability sample set is screened out, and the instability sample is enhanced by the improved Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network(DCGAN). Finally, the offline model is fine-tuned with the new training samples after transfer and enhancement to realize online transient stability self-adaptive assessment. The experimental results of the Central China Power Grid show that the method can generate effective training samples for changing systems, balance power system instability data, and greatly reduce the sample generation time when the model is updated online, and improve the accuracy and Gmean value of transient stability prediction in new scenarios, which considering both the speed and accuracy of self-adaptive assessment. |
19,538 | Please write an abstract with title: The Acaray Generating Station: Life-Extension and Modernization Studies, and key words: Load modeling, Dams, Power generation, Inspection, Analytical models, Hydroelectric power generation, Logic gates. Abstract: Hydropower in parag uay makes up nearly 100% of the country's energy portfolio. Ninety percent of its generated energy is exported, with a majority going to neighboring Argentina and Brazil. |
19,539 | Please write an abstract with title: Radical kinetics simulation for transient plasma ignition for fuel-air mixtures, and key words: Plasma simulation, Kinetic theory, Ignition, Plasma chemistry, Plasma applications, Plasma temperature, Atmospheric modeling, Hydrocarbons, Corona, Combustion. Abstract: Summary form only given. The recent application of nanosecond transient plasma, or pulsed corona, discharges for combustion and detonation ignition has stimulated interest in the plasma chemistry of the role of radical kinetics for hydrocarbon fuel and dry air mixtures including CH/sub 4/ - air, C/sub 3/H/sub 8/ - air, and C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ - air mixtures. This simulation study seeks to elucidate reaction mechanisms and to thereby improve system designs for applications including transient plasma ignition and non-thermal plasma remediation for volatile organic compounds. Hydrocarbon - dry air plasma models were built to calculate the produced chemical kinetics for high voltage nanosecond pulsed discharges at room temperature atmosphere, using a zero-dimension plasma chemistry simulator, KINEMA. Nearly 200 reactions were considered in the CH/sub 4/ - dry air plasma model, including electron impact reactions, ion - molecule reactions, and radical reactions. CH/sub 4/ conversion rates and radical production rates were studied with respect to the applied reduced electric field. Hydrocarbon activation by O(/sup 3/P), O(/sup 1/D), and O/sub 2//sup +/ in the nanosecond transient plasmas are to be discussed. |
19,540 | Please write an abstract with title: Sun's big splash [Niagara microprocessor chip], and key words: Sun, Microprocessors. Abstract: A new microprocessor chip was developed by Sun Microsystems Inc. that is intended for volume servers that are at the heart of data centers running the information and Web processing for businesses, universities, hospitals, factories, and the like. The new chip, called Niagara for the torrent of data and instructions that flow between the chip and its memory, was designed from the ground up to do away with the impact of latency - the idle time a microprocessor spends for data or instructions to arrive from memory. The goal of the design is to build a microprocessor that works 10 times as efficiently as existing devices for processing applications at half the power consumption of comparable devices. This paper discusses the development of the Niagara chip and its advantages from other microprocessors. |
19,541 | Please write an abstract with title: Image processing based Latent Fingerprint Forensics - A Survey, and key words: Fingerprint recognition, Image segmentation, Databases, Feature extraction, Manuals, Surface texture, Surface topography. Abstract: Latent fingerprints are the prints not visible to the naked eye and are impressions left at crime scenes unintentionally. Feature extraction is a substantial step towards latent fingerprints forensics. The factors affecting the image segmentation and quality enhancement of latent fingerprints can be the variation in the quality of image, continuous noise barrier, fingerprint lifting mechanism, overlapping of fingerprints. The intricacies of correct decision-making, policies impact the manual effort to be reduced to an automated system. The Frame of reference is challenged in pre-feature extraction and post-feature extraction phases of latent fingerprint analysis leading to erroneous decision making, influencing image segmentation. An intelligent automated system runs on controlling and learning the variation in quantitative and qualitative factors. Whereas segmentation perceives the quality of decision making as secondary to the need to address the parameters affecting the process, use of efficient and reliable estimation is considered a sufficient argument to impetus automation and thereby giving freedom to the rate of error in the output. |
19,542 | Please write an abstract with title: Driver Drowsiness Detection System Using Deep Learning Based on Visual Facial Features, and key words: Deep learning, Industries, Visualization, Road accidents, Neural networks, Transfer learning, Lighting. Abstract: Driver's drowsiness is one of the leading causes of road accidents in the UAE and around the globe. Many lives are daily lost because of drowsy driving making an automatic driver drowsiness detection system an urgent necessity for our modern society. Over the past few years, many such systems have been investigated in academic and industry research but none are yet widely used in our day to day life due to high cost, or limited effectiveness. In this paper, we present the first steps of a realtime, non-intrusive, smart drowsiness detection system that works in different real-world scenarios and lighting conditions. Our system utilizes computer vision techniques to detect the driver's face in an infrared video, then a deep neural network predicts whether the driver is drowsy or not based only on their face. Our initial experiments report a promising 94.39% prediction accuracy which outperforms many previously published work especially in night time conditions or scenarios where the driver is wearing sunglasses. |
19,543 | Please write an abstract with title: A CMOS image sensor with dark-current cancellation and dynamic sensitivity operations, and key words: Sensitivity, Conductivity. Abstract: An ultralow dark-signal and high-sensitivity pixel has been developed for an embedded active-pixel CMOS image sensor by using a standard 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS logic process. To achieve in-pixel dark-current cancellation, we developed a combined photogate/photodiode photon-sensing device with a novel operation scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that the severe dark signal degradation of a CMOS active pixel sensor is reduced more than an order of magnitude. Through varying the bias conditions on the photogate, dynamic sensitivity can be obtained to increase maximum allowable illumination level. Combining the above two operation schemes, the dynamic range of this new cell can be extended by more than 20/spl times/. |
19,544 | Please write an abstract with title: A methodology to detect and characterize Kernel level rootkit exploits involving redirection of the system call table, and key words: Kernel, Computer hacking, Linux, Information security, Joining processes, Intrusion detection, Computer security, Internet, Computer crime, Web server. Abstract: There is no standardized methodology at present to characterize rootkits that compromise the security of computer systems. The ability to characterize rootkits will provide system administrators with information so that they can take the best possible recovery actions and may also help to detect additional instances and prevent the further installation of the rootkit allowing the security community to react faster to new rootkit exploits. There are limited capabilities at present to detect rootkits, but in most cases these capabilities only indicate that a system is infected without identifying the specific rootkit. We propose a mathematical framework for classifying rootkit exploits as existing, modifications to existing, or entirely new. An indepth analysis of a particular type of kernel rootkit is conducted in order to develop a characterization. As a result of this characterization and analysis, we propose some new methods to detect this particular class of rootkit exploit. |
19,545 | Please write an abstract with title: Measurement of chaos and quantum decoherence in H&E stained images of oral epithelium for early detection Oral Submucous Fibrosis, and key words: Chaos, Power measurement, Shape, Coherence, Signal processing, SPICE, Quantum decoherence. Abstract: Oral cancer is accountable for 0.3 million deaths annually, and in India a significant factor which adds to this burden is the delayed detection of precancerous states like Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF). Histopathological abnormal changes seen in the oral epithelial region is known as dysplasia which is accompanied by abnormal variation in nuclear and cellular size and shape, atypical mitotic figures, and augmented nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. To diagnose dysplastic changes in histopathological images, computer aided image processing is being used extensively. The present study measured Fractal dimensional, power spectral density and Renyi entropy values of the epithelial nuclei for the different study groups i.e. Normal, OSF (without dysplasia) and OSF (with dysplasia) to understand chaos whereas detection of the number of mitotic figures was done to understand quantum coherence. The analysis were done ImageJ and MATLAB respectively. Fractal dimensional analysis demonstrated significant increase (p<0.0001) in diseased conditions. Renyi entropy analysis, found an increase (p<0.00001) in both the precancerous conditions. The power spectrum decay rate shows increase in chaos from normal to precancerous stage with dysplasia (p=<0.00001) and also between the precancerous conditions (with and without dysplasia (p=0.00028). Mitotic figures were successfully detected using combination of deep blue ratio and contour detection. An enhancement in number of mitotic figures from standard to precancerous condition was observed and hence loss of quantum coherence was established in diseased conditions. |
19,546 | Please write an abstract with title: Good Fences Make Good Neighbours? On the Impact of Cultural and Geographical Dispersion on Community Smells, and key words: Collaboration, Globalization, Maintenance engineering, Global communication, Cultural differences, Interviews, Open source software. Abstract: Software development is de facto a social activity that often involves people from all places to join forces globally. In such common instances, project managers must face social challenges, e.g., personality conflicts and language barriers, which often amount literally to “culture shock”. In this paper, we seek to analyze and illustrate how cultural and geographical dispersion-that is, how much a com-munity is diverse in terms of its members‘ cultural attitudes and geographical collocation-influence the emergence of collaboration and communication problems in open-source communities, a.k.a. community smells, the socio-technical precursors of unforeseen, often nasty organizational conditions amounting collectively to the phenomenon called social debt. We perform an extensive empirical study on cultural characteristics of GITHUB developers, and build a regression model relating the two types of dispersion-cultural and geographical-with the emergence of four types of commu-nity smells, i.e., Organizational Silo, Lone Wolf, Radio Silence, and Black Cloud. Results indicate that cultural and geographical factors influence collaboration and communication within open-source communities, to an extent which incites-or even more interestingly mitigates, in some cases-community smells, e.g., Lone Wolf, in development teams. Managers can use these findings to address their own organizational structure and tentatively diagnose any nasty phenomena related to the conditions under study. To what extent does the global and multi-cultural nature of software engineering influence software processes welfare? More specifically, does an increase in “globalization” of software activities negatively or positively influence known nasty effects common in the pro-cess of software construction? Rotating around these questions, this research finds that there is in fact evidence of the aforementioned in-fluence but it does not provide for positive effects only. Specifically, a decrease of globalization does not necessarily bode positively on conditions such as lone developers working in an individualistic fashion-a phenomenon known as “lone wolf” effect-and other nasty organizational phenomena potentially slowing down or halting software construction and maintenance activities. |
19,547 | Please write an abstract with title: Experimental Design for Multi-task Deep Learning toward Intelligence Augmented Visual AI, and key words: Deep learning, Computer vision, Visualization, Codes, Computational modeling, Computer architecture, Multitasking. Abstract: Gartner's top ten strategic technologies for 2020 and 2021 include Democratization and Intelligent composable business. It predicts the democratization of AI technology and the acceleration of DT in the analog business aspect. In this study, we propose a task-based deep learning architecture for computer vision as the first step towards AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) from the perspective of narrow AI. Multi-task deep learning is composed of Guide-task model, Sub-task model, Glue code, and Integration module, and the functions of the components are defined. |
19,548 | Please write an abstract with title: Exchange coupling control and thermal endurance of synthetic antiferromagnet structures for MRAM, and key words: Antiferromagnetic materials, Failure analysis, Tunneling magnetoresistance, Giant magnetoresistance, Couplings, Saturation magnetization, Magnetic heads, Crystallization, Amorphous materials, Temperature. Abstract: Synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) structures are a key element of TMR and GMR read heads and MRAM devices. Control of the SAF coupling strength and thermal endurance are key issues for these technologies. We find that the coupling strength increases with stronger crystalline texture in polycrystalline NiFe SAFs, and, surprisingly, we observe a strong dependence on seed layer in amorphous CoFeB SAFs. We also have developed an analysis method for evaluating thermal endurance of SAFs and show that failure of the SAF can be modeled as a thermally activated diffusion process. The analysis is used to predict the time to failure at any temperature, thus allowing accelerated failure analysis for SAF-based devices. The stability improves dramatically with increasing Ru spacer thickness. The time to failure for typical NiFe SAFs was found to be >10 years at 120/spl deg/C. |
19,549 | Please write an abstract with title: Singular Spectrum Analysis of Non-stationary Signals, and key words: Time series analysis, Interference, Signal processing, Market research, Noise measurement, Transient analysis, Spectral analysis. Abstract: Singular spectrum analysis has been widely used for decomposition of single channel signals as well as prediction of time series. The technique is sensitive to the data non-stationarity and its performance rapidly deteriorates as the non-stationarity increases. In this paper a robust approach for adjusting the embedding dimension based on a measure of non-stationarity is proposed. The method has been applied to simulated and real data and its superior performance verified. |
19,550 | Please write an abstract with title: Web mining: research and practice, and key words: Web mining, Databases, Data mining, HTML, XML, Semantic Web, Iterative algorithms, Web sites, Information retrieval, Artificial intelligence. Abstract: Web mining techniques seek to extract knowledge from Web data. This article provides an overview of past and current work in the three main areas of Web mining research - content, structure, and usage - as well as emerging work in semantic Web mining. |
19,551 | Please write an abstract with title: Increased capacitance for VLF umbrella antennas using multiple-wire rib construction, and key words: Antennas and propagation, Poles and towers, Capacitance measurement, Antenna theory, Inductance, Ribs, Wires, Electromagnetic propagation, Electromagnetic scattering, Bandwidth. Abstract: Umbrella antenna configurations are used to top-load electrically short monopole antennas to increase effective height for efficiency and to decrease capacitive reactance for tuning purposes. A technique for obtaining larger effective height and capacitance for a given antenna configuration, which uses multiple-wire structural members to increase the effective antenna surface area, is proposed. The results of scale-model, theoretical, and experimental investigations for a 300-foot umbrella antenna are presented. A capacitance increase of 24 percent is obtained for the case of a 1 to 18 increase in antenna rib diameter. |
19,552 | Please write an abstract with title: Securing ad-hoc networks using IPsec, and key words: Ad hoc networks, Protocols, Telecommunication traffic, Mobile ad hoc networks, Routing, Communication system security, Mobile radio mobility management, Mobile communication, Protection, Electrostatic precipitators. Abstract: The use of IPSec for securing communication between nodes of wireless and mobile ad hoc networks has traditionally been considered difficult. We describe an IPSec-based architecture and implementation for ad hoc networks that can seamlessly handle node mobility and IP address change. The approach can he used for securing application traffic as well as configuration and mobility management protocol traffic. A certificate-based approach that aids dynamic key generation and distribution is used for creating security associations between nodes. Simple and backward compatible extensions to the IPSec and PKIX protocols that do not violate existing and proposed standards are described, and an existing implementation is discussed. Initial experimental evaluation reveals that the per-packet latency overhead at the end-host for using our proposed mechanisms is tolerable. |
19,553 | Please write an abstract with title: IDS To Detect Worst Parent Selection Attack In RPL-Based IoT Network, and key words: Performance evaluation, Simulation, System performance, Intrusion detection, Routing, Linear programming, Routing protocols. Abstract: The most widely used protocol for routing across the 6LoWPAN stack is the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy (RPL) Network. However, the RPL lacks adequate security solutions, resulting in numerous internal and external security vulnerabilities. There is still much research work left to uncover RPL's shortcomings. As a result, we first implement the worst parent selection (WPS) attack in this paper. Second, we offer an intrusion detection system (IDS) to identify the WPS attack. The WPS attack modifies the victim node's objective function, causing it to choose the worst node as its preferred parent. Consequently, the network does not achieve optimal convergence, and nodes form the loop; a lower rank node selects a higher rank node as a parent, effectively isolating many nodes from the network. In addition, we propose DWA-IDS as an IDS for detecting WPS attacks. We use the Contiki-cooja simulator for simulation purposes. According to the simulation results, the WPS attack reduces system performance by increasing packet transmission time. The DWA-IDS simulation results show that our IDS detects all malicious nodes that launch the WPS attack. The true positive rate of the proposed DWA-IDS is more than 95%, and the detection rate is 100%. We also deliberate the theoretical proof for the false-positive case as our DWA-IDS do not have any false-positive case. The overhead of DWA-IDS is modest enough to be set up with low-power and memory-constrained devices. |
19,554 | Please write an abstract with title: Collision-free Time Slot Reuse in Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks, and key words: Intelligent networks, Spread spectrum communication, Wireless sensor networks, Access protocols, Media Access Protocol, Wireless application protocol, Scheduling, Computer science, Mathematics, Electronic mail. Abstract: To ensure a long-lived network of wireless communicating sensors, we are in need of a medium access control protocol that is able to prevent energy-wasting effects like idle listening, hidden terminal problem or collision of packets. Schedule-based medium access protocols are in general robust against these effects, but require a mechanism to establish a non-conflicting schedule. In this paper, we present such a mechanism which allows wireless sensors to choose a time interval for transmission, which is not interfering or causing collisions with other transmissions. In our solution, we do not assume any hierarchical organization in the network and all operation is localized. We empirically show that our localized algorithm is successful within a factor 2 of the minimum necessary time slots in random networks; well in range of the expected (worst case) factor 3-approximation of known first-fit algorithms. Our algorithm assures similar minimum distance between simultaneous transmissions as CSMA(/CD)-based approaches. |
19,555 | Please write an abstract with title: Line Drawings for Face Portraits From Photos Using Global and Local Structure Based GANs, and key words: Face, Generative adversarial networks, Gallium nitride, Training, Facial features, Rendering (computer graphics), Hair. Abstract: Despite significant effort and notable success of neural style transfer, it remains challenging for highly abstract styles, in particular line drawings. In this paper, we propose APDrawingGAN++, a generative adversarial network (GAN) for transforming face photos to artistic portrait drawings (APDrawings), which addresses substantial challenges including highly abstract style, different drawing techniques for different facial features, and high perceptual sensitivity to artifacts. To address these, we propose a composite GAN architecture that consists of local networks (to learn effective representations for specific facial features) and a global network (to capture the overall content). We provide a theoretical explanation for the necessity of this composite GAN structure by proving that any GAN with a single generator cannot generate artistic styles like APDrawings. We further introduce a classification-and-synthesis approach for lips and hair where different drawing styles are used by artists, which applies suitable styles for a given input. To capture the highly abstract art form inherent in APDrawings, we address two challenging operations-(1) coping with lines with small misalignments while penalizing large discrepancy and (2) generating more continuous lines-by introducing two novel loss terms: one is a novel distance transform loss with nonlinear mapping and the other is a novel line continuity loss, both of which improve the line quality. We also develop dedicated data augmentation and pre-training to further improve results. Extensive experiments, including a user study, show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods, both qualitatively and quantitatively. |
19,556 | Please write an abstract with title: Manipulation of Microscale Objects Utilizing the Smectic-Isotropic Phase Interface Force by a Liquid Crystalline Microactuator Device, and key words: Force, Liquid crystals, Zirconium, Microscopy, Micromanipulators, Temperature distribution, Acceleration. Abstract: We aim to develop the soft microactuator device that allows manipulating microscale objects by the interfacial force between the liquid crystal and isotropic phases. In previous work, the interfacial force between the nematic and isotropic phases is 1.4nN. To extend the application of the device, we focus on the interfacial force between the smectic and isotropic phases. From the experiments, the smectic-isotropic interfacial force is found to be more than 30 times stronger than the nematic-isotropic interfacial force. The results show that potential usage of this micro-actuator device that enables the manipulation of biological cells without damage. |
19,557 | Please write an abstract with title: Ray-tracing analysis of 3.5 GHz propagation at a typical urban environment for FWA systems, and key words: Ray tracing, Transmitters, Diffraction, Predictive models, Personal communication networks, Hardware, Transmitting antennas, Receiving antennas, Spectral analysis, Cities and towns. Abstract: The results of a ray-tracing analysis of 3.5 GHz narrowband measurements recently surveyed at a typical urban environment at Rio de Janeiro city are presented. Such analysis may be helpful for developing appropriate coverage prediction tools for some FWA (fixed wireless access) systems. As expected, diffraction at the edges of building at a crossing plays a major role in propagation along streets perpendicular to base stations. The main discrepancies between measurements and simulations may be due to vegetation blockage and to partial shadowing caused by a "virtual aperture" formed by pairs of building walls. |
19,558 | Please write an abstract with title: Prototype Development of River Velocimetry using Visual Particle Image Velocimetry for Smart Cities and Disaster Area Networks, and key words: Visualization, Atmospheric measurements, Smart cities, Noise reduction, Prototypes, Particle measurements, Rivers. Abstract: This paper addresses a large-scale river monitoring system, an essential component of smart cities and disaster area networks. We investigate a velocity and direction measurement method for river surface. To measure the velocity vectors from the pictures taken by a camera located on the riverbank, the proposed method uses a visual particle image velocimetry. In this paper, we present the overall blueprint of our study and a preliminary evaluation of the field experiment conducted in the Onga River in Fukuoka, Japan. |
19,559 | Please write an abstract with title: A numerical investigation into the effects of increasing pressure amplitude on microbubble resonance frequency, and key words: Resonance, Resonant frequency, Ultrasonic imaging, Acoustic imaging, Image analysis, Biomedical acoustics, Biomedical imaging, Medical diagnostic imaging, Computational modeling, Computer simulation. Abstract: The analysis of the dynamical response of gas filled cavities surrounded by elastic capsules, acting as contrast agent microbubbles, is of importance in elucidating their full diagnostic use for ultrasound imaging. When the frequency of the external acoustic field is at or near the natural frequency of the bubble, resulting in resonance, larger amplitudes of oscillation than would otherwise occur are observed, enhancing the backscattered signal. It is therefore important to medical ultrasound imaging to be able to accurately determine the complex resonant behaviour of the bubble motion. In our work we consider the general Keller-Herring (K-H) model of Prosperetti and Lezzi. Appropriate variations in the cavity diameter, frequency and amplitude of the insonating field show computer-based simulations of microbubble response can be employed to determine resonance frequencies that are directly influenced by the driving pressure amplitude. The implication is therefore that the linear approximation to microbubble resonance is not applicable when considering insonating fields whose amplitudes exceed specific values which can be determined. A natural extension of the single bubble model is the investigation of interacting bubbles. It is shown that both pressure amplitude and the distance between bubble centres influence resonance frequency. A numerical investigation of the bifurcation properties of the K-H model is carried out: the driving frequency threshold for the onset of chaos decreases in the presence of an interacting microbubble or as the bubbles approach each other. |
19,560 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on Evaluation Index System of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network Based on Energy Router, and key words: Low voltage, Renewable energy sources, Power supplies, Simulation, Redundancy, Distribution networks, Hybrid power systems. Abstract: AC/DC hybrid distribution network based on energy router is adapted for the high penetration rate access of large-scale distributed power sources and flexible loads. In order to meet the equipment selection during the construction phase and the state maintenance during the operation phase, an evaluating index system is established for AC/DC hybrid distribution network system and core equipment. Firstly, the detailed rules of lean evaluation and data collection are analyzed. Secondly, the evaluation indexes of power supply reliability, system harmonic level and reactive power supplement ability are proposed from the system level. Finally, the evaluation indexes of fault ride through capability, energy consumption level, control capability and redundancy are proposed from the equipment level. Based on the typical multi-port DC loop network, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the index. |
19,561 | Please write an abstract with title: Preparation of Graphene/Manganese Dioxide Supercapacitor Electrode Sheet, and key words: Electrodes, Military computing, Graphene, Capacitors, Graphite, Supercapacitors, Oxidation. Abstract: The super capacitor have become the focus in the electrochemical energy storage and successfully applied in many fields in real life, Such as: computer, timer, electric vehicles, military, aviation, new energy and other fields. In this paper use manganese dioxide and graphene composite electrode materials preparation, the first is use graphene oxide and potassium permanganate by hydrothermal method of manganese dioxide and graphene composite electrode materials. Next using the composite of manganese dioxide and graphene oxide to make an electrode sheet. Then constant current charge and discharge method and ac impedance method, such as the mass ratio of manganese dioxide was studied and the oxidation of the graphite energy storage performance. |
19,562 | Please write an abstract with title: Nonlinear separation control with neural learning for evaporator in energy conversion plant, and key words: Energy conversion, Nonlinear control systems, Control systems, Nonlinear systems, Optimal control, Temperature control, Learning systems, Control theory, Robust control, Intelligent control. Abstract: Nonlinear separation control with neural learning for complex nonlinear system was proposed. This method combined a nonlinear separation method with an artificial neural network. With learning from actual data, it can not only realize nonlinear control of complex nonlinear systems, but also improve the control performance. Based on this method, outlet working fluid heat rate control of an evaporator in a spring thermal energy conversion plant, as a typical application of the proposed method, was realized. The simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. |
19,563 | Please write an abstract with title: Generic control law for DC and AC machines, and key words: Europe, AC machines, IP networks, TV, Torque, Pulse width modulation, Cutoff frequency. Abstract: In this paper we propose a generic method to get the gains of the controller of nested loops of current, velocity and position with an IP-IP-P structure. The literal expressions of the coefficients of the controller are identical for each three closed loop by changes of variables. By another changes of variables, the proposed method gives the controller coefficients calculation for a synchronous machine or an asynchronous machine. |
19,564 | Please write an abstract with title: Separation of fricatives from aspirated plosives by means of temporal spectral variation, and key words: Natural languages, Speech recognition, Training data, Equations, Target recognition, Clustering algorithms, Acoustic signal detection, Signal detection, Statistics. Abstract: This paper discusses the separation of fricatives from aspirated plosives based on the dynamic properties of the consonant spectra. Twelve features of each CV syllable were constructed and employed to determine the discriminants for the two manners of articulation. Correct classifications were around 85 percent if the cases to be classified belonged to a set of CV syllables of 1) the same place of articulation under the same vowel environment; 2) the same vowel environment; or 3) the same place of articulation without using any information from the vowel region at all. |
19,565 | Please write an abstract with title: Implementation of EMG Signal Measurement for the Control of the 3D Hand Prototype, and key words: Electrodes, Three-dimensional displays, Force, Prototypes, Electromyography, Time measurement, Delays. Abstract: The presented work focuses on the development of a measuring stand for the electromyographic signal and the hand clamp force signal. Two approaches to the implementation of the topic have been described - the first one uses a specially prepared prototype board and the second one uses the Arduino Uno module for active synchronization of measurements. The methodology of work on both versions was presented along with the measurement procedure used. The idea was to make a special EMG measurement system with parallel transmission of the clamp force value from the dynamometer. The data obtained in this way are to be used to train a machine learning model determining the value of the clamping force of the hand prosthesis. The paper deals with the issues of prosthesis construction, measurement and data storage methods, as well as the course of further planned works on the project. The presented solution has a chance to introduce methods that realistically reduce the development costs of a hand prosthesis, while improving its functioning. To achieve this, the following assumptions were adopted: the acquisition of the EMG signal using a single MyoWare Muscle Sensor (Sparkfun®) sensor on the superficial flexor of the fingers (Latin Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis), a constant ratio of the number of force samples to the number of electromyogram samples, the use of commonly available electronic components and limitations construction costs. |
19,566 | Please write an abstract with title: Feasible study of MACKEY II type R with Enhanced Robustness on metal, and key words: Analytical models, Patch antennas, Meetings, Metals, Bandwidth, Antenna feeds, Robustness. Abstract: In this study, a meta-surface-inspired antenna chip, developed by KIT EOE Laboratory (MACKEY), that is sufficiently robust to a metal object and MACKEY II type R with enhanced robustness against metal is proposed. Moreover, the antenna width was optimized to obtain a wider operating bandwidth. |
19,567 | Please write an abstract with title: Creating "High-Tech Tools and Toys Lab" learning environments at four universities, and key words: Educational institutions, Instruments, Economic indicators, MATLAB, Optical imaging, Hyperspectral imaging, Data acquisition, Acoustic testing, Acoustic measurements, Position measurement. Abstract: Northeastern University (NU), Boston University (BU), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), and the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez (UPRM) have piloted a program to teach freshman computation using a hands-on "High-Tech Tools and Toys Laboratory" learning environment. At NU, students programmed computers running the new MATLAB Data Acquisition and Instrument Control Toolboxes to control test and measurement equipment, x-y positioners, and acoustic and ultrasonic sensors to image concealed objects. In the Spring semester of 2002, BU is using the HTT&TL concept with optical imaging hardware in a freshman module in imaging and tracking using C++, MATLAB, LabView, and Vision Foundary. In the Fall of 2002, RPI and UPRM will pilot the HTT&TL in freshman "Intro to EE" labs using, respectively, instrumentation for image processing and hyperspectral imaging. The experiences of the different universities are reviewed and compared and lessons for successful hands-on instrument-control computation courses extracted. |
19,568 | Please write an abstract with title: Boolean minimizer FC-min: coverage finding process, and key words: Minimization methods, Runtime, Logic design, Boolean functions, Control system synthesis, Built-in self-test, Iterative algorithms, Computer science, NP-hard problem, Input variables. Abstract: This paper describes principles of a two-level multi-output Boolean minimizer FC-min, namely its find coverage phase. The problem of Boolean minimization is approached in a reverse way than common minimizers do. First, the cover of the on-set is found, and after that the appropriate implicants are being constructed to satisfy this cover. Thus, only the necessary group implicants are being generated, which makes FC-min an extremely fast and efficient minimizer for functions with many output variables. An essential phase of the algorithm is the find coverage procedure. This phase determines the number of terms in the final solution, which has to be reduced to minimum. It solves an NP-hard problem, thus some heuristic has to be applied. We propose our heuristic method to solve this problem and study the influence of parameters on the final solution quality and runtime. |
19,569 | Please write an abstract with title: Magnetic barrier--A new concept in magnetic separation, and key words: Magnetic separation, Magnetic forces, Magnetic susceptibility, Magnetic fields, Paramagnetic materials, Magnetic particles, Magnetic materials, Shape, Particle separators, Gravity. Abstract: Particles can be separated according to their mass magnetic susceptibilities by using a magnetic energy gradient barrier. When a stream of particles with different magnetic susceptibilities is fed to the barrier at an angle, a continuous separation can be obtained. The particles having susceptibilities higher than a predetermined value are deflected and guided by the magnetic barrier to a releasing region, where they pass through the barrier. Particles with lower susceptibilities which penetrate the barrier follow a different path from the more magnetic fraction and are separately collected. |
19,570 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of a 340 GHz Subharmonic Image Rejection Mixer based on Planar Schottky Diodes, and key words: Schottky diodes, Power distribution, Mixers, Directional couplers. Abstract: A 340 GHz subharmonic image rejection mixer with high image rejection performance is presented. In the previous terahertz SIR mixers, E-plane branch waveguide directional couplers or T-junctions are usually used for power distribution. However, because the isolation of the T-junction is not enough, so it is necessary to improve the isolation of the T-junction. By using a new power splitter with isolated ports, the isolation of the output port is improved. It is found that compared with the traditional T-junction, the image rejection of the image rejection mixer can reach 24.5dB at 310GHz-367GHz, which improves 2.7dB for image rejection ratio compared to the T-junction. |
19,571 | Please write an abstract with title: Thermal Load in Thinned Ge-Based Multijunction Space Solar Cells, and key words: Germanium, Substrates, Photovoltaic cells, Heating systems, Doping, Solar heating, Orbits. Abstract: Low energy photons absorbed in a solar cell can contribute to the heating of the device, which negatively affects performance. This is especially important in germanium, as it presents high free-carrier absorption. Thinning of Ge substrates is a technique which aims to reduce weight and improve performance of multijunction solar cells. Additionally, it presents the opportunity to reflect low energy photons via a rear side infrared reflector. We perform optical simulations and show that thinning an InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cell from 140 to 40 μm with a gold back reflector can reduce the cooling power requirements by 9.6% for a highly doped substrate, and 7% for a lightly doped one. In terms of temperature, this represents a reduction of 8 °C and 6 °C, respectively. |
19,572 | Please write an abstract with title: Synthetic Internal Voltage Phase–Amplitude Dynamics Investigation for Electric Drivetrain Small-Signal Model in Electromechanical Control Timescale for a Wound Rotor Induction Machine-Based Shipboard Power System, and key words: Rotors, Voltage control, Power system dynamics, Stators, Mathematical model, Phase locked loops, Power system stability. Abstract: With less fragile power electronics integrated, the overall shipboard power system (SPS) safety level is prone to increase. In this article, the motion equation concept of a less power electronics-based more-electric ship is proposed to study the SPS dynamics. A wound rotor induction machine (WRIM) acts as the propulsion load, whose stator and power converter are regarded as a synthetic internal voltage vector (SIVV). The small-signal model of a WRIM-based electric drivetrain (WRIM-ED) is established in the electromechanical control timescale. Besides, the external dynamic behaviors of the propulsion load are investigated in detail according to the phase and amplitude of SIVV. The control effects of phase-locked loop (PLL), rotor speed control (RSC), and reactive power control (RPC) are taken into account. In addition, the control schemes by applying the traditional PLL-based vector control (PLL-VC) and an emulated stator voltage-oriented VC (ESVO-VC) for WRIM-ED are described. Moreover, with ESVO-VC, the expression of equivalent inertia for WRIM-ED is much simplified, and there is no need to tune the PLL controller gains. MATLAB/Simulink is applied to carry out simulations to investigate the control effects of both PLL-VC and ESVO-VC on the system dynamic performance. |
19,573 | Please write an abstract with title: Demonstration of Kinematic-Based Closed-loop Deep Brain Stimulation for Mitigating Freezing of Gait in People with Parkinson’s Disease, and key words: Kinematics, Legged locomotion, Real-time systems, Satellite broadcasting, Diseases, Sensors, Mathematical model. Abstract: Impaired gait in Parkinson's disease is marked by slow, arrhythmic stepping, and often includes freezing of gait episodes where alternating stepping halts completely. Wearable inertial sensors offer a way to detect these gait changes and novel deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems can respond with clinical therapy in a real-time, closed-loop fashion. In this paper, we present two novel closed-loop DBS algorithms, one using gait arrhythmicity and one using a logistic-regression model of freezing of gait detection as control signals. Benchtop validation results demonstrate the feasibility of running these algorithms in conjunction with a closed-loop DBS system by responding to real-time human subject kinematic data and pre-recorded data from leg-worn inertial sensors from a participant with Parkinson's disease. We also present a novel control policy algorithm that changes neurostimulator frequency in response to the kinematic inputs. These results provide a foundation for further development, iteration, and testing in a clinical trial for the first closed-loop DBS algorithms using kinematic signals to therapeutically improve and understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of gait impairment in Parkinson's disease. |
19,574 | Please write an abstract with title: Effectiveness of the Jigsaw Method in Teaching Programmable Logic Controller, and key words: Learning systems, Mechatronics, Logic programming, Education, Programmable logic devices, Solids, Standards. Abstract: Student-Centered Learning is a must in the Teaching & Learning delivery method for any engineering technology courses as outlined in the Engineering Technology Programme Accreditation Standard 2020. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Cooperative Learning Jigsaw method in teaching basic ladder logic programming, a sub-topic in Programmable Logic Controller subject offered for Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Mechatronics. The subtopic is divided into three parts; the students are divided into three groups and each part is given to one group. At the end of the lesson, a quiz was given to test students' understanding of the sub-topic. A survey is also done to get their perception of the Jigsaw method. The study shows that while the Jigsaw method is able to achieve the intended learning outcomes and improve soft skills; it also can slow down the learning process if the scaffolding was not solid. |
19,575 | Please write an abstract with title: The Heron Formula Approach for Head Movements Detection for Student Focus Detection during Pandemic Online Class, and key words: Machine learning algorithms, Pandemics, Face recognition, Wheelchairs, Neural networks, Machine learning, Games. Abstract: Head movement are widely used and utilized, there are many things that applying head movement as a main subject such as to control a device, control a smart wheelchair, playing games and many more. In this study, we propose a preliminary study to use the head movements as a focus detector for student in online learning. We use several approaches such as Face Landmark until Heron Triangle approach to detect and recognize the movement of the head. In this study, we utilize the Heron formulas to obtain the large of triangle that shaped using the marking point from Face Landmark method. By using the large of triangle, this proposed method could obtain and recognize the gaze of head movements. Our proposed method can reach 85% of accuracy and has an ability to detect the horizontal and vertical movements. This study is an important as an initial step to create a robust head movement detection system especially for online learning purposes. |
19,576 | Please write an abstract with title: Enhanced error diffusion halftoning using edge information and linear gain, and key words: Gain, Quantization, Gray-scale, Pixel, Nonlinear distortion, Delta-sigma modulation, Additive noise, Equivalent circuits, Noise shaping, Filters. Abstract: In this paper, we suggest the method that uses compensated multiplicative parameter according to the local characteristic. Firstly we use a linear gain between original image and the halftone image to calculate the multiplicative parameters that minimize quantization error of flat region. We represent the edge region by compensating multiplicative parameters. The proposed method reduces quantization error that causes sharpening. The proposed method yields the halftone image which is similar to the original image and improved in quality. |
19,577 | Please write an abstract with title: FRDVDnet: Towards Fast and Robust Deep Video Denoising, and key words: Training, Deep learning, DVD, Simulation, Noise reduction, Benchmark testing, Information and communication technology. Abstract: With the rapid development of the technology of deep learning, lots of deep video denoising networks emerged. The mainstream deep video denoising(DVD) algorithms with the property of excellent detail preservation and the ability to process a wide range of noise level, such as FastDVDnet, are only based on the fixed datasets without enough generalizability. In order to deal with this problem, a network for fast and robust DVD called FRDVDnet, is proposed in this paper for optimizing FastDVDnet by utilizing dense-scale feature fusion mechanism and CReLU activation scheme. We compare FRDVDnet with FastDVDnet tested in the mid-scale bayer benchmark dataset visually and quantitatively. The simulation result shows that the denoising performance of FRDVDnet is improved with the increasing of the noise intensity compared to FastDVDnet. Moreover, in terms of perservation of key detail, FRDVDnet is superior to FastDVDnet on the denoised video. |
19,578 | Please write an abstract with title: TIDAL-CAN: Differential Timing Based Intrusion Detection and Localization for Controller Area Network, and key words: Intrusion detection, Physical layer, Proposals, Transmitters, Delays. Abstract: Since the first reports on its lack of security, the Controller Area Network (CAN) was in focus for numerous research works. A specific area of research has employed physical layer characteristics that can be used to uniquely identify network nodes. But there are common downsides in existing approaches such as vulnerabilities in front of attacks involving node replacement or insertion or the inability to locate the intruder node within the network. In this work, we propose a new intrusion detection system for CAN which is based on monitoring the propagation time of the physical signals sent on the bus. Indeed, quite a number of recent works addressed the use of physical or timing characteristics to identify network nodes or to create covert channels. In our approach, by accounting for intrinsic delay characteristics of the bus and by monitoring the difference in signal arrival time at the two bus ends, we can identify nodes by location-related differential delays and provide relevant information for estimating the relative location of a transmitter node on the bus. The results of our experimental evaluation show that our approach provides very high identification rates and accurate localization in case of attacks from compromised nodes. The ability to detect attacks that replace an existing node or plug new adversarial nodes on the bus is also illustrated along with discussions on estimating sender location in these cases. |
19,579 | Please write an abstract with title: RF Design and Development of a Deployable Membrane Reflectarray Antenna for Space, and key words: Feeds, Radio frequency, Reflector antennas, Meters, Apertures, Satellite antennas. Abstract: A new membrane-based deployable reflectarray antenna has been developed for space applications. This lightweight, scalable design can be stowed in very small volumes thereby enabling large, high gain apertures on small satellites. A 4 square meter design has been rigorously tested and characterized (RF and mechanical) on the ground and will be launched on a technology demonstration satellite mission in early 2019. This new reflectarray design has leveraged prior developments of both non-deployable reflect-arrays [1,2] and deployable structures [3]. The paper focuses on the RF design of the reflectarray and briefly addresses future design enhancements that enable greater RF capabilities. The reflectarray mechanical design, related heritage, and some early related RF design/analysis, is also described in [3]. |
19,580 | Please write an abstract with title: A new differential geometric method to rectify digital images of the Earth's surface using isothermal coordinates, and key words: Digital images, Earth, Isothermal processes, Surface topography, Ellipsoids, Image generation, Interpolation, Geology, Image processing. Abstract: A new method to rectify monoscopic digital images and generate orthoimages of the Earth's surface is described. It replaces the standard procedure, which transfers the perspective projection of a frame photograph to an orthographic projection of pixels onto a reference plane using corresponding corrections. Instead, the perspective forward projection is kept but every pixel is vertically mapped along the surface normal onto a curved reference surface, for example, the ellipsoid of the World Geodetic System 1984 under the condition that a precise enough surface elevation model is available. The gained ellipsoidal coordinates (latitude, longitude and height) of each pixel are then transformed into isothermal coordinates like the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates. Their differential geometric characteristics allow mapping every pixel to a reference plane producing, after some interpolation between irregularly spaced pixels, a photomap with the same geometric properties as any other topographic map. The suitability of the method is demonstrated by two photomaps from Ankara, Turkey, which are compared to high-quality topographic maps whereby the average position errors are about 2-3 pixels. |
19,581 | Please write an abstract with title: Checkpointed early load retirement, and key words: Retirement, Out of order, Registers, Laboratories, Computer aided instruction, Checkpointing, Hardware, Prefetching, Pipelines, Application software. Abstract: Long-latency loads are critical in today's processors due to the ever-increasing speed gap with memory. Not only do these loads block the execution of dependent instructions, they also prevent other instructions from moving through the in-order reorder buffer (ROB) and retire. As a result, the processor quickly fills up with uncommitted instructions, and computation ultimately stalls. To attack this problem, we propose checkpointed early load retirement, a mechanism that combines register checkpointing and back-end .e., at retirement - load-value prediction. When a long-latency load hits the ROB head unresolved, the processor enters clear mode by (1) taking a checkpoint of the architectural registers, (2) supplying a load-value prediction to consumers, and (3) early-retiring the long-latency load. This unclogs the ROB, thereby "clearing the way" for subsequent instructions to retire, and also allowing instructions dependent on the long-latency load to execute sooner. When the actual value returns from memory, it is compared against the prediction. A misprediction causes the processor to roll back to the checkpoint, discarding all subsequent computation. The benefits of executing in clear mode come from providing early forward progress on correct predictions, and from warming up caches and other structures on wrong predictions. Our evaluation shows that a clear implementation with support for four checkpoints yields an average speedup of 1.12 for both eleven integer and eight floating-point applications (1.27 and 1.19 for five integer and five floating point memory-bound applications, respectively), relative to a contemporary out-of-order processor with an aggressive hardware prefetcher. |
19,582 | Please write an abstract with title: Implementation considerations in a SIP based secure voice over IP network, and key words: Intelligent networks, Internet telephony, IP networks, Quality of service, Network servers, Web server, Protocols, Costs, Web and internet services, Digital signal processing. Abstract: The spread of IP-based LANs and the increasing use of voice transmission over these IP networks and the Internet have supported the growth and evolution of enterprise voice over IP (VoIP) systems. High quality IP telephony services over the Internet are becoming mainstream and are being implemented in a large number of service provider and enterprise networks. Many vendors are producing packages to take advantage of these telecommunication trends. These applications and services potentially introduce security leaks into a private network and also security issues across networks. These security issues arise due to the accessibility of the security interfaces, which is in turn due to the requirements of the VoIP protocols. Clearly, with the potential widespread implementation of packet networks, the security aspect of VoIP is becoming as important as quality of service (QoS) and next generation application issues. The paper takes an introductory look at the integration of standard security schemes with standard VoIP protocols as would be typically applied in a business type environment. Comparative analyses of the effects of firewall and VPN techniques on the quality of a single SIP-based voice call are carried out. The results of these assessments show that there is minimal negative impact on the quality of a single VoIP call when standard security schemes are implemented. It also provides some insight into issues to consider when implementing a secure, high quality VoIP network, especially for small-medium-micro sized enterprises (SMME) |
19,583 | Please write an abstract with title: Physical Model-Inspired Deep Unrolling Network for Solving Nonlinear Inverse Scattering Problems, and key words: Deep learning, Permittivity, Training, Neural networks, Mathematical model, Inverse problems, Knowledge engineering. Abstract: In this article, to bridge the gap between the traditional model-based methods and data-driven deep learning schemes, we propose a physical model-inspired deep unrolling network for solving nonlinear inverse scattering problems, termed PM-Net. The proposed end-to-end network is formed by two consequent steps. First, an augmented Lagrangian method is introduced to transform a constrained objective function to be an unconstrained optimization. In addition, it is further decomposed into four quasi-linear subproblems. Second, we unfold the iterative scheme into a layer-wise deep neural network. Each subproblem is mapped into a module of the deep unrolling network. In PM-Net, these variables including the weight, the regularization of contrast, and other parameters are learned and updated alternately by corresponding network layers. PM-Net effectively combines neural networks with the knowledge of underlying physics as well as traditional techniques. Unlike existing networks, PM-Net explicitly exploits contrast source and contrast modules. Compared to traditional iterative methods, the performance of PM-Net is comparable or even better than subspace-based optimization method in the high noise-level circumstance. Compared to the state-of-the-art learning approaches, not only less network parameters need to be learned, but also better performance is achieved by PM-Net. |
19,584 | Please write an abstract with title: SEM contour extraction application on contact edge roughness, and key words: Image edge detection, Conferences, Layout, Resists, Complexity theory, Data mining, Root mean square. Abstract: SEM-image contour has been widely used to investigate pattern properties such as critical dimension (CD) or line edge roughness (LER), providing value information about patterning quality. However, combination of layout and SEM contour analysis has not studied profoundly due to its complexity. In this paper, we explored two applications based on SEM contour extraction: 1. Etch bias verification based on PH/HMET/ET SEM images. 2. Contact edge roughness based on RMSE extracted from SEM contours and thus selecting the best setting to assure adequacy of patterns |
19,585 | Please write an abstract with title: Origami-Structured Actuating Modules for Upper Limb Support, and key words: Fabrics, Force, Bending, Fabrication, Heating systems, Pressing, Hoses. Abstract: Soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) based on inherently compliant materials have been developed by integrating with a fabric, a fiber reinforcement, or applying origami patterns. However, the fabric and fiber-reinforced SPAs are limited by the relatively large volumes of air needed to achieve the desired motions, and conventional ‘origami-structured’ SPAs based on simple paper folding may not be durable and provide limited force. In this letter, an origami-structured actuating module fabricated by embedding a rigid origami structure in a fabric, which is applicable to any origami patterns including Yoshimura, Waterbomb, and so on, was proposed to improve durability and supporting force. Specially, the Yoshimura pattern-based origami-structured actuating module was analytically modeled to determine the design parameters of the actuating module so that it can provide enough supporting force and range of motion of the upper limb. A wearable system with the optimized origami-structured actuating module, which is durable, adaptable, and capable of supporting the upper limb motion, was developed to assist the upper limb without interfering natural movements. |
19,586 | Please write an abstract with title: Face recognition algorithm based on open CV, and key words: Visualization, Image recognition, Face recognition, Signal processing algorithms, Signal processing, Libraries, Face detection. Abstract: With the rapid development of information technology and the continuous improvement of people's security awareness, people pay more and more attention to the research of face recognition. Open CV is an open source cross platform computer vision library, which realizes many common algorithms in image processing and computer vision. QT is a cross platform C++ GUI application development framework, which can be used to develop both GUI and non GUI programs. This paper first introduces the face recognition method. The process of face recognition includes three parts: face detection, face representation and face recognition. Secondly, the face recognition algorithm is studied, and PCA algorithm is used for face recognition. Then we use Visual Studio 2013 to build a face recognition system based on open CV, design the user interface with QT, and realize the face model detection and recognition training: open the image, carry out face detection and location, face feature annotation, and then open the second photo for recognition. At the same time, each module and the whole process of the system are tested, the test results are good, and a complete face detection and recognition system based on open CV is realized. |
19,587 | Please write an abstract with title: Correction of near-field acoustic measurements made with arbitrary measuring transducers, and key words: Acoustic measurements, Acoustic transducers, Phase measurement, Equations, Electric variables measurement, Pressure measurement, Microphones, Sonar equipment, Area measurement, Boundary value problems. Abstract: This paper concerns the basic acoustics problem of the coupling between the near-field acoustic pressure field radiated by a source and an arbitrary measuring transducer such as a microphone or hydrophone. It is shown that the far-field of a source can be determined independently of the phase and amplitude directional characteristics of the measuring transducer provided that the far-field response of the measuring transducer is known. Solutions to the problem are obtained by an application of Green's theorem to the modal expansions of the acoustic pressure field in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. |
19,588 | Please write an abstract with title: Lower Bound on Delay Consensus Margin of Discrete-Time Multiagent Systems, and key words: Interpolation, Protocols, Laplace equations, Frequency-domain analysis, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, Delays, Topology. Abstract: In this paper, delay consensus margin (DCM), the maximal range of delay within which robust consensus can be achieved and maintained, is investigated. For discrete-time linear multiagent systems (MASs) with unstable poles connected over an undirected topology, an explicit lower bound on DCM achievable by the linear time-invariant feedback protocols is derived, which can ensure the robust consensus of the MAS. The bound can be readily calculated by solving a matrix eigenvalue problem. It reveals that the unstable poles of the agents and the eigenvalue ratio of the graph Laplacian matrix are the key constraints on the tolerable delay range. |
19,589 | Please write an abstract with title: High frequency forward scattering models with shadowing correction, and key words: Frequency, Shadow mapping, Optical scattering, Optical surface waves, Rough surfaces, Surface roughness, Sea surface, Solid modeling, Geometrical optics, Optical devices. Abstract: The Brown and Miller (1974) model for the coherent component of rough surface forward scattering is based on a flat surface, geometric optics argument and is unable to account for shadowing effects at low grazing or the weakened nulls observed in experiments. This paper develops modifications to the coherent component of rough ocean forward scattering to account for shadowing for downwind wave conditions. |
19,590 | Please write an abstract with title: Low-density parity-check codes for space-time wireless transmission, and key words: Parity check codes, Fading, Transmitting antennas, Convolutional codes, AWGN, Antenna arrays, Diversity methods, Turbo codes, Gaussian approximation, Space time codes. Abstract: Irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have shown exceptionally good performance for single antenna systems over a wide class of channels. In this paper, we investigate their application to multiple antenna systems in flat Rayleigh fading channels. For small transmit arrays, we focus mainly on space-time coding with 2/sup p/-ary LDPC codes, where p equals the number of encoded bits transmitted by the transmit antenna array during each signaling interval. For large transmit arrays, we study a layered space-time architecture using binary LDPC codes as component codes of each layer: We show through simulation that, when applied to multiple antenna systems with high diversity order, LDPC codes of quasi-regular construction are able to achieve higher coding gain and/or diversity gain than previously proposed space-time trellis codes, space-time turbo codes, and convolutional codes in a number of fading conditions. Extending the work of density evolution with Gaussian approximation, we study 2/sup p/-ary LDPC codes on multiple antenna fading channels, and search for the optimum 2/sup p/-ary quasi-regular codes in quasi-static fading. We also show that on fast fading channels, 2/sup p/-ary irregular LDPC codes, though designed for static channels, have superior performance to nonbinary quasiregular codes and binary irregular codes specifically designed for fast fading channels. |
19,591 | Please write an abstract with title: Closed-Form Nonlinear Impact Angle Guidance using State-Dependent Riccati Equation Approach, and key words: Closed-form solutions, Uncertainty, Computational modeling, Riccati equations, Integral equations, Numerical simulation, Mathematical models. Abstract: In this paper, a suboptimal impact angle control guidance law is proposed against non-maneuvering targets, by converting a problem of target interception at an impact angle into one of controlling the line-of-sight angle and its rate. The guidance commands are derived based on the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique, which is further augmented with integral sliding mode control to account for uncertainties. The optimal performance of the guidance law is guaranteed by the use of SDRE technique. A closed-form expression of the guidance command, that satisfies the (state-dependent) Riccati equation, is also obtained. This obviates the need for numerical solution, thereby reducing the computational requirement during actual implementation. The performance of the proposed guidance scheme is evaluated via numerical simulations for different engagement scenarios, while also considering a variable speed interceptor model and is shown to be satisfactory. |
19,592 | Please write an abstract with title: Surface Flaw Classification Based on Dual Cross Pattern, and key words: Steel, Histograms, Surface morphology, Surface treatment, Support vector machines, Feature extraction, Training. Abstract: The evaluation of flat steel surface quality is mainly concerned with detecting and identifying product surface defects. Although the variety of the implemented techniques, this type of control still presents a challenge. In this paper, we assess the Dual Cross Pattern technique, as a feature descriptor, that should be quite discriminative, to ease the steel surface defect classification. The histograms extracted from the captured DCP features are concatenated to represent the global image feature vector. The procedure parameters, as the DCP circle radius, the number of the training images and their choice, are considered to show their impact on the results. The experiment conducted on the NEU published defect database shows that, compared to the other used techniques, the proposed approach reveals not only interesting recognition rates but presents advantages in time coast too. |
19,593 | Please write an abstract with title: Learning Constrained Resource Allocation Policies in Wireless Control Systems, and key words: Resource management, Control systems, Wireless networks, Reliability, Reinforcement learning, Fading channels, Dynamic scheduling. Abstract: Emerging applications in IoT systems employ wireless communication networks to exchange data between spatially distributed components of a control system. As wireless networks are noisy and subject to packet losses - which might impact the operation of the control system - proper distribution of communication resources among components of the wireless control system sharing the communication network is essential to maintain the system operating reliably. Here, in particular, we study settings in which the decision maker must meet additional constraints on the control system while distributing communication resources. The existence of constraints and the infinite dimensionality of the problem make the resource allocation problem challenging. To reduce the dimensionality of the problem, we parameterize the resource allocation policy in terms of neural networks - high capability approximators - and leverage reinforcement learning techniques to design policies that do not require knowledge of plant dynamics or communication models. We further reformulate the resource allocation problem in the dual domain to handle the constraints, which leads naturally to a primal-dual policy gradient algorithm that alternates between updating the policy parameters via reinforcement learning iterations and updating a dual variable that enforces constraint satisfaction. We conclude the paper with numerical simulations that show the strong performance of the learned allocation policies against baseline resource allocation solutions. |
19,594 | Please write an abstract with title: Benefits of Using Galileo for Real-Time GNSS Meteorology, and key words: Real-time systems, Global Positioning System, Global navigation satellite system, Meteorology, Satellites, Delays, Orbits. Abstract: Remote sensing of water vapor using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is a well-established tool for weather and climate monitoring. The current challenges of GNSS meteorology are real-time performance and the inclusion of emerging GNSS, such as Galileo. We demonstrate that real-time GPS-only, Galileo-only, and GPS+Galileo solutions are consistent among each other. However, our results show that the Galileo-only solutions tend to underestimate Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) with respect to GPS. The Galileo-only real-time ZTD is less accurate as the one from GPS. The combination of both GNSS leads to a superior product. The daily solution availability increases by up to 50%, and the overall gain is 0.7% over the entire year. The accuracy improves by 3.7% to 8.5% and uncertainty is reduced by a factor of 1.5–2. A combined GPS and Galileo solution suppresses artifacts in a real-time ZTD product which otherwise would be attributed to high-frequency orbital effects. |
19,595 | Please write an abstract with title: Explainable and Generalizable Blind Image Quality Assessment via Semantic Attribute Reasoning, and key words: Semantics, Distortion, Image quality, Cognition, Predictive models, Feature extraction, Databases. Abstract: Blind image quality assessment (BIQA) that can directly evaluate image quality without perfect-quality reference has been a long-standing research topic. Although the existing BIQA models have achieved very encouraging performance, the lack of explainability and generalization ability limits their real-world applications to a great extent. People usually assess image quality according to semantic attributes, e.g., brightness, color, contrast, noise and sharpness. Furthermore, judgment on image quality is also impacted by the scene presented in the image. Therefore, the inherent relationship between semantic attributes and scenes is crucial for image quality assessment, which has rarely been explored yet. With this motivation, this paper presents a Semantic Attribute Reasoning based image QUality Evaluator (SARQUE). Specifically, we propose a two-stream network to predict semantic attributes and scene categories from distorted images. To investigate the inherent relationship between the semantic attributes and scene category, a semantic reasoning module is further proposed based on the graph convolution network (GCN), producing the final quality score. Extensive experiments conducted on five in-the-wild image quality databases demonstrate the superiority of the proposed SARQUE model over the state-of-the-arts. Furthermore, the proposed model features better explainability and generalization ability due to the use of semantic attributes. |
19,596 | Please write an abstract with title: Impulse Noise Suppression for G.hn Broadband Power-Line Communication in Smart Grid, and key words: Performance evaluation, Fading channels, Costs, Equalizers, System performance, Noise reduction, Parity check codes. Abstract: Power-line communication (PLC) system can exchange information over the existing electrical grid without much extra implementation cost. Such system will play an important role in the future Smart Grid. However, the system performance of PLC systems will be severely degraded by the multipath fading and random impulse noise (IN). This paper intends to evaluate the performance of different IN detection and reduction schemes combined with low-density parity check (LDPC) decoding for the PLC systems based on G.hn (Gigabit Home Networking) specification. In particular, to improve the system performance, we modify the likelihood value calculation of the LDPC decoder with the information of signal-power and noise-power change due to the process of IN reduction and equalizer. |
19,597 | Please write an abstract with title: Next generation GPS-aided space navigation systems, and key words: Global Positioning System, Position measurement, International Space Station, Satellite navigation systems, Space vehicles, Costs, Antenna arrays, Phase measurement, Fault tolerance, Atmosphere. Abstract: The next generation of low cost Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for space navigation and attitude determination are positioned to take full advantage of the improvements made in the commercial GPS receivers used for terrestrial applications. There have been recent improvements made to the GPS receivers that include the addition of extra GPS satellite channels that can be tracked simultaneously. The older style GPS receivers were only able to handle five channels at a time. In order for proper determination of three-dimensional position, a minimum of four channels was required and the fifth channel of the receiver was reserved to perform search functions for finding the next satellite. This included searching for satellites that could be used to replace exiting satellites moving out of the Field of View (FOV). The search function also enables the GPS receiver to search for the best constellation for maximum performance accuracy. The fifth roaming channel also provided a best next-satellite selection capability in case the field of view to one of the satellites was blocked or shaded. |
19,598 | Please write an abstract with title: Driver Monitoring System based on Distracted Driving Decision Algorithm, and key words: Machine learning algorithms, Computational modeling, Machine learning, Prediction algorithms, Turning, Magnetic heads, Behavioral sciences. Abstract: Distracted driving and drowsy driving are the main causes of car accidents. We proposed the Distracted Driving Decision Algorithm (DDDA) proposed whereby binary results from blink detection and gaze estimation are computed with the sliding window algorithm. The proposed algorithm is expected to be efficient in a vehicle environment system. The DDDA runs based on computational algorithms instead of using a machine learning model; ultimately, the process of determining the status of a driver can be performed in an efficient and accurate way. The average accuracy of the algorithm and time for it to process one frame was 83.5% and 42ms respectively. By improving the accuracy, the DDDA can contribute to provide easier access to the DMS (Driver Monitoring System). |
19,599 | Please write an abstract with title: Automated Test Generation for Trojan Detection using Delay-based Side Channel Analysis, and key words: Delays, Trojan horses, Logic gates, Test pattern generators, Registers, Payloads, Logic testing. Abstract: Side-channel analysis is widely used for hardware Trojan detection in integrated circuits by analyzing various side-channel signatures, such as timing, power and path delay. Existing delay-based side-channel analysis techniques have two major bottlenecks: (i) they are not suitable in detecting Trojans since the delay difference between the golden design and a Trojan inserted design is negligible, and (ii) they are not effective in creating robust delay signatures due to reliance on random and ATPG based test patterns. In this paper, we propose an efficient test generation technique to detect Trojans using delay-based side channel analysis. This paper makes two important contributions. (1) We propose an automated test generation algorithm to produce test patterns that are likely to activate trigger conditions, and change critical paths. Compared to existing approaches where delay difference is solely based on extra gates from a small Trojan, the change of critical paths by our approach will lead to significant difference in path delay. (2) We propose a fast and efficient reordering technique to maximize the delay deviation between the golden design and Trojan inserted design. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches that rely on ATPG or random test patterns for delay-based side-channel analysis. |
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