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5,600 | Please write an abstract with title: Examining and Mitigating Kernel Saturation in Convolutional Neural Networks using Negative Images, and key words: Signal to noise ratio, Kernel, Feature extraction, Training, Mathematical model, Standards, Weight measurement. Abstract: Neural saturation in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has been studied extensively, but remains relatively unexplored in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Understanding and alleviating the effects of convolutional kernel saturation is critical for enhancing CNN models classification accuracies. In this paper, we analyze the effect of convolutional kernel saturation in CNNs and propose a simple data augmentation technique to mitigate saturation and increase classification accuracy, by supplementing negative images to the training dataset. We hypothesize that greater semantic feature information can be extracted using negative images since they have the same structural information as standard images but differ in their data representations. Varied data representations decrease the probability of kernel saturation and thus increase the effectiveness of kernel weight updates. The two datasets selected to evaluate our hypothesis were CIFAR-10 and STL-10 as they have similar image classes but differ in image resolutions thus making for a better understanding of the saturation phenomenon. MNIST dataset was used to highlight the ineffectiveness of the technique for linearly separable data. The ResNet CNN architecture was chosen since the skip connections in the network ensure the most important features contributing the most to classification accuracy are retained. Our results show that CNNs are indeed susceptible to convolutional kernel saturation and that supplementing negative images to the training dataset can offer a statistically significant increase in classification accuracies when compared against models trained on the original datasets. Our results present accuracy increases of 6.98% and 3.16% on the STL-10 and CIFAR-10 datasets respectively. |
5,601 | Please write an abstract with title: Search Coil Based Detection of Inter Turn Short Circuit Faults in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines, and key words: Permanent magnet machines, Shape, Propellers, Windings, Stator windings, Voltage, Pulse width modulation. Abstract: This paper describes search coil based detection of inter turn short circuit (ITSC) faults in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) in electrical aviation applications. Various possible cases of ITSCs as well as their effects on the operation of the machine are investigated. The possibility of detecting the ITSC fault cases by using additionally inserted detection coils is examined. The results of different circuits and arrangements of these search coils are compared. The investigation considers an exemplary machine model analyzed via FEA. The considered surface PMSM is designed with double layer single tooth coil winding and could be used to directly drive a propeller aircraft. |
5,602 | Please write an abstract with title: t-SNE Dimensionality Reduction Method Based on Sobol Sequence Initialized Archerfish Hunting Optimizer Algorithm, and key words: Search methods, Data visualization, Probability distribution, Robustness, Manifold learning, Optimization, Computational intelligence. Abstract: t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), is a famous supervised, nonlinear dimensionality reduction and data visualization method in manifold learning, its core idea is to pursue the probability isomorphism of data points from high-dimensional space to low-dimensional space, that is, it requires the points in high-dimensional space to meet a certain probability distribution, and still meet a similar probability distribution after projecting them into low-dimensional space. Generally, t-SNE algorithm will be eventually transformed into a problem of solving Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence by gradient descent (GD) method or stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method. However, gradient dependent methods are easy to fall into the trap of local optimum, and the closer they are to the optimal value, the more oscillatory sawtooth effect will occur. Therefore, in order to overcome the shortcomings, in this paper, a novel Sobol sequence initialized archerfish hunting optimizer (SSAHO) has been proposed, which can increase the randomness and robustness of the algorithm, and via numerical experiment, its performance in improving the optimization ability has been verified. |
5,603 | Please write an abstract with title: Chromospheric plasma ejection above a pore, and key words: convection, Sun: chromosphere, Sun: photosphere. Abstract: We present high spatial resolution observations of short-lived transients, ribbons and jet-like events above a pore in Ca ii H images where fine structure, like umbral dots, light bridges and penumbral microfilaments, is present in the underlying photosphere. We found that current layers are formed at the edges of the convective fine structure, due to the shear between their horizontal field and the ambient vertical field. High vertical electric current density patches are observed in the photosphere around these events, which indicates the formation of a current sheet at the reconnection site. In the framework of past studies, low altitude reconnection could be the mechanism that produces such events. The reconnection is caused by an opposite polarity field produced by the bending of field lines by convective downflows at the edge of pore fine structure. |
5,604 | Please write an abstract with title: 3D Deployment with Machine Learning and System Performance Analysis of UAV-Enabled Networks, and key words: Solid modeling, Three-dimensional displays, System performance, Wireless networks, Stochastic processes, Omnidirectional antennas, Market research. Abstract: Exploring the base station (BS) placement in both horizontal and vertical directions is beneficial but challenging for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless network. In this paper, we propose a three dimensional (3D) deployment approach for UAVs and analyze the system performance of finite UAV-enabled networks in which UAVs are equipped with BS. By modeling UAVs as a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent, we propose a novel framework to deploy UAVs in 3D space to maximize the network utility. Then utilizing tools from stochastic geometry, we model the locations of UAVs as binomial point process (BPP) and derive exact expressions of coverage probability for directional antennas and omnidirectional antennas equipped UAVs. The expressions are functions of UAVs' altitudes and sector angles. The analysis is meaningful for setting UAVs' altitude and sector angle of directional antennas. Simulation results show that 3D deployment of UAVs achieves a remarkable system performance and the analysis provides useful performance trends. |
5,605 | Please write an abstract with title: Enhancing Efficiency and Empowering Institutions: Leveraging Wireless Sensor Devices, IoT Edge Computing, and Fog Computing in Educational Systems, and key words: Edge Computing, Fog Computing, loT, Security and Wireless Sensor Devices. Abstract: Wireless sensor devices, edge computing, and fog computing can transform education by improving efficiency and empowering institutions. This research paper explores the application of these technologies in educational settings and investigates their benefits, challenges, and potential solutions. Educational institutions can track classroom occupancy, ambient conditions, and student participation using wireless sensor systems. loT edge computing allows data processing and analysis at the network edge for rapid insights and decision-making. Fog computing integrates cloud resources with edge computing to support complicated computations and data storage. Wireless sensor devices, loT edge computing, and fog computing are used to optimize educational processes like resource management, student tracking, personalized learning, and campus security. Data privacy, security, scalability, and interoperability issues are studied and solutions suggested. This research shows how wireless sensor devices, loT edge computing, and fog computing may alter educational systems, helping institutions improve efficiency and empower stakeholders. |
5,606 | Please write an abstract with title: Using CP/SMT Solvers for Scheduling and Routing of AGVs, and key words: Routing, Task analysis, Programming, Layout, Job shop scheduling, Robots, Optimization. Abstract: An improved method for solving conflict-free scheduling and routing of automated guided vehicles is proposed in this article, with promising results. This is achieved by reformulating the mathematical model of the problem, including several improvements and speedup strategies of an existing Benders decomposition method. A new heuristic is also presented that quickly yields high-quality solutions. Moreover, a real-large-scale industrial instance is solved using an open-source satisfiability module theories solver and a commercial constraint programming solver. According to the results, both of these general-purpose solvers can effectively solve the proposed models. Note to Practitioners-The problem of conflict-free routing and scheduling of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in large-scale manufacturing systems has been an ever-present challenge for many AGV companies. Although these companies have developed rather efficient control policies and algorithms, retrofitting the existing heuristic to future's denser, more complicated, and more demanding AGV layouts is not guaranteed to be easy. Furthermore, the installed system will not necessarily be as efficient as expected. Currently, it is common to use heuristics to allocate vehicles to orders and route them. There are also rules of thumbs to avoid collisions and deadlocks. However, with increasing demand for high-performance AGV solutions, it is of interest to employ optimization algorithms that handle the order allocation, scheduling, and routing in a more efficient way. In this article, we present an improved method to tackle this issue, with promising results. We have developed our work in collaboration with a Swedish AGV company, and we have investigated a real-large-scale industrial instance as our case study. |
5,607 | Please write an abstract with title: Intrinsic Self-healing Characteristics of Electrical Tree in Silicone Rubber, and key words: Visualization, Insulation, Temperature, Shape, Force, Hydrogen, Morphology. Abstract: The self-healing phenomenon of electrical tree in traditional silicone rubber (SiR) insulation material, which is called intrinsic self-healing, is demonstrated and investigated in this paper. For initial SiR samples with electrical trees, with the removal of applied voltage, it is found that some electrical tree branches naturally disappear in the visual field with time. A less branched morphology and decreasing fractal dimension of electrical tree are thus observed. The effects of temperature on the intrinsic self-healing characteristics are explored and the intrinsic self-healing process can be considered as taking place in three stages based on the temperature-dependent self-healing rate. It is proposed that the intrinsic self-healing behaviors are closely related to the gas motion in the tree channels and the retractive force of SiR, which is affected by the conformation of molecular chains. Re-growth performance of electrical tree is conducted on the self-healed samples and many tiny branches at the sidewall of main channels are found in the repeated electrical trees, while the tree length remains unchanged. Furthermore, some electrical trees vanish in self-healing regions after the re-growth process, which can be attributed to the shielding effect of dense branches and the reconstruction of some hydrogen bonds between nano-silica and molecular chains of SiR. |
5,608 | Please write an abstract with title: Current single event effects results for candidate spacecraft electronics for NASA, and key words: Space vehicles, Aerospace electronics, NASA, Testing, Protons, Cyclotrons, Laboratories, Performance evaluation, Radiation effects, USA Councils. Abstract: We present data on the vulnerability of a variety of candidate spacecraft electronics to proton and heavy ion induced single event effects. Devices tested include digital, analog, linear bipolar, and hybrid devices, among others. |
5,609 | Please write an abstract with title: High-Conversion Ratio Multi-Phase VRM Realized with Stacking of Generic Series-Capacitor-Buck Converter Cells, and key words: Regulators, Voltage measurement, Capacitors, Prototypes, Data models, Topology, Transistors. Abstract: This paper introduces a new design approach for multiphase nonisolated DC-DC topology. The design approach is based on a new generic hybrid cell that consists of both capacitor and inductor. Using a stand-alone cell, the approach contributes to a high modularity of the resulting converters and enables high conversion ratios at higher efficiencies. The unique interaction between the capacitor and the inductor result in a soft charging operation, which curbs the losses of the converter, and contributes to higher efficiency. The method was used to create a multiphase voltage regulator module VRM. The new converter significantly extends the effective duty ratio and lowers the voltage stress of the transistors, while delivering high current to the output and has inherent current sharing to balance the load between the phases. Experimental results of a modular interleaved three phase prototype demonstrate an excellent proof of design methodology concept and agree well with the simulations and theoretical analyses developed in this study. Typical applications are point-of-load (PoL) and voltage regulator modules (VRM). |
5,610 | Please write an abstract with title: Solution of the electrostatic problem for a core-mantle particle with non-confocal spheroidal boundaries of the mantle, and key words: Electrostatics, Support vector machines, Manganese, Diffraction, Light scattering, Electric potential, Green's function methods. Abstract: Problem of light scattering by a layered particle with non-confocal spheroidal boundaries of the layers is typically considered in a framework of numerical methods. We suggest a rigorous method of solving this problem and apply it to a similar (but more simple) electrostatic problem. We discuss advantages of the method and demonstrate that it provides new approximations useful for a fast solution of the problem. |
5,611 | Please write an abstract with title: Influence of Personal Relationships on Selection of Civil Engineering as a Career, and key words: Engineering profession, Force, Market research, Civil engineering, Monitoring, STEM, Recruitment. Abstract: With the growing demand for civil engineers in the United States, understanding factors that influence students to select civil engineering as a major in college can lead to valuable insights for recruitment of future civil engineers. The influential factor that this paper analyzed and discussed is the impact of personal relationships on a student's decision to become a civil engineer. The most influential person was the father, with 40.7% of students specifically reporting that their father influenced their decision to pursue civil engineering. The second most influential figures were high school teachers in the STEM disciplines, where 11.2% of the students mentioned that either a math or science teacher influenced their decision. Unique to BYU, 9.8% of students mentioned the influence of church leaders and church members. Based on these findings, recruitment of civil engineering students to BYU will be most effective through outreach to fathers and STEM teachers. |
5,612 | Please write an abstract with title: SCJ: Segment Cleaning Journaling for Log-Structured File Systems, and key words: Metadata, Cleaning, Checkpointing, Ash, Optimization, System performance, Performance evaluation. Abstract: The append-only write scheme of the log-structured file system (LFS), which does not permit in- place updates, is suitable for flash memory. Therefore, LFSs have been adopted to manage various flash-memory-based storage systems. However, LFSs amplify user write requests owing to segment cleaning and frequent metadata write operations. Hence, the IO performance is degraded and the life span of the flash memory is reduced. In particular, when each segment cleaning invokes checkpointing to store dirty metadata modified via block relocation, irrelevant dirty metadata are written by the checkpointing operation, and the metadata write overhead occupies a significant proportion of the segment cleaning latency. Hence, we propose segment cleaning journaling (SCJ), which logs the block relocation information of segment cleaning at a specific journal area without invoking checkpointing. We implemented and evaluated the proposed SCJ by modifying F2FS. Experimental results show that SCJ can improve file system performance by 1.13–1.63 times compared with normal segment cleaning. |
5,613 | Please write an abstract with title: Near field and far field analysis of alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure for mixed-signal applications, and key words: Electromagnetic analysis, Impedance, Periodic structures, Noise measurement, Electromagnetic measurements, Packaging, Testing, Vehicles, Analytical models, Guidelines. Abstract: This paper presents near field (NF) and far field (FF) analysis of alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure in package and board. Three test vehicles have been designed and fabricated for near field and far field measurements. Simulation results using a full wave solver (SONNET/spl trade/) have been compared with measurement results. This paper investigates the radiation due to return current on different reference planes. The analysis results from simulations and measurements provide important guidelines for design of the AI-EBG structure for noise reduction in mixed-signal systems. |
5,614 | Please write an abstract with title: Technoscape: a Multi-Agent Model of All-Human Global Web, and key words: Urban areas, Production, Predictive models, Conference management, Large-scale systems, Multi-agent systems. Abstract: A model of spatial and temporal coevolution of a system of trading and producing agents is suggested. These agents can conditionally be mapped to producing and trading firms, while no difference between production and trade is suggested: what is produced is immediately traded. The model is both local and non-local from the perspective of how agents interact with each other and the territory. The model shows a phenomenon of “city” formation; a city is just a grid cell with a high concentration of agents. These cities experience complex coevolution. |
5,615 | Please write an abstract with title: Symbolic computation of the inverse dynamics of elastic joint robots, and key words: Robot kinematics, Elasticity, Nonlinear equations, Algebra, Lagrangian functions, Mechatronics, Motion analysis, Path planning, Feeds, Robot control. Abstract: Efficient calculation of the inverse dynamics of robotic mechanisms serves as a basis for a variety of control schemes. Classical algorithms for rigid multibody systems do not apply when more realistic modeling is required. The computational treatment of the emerging non-linear equations augmented by drivetrain dynamics and elasticity imposes various challenges on the algorithmic solutions. This paper presents a method for recursive calculation of the inverse dynamics of real-world robots considering elasticity and gyroscopic effects introduced by the drivetrains. A study of the equations of motion elucidates the demand for analytical derivatives of the dynamics up to a maximum order depending on the number of joints. This problem is solved for the first time by means of higher-order time derivatives of spatial operators proposed by the spatial operator algebra. |
5,616 | Please write an abstract with title: A Three-Level Scoring System for Fast Similarity Evaluation Based on Smith-Waterman Algorithm, and key words: Hardware, Arrays, Sequential analysis, Software algorithms, Bioinformatics, Parallel processing. Abstract: The Smith-Waterman (S-W) algorithm is widely adopted by the state-of-the-art DNA sequence aligners in next-generation sequencing (NGS). Prevailing read aligners, such as BWA-MEM and Bowtie 2, use the S-W algorithm to implement the seed-and-extend paradigm. In this work, we further extend the functionality of the S-W algorithm to evaluate the similarity between a pair of sequences without going through traceback process, and design a three-level hardware scoring system to compute final result efficiently. The system is made reconfigurable to align pairs of sequences of various length with a restriction of maximum number of errors. Experimental results show that the system can achieve a throughput of 685Mb/s at 69 iterations in the case of 126bp and the accuracy rate of the outputs is over 98% campared with software results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first hardware implementation for a similarity evaluation system based on the S-W algorithm. |
5,617 | Please write an abstract with title: Sediment classification based on repetitive multibeam bathymetry surveys of an offshore disposal site, and key words: Sediments, Backscatter, Springs, Acoustic measurements, Image analysis, Image segmentation, Sonar measurements, Sea floor, Interpolation, Hydrodynamics. Abstract: A disposal site near Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, has been surveyed at six-month intervals for the past three years with Simrad EM3000 multibeam bathymetry systems. Analysis of the bathymetry data from surveys in the autumn show accumulation of sediments over the site due to disposal activities in the summer and autumn; surveys in the spring show that the sediment has undergone transport and redistribution due to the effects of currents and waves over the winter months. Quantitative measures of sediment accumulation and erosion have been made and show definite changes in the nature and distribution of the disposal pile. Acoustic backscatter data collected simultaneously with four of these surveys were analyzed with the QTC MULTIVIEW/spl trade/ software, which segmented the multibeam sonar images into six regions of homogeneous acoustic character. The Multiview process leading to the six classes is described. Seafloor grab samples and photographs were used to characterize these acoustic classes physically. The depths and the classes were interpolated onto the same grid to allow subtractions and comparisons. Interpolating classes was done with a categorical interpolation process. Comparisons among the sequence of maps of acoustic classes show the spreading of new spoils and consistent seasonal changes over large areas. Because high-frequency backscatter depends heavily on surface conditions, seasonal changes in the local hydrodynamic regime could be responsible for these changes in acoustic character. |
5,618 | Please write an abstract with title: A Method for Measuring Process Variations in the FPGA Chip Considering the Effect of Wire Delay, and key words: Ring oscillators, Semiconductor device measurement, Wires, Position measurement, Cyclones, Frequency measurement, Delays. Abstract: FPGAs are integrated circuits that can be implemented arbitrary logic functions. In FPGAs, it is important to measure process variations with high accuracy because process variations have become noticeable. A ring oscillator is widely used as a process monitor circuit. In FPGA design, a design tool automatically determines logic blocks in the chip on which a circuit is implemented and wires between the logic blocks. Designers can manually redesign/modify logic block parts, but not wire parts. Therefore, in order to measure process variations with high accuracy, it is necessary to clarify the effect of wire delay on an oscillation frequency. In this paper, ring oscillators with different wires between logic blocks are implemented on the FPGA chip and a method for measuring process variations with less effect of wire delay is considered. |
5,619 | Please write an abstract with title: Stratification of learning and problem solving materials, and key words: Problem-solving, Guidelines, Mathematics, USA Councils, Materials testing, Geometry, Equations, Joining processes, Context modeling, Cities and towns. Abstract: A significant number of freshman students entering Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria (UTFSM), Valparaiso, Chile, lack the abilities and personal characteristics needed to meet the requirements of the first year engineering courses. In this work we apply the idea of stratification to contents or subject matter, guidelines and problem solving processes. In fact, we order and present the corresponding material taking into account the growing complexity and level of difficulty providing the student the opportunity and support to develop systematically the experience and ability to learn and apply mathematics. |
5,620 | Please write an abstract with title: Integration of packaged RF MEMS switches with radiation pattern reconfigurable square spiral microstrip antennas, and key words: Microstrip antennas, Packaging, Radiofrequency microelectromechanical systems, Switches, Antenna radiation patterns, Spirals, Switching circuits, Antenna accessories, Micromechanical devices, Resonance. Abstract: This work describes the integration of commercially available packaged radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches with radiation pattern reconfigurable microstrip antennas. Most applications of RF MEMS switches consider the switches as only circuit elements. In contrast, the implementation of packaged switches in this particular antenna must address not only the simple open/closed behavior of the switches but also their impact on the radiation characteristics of the reconfigurable antenna. Here, two Radant MEMS single-pole single throw (SPST) SPST-RMSW100 (packaged RF MEMS) switches are used to reconfigure the radiation patterns of a resonant square spiral microstrip antenna between endfire and broadside over a common impedance bandwidth. Switch insertion, matching network design, and other issues are addressed. Results for both simulated and measured antennas, as well as recommendations for future work in this area, are provided. |
5,621 | Please write an abstract with title: Designing of suitable construction of high-frequency induction heating coil by using finite-element method, and key words: Coils, Finite element methods, Heating, Heat treatment, Eddy currents, Material properties, Temperature dependence, Solenoids, Production, Geometry. Abstract: This paper describes the three-dimensional (3-D) modeling of an induction heating system. To realize the suitable construction of a high-frequency induction heating coil, numerical computations of eddy currents and heat conduction have been carried out by using the finite-element method (FEM) and also taking into account the dependence of material properties on temperature. For a high-frequency induction heating coil, which is normally applicable for heat treatment, the tubular solenoid design is the most appropriate due to its high coil efficiency. Coil efficiency is that part of energy delivered to the coil, which is transferred to the workpiece. Besides coil efficiency, the heating pattern and the production rate are also important. As the heating pattern reflects the coil geometry, optimal coil design is a prerequisite to attain the desired heating. Several modifications, such as spacing in between coil turns, the motion of the workpiece relative to the coil, and dimensional parameters, were carried out until optimal design was achieved. |
5,622 | Please write an abstract with title: An Efficient Graph Based Approach for Reducing Coverage Loss From Failed Cameras of a Surveillance Network, and key words: Cameras, Surveillance, Optimization, Robot vision systems, Costs, Software algorithms, Genetic algorithms. Abstract: The optimal placement of surveillance cameras to maximize the total coverage of camera networks is of significant research interest due to the proliferation of camera networks in diverse application scenarios. Existing camera placement algorithms are mostly designed to optimize coverage. In the event of failure of one or more cameras, these optimization algorithms reorient all the remaining cameras in the surveillance network to regain the lost coverage; and hence are not cost-effective. A simple and straightforward solution to regain the lost coverage is by reorienting the field of view of active cameras to overlap with those of the damaged cameras. In this paper, we propose the Visibility Graph Reduction (VGR) algorithm, a novel graph-based approach to select potential cameras amongst the active cameras, that can optimally alleviate the loss in coverage resulting from the failure of one or more cameras. We validate our algorithm on map images across diverse indoor and outdoor surveillance scenarios with existing camera networks. Experimental results show that our algorithm minimizes the number of cameras that need to be reoriented, and produces similar coverage results as that of reorientating all the available active cameras in the surveillance network. Our approach is both cost-effective and computationally efficient, and thus minimizes the human effort involved in reorienting cameras across practical scenarios. |
5,623 | Please write an abstract with title: Discussion of Teleoperation Support System Design Guideline for Working Robot in Radiation Narrow Environment, and key words: Design guideline, Teleoperation, Support system, Radiation environment. Abstract: In this work, we propose a design guideline of teleoperation support system for working robots in radiation narrow environments. The proposed guideline is discussed to configure the robot system with as few sensors as possible because of decreasing the sensor failure risk by high radiation. This paper describes discussion results of the guideline candidate, focusing on relationship between the required information for robot teleoperation and number of sensors that consists of the support system. Additionally, we present some support systems that were developed for an inspection or an investigation of nuclear power plants as development cases. As a result of the guideline calculation for each development cases, we confirmed that the proposed guideline increases as the required radiation tolerance is high, and the support system is classified by the guideline. In case that the torelance is more than 200 Gy, available sensors are limited, and a sensor-saving configuration is adopted to decrease the robot failur risk by using in combination with a sensor for the robot operation. |
5,624 | Please write an abstract with title: Code-based Computation Offloading in Vehicular Fog Networks, and key words: Energy consumption, Codes, Redundancy, Vehicular ad hoc networks, Simulated annealing, Robustness, Encoding. Abstract: With the number of in-vehicle infotainment applications exponentially increasing, offloading several subtasks divided from computation-intensive application to different fog nodes is convinced as a promising paradigm to satisfy the offloading requirements. However, failure transmission of subtask in any fog node will increase execution latency and energy consumption in Vehicular Fog Networks (VeFNs). In this paper, we leverage the code technology to produce extra subtasks and exchange the redundancy of computing resources for reliability, which improve the robustness of vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication and decrease the overhead of computation offloading. Furthermore, we adopt a code-based computation offloading algorithm based on simulated annealing (CBSA) that finds the optimal coding scheme and resources allocation strategy. The numerical results are illustrated to demonstrate effectiveness of proposed algorithm. |
5,625 | Please write an abstract with title: Learning to play games using a PSO-based competitive learning approach, and key words: Particle swarm optimization, Humans, Neural networks, Evolutionary computation, Books, Databases, Hardware, Tree data structures, Artificial intelligence, Computer science. Abstract: A new competitive approach is developed for learning agents to play two-agent games. This approach uses particle swarm optimizers (PSO) to train neural networks to predict the desirability of states in the leaf nodes of a game tree. The new approach is applied to the TicTacToe game, and compared with the performance of an evolutionary approach. A performance criterion is defined to quantify performance against that of players making random moves. The results show that the new PSO-based approach performs well as compared with the evolutionary approach. |
5,626 | Please write an abstract with title: Grid-based intrusion detection system, and key words: Intrusion detection, Grid computing, Resource management, World Wide Web, Distributed computing, Internet, Computer architecture, Information security, Information technology, Wide area networks. Abstract: Computational grid scientists had spent tireless amount of effort to come up with a secure environment for sharing resources. However, advance intruders still compromising machines on the grid, which justify the research in intrusion detection system for grid environment. This paper describes the detail concept of having a grid-based intrusion detection system (GIDS) for the grid environment. We give few scenarios on how GIDS can take place on the grid environment. We also discuss some issues of the GIDS on grid environment with suggested solutions. A proposed solution is discussed from conceptual framework toward technical architecture. |
5,627 | Please write an abstract with title: Altitude Readiness of High-Voltage IGBTs Subjected to the Partial Discharge at Harsh Environmental Conditions for Hybrid Electric Aircraft Propulsion, and key words: Insulated gate bipolar transistors, Voltage, Partial discharges, Power electronics, Substrates, Flashover, Electronic mail. Abstract: The reliability of the insulation of commercially used high-voltage insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) subjected to untimely initiation of partial discharge (PD) at low pressures and high temperatures is investigated and discussed in this letter. To date, no research has addressed the vulnerability of the high-voltage IGBTs to the PDs at harsh environmental conditions for aerospace applications. This letter aims to fill this gap and illustrate the PD characteristics initiated between the electronic components inside the silicone gel. To this end, five commercial 3.3-kV IGBT modules and four 4.5-kV IGBT modules were tested at ac voltage under low pressures (20, 15, and 10 kPa) and high temperatures up to 120 °C. An efficient PD test method and an anti-series connection configuration are suggested, which emulate a realistic operational scenario for IGBTs together with the one suggested by the current standard. Experimental results reveal the occurrence of inconsistent PDs initiating from possible dynamic PD source inside the gel at low pressures, and more intense and consistent PDs when the temperature increases. It is expected the findings highlight the importance of PD tests on IGBTs at the abovementioned operation conditions and provide a selection and modification guidelines of PD-free IGBTs for manufacturers and engineers in the aerospace industry. |
5,628 | Please write an abstract with title: Thin-film (DE)MUX based on step-like spatial beam shifting, and key words: Transistors, Wavelength division multiplexing, Dielectric thin films, Passband, Demultiplexing, Optical reflection, Channel spacing, Dielectric substrates, Laboratories, Manufacturing. Abstract: Using spatial beam shifting a single dielectric stack can demultiplex multiple WDM channels. We demonstrate in theory and experiment that a compact, cost-effective (DE)MUX with flat-top passbands and low loss can be achieved. |
5,629 | Please write an abstract with title: Lossy, Hybrid Coupled Amplitude Equalizers for Narrow Band Filters, and key words: Equalizers, Narrowband, Filter bank, Band pass filters, Channel bank filters, Passband, Bandwidth, Signal processing, Microwave filters, Assembly. Abstract: The growing use of contiguous channel switched filter banks in applications such as signal identification has exposed a difficulty inherent to the use of the low Q filters which are incorporated into such assemblies. |
5,630 | Please write an abstract with title: IEC 61850-based smart automation system logic to improve reliability indices in distribution networks, and key words: Substations, Automation, Relays, Distribution networks, Reliability, Circuit faults, Substation protection. Abstract: This paper proposes an automation system logic for distribution networks with the aims of improving reliability indices through the implementation of selective fault detection, fast network reconfiguration ad automatic back-feeding. A hierarchical approach of smart substations is presented base on IEC 61850 standard, electronic instruments, optical fiber communication network, etc. The protection and control system includes three main blocks: primary substation protection, secondary substation protection and the logic selectivity. These three blocks contribute to create the smart automation system which can improve protection performance, in order to transform most of the faults to transitory interruptions lasting less than one second, and control capability of the system. The main issues and challenges of the automation system logic are presented with a detailed description of primary and secondary substations protection system and relays as well as the logic selectivity. Moreover, a case study on a real DN is reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. |
5,631 | Please write an abstract with title: Position Estimation of Ultra Wideband Indoor Wireless System, and key words: Wireless communication, Three-dimensional displays, Estimation, Signal processing algorithms, Signal processing, Mathematical models, Indoor environment. Abstract: This paper provides the identification and positioning of an object or human in indoor environment using an ultra wideband impulse radar. To improve the positioning accuracy and to overcome the problems of trilateration, multilateration geometric positioning methods and location fingerprint methods, new range based equations system is created which is solved by means of linear algebra methods with low computational complexity. The position estimation is performed using direct and iterative processes with the time of arrival value from fixed reference nodes. An indoor position estimation as a function of reference node density is implemented. The performance of positioning algorithms decreases because the size of the area to be considered is accumulated for a set variety of reference nodes. |
5,632 | Please write an abstract with title: Modulo-lattice reduction in precoding schemes, and key words: Lattices, Interference, AWGN channels, Transmitters, Additive noise, Additive white noise, Gaussian noise, Channel capacity, H infinity control, Signal to noise ratio. Abstract: This paper discusses the use of modulo arithmetics in the precoding scheme for N-dimensional data symbols. The transmission scheme employing modulo reduction mod-/spl Lambda/ precoding is an attractive strategy when transmitting over AWGN channels, which suffer from additive noise, and an additional interference term, which is already known at the transmitter side. The capacity of channels and the use of optimum lattice quantizers for minimum error entropy approach applying numerical optimization are also studied. |
5,633 | Please write an abstract with title: WDM-Enabled Photonic Edge Computing, and key words: Optical fibers, Bandwidth, Optical fiber networks, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optical receivers, Servers, Task analysis. Abstract: We experimentally realize photonic edge computing over an 86-km fiber link with 3 THz optical bandwidth and demonstrate DNN inference at 98.8% accuracy with optical energy consumption below 40 aJ/MAC. |
5,634 | Please write an abstract with title: A Least-Squares Problem of a Linear Tensor Equation of Third-Order for Audio and Color Image Processing, and key words: Tensors, Deconvolution, Noise reduction, Training data, Color, Signal processing, Mathematical models. Abstract: This paper describes a new framework for solving inverse tensor problems for denoising data. This inverse tensor problem can be represented as a least-squares problem of a linear tensor equation of third-order. We use training data to replace knowledge of the noise model by introducing a framework that avoids including a particular noise model. Additionally, we describe a numerical method based on a tensor pseudoinverse to estimate a solution to the least-squares problem. Finally, we present two real-life applications for audio denoising and color image deconvolution. The advantages of the considered technique are discussed and illustrated numerically. |
5,635 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of an Integrated Electrostatic Precipitator and Wet Scrubber System for Controlling No<sub>x</sub> and Particulate Matter Emissions From a Semiconductor Manufacturing Process, and key words: Manufacturing processes, Oxidation, Gases, Absorption, Cleaning, Chemicals. Abstract: An integrated electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and wet scrubber system were developed to control nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from a semiconductor manufacturing process. The integrated system consisted of a NO oxidizer, wet scrubber, and ESP. In the NO oxidizer, NO gas was fully oxidized to NO2 by O3 before the flow gas entered the wet scrubber. To control NO2, Na2S was used as a reducing agent, and NaOH was added to suppress H2S in the wet scrubber. The NO2 removal efficiency could be controlled by maintaining an oxidation-reduction potential higher than -330 mV, and H2S was suppressed by keeping the pH higher than 11. To ensure there was no PM peak during the cleaning cycle, dual-type cylindrical collection plates containing a water film were designed. A negative voltage of 15 kV was applied to the collection plate, and the PM removal efficiency was higher than 95%. The experimental particle-removal efficiency was higher than the theoretical value because the ion loading by plasma in the point of use scrubber was greater than the theoretically calculated value. In addition, the PM removal efficiency was maintained at 95% for 60 min through the water film. The integrated ESP and scrubber system were able to control NOx and PM for long periods at a removal efficiency of over 95%. |
5,636 | Please write an abstract with title: A Trustworthy Blockchain-based Decentralised Resource Management System in the Cloud, and key words: System performance, Collaboration, Blockchain, Computer architecture, Programming, Hardware, Resilience. Abstract: Quality Critical Decentralised Applications (QC-DApp) have high requirements for system performance and service quality, involve heterogeneous infrastructures (Clouds, Fogs, Edges and IoT), and rely on the trustworthy collaborations among participants of data sources and infrastructure providers to deliver their business value. The development of the QCDApp has to tackle the low-performance challenge of the current blockchain technologies due to the low collaboration efficiency among distributed peers for consensus. On the other hand, the resilience of the Cloud has enabled significant advances in software-defined storage, networking, infrastructure, and every technology; however, those rich programmabilities of infrastructure (in particular, the advances of new hardware accelerators in the infrastructures) can still not be effectively utilised for QCDApp due to lack of suitable architecture and programming model. |
5,637 | Please write an abstract with title: A novel method of link-state update in wavelength-routed networks, and key words: Intelligent networks, Bandwidth, Routing protocols, Wavelength routing, Wavelength assignment, Wavelength division multiplexing, Fuzzy neural networks, Fuzzy sets, Fuzzy systems, Delay. Abstract: Link-state update is a critical component of the routing protocol in wavelength-routed networks. High-frequency updates impose heavy traffic on network control channels as well as excessive burden of electronic processing, while stale link-state information seriously degrades network performance. Therefore, a tradeoff has to be made between control overhead and network blocking probability. This paper proposes a novel link-state update method. By actively regulating the link-state update rate, the proposed method efficiently handles the inherent burstiness of link-state changes without overloading control network with excessive update messages. To improve the blocking performance under limited control bandwidth, it assigns different types of updates with different priorities such that the stale link-state information of more negative impact has a higher chance to be removed. Comprehensive performance evaluations show that the method successfully enforces the control bandwidth quota while achieving much lower blocking probability than existing link-state update methods. |
5,638 | Please write an abstract with title: How can remote sensing and GIS help in the verification of international treaties?, and key words: Remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems, Satellite broadcasting, Inspection, Testing, Spatial databases, Visual databases, Open systems, Explosions, Joining processes. Abstract: This research is designed to investigate how remote sensing and GIS can be used in the verification regime of International Treaties-It focuses on the semantic difference and transformation from the goals of a treaty to the observable and verifiable elements. A case study for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is presented, demonstrating the potential capabilities for the use of Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing as a verification technology for the use on an On-Site Inspection (OSI) to narrow down the search area for an unknown underground event or a possible underground nuclear explosion. GIS, by spatially linking different layers of information, acts as a logical analytical tool to overview all the inputs for the verification. In simpler words, it adds up all the clues automatically in order to view the whole situation. For example, in the case of a CTBT verification regime, one has multiple data layers in the GIS database representing various technologies. One layer for the Seismic network and findings, another layer for the radionuclide measurements, and another for the visual observation findings. By overlaying all those layers together and by performing spatial querying in the GIS database, suspicious areas are denoted and identified, and hence an On-Site Inspection can be called to concentrate on those areas at first instead of the whole Inspection Area thus saving time and resources. It is clearly demonstrated that Satellite Imagery and GIS are useful tools and technologies in the verification regime for CTB treaty. However, it has to be understood that satellite imagery and GIS alone are insufficient, they have to be used together with all the other technologies stated in the treaty (e.g. seismic, radionuclide, etc.) and that they can not be the only technology used for the verification. Even though they are a powerful tool, they are strongly dependant on human operators and if the analyst makes a mistake in one of his approaches, the whole azimuth of the results shifts towards a wrong solution. Therefore, Satellite Imagery and GIS when integrated with other technologies acts as a strengthening tool to strengthen or weaken the assumptions but not as a litmus test giving a yes or no answer. |
5,639 | Please write an abstract with title: Power Oscillation Suppression Strategy for Virtual Synchronous Generators under Unbalanced Grid Conditions Based on Novel Power Reference Calculation Method, and key words: Simulation, Distortion, Synchronous generators, Power grids, Power electronics, Oscillators, Standards. Abstract: Virtual synchronous generators can provide the virtual inertia for power grids via simulating the characteristics of traditional synchronous generators. Nowadays, it is widely used in distributed generations. However, under unbalanced grid conditions, problems such as power oscillation and current distortion will occur. By introducing a new power reference calculation method which derived from the 1/4 cycle delay of the grid voltage, a power oscillation suppression strategy for virtual synchronous generators under unbalanced grid conditions is proposed in this paper. Compared with the conventional strategies which based on the calculation of the positive and negative sequence current reference, the power oscillation is suppressed and the current distortion is improved, at the same time, the proposed strategy is simpler because of not requiring the positive and negative sequence extraction. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy is correct and effective. |
5,640 | Please write an abstract with title: Education using Virtual Reality for students with learning disabilities, and key words: VISER, Dyslexia, VR, WebVR, NLP, ATV. Abstract: Visual Education Resources (VISER) is a web based Virtual Reality (VR) platform which is created to target people suffering from dyslexia and to provide them with an educative, interactive and easily accessible learning platform. This paper mainly discusses the implementation of the proposed system and an insight of how Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been used for Automatic Text Visualization (ATV) along with Web Virtual Reality (WebVR). The paper further explains how 3D avatars can be incorporated in WebVR along with their animations. |
5,641 | Please write an abstract with title: Novel plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition technology for high-k capacitor with EOT of 8 /spl Aring/ on conventional metal electrode, and key words: Plasmas, Atomic layer deposition, High K dielectric materials, High-K gate dielectrics, Capacitors, Electrodes, Hafnium oxide, Semiconductor films, Throughput, Semiconductor devices. Abstract: We have developed a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition(PEALD) technology for high-k dielectrics such as Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/,Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ and HfO/sub 2/. Film quality and throughput of PEALD are far superior to that of ALD which has been spotlighted as a deposition technology for next generation semiconductor devices. We have obtained a extremely low equivalent oxide thickness(EOT) of 8 /spl Aring/ from HfO/sub 2/ film, which has not been reported in conventional metal-based memory capacitors up to now. It was confirmed that PEALD-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ films are superior to those using any other deposition techniques and very useful as System-on-Chip(SoC) capacitors. |
5,642 | Please write an abstract with title: Is Your Baby Fine at Home? Baby Cry Sound Detection in Domestic Environments, and key words: Training, Pediatrics, Recurrent neural networks, Filtering, Manuals, Information processing, Robustness. Abstract: Baby cry detection in domestic environments is an essential component in baby monitoring systems, studying sleep cycle patterns in infants, and developing other diagnostic tools. In this work, we explore the state-of-the-art convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) and proposed replacement using depth-wise-separable (DWS) convolutions to have a low-complexity model for baby cry sound detection application. The studies are carried out on a dataset curated from AudioSet, which contains baby cry sounds and several other sounds that occur commonly in a domestic household environment. We also perform various data augmentation methods, and a few post-processing techniques to enhance the robustness of our baby cry sound detection system. The studies show that our low-complexity model developed using DWS achieves promising results by only using 3% of the parameters of the standard CRNN system, with the highest F-score of 0.738 on the test set. |
5,643 | Please write an abstract with title: The queuing theory based research of dispatching strategy for elevator group control system during up-peak, and key words: Queueing analysis, Dispatching, Elevators, Control systems, Traffic control, Automatic control, Equations, Optimization methods, Floors, Educational institutions. Abstract: This paper discusses the result of research on the valid range of passenger arrival rate for dispatching method. During up-peak traffic, some rules of dispatching scheme in elevator-group under variant arrival rates are summarized on the basis of simulations of three different conventional dispatching methods including none-zoning method, two-fixed-zoning method and four-fixed-zoning method. Afterwards, the equation for the average journey time is deduced theoretically by using queuing theory. And then a method is presented to obtain the valid arrival rate range of dispatching methods whose objective is the optimization of average journey time. By simulation in our laboratory VSE, the effectiveness of those dispatching rules and the correctness of the method are proven. |
5,644 | Please write an abstract with title: Integrating WLANs & MANETs to the IPv6 based Internet, and key words: Internet, Mobile ad hoc networks, IP networks, Testing, Delay, Wireless LAN, Wireless application protocol, Routing protocols, Mobile radio mobility management, Loss measurement. Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach to integrate wireless local area network (WLANs) and mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) to the Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) based Internet. In the proposed network architecture, the mobiles, connected as a MANET, employ the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol for routing within the MANET. Gateways are used to connect MANETs to the Internet. This paper extends the functionality of OLSR to support mobile IP (MIP). This functionality is essential in a scenario where a node moving into an OLSR MANET needs to auto-configure its care-of-address and to propagate a binding update message containing its new care-of-address to its home agent and its correspondent node(s) located on the Internet. Automatic mode-detection and switching capability is also introduced in each mobile node to facilitate handoffs between WLANs and MANETs. Mobility management across WLANs and MANETs is achieved through mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). A real test-bed is constructed to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach. Results from a performance evaluation on this test-bed are presented. Efficiency of handoffs between WLANs and MANETs is measured in terms of delay and packet loss. The impact of OLSR based route discovery and packet propagation, and mobile IPv6 features such as movement detection and address auto-configuration on the handoff latency and packet loss are quantified. These performance benchmarks and metrics provide in assessment of the impact of the aforementioned system features on the QoS parameters associated with handoffs. |
5,645 | Please write an abstract with title: Benefiting From Single-Objective Feature Selection to Multiobjective Feature Selection: A Multiform Approach, and key words: Task analysis, Optimization, Feature extraction, Search problems, Statistics, Sociology, Support vector machines, Classification algorithms, Pareto optimization. Abstract: Evolutionary multiobjective feature selection (FS) has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, it still faces some challenges, for example, the frequently appeared duplicated solutions in either the search space or the objective space lead to the diversity loss of the population, and the huge search space results in the low search efficiency of the algorithm. Minimizing the number of selected features and maximizing the classification performance are two major objectives in FS. Usually, the fitness function of a single-objective FS problem linearly aggregates these two objectives through a weighted sum method. Given a predefined direction (weight) vector, the single-objective FS task can explore the specified direction or area extensively. Different direction vectors result in different search directions in the objective space. Motivated by this, this article proposes a multiform framework, which solves a multiobjective FS task combined with its auxiliary single-objective FS tasks in a multitask environment. By setting different direction vectors, promising feature subsets from single-objective FS tasks can be utilized, to boost the evolutionary search of the multiobjective FS task. By comparing with five classical and state-of-the-art multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, as well as four well-performing FS algorithms, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method are verified via extensive experiments on 18 classification datasets. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is also investigated in a noisy environment. |
5,646 | Please write an abstract with title: Development of textured Ni substrates for coated conductor prepared by powder metallurgy and plasma arc melting method, and key words: Conductors, Powders, Plasma temperature, Plasma materials processing, Atomic force microscopy, Annealing, Temperature dependence, Temperature distribution, Surface texture, Grain size. Abstract: We fabricated the textured Ni substrate and evaluated the effects of processing variables on microstructural evolution and texture transformation. Ni-rods as an initial specimen were prepared by two different methods, i.e., powder metallurgy (P/M) and plasma arc melting (PAM). To evaluate the effect of two preparation methods, the initial specimens were prepared to be of same size and experienced by same rolling conditions. The texture of the substrate was characterized by pole-figure and surface condition was evaluated by atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the texture of substrate made by P/M did not significantly varied with annealing temperature of 800 /spl sim/ 1200/spl deg/C and the full-width at half-maximums (FWHM) of both in-plane and out-of-plane were 9/spl deg/ /spl sim/ 10/spl deg/. On the other hand, the texture of substrate made by PAM was more dependent on the annealing temperature and the FWHM of in-plane texture was 9/spl deg/ /spl sim/ 13/spl deg/ at the temperature range. In addition, twin texture, (221), was formed as the temperature increased further. OM micrographs showed that the grain size of substrate made byP/M was smaller than that made by PAM and this difference was correlated to the microstructure of initial specimens. |
5,647 | Please write an abstract with title: Multi-type Microbial Relation Extraction by Transfer Learning, and key words: Text mining, Microorganisms, Biological system modeling, Conferences, Computational modeling, Transfer learning, Standardization. Abstract: Microbial interaction network is the foundation to understand the structure and function of microbial communities. However, there is currently less a comprehensive dataset of microbial interaction network. Using text mining technology, available microbial interaction knowledges could be extracted automatically from unstructured biomedical text data. However, the existing biomedical relation extraction tasks can only identify binary relations among microorganisms without differentiating complex interaction types. In this paper, we proposes a computational framework for the task of multi-type microbial relation extraction based on transfer learning. Transfer learning models were applied on large-scale unlabeled texts from PubMed, and predicted 2,132 standardized multi-type microbial interaction relationships among 682 bacterial species. |
5,648 | Please write an abstract with title: Toward Sociotechnical Transition Technology Roadmaps: A Proposed Framework for Large-Scale Projects in Developing Countries, and key words: Technological innovation, Developing countries, Technology management, Technology planning, Roadmaps (technology planning), Industries, Government. Abstract: Governments and industries continuously engage in large-scale projects aiming to unlock economic potential for commercial and social benefits of a country and its people. In the case of developing countries, where the dynamics of innovation ecosystems differ from those in developed countries, the need for sociotechnical transition projects are often quite high. The aim of this article is to propose a standardized framework suitable for developing countries for the technology roadmapping of large projects aimed to bring about systemic sociotechnical transitions. The framework is developed through the integration of existing generic technology roadmapping approaches with transition management theory and complex systems theory and was illustrated against a successful sociotechnical transition program that is characterized by Big Fast Results (BFR) requirements. Data were collected from qualitative interviews as well as from the critical analysis of relevant documents. The proposed sociotechnical transition technology roadmap accurately captured the key elements of the BFR project it was benchmarked against and even identified key elements that were not included in the BFR methodology. An advantage of the proposed sociotechnical transition technology framework is the fact that it makes use of a standard technology roadmapping process with few customizations that are ideal for use in developing countries. |
5,649 | Please write an abstract with title: A Bidirectional Diffusion Based Image Encryption Scheme for Color Images, and key words: Encryption, Histograms, Robustness, Color, Manganese. Abstract: The goal of this work is to develop an encryption scheme for secure transmission for colour images over untrusted channel. A bidirectional diffusion based encryption technique for 8-bit RGB colour image is performed. The encryption process is used to protect the image in transit. Also the encryption steps will be conducted using a fixed block size of 8 × 8 which will enhance the robustness against cipher text only attacks. The performance analysis of encryption scheme is conducted using various tests and observed that the proposed algorithm is robust against various cryptanalytic attacks. |
5,650 | Please write an abstract with title: Funnel Control of Uncertain Flexible Air-breathing Hypersonic Vehicles, and key words: Stability analysis, Missiles, Control systems, Adaptive systems. Abstract: A funnel control approach, guaranteeing output behavioral performance, is studied for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle. A performance function without requiring an accurate initial error is designed for the sake of guaranteeing tracking errors with preseted transient performance. Neural approximation approach is applied to reject unknown vehicle dynamics. Moreover, improved regulation laws are developed for neural networks applying minimal-learning-parameter scheme, which reduces the computational costs and ensures neural approximation precision. The stability of closed-loop control systems is proved via Lyapunov synthesis. Finally, the presented simulation results show the tracking performance of the addressed approach. |
5,651 | Please write an abstract with title: Human-Robot Interaction Force based Power Assistive Algorithm of Upper Limb Exoskeleton Robots Driven by a Series Elastic Actuator, and key words: Industries, Service robots, Force, Exoskeletons, Human-robot interaction, Arms, Real-time systems. Abstract: Upper limb exoskeleton robots have been widely used to assist humans in industry and rehabilitation. Human-robot interaction control consists of two modes. A compliant mode and an assistive mode. The compliant mode is manipulating the robot compliantly according to the movement of the human. At this time, the human must not receive impedance from the robot. Therefore, in this paper, a novel external force control which makes the robot follow human movement without causing resistance is proposed. The assistive mode is to generate assistive power according to human intention. In this paper, the algorithm for recognizing the human intention for primitive movement and generating assistive forces adaptive to real-time work environments is proposed. The proposed two modes are also integrated into a novel human-robot interaction control framework. The performance of the proposed methods is verified through experiments. |
5,652 | Please write an abstract with title: In-Vehicle Network Attack Detection Across Vehicle Models: A Supervised-Unsupervised Hybrid Approach, and key words: Knowledge engineering, Conferences, Intrusion detection, Detectors, Machine learning, Data models, Safety. Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that the injection of malicious messages into in-vehicle networks can cause unintended operation of the controls of vehicles, which has been highlighted as one of the most serious and urgent issues that threaten the safety of automobiles. Attempts have been made to use supervised and unsupervised machine learning for automatic, data-driven intrusion detection. However, previous approaches considered only the detection and classification of attacks on a target car based on the data of the same model of car; they are relatively ineffective when the objective is to handle new car models for which not many data are yet available. In this paper, we address the task of detecting and classifying malicious messages injected into in-vehicle networks by transferring “knowledge” from different car models for which ample data exist. In our proposed approach to the dataset of new car models a pretrained classification model that was supervised-trained on the data of previous car models is combined it with an unsupervised detector that uses only the normal data from the target car. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it does not require past data and therefore is applicable to various scenarios. The results of our experiments using in-vehicle CAN messages datasets collected from three different cars show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. |
5,653 | Please write an abstract with title: Practical Receiving Strategy and Radar Waveform Extraction Technology in Radar-Embedded Communications, and key words: Radar, Receivers, Reliability, Radio frequency, Direction-of-arrival estimation, Signal processing algorithms, Optical wavelength conversion. Abstract: Radar-embedded communication (REC) systems use a series of radar echoes as a mask to send covert communication signals. In this article, we consider a multiapproach method to improve the reliability of the message reception process in REC systems. First, a match-after-filtering strategy is proposed to improve the overall reliability of message reception. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that, compared with traditional receiving methods, this strategy can dramatically improve the reliability of message reception. Second, precise radar waveform extraction is necessary for communication waveform construction. To precisely extract the radar waveform at the radio frequency tag, we propose an extraction technique using array processing. Finally, in many REC systems, smooth multiple signal classification algorithms and reiterative super-resolution (RISR) algorithms are used for the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. We develop an improved RISR algorithm, based on a least squares model, to improve DOA estimation accuracy without increasing the complexity. |
5,654 | Please write an abstract with title: A Driving Decision Strategy(DDS) Based on Machine learning for an autonomous vehicle, and key words: Biological cells, Autonomous vehicles, Genetic algorithms, Radio frequency, Hidden Markov models, Training, Cloud computing. Abstract: A current autonomous vehicle determines its driving strategy by considering only external factors (Pedestrians, road conditions, etc.) without considering the interior condition of the vehicle. To solve the problem, this paper proposes "A Driving Decision Strategy(DDS) Based on Machine learning for an autonomous vehicle" which determines the optimal strategy of an autonomous vehicle by analyzing not only the external factors, but also the internal factors of the vehicle (consumable conditions, RPM levels etc.). The DDS learns a genetic algorithm using sensor data from vehicles stored in the cloud and determines the optimal driving strategy of an autonomous vehicle. This paper compared the DDS with MLP and RF neural network models to validate the DDS. In the experiment, the DDS had a loss rate approximately 5% lower than existing vehicle gateways and the DDS determined RPM, speed, steering angle and lane changes 40% faster than the MLP and 22% faster than the RF. |
5,655 | Please write an abstract with title: HP2IFS: Head Pose estimation exploiting Partitioned Iterated Function Systems, and key words: Training, Measurement, Head, Hamming distance, Pose estimation, Neural networks, Machine learning. Abstract: Estimating the actual head orientation from 2D images, with regard to its three degrees of freedom, is a well known problem that is highly significant for a large number of applications involving head pose knowledge. Consequently, this topic has been tackled by a plethora of methods and algorithms the most part of which exploits neural networks. Machine learning methods, indeed, achieve accurate head rotation values yet require an adequate training stage and, to that aim, a relevant number of positive and negative examples. In this paper we take a different approach to this topic by using fractal coding theory and particularly Partitioned Iterated Function Systems to extract the fractal code from the input head image and to compare this representation to the fractal code of a reference model through Hamming distance. According to experiments conducted on both the BIWI and the AFLW2000 databases, the proposed PIFS based head pose estimation method provides accurate yaw/pitch/roll angular values, with a performance approaching that of state of the art of machine-learning based algorithms and exceeding most of non-training based approaches. |
5,656 | Please write an abstract with title: Local separation of potential field anomalies using equivalent sources: application for the 3-D structure of mantle uplift beneath Von Kármán crater, the Moon, and key words: Magnetic anomalies: modelling and interpretation, Inverse theory, Numerical approximations and analysis, Planetary interiors, Impact phenomena. Abstract: The separation of regional-residual anomalies plays an important role in the processing of potential field anomalies for obtaining better understandings of the nature of the underground sources. Many methods have been developed to achieve the separation of anomalies that are of distinct wavelengths. On the other hand, fewer studies have addressed the separation of local anomalies from the observed potential field anomalies. In this paper, we introduce a new process for separating localized anomalies from the observations under the Cartesian and spherical coordinates. The separation is achieved using the equivalent source technique and an iterative inversion process which is to refine and finalize the separated local anomalies. Additionally, we introduce an inversion method for determining the equivalent sources that are of varying dimensions, as well as a quantitative measurement to assess the accuracy of the separation process. Verified with synthetic examples, the proposed method could extract arbitrary shaped local anomalies from the rest with low error levels. Subsequently, we apply the method to the construction of a 3-D model of the mantle uplift beneath the Von Kármán crater (VKC) on the Moon. The VKC is the landing site of the Chinese lunar exploration mission Chang'e 4, which lies in the northwestern portion of the South-Pole Aitken (SPA) basin on the far side of the Moon. Multiple generations of mare basalts are identified within the VKC, which indicates a complex geological history of the basin. Insights into the evolutionary history of this region can be obtained by investigating the deep crustal structure of the VKC using topographic and gravity data. Processed with the proposed method, the 3-D structure we obtain provides evidence for separated mantle uplifting events triggered by the two impact events that created the VKC and the Von Kármán M crater, respectively. |
5,657 | Please write an abstract with title: Motion Complementary Network for Efficient Action Recognition, and key words: Three-dimensional displays, Convolution, Graphics processing units, Throughput, Computational efficiency, Pattern recognition, Kinetic theory. Abstract: Both two-stream ConvNet and 3D ConvNet are widely used in action recognition. However, both methods are not efficient for deployment: calculating optical flow is very slow, while 3D convolution is computationally expensive. Our key insight is that the motion information from optical flow maps is complementary to the motion information from 3D ConvNet. Instead of simply combining these two methods, we propose two novel techniques to enhance the performance with less computational cost: fixed-motion-accumulation and balanced-motion-policy. With these two techniques, we propose a novel framework called Efficient Motion Complementary Network(EMC-Net) that enjoys both high efficiency and high performance. We conduct extensive experiments on Kinetics, UCF101, and Jester datasets. We achieve notably higher performance while consuming 4.7× less computation than I3D, 11.6× less computation than ECO, 17.8× less computation than R(2+1)D. On Kinetics dataset, we achieve 2.6% better performance than the recent proposed TSM with 1.4× fewer FLOPs and 10ms faster on K80 GPU. |
5,658 | Please write an abstract with title: Extended Disturbance Observer Based Execution Adjustment Estimation Method of Dynamic Demand Response, and key words: Frequency control, Power system dynamics, Load modeling, Disturbance observers. Abstract: Since Dynamic demand response (DDR) has the characteristics of large quantity and uncertainty, it is difficult to get accurate response power in real time. At the same time, it is very important to know the execution adjustment of DDR accurately and quickly for updating DDR control strategy and frequency regulation of power system. In this paper, we design an extended disturbance observer (EDO) to estimate the execution adjustment of DDR. Firstly, in order to facilitate the design of estimation scheme, a simplified load frequency control (LFC) model is obtained by using model fitting method. Then, by combining the load variation with tie-line power exchange as an extended disturbance, a reduced-order LFC model of power system is derived. Finally, based on the reduced-order LFC model, EDO can be designed by pole-assignment method. The execution adjustment of DDR can be obtained by subtracting the measured value of tie-line power from the estimated value of the observer. From the simulation results of a multi-area LFC control system, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated. |
5,659 | Please write an abstract with title: Guidelines for Evaluation of Visual Narrative Technology Based on Image Objects, and key words: Visualization, Tourism industry, Games, Search problems, Software, Information and communication technology, Guidelines. Abstract: Computer Vision research, which extracts and utilizes the information of images, has been in progress for a long time, and recently, researches that automatically describe the contents of images have attracted great interest. Scene graph, which have been widely used in vector-based graphic editing applications or modern computer games, can be very useful for describing or retrieving images. This is because the scene graph has a function to sequentially describe the contents of the image using the objects, in the image, and relations and attributes of the objects. This paper briefly introduces Visual Narrative technology that can describe the contents of an image in sequence by using image objects linked to scene graph, and explain about the standardized experimental images and evaluation criteria and procedures for evaluating the performance of the technology. |
5,660 | Please write an abstract with title: Satellite Fault Detection and Diagnosis based on Data Compression and Improved Decision Tree, and key words: Satellites, Telemetry, Decision trees, Fault detection, Machine learning algorithms, Training, Support vector machines. Abstract: Human exploration of space is always ongoing, and satellites play a huge role in this process. Therefore, the stable operation of satellites is very important, and how to detect and diagnose satellite faults has become a key issue. This paper presents a method based on data compression and improved decision tree algorithm, which has improved in both the accuracy and efficiency of satellite fault diagnosis and detection. In the experiment, we used the actually collected communication satellite telemetry data as the original data set to verify the performance and efficiency of the method proposed in this article. The results show that our method can save computing resources and significantly improve model training efficiency; at the same time, it can also resist overfitting and improve detection accuracy. This method can provide an effective solution for satellite fault detection and diagnosis. |
5,661 | Please write an abstract with title: Visual gesture recognition for ground air traffic control using the Radon transform, and key words: Air traffic control, Humans, Aircraft, Feature extraction, Data mining, Collaboration, Virtual environment, Robot vision systems, Labeling, Skeleton. Abstract: Human gesture recognition is an active topic of vision research which has applications in diverse fields such as collaborative virtual environments and robot teleoperation. We propose a novel method for the recognition of hand gestures, used by air marshals for steering aircraft on the runway, using the Radon transform. Various aspects of the algorithm, including acquisition, segmentation, labeling and recognition using the parametric Radon transform are addressed in this paper. A binary skeleton representation of the human subject is computed. The Radon transform is used to generate maxima corresponding to specific orientations of the skeletal representation. Feature vectors are extracted from the transform space by computing the normalized cumulative projections of the Radon transform on the angle axis. K-means clustering is then applied to recognize static gestures from the extracted features. This technique has the potential to provide information about the exact orientation of gesture segments and can find use in ground control of unmanned air vehicles. Experiments with image data corresponding to the various ground air traffic control gestures used in directing aircrafts, highlight the potential application of this approach. |
5,662 | Please write an abstract with title: Spatial-temporal prediction of vegetation index with a convolutional GRU network, and key words: Vegetation mapping, Predictive models, MODIS, Indexes, Time series analysis, Logic gates, Training. Abstract: Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a key parameter in land use/cover change and terrestrial modelling studies. With the accumulation of satellite records in the past few decades, the spatial-temporal prediction of vegetation index becomes feasible. In this paper, we established a convolutional GRU network (ConvGRU) to predict the short-term vegetation index considering the spatial and temporal patterns in the NDVI records. The predictive performance of the proposed method is evaluated for several vegetation types in different regions globally. The results demonstrate that the proposed model has sufficient ability in predicting satellite recorded NDVI. The validation on the MODIS NDVI datasets achieved an average RMSE around 0.06. And, the model performs better in regions of Australia while worse in North Europe. |
5,663 | Please write an abstract with title: PBG resonator in coplanar waveguide technology, and key words: Coplanar waveguides, Optical resonators, Frequency, Optical waveguides, Resonance, Printed circuits, Microstrip, Passband, Photonic band gap, Millimeter wave technology. Abstract: A photonic bandgap resonator in coplanar waveguide technology is proposed. It is based on the introduction of a defect in the middle of two photonic bandgap reflectors which acts as a resonant cavity. Simulation and measurements are shown, with reasonable agreement. Application in other devices, such as bandpass filters are presented. |
5,664 | Please write an abstract with title: Kinship Verification from Ear Images: An Explorative Study with Deep Learning Models, and key words: Deep learning, Training, Performance evaluation, Visualization, Biometrics (access control), Forensics, Ear. Abstract: The analysis of kin relations from visual data represents a challenging research problem with important real-world applications. However, research in this area has mostly been limited to the analysis of facial images, despite the potential of other physical (human) characteristics for this task. In this paper, we therefore study the problem of kinship verification from ear images and investigate whether salient appearance characteristics, useful for this task, can be extracted from ear data. To facilitate the study, we introduce a novel dataset, called KinEar, that contains data from 19 families with each family member having from 15 to 31 ear images. Using the KinEar data, we conduct experiments using a Siamese training setup and 5 recent deep learning backbones. The results of our experiments suggests that ear images represent a viable alternative to other modalities for kinship verification, as 4 out of 5 considered models reach a performance of over 60% in terms of the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC-AUC). |
5,665 | Please write an abstract with title: Broadband optical limiter using carbon-black suspensions in CS/sub 2/, and key words: Suspensions, Optical scattering, Nonlinear optics, Optical refraction, Optical attenuators, Optical materials, Optical devices, Optical pulses, Stimulated emission, Protection. Abstract: Summary form only given. We have recently shown that the dynamic range of an f/5 optical limiter can be extended by orders of magnitude by using the cascaded-focus geometry. We have tried both reverse saturable absorber (RSA) and carbon black suspension (CBS) materials at a wavelength of 532 nm and found that both can be made to clamp the transmitted energy below eye damage levels for inputs of up to 60 mJ with linear transmittances of 58% and 28%, respectively, and no damage had occurred to the limiter. To determine the wavelength dependence of the CBS, we tested it in the cascaded optical limiter at several wavelengths across the visible. It is obvious that this combination of materials and optical geometry, indeed limits the transmittance near 1 /spl mu/J, for nanosecond pulses of any wavelength, at least within the visible. |
5,666 | Please write an abstract with title: Quantum-inspired Hierarchical Attention Mechanism for Question Answering, and key words: Training, Density measurement, Conferences, Focusing, Quantum mechanics, Learning (artificial intelligence), Benchmark testing. Abstract: The questions and answers in the question answering (QA) datasets are composed of multiple sentences. This requires the model to be able to find key words in the sentence and find key sentences in the paragraph for question answering classification. The hierarchical attention mechanism is very suitable for such QA classification tasks, focusing on key words at the word level and focusing on key sentences at the sentence level. Inspired by the concept of quantum theory, we introduce the weak measurement under two-state vector formalism for the modeling of word-level attention mechanism (WMATT). We introduce a density matrix for modeling the sentence-level attention mechanism (DMATT) in the model. Our two-way LSTM model is called WMATT-DMATT BiLSTM, which is based on word-level attention mechanism of weak measurement and sentence-level attention mechanism of density matrix. Experiments show that our model is comparable to the benchmark models in experimental results on multiple QA datasets. And the performance of our model achieves the state of the art on the WikiQA dataset compared to the baseline models. From the experimental point of view, the attention mechanism based on weak measurement is suitable for the micro level, corresponding to the word level. The attention mechanism based on the density matrix is suitable for macro level, corresponding to sentence level. |
5,667 | Please write an abstract with title: Ultra-Lightweight and Secure Intrusion Detection System for Massive-IoT Networks, and key words: Intrusion detection, Prototypes, Machine learning, Internet of Things, Decision trees, Security. Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is starting to integrate deeply into our daily lives thanks to the different services it provides. This technology has already made us more closely linked to the external environment through ubiquitous communication devices. However, even though this proximity has numerous benefits, it also has a significant security impact, where the cyber-attack surface has grown dramatically. In this regard, we present, in this paper, our results toward the development of a decision tree-based machine learning model for intrusion detection in Massive-IoT networks. The principal objective of this work is to provide a highly accurate detection model, while preserving resource consumption by developing a real prototype of the intrusion detection system. To this end, we first propose and apply our pre-processing methodology on the well-known Avast IoT-23 dataset, allowing us to reach a high detection rate with 99.99% of accuracy and just 1804KB of the model’s size. Then, we propose a new machine learning model based on the decision tree classifier and deploy it in a real environment with malicious attack traffic. Obtained results show that our proposed model allows 88% of real-traffic-based precision rate and up to 90% of specificity. |
5,668 | Please write an abstract with title: A 6-31 GHz Tunable Reflection-Mode N-Path Filter, and key words: Band-pass filters, Noise figure, Baseband, Insertion loss, Receivers, Loss measurement, Radiofrequency integrated circuits. Abstract: A 6-31 GHz reflection-mode N-path filter is implemented in 45 nm SOI technology. The filter is comprised of an on-chip hybrid coupler with through and coupled ports terminated with four-phase passive mixers. Each mixer provides a high impedance in-band and a 50-ohm impedance out-of-band, enabling reflection-mode bandpass filtering of the signal, with the center frequency set by the local-oscillator frequency. To increase selectivity, an active baseband load with adjustable bandwidth can be enabled to increase the roll-off to 12 dB/octave. The baseband loads between the two N-path mixers are shared to reduce size and power with the added benefit of creating a non-reciprocal filter response. Measurements show the filter can be tuned across 6–31 GHz with insertion loss <7 dB, typical return loss >10 dB, noise figure exceeding insertion loss by 1 dB at 6 GHz and 10 dB at 31 GHz, and in-band IIP3 of 1.4-6.3 dBm. |
5,669 | Please write an abstract with title: Research on Photovoltaic Cells for Laser Light on wireless energy transmission, and key words: Wireless communication, Satellites, Photovoltaic cells, Power lasers, Measurement by laser beam, Wireless power transfer, Broadband communication. Abstract: Photovoltaic cells generating electricity by laser can be used to transmit power by light instead of electricity, which can guarantee the energy supply of SAR satellites under special working conditions. This paper studied high efficiency and high open voltage three-junction GaAs laser cells. Cell's window layer, emission region, grid line and antireflection were adjusted to reduce the surface recombination rate and reflex, in order to increase the absorption rate and the current density. Broadband gap AlGaAs/GaInP tunnel junction was designed to adapt the characteristics of the laser and solve the match problem of sub-cell. The IV curve of the laser photovoltaic cell was tested under 808nm laser irradiation. The open-circuit voltage and conversion efficiency are 3.25V and 53.6% under 0.67W/cm2 light intensity. Through research on new multi-junction laser photovoltaic cells, SAR satellites and other spacecrafts have more options for their energy supply when solar arrays don't work. |
5,670 | Please write an abstract with title: Analysis of Historical Patenting Behavior and Patent Characteristics of Computer Architecture Companies, and key words: Patents, History, Behavioral sciences, Business, Computer architecture. Abstract: Presents an analysis of historical patenting behavior and patent characteristics of computer architecture businesses. In the last article by this author, he analyzed the patents that were issued to seven leading computer architecture companies—IBM, Samsung, Microsoft, Dell/EMC,a Intel, Amazon, and Apple—in the first quarter of 2021, and highlighted one patent from each company that might be particularly interesting. In this article—which is Part I in a series of articles—the author expands on that work in several ways. First, in addition to these seven companies, this series of articles adds AMD, ARM, NVIDIA, NXP/Freescale,b and SiFive.c |
5,671 | Please write an abstract with title: Dynamic tomography using curve evolution with spatial-temporal regularization, and key words: Tomography, Image reconstruction, Shape, Inverse problems, Image sequences, Covariance matrix, Level set, Surface reconstruction, Artificial heart, Energy capture. Abstract: We develop a variational method for dynamic tomography using curve evolution with spatial-temporal regularization. We take into account both the dynamics of the object boundaries as well as the dynamics of region intensities. These quantities are jointly estimated through minimization of an appropriately defined energy function. The temporal correlation of the object boundary curves are included through a weighted area difference distance measure between curves. The intensity dynamics are captured through a simple autoregressive model. Curve evolution methods are used to solve for the optimal reconstruction, which are implemented with efficient level set techniques. The strength of this approach is demonstrated through the successful reconstruction of an object sequence based on observations of only a single projection angle over time. |
5,672 | Please write an abstract with title: Communication Maintenance of Robotic Parasitic Antenna Arrays, and key words: Antenna arrays, Robot kinematics, Receiving antennas, Transmitting antennas, Directive antennas. Abstract: Recent developments in low-VHF antenna design and parasitic antenna array research show it is possible to form multi-robot antenna arrays. These arrays have the potential to extend communication range in urban and indoor environments. However, existing control formulations are not general enough to support this new capability. We first propose a generalized version of a disk model that describes a parasitic array. This model is then integrated into a Fiedler maximization approach for maintaining communication. Through simulation, we test our approach and demonstrate its ability to increase communication range by increasing array size. |
5,673 | Please write an abstract with title: Science and Mission Status of EUSO-SPB2, and key words: Earth, Target tracking, Observatories, Neutrino sources, Atmospheric measurements, Space missions, Terrestrial atmosphere. Abstract: The Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon II (EUSO-SPB2) is a second-generation stratospheric balloon instrument designed to be a precursor mission for a future space observatory for multi-messenger astrophysics, like the proposed Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA). EUSO-SPB2 will study Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) via the fluorescence technique and Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrinos via Cherenkov emission.EUSO-SPB2 will host onboard two Schmidt telescopes, each optimized for their respective observational goals. The Fluorescence Telescope will look downwards onto the atmosphere to study the UV fluorescence emission from UHECRs. The Cherenkov Telescope is designed to detect fast signals (∼10ns) and points near the Earth's limb. This allows for the measurement of Cherenkov light from Extensive Air Showers caused by Earth skimming UHE neutrinos if pointed slightly below the limb or from UHECRs if observing slightly above.The planned launch date of EUSO-SPB2 is 2023 from Wanaka, NZ with a flight duration target of 100 days. Such a long duration flight will provide hundreds of UHECR Cherenkov signals in addition to tens of UHECR fluorescence tracks, and will improve the understanding of potential background signals for both detection techniques.This contribution will provide a short overview of each telescope and the status of the mission as well as its scientific motivation. |
5,674 | Please write an abstract with title: Ball lightning explained as a stable plasma toroid, and key words: Lightning, Plasma stability, Spinning, Plasma simulation, Atmosphere, Electrons, Plasma confinement, Toroidal magnetic fields, Equations, Plasma applications. Abstract: Spinning plasma toroids are created using high power electric arcs similar to lightning bolts. The spinning toroids are observed to be stable in atmosphere with no confining magnetic fields. Spinning toroids have the appearance of spheres, or balls, and create bright light through collisions with neutrals in the atmosphere. The spinning toroids are observed to last for more than 200 milliseconds in partial atmosphere. This paper describes the initiation apparatus and parameters. An explanation for the plasma toroid is presented that it is a hollow toroid of electrons where all the electrons travel in parallel paths orthogonal to the toroid circumference and reside in a thin outer shell of the toroid. The electron motion creates a current in the surface that in turn creates an internal magnetic field. Equations are presented detailing the initiation of the plasma toroid, and detailing the plasma toroid itself. The stability analysis for the plasma toroid has been completed that explains how the plasma toroid remains stable in atmosphere. The spinning plasma toroid has the appearance of ball lightning, in observations, computer simulations, and equations. The plasma toroid explains how a plasma ring can be stable in atmosphere with no external magnetic fields, and how it can contain many electrons with high energy. Ball lightning is often reported as a ring current, in toroid shape, and since a spinning ring appears as a sphere or ball, the spinning plasma toroid provides an explanation for ball lightning. The technology of the plasma toroid has the potential for new applications in propulsion and energy generation and storage. |
5,675 | Please write an abstract with title: The electronics of a control system for micromirrors in a laser-scanning device, and key words: Optical control, Control systems, Micromirrors, Endoscopes, Manufacturing, Silicon, Micromechanical devices, Software systems, Drives, DC generators. Abstract: The electronics and software developed for the control system of a micromirror-based laser-scanning endoscope are presented in conjunction with features of the micromirrors and their driving requirements. These micromirrors, which are crucial for the laser-scanning operation of the endoscope device, are embedded in the endoscope head and have been manufactured using silicon MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology. The micromirrors are electrostatically deflected and driven by appropriate high-voltage waveforms created in the control system. This computer-based system, using appropriate software, generates the control waveforms, which, after adequate amplification, drive the scanning micromirrors. The electronics developed are capable of generating control voltages with amplitudes up to 440 V pk-pk, within a bandwidth from DC to 20 kHz, and ensures an electrostatic driving of scanning micromirrors with a high positioning accuracy in the sub-pixel range. |
5,676 | Please write an abstract with title: Enhancing WLAN security with smart antennas: a physical layer response for information assurance, and key words: Wireless LAN, Information security, Physical layer, Adaptive arrays, Antennas and propagation, Phased arrays, Power system security, Array signal processing, Power control, Least squares approximation. Abstract: We examine methods to extend IEEE 802.11 to incorporate adaptive antennas, thereby enhancing security. The focus is on the adaptation that is required to the overall system to take advantage of adaptive antennas. We consider a system architecture that makes use of beamforming antennas and power control to take advantage of the multiple propagation channels typically available in WLAN applications. |
5,677 | Please write an abstract with title: Study on the Use of a Stainless Steel Crucible and a Platinum-Plated Alumina Crucible in the Process of Obtaining Nanopowders in a Microwave Field, and key words: Nanoparticles, Electromagnetic heating, Analytical models, Numerical analysis, Platinum, Microwave devices, Steel. Abstract: The paper presents a study on the use of susceptors in a microwave heating system for obtaining nanopowders. In order to optimize the melting process, as well as to ensure constructive and functional advantages of the entire built system, research was conducted on the construction of the stainless steel crucible and on the realization of the alumina crucible coated with a thin layer of platinum. The results obtained from the numerical analysis of the electromagnetic field were validated by experimental determinations made using the built experimental equipment. The results show that the use of the crucible made of stainless steel has advantages over that made of alumina coated with a thin layer of platinum, both in terms of the efficiency of the microwave heating process and in terms of efficiency and durability of the entire built system. |
5,678 | Please write an abstract with title: Coordinated Power Control for Flexible and Sustainable Operation of DC microgrids in Yacht Marinas, and key words: Photovoltaic systems, Renewable energy sources, Technological innovation, Power measurement, Power control, Microgrids, Real-time systems. Abstract: The innovation towards sustainable solutions is involving all the industrial sectors. In this context, the marine world is going through a great transition. The integration of renewable energy sources and the adoption of flexible power systems, like DC microgrids, are some powerful solutions to develop advanced and sustainable marine grids. These concepts are not only adopted in the onboard shipboard distribution, but also when conceiving supplying platforms and marinas. In this paper a flexible DC microgrid is proposed for a yacht-marina, and a coordinated power control is presented. The ships at berth, renewable sources and energy storages are all connected through multiple power converters. A centralized controller is demanded in managing sources and loads. By properly coordinating the photovoltaic modules, landed/embarked storage and power flows to/from the main grid, the attained goal is the sustainable operation of the yacht-marina DC microgrid. |
5,679 | Please write an abstract with title: Modeling and Optimization for Self-Cooling of FSPM Machine with Airfoil-Shaped Rotor using Axial and Radial Inlets, and key words: Solid modeling, Analytical models, Atmospheric modeling, Computational fluid dynamics, Computational modeling, Windings, Rotors. Abstract: This paper proposes an innovative methodology for modeling and optimizing axial and radial housing inlets of a flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with an airfoil-shaped rotor to achieve maximum self-cooling performance. As the machine rotates, the air is drawn through the axial and radial inlets and is accelerated in the rotor stage before being exhausted through the outlets. This airflow can be used to cool the machine's surface through forced convection. Adjusting the position and size of the inlets and outlets controls the airflow in order to preferentially cool the hot spots in the end windings. In this paper, a surrogate model of the flow and heat transfer within the machine's housing is introduced based on more detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling results. This simplified, analytical model can be used to optimize the airflow ports on the housing to achieve self-cooling. |
5,680 | Please write an abstract with title: A small-signal, RF simulation study of multiple-gate and silicon-on-insulator MOSFET devices, and key words: Radio frequency, Silicon on insulator technology, MOSFET circuits, FinFETs, Cutoff frequency, Transistors, Numerical simulation, Transconductance, FETs, CMOS technology. Abstract: Because of their superior scaling characteristics and reduced short channel effects, multi-gate MOSFETs are being considered for replacing conventional planar silicon MOSFETs in digital applications. At the same time, improvements in the high frequency capabilities of conventional MOSFETs have made them increasingly attractive for RF applications. The paper examines the performance capabilities of multi-gate MOSFETs in the RF regime using a simulation study of their small-signal behavior. Three dimensional numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the high frequency performance of two of the most promising multigate devices, i.e. the finFET and the trigate transistor. The trigate transistor has been found to exhibit a higher transconductance, small signal current gain and unilateral power gain as compared to the finFET, as well as a higher cutoff frequency, f/sub T/, and maximum frequency of oscillation, f/sub MAX/. Peak f/sub T/ of 42 and 51 GHz and peak f/sub MAX/ of 183 and 228 GHz were obtained for the finFET and trigate transistors, respectively, for a gate length of 50 nm. |
5,681 | Please write an abstract with title: A Novel Self-Supervised Re-labeling Approach for Training with Noisy Labels, and key words: Training, Task analysis, Noise measurement, Data models, Training data, Computational modeling, Robustness. Abstract: The major driving force behind the immense success of deep learning models is the availability of large datasets along with their clean labels. This is very difficult to obtain and thus has motivated research on training deep neural networks in the presence of label noise. In this work, we build upon the seminal work in this area, Co-teaching and propose a simple, yet efficient approach termed mCT-S2R (modified co-teaching with self-supervision and relabeling) for this task. Firstly, to deal with significant amount of noise in the labels, we propose to use self-supervision to generate robust features without using any labels. Furthermore, using a parallel network architecture, an estimate of the clean labeled portion of the data is obtained. Finally, using this data, a portion of the estimated noisy labeled portion is re-labeled, before resuming the network training with the augmented data. Extensive experiments on three standard datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed framework. |
5,682 | Please write an abstract with title: Transactional Memory: A Review, and key words: Synchronization, Hardware, Instruction sets, Memory management, Python, Communication systems. Abstract: For simplifying parallel programming, Software Transactional Memory is an important method which improves scalability in multiple cores. Python uses a system clock instead of a global counter. STM in python deals with shared data among parallel threads of locked(as in python) data structure. A Haskell has thread-local journaling for operations on mutable and globally shared objects. In this review paper, we have discussed STM having basic approaches called HTM, STM, and HyTM with version management and synchronization. This paper also discusses previous version work and challenges of STM. |
5,683 | Please write an abstract with title: Long-term Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Lithium Battery based on Grey Theory, and key words: Mathematical model, Markov processes, Data models, Predictive models, Degradation, Support vector machines, Computational modeling. Abstract: With growing popularity of lithium batteries in power systems, remaining useful life prediction of batteries is gaining importance. A long-term remaining useful life prediction approach for lithium-ion batteries based on grey theory is presented in this paper. Firstly, an optimized discrete grey model is used to track the battery overall degradation trend. Then, Markov chain is implemented to compensate the error of grey model, which is mainly sourced from fluctuations of curve caused by capacity regeneration. Finally, relevance vector regression is utilized to provide the final remaining useful life value and its probability. The universality and accuracy of this approach are validated with battery data under different discharge rates and temperatures. |
5,684 | Please write an abstract with title: Glaciological Constraints on Link Budgets for Orbital Radar Sounding of Earth's ICE Sheets, and key words: Reflectivity, Earth, Radar remote sensing, Hydrology, Uncertainty, Ground penetrating radar, Airborne radar. Abstract: Orbital radar sounding of terrestrial ice sheets is an area of increasing research interest with mission concepts at 45 MHz, P-Band, and L-Band under development. However, large uncertainties remain in impact of glacial conditions and platform altitude on their link budgets. Here, we present a collection of empirically and glaciologically informed constraints on orbital sounder link budgets using airborne radar sounding data. We also analyze the effects of geometric spreading and englacial water. Finally, we discuss link-budget considerations for investigations beyond bed mapping including observing basal reflectivity, englacial hydrology, ice-shelf thickness, englacial layers, and estimating vertical ice velocity. |
5,685 | Please write an abstract with title: Correlation of Line-of-Sight Probabilities in Aerial-Terrestrial Communications: Modeling, Analysis, and Application, and key words: Joint LoS probability, blockage correlation, stochastic geometry, aerial-terrestrial communications, UAV deployment. Abstract: TThe line-of-sight (LoS) condition is important to the quality of wireless communications, especially for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications which are more sensitive to blockages than typical radio frequency (RF) communications. Considering that one blockage would obstruct several channels simultaneously, recently, researchers have studied the correlation of LoS probabilities among multiple channels in the horizontal plane and shown its importance in system performance analysis. The main missing aspect of existing literature in this direction is that the heights of transceivers and blockages have not been considered in the analysis of the LoS correlation. However, the emerging hybrid cellular networks with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) deployed at various altitudes necessitate the LoS analysis accounting for the vertical dimension. In this paper, using stochastic geometry, we formulate a novel joint-LoS-probability framework of two channels among three aerial/terrestrial devices to analyze the LoS correlation both in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. We derive the expression of the conditional and joint LoS probabilities. The proposed framework combines (i) accuracy (verified in simulation), (ii) generality (from adjustable parameters of the channels and environments), and (iii) fitting ability (from a cylindrical blockage model to a non-cylindrical blockage model). The numerical results show that the correlation is quite strong when the angle between the two communication channels is small, while it becomes weaker as this angle increases. Moreover, we introduce a potential application of the joint LoS probability in the optimal deployment of an aerial device. Compared to optimization based on the independence assumption of the LoS probabilities, the improvement in the coverage probability intuitively clarifies the advantage of the proposed joint-LoS-probability framework on the aerial-terrestrial network design. |
5,686 | Please write an abstract with title: IEC61850 based distribution automation system testing with RTDS and 4G LTE, and key words: System testing, Automation, Protocols, Scalability, Switches, Real-time systems, Virtual private networks. Abstract: Southern California Edison is evaluating a new switch automation technology, referred to as the Remote Integrated Switch (RIS). The RIS includes a new control and communication scheme forming a distribution automation application with advanced functionality. The previous RIS system development phase was successfully accomplished with a field deployment utilizing slow communication infrastructure and DNP3 communication protocol. Due to the inherent latency of the 900MHz legacy communication infrastructure, the average system response and reconfiguration after a fault event was approximately 2 minutes. This paper focuses on a new phase of the project, where the system employs the IEC 61850 protocol with GOOSE messaging. Utilizing the LTE communication infrastructure for the technology demonstration, system demonstrates a sub-second fault response time. The communication infrastructure includes 23 LTE modems connected over VPN to a cellular carrier. In order to test the system under different fault conditions, authors perform simultaneous secondary injection for 22 RIS devices using real time digital simulation (RTDS) equipment. The digital RTDS model is compiled based on data from the real circuits to ensure high fidelity of the system response and testing results. This paper will discuss the system's governing rules, design concept, test results from various fault events and lessons learned during this development phase of the RIS project. |
5,687 | Please write an abstract with title: Inverse of polynomial matrices in the irreducible form, and key words: Polynomials, Transfer functions, Vectors, Control systems, Missiles, Research and development. Abstract: An algorithm is developed for finding the inverse of polynomial matrices in the irreducible form. The computational method involves the use of the left (right) matrix division method and the determination of linearly dependent vectors of the remainders. The obtained transfer function matrix has no nontrivial common factor between the elements of the numerator polynomial matrix and the denominator polynomial. |
5,688 | Please write an abstract with title: Investigating the Effect of Electromagnetic Fault Injections on the Configuration Memory of SRAM-Based FPGA Devices, and key words: FPGA, EMFI, SRAM, SEU, SET. Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the impact of Electromagnetic Fault Injections (EMFI) on the behaviour of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). We investigate how EMFIs affect the FPGA's configuration memory and fabric. Using a specialized EMFI apparatus and a custom-built test bench, we perform a series of tests and discuss the accuracy and precision achieved with this equipment and its impact on device security. Furthermore, we use the FPGA's readback capability along with bitstream reverse-engineering techniques to analyze and confirm the impact of EMFIs. |
5,689 | Please write an abstract with title: Double-Layer Day-Ahead Optimal Scheduling of Microgrid Considering Flexible Resources, and key words: Wind, Renewable energy sources, Uncertainty, Costs, Supply and demand, Biological system modeling, Microgrids. Abstract: In order to deal with the volatility and uncertainty of renewable energy sources and loads such as wind and solar in the microgrid system, microgrids have begun to access diversified flexible resources, and how to coordinate flexible resources also brings new opportunities to the optimization and dispatch of microgrids. challenge. Based on this, this paper first studies the multi-energy coordination and complementarity characteristics of various flexible resources on the source network and load side, and analyzes the demand-side and supply-side flexible resource models from the perspective of supply and demand balance. Secondly, considering factors such as the uncertainty of load and wind and solar output, establish a microgrid day-ahead optimal scheduling model with the lowest loss of load rate, optimal user cost and operating cost as the goal, taking into account reliability and economy, and apply the improved MOEA /D algorithm solves, and obtains the Pareto optimal solution set of the day-ahead scheduling plan. Finally, the simulation results of an example verify the rationality and effectiveness of the optimization method proposed in this paper. |
5,690 | Please write an abstract with title: Improving TCP performance over mobile wireless environments using cross layer feedback, and key words: Cross layer design, Feedback, Throughput, Degradation, Information technology, Bit error rate, Performance loss, Transport protocols, Mobile computing, Wireless application protocol. Abstract: The transmission control protocol (TCP) is known to suffer from performance degradation in mobile wireless environments. This is because such environments are prone to packet losses due to high bit error rates and mobility induced disconnections. TCP interprets packet losses as an indication of congestion and inappropriately invokes congestion control mechanisms, which leads to degraded performance. We show how cross-layer feedback, i.e. information from layers above and below, may be used to improve TCP performance over wireless networks. To illustrate the power of cross layer feedback, we present two novel mechanisms. We incorporate user feedback into the protocol stack by which the TCP throughput of a desired set of applications running on the mobile host can be dynamically controlled. We propose an approach to use the lower layer connection and disconnection information, for improving TCP performance. Both these mechanisms entail minimal modification to the mobile host and no modifications to the sender or other network entities. We have implemented both these mechanisms in ns-2 and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of cross layer feedback. |
5,691 | Please write an abstract with title: Laser-produced plasma light source for extreme ultraviolet lithography, and key words: Plasma sources, Light sources, Ultraviolet sources, Lithography, Plasma materials processing, Optical pulses, Manufacturing, Xenon, Power lasers, Optical design. Abstract: Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers have been developed to achieve high peak power and high pulse repetition rate. These systems are being used as drivers for laser-produced plasmas which efficiently convert the 1064-nm laser output to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light at 13.5 nm for future microlithography systems. The requirements for laser-produced plasma EUV light sources and their integration in lithography tools for high-volume manufacturing are reviewed to establish the key design issues for high-power lasers and plasma targets. Xenon has been identified as a leading target material to realize the goals of intense EUV emission and clean operation. Recent progress in high-power diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers and xenon targets for EUV generation is reviewed, showing that laser-produced plasma sources meet the needs for current EUV lithography development tools. Future directions to meet EUV source requirements for high-volume manufacturing tools are discussed. |
5,692 | Please write an abstract with title: Design of an Opamp-RC Lowpass Filter in 22nm FDSOI Technology, and key words: Silicon-on-insulator, Signal processing, Frequency response, Topology. Abstract: Analog filters are essential components in signal processing applications. Depending on the frequency, signals are passed or blocked by analog filters. There are different types of filters in terms of frequency response and circuit implementation topology. In this work an opamp-RC lowpass filter is designed in 22nm FDSOI process technology. |
5,693 | Please write an abstract with title: Realization of Current-Mode Universal Filter Utilising Minimum Active Elements and Only Grounded Passive Components, and key words: Band-pass filters, Mathematical model, Integrated circuits, Q-factor, Impedance. Abstract: A new proposition of second-order universal filter, employing only grounded passive components with two active elements, has been introduced in this manuscript. The employed active device is Voltage Differencing Current Conveyor (VDCC) and the total count of passive elements is three. The derived current-mode filter is capable of delivering all the basic responses, i.e., band pass, high pass and low pass from its high impedance port. The independent tunability of its quality factor is another appreciable feature of designed network. The feasibility of the proposed circuit is justified, initially through mathematical analysis and later by simulations performed using off-the-shelf integrated circuit. |
5,694 | Please write an abstract with title: Staggered Grid RFG-FFT with Interpolation Scheme for Fast Sweeps, and key words: Interpolation, Surface impedance, Microwave technology, Microwave integrated circuits, Surface waves, Simulation, Millimeter wave technology. Abstract: An efficient numerical method for fast sweeps is presented using staggered grid Fitting Greens Function and the accurate interpolation algorithm (SFG-FFT-IN). In the frequency sweeping process, in order to avoid the need to repeatedly construct the impedance matrix at each frequency, an interpolation method is adopted. At the same time, in order to solve electrically large problems, the staggered grid RFG-FFT accelerates the matrix vector product. Numerical result is considered and given to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed SFG-FFT-IN. |
5,695 | Please write an abstract with title: Void Engineering in Silica Glass for Ultralow Optical Scattering Loss, and key words: Glass, Silicon compounds, Rayleigh scattering, Scattering, Fluctuations, Optical losses, Optical fiber networks. Abstract: Optical losses in silica glass fibers remain a challenge in their applications. The main contributor to optical attenuation is Rayleigh scattering. This review discusses the recent studies and findings on voids in silica glass and their effects on the optical loss. Through experimental studies of pressure-quenching on glass at the melting temperature, void size shrunk, and the optical loss was reduced to approximately half of that of conventional optical fibers at 0.2 GPa. Our modeling results predicted that further reduction was expected, credited to the optimization of the glass network, called topological pruning, under high compressive pressures of up to 4 GPa. |
5,696 | Please write an abstract with title: Evolutionary feature selection in boosting, and key words: Boosting, Computer science, Decision trees, Genetic algorithms, Educational institutions, Pattern classification, Testing, Entropy, Genetic engineering, Voting. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of a new type of weak learner in boosting for pattern classification. Our weak learner is called EFS (evolutionary feature selection). The EFS has two aspects: the first is a feature-subset selector for pattern classification. The EFS selects effective combinations of features using an evolutionary technique. An entropy-based criterion called VQCCE (vector-quantized conditional class entropy) is used for the evaluation of feature-combinations. The second is a weak learner in boosting. We utilize the vector-quantization in the EFS as the weak learner. In This work, we apply our method to some benchmark problems and discuss the effectiveness of our method, in comparing with a conventional boosting with C4.5 decision trees. |
5,697 | Please write an abstract with title: Towards a Prototype Based Explainable JavaScript Vulnerability Prediction Model, and key words: Training, Prototypes, Machine learning, Predictive models, Tools, Software, Security. Abstract: Security has become a central and unavoidable aspect of today's software development. Practitioners and researchers have proposed many code analysis tools and techniques to mitigate security risks. These tools apply static and dynamic analysis or, more recently, machine learning. Machine learning models can achieve impressive results in finding and forecasting possible security issues in programs. However, most of the current approaches fall short of developer demands in two areas at least: explainability and granularity of predictions. In this paper, we propose a novel and simple yet, promising approach to identify potentially vulnerable source code in JavaScript programs. The model improves the state-of-the-art in terms of explainability and prediction granularity as it gives results at the level of individual source code lines, which is fine-grained enough for developers to take immediate actions. Additionally, the model explains each predicted line (i.e., provides the most similar vulnerable line from the training set) using a prototype-based approach. In a study of 186 real-world and confirmed JavaScript vulnerability fixes of 91 projects, the approach could flag 60% of the known vulnerable lines on average by marking only 10% of the code-base, but in particular cases, the model identified 100% of the vulnerable code lines while flagging only 8.72% of the code-base. |
5,698 | Please write an abstract with title: Robust Optimization of a Distribution Network Location-Routing Problem Under Carbon Trading Policies, and key words: Carbon dioxide, Carbon tax, Routing, Optimization, Decision making, Robustness, Green products. Abstract: Taking carbon emissions into account in decision-making on distribution network operations contributes to achieving the goal of promoting energy conservation and emissions reduction. The focus of this paper is to research multicapacity hierarchical location-routing robust optimization in distribution network design under carbon trading policies. First, this problem is described as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model. Then, based on strong duality theory, the nonlinear model is transformed into a linear robust equivalent model. Finally, GUROBI software is used for numerical calculation and analysis. The results suggest the following: carbon trading policies have a carbon abatement effect; with a decrease in the carbon emissions cap and an increase in carbon trading prices, carbon emissions undergo a ladder-like downward trend; uncertain fluctuations in freight units will influence the optimal decision-making patterns of enterprises; and making more vehicles available will reduce carbon emissions. The government should set a reasonable carbon emissions cap according to market conditions. Enterprises could adopt robust control parameters on the basis of their decision-making preferences and consider the impact of carbon trading policy in formulating and adjusting an optimal decision-making scheme. |
5,699 | Please write an abstract with title: On acceleration/deceleration before interpolation for CNC motion control, and key words: Acceleration, Interpolation, Computer numerical control, Motion control, Spline, Machining, Surface topography, Surface reconstruction, Error correction, Path planning. Abstract: To prevent from path command errors in CNC's motion control, performing "acceleration/deceleration before interpolation" (ADBI) motion planning on the desired feed rate profile is necessary. Although there are a few existing algorithms available for implementing ADBI, there is no clear choice in terms of contour error and machining efficiency. In this paper, a hybrid approach that takes both the contour error and the machining efficiency into account is proposed. In addition, based on the idea of "multi-blocks look ahead", this study also explores the problem of combining ADBI with NURBS (non-uniform rational B-spline) interpolation. A contour that consists of four blocks of NURBS curves is used to compare the performances of three different multi-blocks look ahead approaches: conventional, direct digital convolution, and the proposed hybrid approach. Experimental results show that the proposed hybrid approach exhibits superior performances compared with the other two approaches. |
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