Question
stringlengths 0
3.53k
| Answer
stringlengths 1
12.2k
| prompt
stringlengths 21
12.4k
| __index_level_0__
int64 5
88.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|
What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
|
##Question:What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
| 69,209
|
What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
|
##Question:What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
| 69,210
|
What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
|
##Question:What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
| 69,211
|
What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
|
##Question:What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about accountability In the body, mention measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants Conclude briefly with the advantages Answer: Accountability can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable for their behaviour and actions. In governance, accountability is answerability, liability and the expectation of account-giving.it is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service.it is the most essential aspect of good govenance ensuring effective delivery of service.it also includes the responsibility, which makes person accuntable from with in. Measures at individual level can be Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental commitees. Bringing transparancy in political and administrative control through personnel Adopting modren evaluation techniques. Effective functioning of institutions like janlokpal and NHRC (national human rights commission) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisation like CVC (cental vigilance commission) and CBI. Code of Ethics Training in ethical governance Measures at collectiive level can be Parliamentary oversight through questions,resolutions and committees,which are above party lines. Making financial control through budget and CAG (comptroller and auditor general) more Public opinion and vigilant civil society. Effective use of press and media. Loopholes of RTI Act must be filled and it shouldimplemented in letter and spirit. Use of social audit whrever possible. People participation like panchayatiraj institutions Bringing transparencythrough e-governance. Passing acts like whistleblowers act or false claim Act. Formulation of a feasible citizen’s charter and spreading awarenesss about it. Thus accountability is very necessary to weed out corruption and ensure the lives of citizens are improved. Accountability can help reduce corruption, timely delivery of services, etc.
| 69,212
|
सूचना का अधिकार नैतिक शासन का मूलभूत आधार है इस संदर्भ में भारत में सूचना के अधिकार के विकास को स्पष्ट करते हुए सुशासन के सन्दर्भ में इसका महत्त्व स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150 से 200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Right to information is the fundamental basis of ethical governance, in this context, explaining the development of right to information in India, explain its importance in the context of good governance. (150 to 200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सूचना को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में सूचना के अधिकार के विकास को रेखांकित कीजिये| 3- दूसरे भाग में सूचना के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| जब किसी दिए हुए आंकड़े का प्रसंस्करण और उसका विश्लेषण किया जाता है तब उससे प्राप्त निष्कर्ष को सूचना कहा जाता है| माना जाता है कि सूचना से युक्त व्यक्ति अधिक सशक्त होगा| इसीलिए सूचना को कभी कभी सत्ता का आधार माना जाता है| सूचना का आदान-प्रदान अंततः शक्तियों का हस्तांतरण है जो कि जन सशक्तिकरण की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा करती है| इसी सन्दर्भ में सूचना सुशासन कि स्थापना के लिए एक आवश्यक माध्यम माना जाता है| सुशासन हेतु सूचना के आदान-प्रदान का होना अति आवश्यक है| सूचना के अधिकार का विकास दक्षिण अफ्रीका का संविधान सूचना के अधिकार को संवैधानिक अधिकार के रूप में प्रदान करता है| विकसित देशों के साथ साथ विकासशील देशों में भी सूचना के अधिकार की व्यावहारिकता को प्राप्त किये जाने के कारण भारत सरकार के द्वारा भी इस दिशा में पहल किया जाना महत्वपूर्ण माना गया 1996 में आयोजित मुख्य सचिवों के सम्मलेन में सूचना के अधिकार पर आम सहमती को प्राप्त किया गया अतः इस अधिकार को लेकर नौकरशाही का सहयोग भी प्राप्त हुआ| वर्ष 1997 में मुख्यमंत्रियों के वार्षिक सम्मलेन में RTI को लेकर आम सहमति को प्राप्त किया गया| अतः इस अधिकार को लेकर राजनीतिक सहयोग भी प्राप्त हुआ| सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा RTI को मौलिक अधिकारों का विस्तारीकरण माना गया अतः इसे न्यायिक स्वीकृति प्राप्त है (अनुच्छेद 19-1) सूचना के अधिकार को लागू करने वाला पहला राज्य तमिलनाडु (1997) मे| लेकिन इसके पहले ही पोंडिचेरी (UT) में लागू किया गया था कुछ राज्य सरकारों के द्वारा अपने स्तर पर सूचना के अधिकार अधिनियम को लागू किया गया अतः अखिल भारतीय स्तर पर इस अधिनियम की आवश्यकता को महसूस किया गया ताकि अधिनियम में एकरूपता लायी जा सके| इस उद्देश्य से वर्ष 2002 में सूचना की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार अधिनियम को निर्मित किया गया| इस अधिनियम की व्यावहारिक सीमाओं को देखते हुए इसे निरस्त कर सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम 2005 में लाया गया था| जिसका क्रियान्वयन 12 अक्टूबर 2005 को किया गया| सुशासन की स्थापना में सूचना के महत्त्व सरकार के द्वारा किसी भी दायित्व की परिपूर्ति हेतु सूचना का होना अति आवश्यक है जैसे कानून एवं व्यवस्था को बना कर रखना, राजस्व प्रशासन, न्याय का प्रशासन, कल्याण, विकास इत्यादि सरकार के द्वारा कल्याण एवं विकासात्मक नीतियों का निर्धारण, परिपालन एवं मूल्यांकन करने हेतु सूचनाओं का विशेष महत्त्व है शासन में जन भागीदारी को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु सूचना के आदान-प्रदान का होना आवश्यक है जो कि शासन में विकेंद्रीकरण को प्रोत्साहित करती है सूचना का आदान-प्रदान लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था कि एक मूल विशेषता है इसके माध्यम शासन प्रणाली में पारदर्शिता एवं जवाबदेहिता को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना संभव हो पाता है सूचना का आदान-प्रदान सरकार या शासन को जन अपेक्षाओं से अवगत कराती है एवं इसके माध्यम से सरकार के द्वारा किये जाने वाले प्रयासों कि अधिक बेहतर जानकारी आम जनता को दी जा सकती है लोक संसाधनों के बेहतर अनुप्रयोग हेतु भी सूचना का होना अति आवश्यक है सूचना का आदान-प्रदान सरकार के प्रति जन विश्वास को प्रोत्साहित करती है सूचनाओं के माध्यम से सरकार एवं नागरिक दोनों को उसके कर्तव्यों एवं अधिकारों से अवगत कराया जाता है शासन प्रणाली कि प्रभावकारिता को सुनिश्चित करने हेतु सूचना के आदान-प्रदान का होना आवश्यक है इसके माध्यम से जन अपेक्षाओं की वास्तविक परिपूर्ति या व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित किया जाता है सूचना के उपरोक्त महत्त्व को देखते हुए SC ने RTI को मौलिक अधिकारों (अनुच्छेद 19-1) का विस्तारीकरण माना है| भारत सरकार ने इसी दिशा में प्रयास करते हुए सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम 2005 पारित किया है|
|
##Question:सूचना का अधिकार नैतिक शासन का मूलभूत आधार है इस संदर्भ में भारत में सूचना के अधिकार के विकास को स्पष्ट करते हुए सुशासन के सन्दर्भ में इसका महत्त्व स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150 से 200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Right to information is the fundamental basis of ethical governance, in this context, explaining the development of right to information in India, explain its importance in the context of good governance. (150 to 200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सूचना को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में सूचना के अधिकार के विकास को रेखांकित कीजिये| 3- दूसरे भाग में सूचना के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| जब किसी दिए हुए आंकड़े का प्रसंस्करण और उसका विश्लेषण किया जाता है तब उससे प्राप्त निष्कर्ष को सूचना कहा जाता है| माना जाता है कि सूचना से युक्त व्यक्ति अधिक सशक्त होगा| इसीलिए सूचना को कभी कभी सत्ता का आधार माना जाता है| सूचना का आदान-प्रदान अंततः शक्तियों का हस्तांतरण है जो कि जन सशक्तिकरण की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा करती है| इसी सन्दर्भ में सूचना सुशासन कि स्थापना के लिए एक आवश्यक माध्यम माना जाता है| सुशासन हेतु सूचना के आदान-प्रदान का होना अति आवश्यक है| सूचना के अधिकार का विकास दक्षिण अफ्रीका का संविधान सूचना के अधिकार को संवैधानिक अधिकार के रूप में प्रदान करता है| विकसित देशों के साथ साथ विकासशील देशों में भी सूचना के अधिकार की व्यावहारिकता को प्राप्त किये जाने के कारण भारत सरकार के द्वारा भी इस दिशा में पहल किया जाना महत्वपूर्ण माना गया 1996 में आयोजित मुख्य सचिवों के सम्मलेन में सूचना के अधिकार पर आम सहमती को प्राप्त किया गया अतः इस अधिकार को लेकर नौकरशाही का सहयोग भी प्राप्त हुआ| वर्ष 1997 में मुख्यमंत्रियों के वार्षिक सम्मलेन में RTI को लेकर आम सहमति को प्राप्त किया गया| अतः इस अधिकार को लेकर राजनीतिक सहयोग भी प्राप्त हुआ| सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा RTI को मौलिक अधिकारों का विस्तारीकरण माना गया अतः इसे न्यायिक स्वीकृति प्राप्त है (अनुच्छेद 19-1) सूचना के अधिकार को लागू करने वाला पहला राज्य तमिलनाडु (1997) मे| लेकिन इसके पहले ही पोंडिचेरी (UT) में लागू किया गया था कुछ राज्य सरकारों के द्वारा अपने स्तर पर सूचना के अधिकार अधिनियम को लागू किया गया अतः अखिल भारतीय स्तर पर इस अधिनियम की आवश्यकता को महसूस किया गया ताकि अधिनियम में एकरूपता लायी जा सके| इस उद्देश्य से वर्ष 2002 में सूचना की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार अधिनियम को निर्मित किया गया| इस अधिनियम की व्यावहारिक सीमाओं को देखते हुए इसे निरस्त कर सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम 2005 में लाया गया था| जिसका क्रियान्वयन 12 अक्टूबर 2005 को किया गया| सुशासन की स्थापना में सूचना के महत्त्व सरकार के द्वारा किसी भी दायित्व की परिपूर्ति हेतु सूचना का होना अति आवश्यक है जैसे कानून एवं व्यवस्था को बना कर रखना, राजस्व प्रशासन, न्याय का प्रशासन, कल्याण, विकास इत्यादि सरकार के द्वारा कल्याण एवं विकासात्मक नीतियों का निर्धारण, परिपालन एवं मूल्यांकन करने हेतु सूचनाओं का विशेष महत्त्व है शासन में जन भागीदारी को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु सूचना के आदान-प्रदान का होना आवश्यक है जो कि शासन में विकेंद्रीकरण को प्रोत्साहित करती है सूचना का आदान-प्रदान लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था कि एक मूल विशेषता है इसके माध्यम शासन प्रणाली में पारदर्शिता एवं जवाबदेहिता को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना संभव हो पाता है सूचना का आदान-प्रदान सरकार या शासन को जन अपेक्षाओं से अवगत कराती है एवं इसके माध्यम से सरकार के द्वारा किये जाने वाले प्रयासों कि अधिक बेहतर जानकारी आम जनता को दी जा सकती है लोक संसाधनों के बेहतर अनुप्रयोग हेतु भी सूचना का होना अति आवश्यक है सूचना का आदान-प्रदान सरकार के प्रति जन विश्वास को प्रोत्साहित करती है सूचनाओं के माध्यम से सरकार एवं नागरिक दोनों को उसके कर्तव्यों एवं अधिकारों से अवगत कराया जाता है शासन प्रणाली कि प्रभावकारिता को सुनिश्चित करने हेतु सूचना के आदान-प्रदान का होना आवश्यक है इसके माध्यम से जन अपेक्षाओं की वास्तविक परिपूर्ति या व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित किया जाता है सूचना के उपरोक्त महत्त्व को देखते हुए SC ने RTI को मौलिक अधिकारों (अनुच्छेद 19-1) का विस्तारीकरण माना है| भारत सरकार ने इसी दिशा में प्रयास करते हुए सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम 2005 पारित किया है|
| 69,283
|
Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach : Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In the body provide a detailed description of the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating their rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company"s civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services. He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, in 1806. Army : It consisted of the Queen"s army and troops "s army. Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of the British hold over India. Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc. The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar. It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time. Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty toward the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police : In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws. However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits. Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there were 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and in its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings of all higher courts. But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
|
##Question:Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In the body provide a detailed description of the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating their rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company"s civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services. He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, in 1806. Army : It consisted of the Queen"s army and troops "s army. Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of the British hold over India. Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc. The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar. It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time. Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty toward the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police : In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws. However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits. Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there were 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and in its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings of all higher courts. But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
| 69,295
|
Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In body provide a detailed description about the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating its rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, 1806. Army: It consisted of the Queen"s army and troop"s army Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of British hold over India Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty towards the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police: In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there was 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and at its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings for all higher courts But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
|
##Question:Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In body provide a detailed description about the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating its rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, 1806. Army: It consisted of the Queen"s army and troop"s army Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of British hold over India Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty towards the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police: In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there was 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and at its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings for all higher courts But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
| 69,296
|
Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In body provide a detailed description about the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating its rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, 1806. Army: It consisted of the Queen"s army and troop"s army Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of British hold over India Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty towards the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police: In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there was 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and at its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings for all higher courts But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
|
##Question:Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In body provide a detailed description about the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating its rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, 1806. Army: It consisted of the Queen"s army and troop"s army Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of British hold over India Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty towards the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police: In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there was 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and at its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings for all higher courts But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
| 69,297
|
Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In body provide a detailed description about the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating its rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, 1806. Army: It consisted of the Queen"s army and troop"s army Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of British hold over India Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty towards the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police: In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there was 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and at its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings for all higher courts But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
|
##Question:Give an account of the various pillars of British administration in India before the 1850s? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly the various pillars of British administration in India In body provide a detailed description about the same Conclude briefly Answer: British Administration had the major pillars in the form of Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. This helped the British in consolidating its rule further in India. Civil Services: The creator of Modern Civil Services in India was Lord Cornwallis Earlier Court of Directors exercised the power of nominating the civil servants which often resulted in favouritism and corruption Cornwallis tried to address the issue of corruption by banning private trade and raising salaries and enforcing promotion through seniority At this time, the company civil services became the highest-paid services in the world He adopted the shortsighted policy of Europeanisation of services He made sure, that no Indian could enter the civil services Officially in 1793, a higher post in administration worth more than 500 Pound annual salary could be held only by the English man In order to provide training to the civil servants, Wellesley established the Indian Civil Servants Training College at Fort William, Calcutta But later it was disapproved by the Court of Directors in Britain who established a separate Civil Servants Training college at Haileybury in England, 1806. Army: It consisted of the Queen"s army and troop"s army Queen"s Army was comprised only of Britishers It was an army of occupation ie the ultimate guarantee of British hold over India Troop"s Army comprised of the British and Natives It was used for expansion in Asia, Africa, etc The bulk of the company"s army was comprised of Indian soldiers ie 86% in 1857 Keeping a British army would have been very expensive. However, all the officers in the army were Britishers The highest position that an Indian could reach was the post of Subedar It is surprising that a handful of Britishers could control a predominant Indian Army This is mainly attributed to the absence of modern nationalism in India at that time Moreover, the Indians had a strong tradition of loyalty towards the salt As such, Indian soldiers acted as good mercenaries and the Britishers were a good paymaster Britishers also adopted the strategy of native against native whereby they forwarded the theory of martial races such as Pathans. Gurkhas, Rajputs, etc Police: In pre-colonial India, Fauzdar, Amils, Kotwals and Zamindars were interested in law and order function The third pillar of British administration was again the creation of Cornwallis He relieved all the Zamindars from the duty of maintaining law and order Zamindars maintained thanedars for law and order duty, who often neglected their duties and even colluded with the dacoits and shared their loot They were replaced by an organised police force under the command of the company Districts were divided into different circles known as Thana To look after the affairs of Thana an Indian officer known as Daroga At the district level, the Superintendent of the Police (SP) was appointed William Bentick abolished the office of SP, and the District Collector became the head of the Police organisation at the district level Judicial Organisation under the British: The initiative to start a modern judicial system in India was taken by Warren Hastings On the Mughal Model, he set up the Diwani Adalat for Civil cases and Faujdari Adalat for criminal cases Appeals went to higher courts ie from the Diwani Adalat went to Sardar Diwani Adalat, and from Faujdari Adalat to Sadar Nizamat Adalat These courts followed both Hindu and Muslim laws However, Cornwallis brought further changes to this framework He created District or Zila adalats and abolished Diwani Adalats. He also abolished Faujdari Adalats. He created 4 provincial circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Dacca and Calcutta The circuit courts acted as the court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases which functioned under the European judges The courts were assisted by Indian experts such as Muftis, Qazis and Pandits Cornwallis established the gradation of courts in India: Above the Registrar"s Court, there was Munsiff Court, above it was Zila/District Adalat Above it, there was 4 Provincial Circuits ie at Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dacca and Patna Above it, there was Sardar Diwani Adalat (Civil cases) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Cases) The highest court of appeal was the King in Council and not every case would be referred. Under William Bentick, the 4 Circuit Courts were abolished and at its place, he established judicial commissionaires In 1835, William Bentick declared English to be the official language for the proceedings for all higher courts But vernacular language and Persian was allowed in lower courts During the reign of William Bentick, the Law Commission was established under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to codify Indian law On the basis of the recommendation of this commission, the Civil Procedure Code 1859, Indian Penal Code 1860; Criminal Procedure Code 1861 were prepared, etc Thus from the above, it is evident that Britishers had a well laid down structure of governance which helped them to further consolidate their position in India.
| 69,298
|
विविध कारणों से 2009 के बाद मछुआरों को लेकर भारत श्रीलंका के सम्बन्धों में पुनः तनाव उत्पन्न हुए हैं| इस संदर्भ में भारत और श्रीलंका के लिए आवश्यक रणनीति की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Tensions have arisen again in India-Sri Lanka relations regarding fishermen after 2009 due to various reasons. Outline the necessary strategy for India and Sri Lanka in this context. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मछुआर्रों के विवाद की पृष्ठभूमि को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में 2009 के बाद मछुआरों को लेकर भारत श्रीलंका के सम्बन्धों में पुनः तनाव उत्पन्न होने के कारणों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में भारत और श्रीलंका के लिए आवश्यक रणनीति की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| भारत और श्रीलंका के बीच मछुआरों को लेकर समय समय पर तनाव उत्पन्न होते रहते हैं जिसका महत्त्व कारण समुद्री क्षेत्र में सीमांकन की अस्पष्टता है| 1970 के दशक में भारत और श्रीलंका के बीच पाक खाड़ी, मन्नार खाड़ी और बंगाल की खाड़ी में अन्तराष्ट्रीय सीमाओं का सीमांकन किया गया था| इसी दौरान 1974 और 1976 में दो समुद्री सीमा समझौते हुए|मानवरहित कच्चा तिवु द्वीप जिस पर भारतीय तमिल प्रयुक्त करते थे 1974 में श्रीलंका को दे दिया गया किन्तु इसके सन्दर्भ में संविधान संशोधन नहीं किया गया| इसके कारण भारतीय मछुआरों को श्रीलंका सरकार द्वारा गिरफ्तार कर लिया जाता है उन्हें लगता है कि ये मछुआरे श्रीलंका विरोधी शक्तियों को सहायता पहुचाते है| श्रीलंका में LTTE के विरुद्ध हुए गृहयुद्ध के दौरान मछुआरों के आवगमन को रोक दिया गया था किन्तु भारतीय मछुआरे इस दौरान भी सक्रिय रहे| जिस कारण से वर्ष 2005 से 2009 के बीच विवादों में कमी आई किन्तु वर्ष 2009 के बाद मछुआरों को लेकर तनाव पुनः उत्पन्न हुए हैं| सम्बन्धों में पुनः तनाव उत्पन्न होने के कारण श्रीलंका का तर्क है कि भारतीय मछुआरे 1976 के समझौते का उल्लंघन कर श्रीलंका सीमा में प्रवेश करके मछलियाँ पकड़ते हैं भारत द्वारा ट्रालर प्रणाली के माध्यम से मछली पकड़ने से समुद्री पर्यावरण को नुक्सान पहुंचता है भारत का पक्ष है कि वह अपने क्षेत्र में मछलियाँ पकड़ता है जबकि श्रीलंका की सेना मछुआरों को अवैधानिक तरीके से गिरफ्तार करती है दक्षिण भारतीय प्रांत विशेषकर तमिलनाडु की जनता 1974 में हुए समझौते को स्वीकार नहीं करती और वह कच्चा तिवु पर अपना अधिकार मानती है दोनों देशों के बीच मतों में असहमति के बावजूद समुद्री सीमा के समाधान हेतु कूटनीतिक प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं समुद्री विवाद समाप्त करने हेतु भारत और श्रीलंका के लिए आवश्यक रणनीति भारत को बॉटम ट्रोलिंग पर नियंत्रण करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह रणनीति भारतीय पक्ष को कमजोर करती है भारत नीली क्रांति योजना के तहत गहरे समुद्रों में मछली पकड़ने को प्रोत्साहित कर रहा है जिससे पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में नकारात्मक प्रभाव नहीं पडेगा कच्चा तिवु जो कि पट्टे पर दिया गया है अतः इस पर पुनः सहमति बनाने की आवश्यकता है| यह संभव है कि दोनों देश लाइसेंस प्राप्त मछुआरों को कच्चा तिवु में स्थान निर्दिष्ट करें| ताकि मछुआरे अपने अपने स्टोरेज बना सकें| भारत और श्रीलंका को फेरी सेवाओं को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि नागरिकों के बीच नकारात्मक तनाव कम किया जा सके| उपरोक्त पहलों को अपनाने से भारत श्रीलंका के मध्य सम्बन्धों को सकारात्मक दिशा दी जा सकती है|
|
##Question:विविध कारणों से 2009 के बाद मछुआरों को लेकर भारत श्रीलंका के सम्बन्धों में पुनः तनाव उत्पन्न हुए हैं| इस संदर्भ में भारत और श्रीलंका के लिए आवश्यक रणनीति की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Tensions have arisen again in India-Sri Lanka relations regarding fishermen after 2009 due to various reasons. Outline the necessary strategy for India and Sri Lanka in this context. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मछुआर्रों के विवाद की पृष्ठभूमि को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में 2009 के बाद मछुआरों को लेकर भारत श्रीलंका के सम्बन्धों में पुनः तनाव उत्पन्न होने के कारणों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में भारत और श्रीलंका के लिए आवश्यक रणनीति की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| भारत और श्रीलंका के बीच मछुआरों को लेकर समय समय पर तनाव उत्पन्न होते रहते हैं जिसका महत्त्व कारण समुद्री क्षेत्र में सीमांकन की अस्पष्टता है| 1970 के दशक में भारत और श्रीलंका के बीच पाक खाड़ी, मन्नार खाड़ी और बंगाल की खाड़ी में अन्तराष्ट्रीय सीमाओं का सीमांकन किया गया था| इसी दौरान 1974 और 1976 में दो समुद्री सीमा समझौते हुए|मानवरहित कच्चा तिवु द्वीप जिस पर भारतीय तमिल प्रयुक्त करते थे 1974 में श्रीलंका को दे दिया गया किन्तु इसके सन्दर्भ में संविधान संशोधन नहीं किया गया| इसके कारण भारतीय मछुआरों को श्रीलंका सरकार द्वारा गिरफ्तार कर लिया जाता है उन्हें लगता है कि ये मछुआरे श्रीलंका विरोधी शक्तियों को सहायता पहुचाते है| श्रीलंका में LTTE के विरुद्ध हुए गृहयुद्ध के दौरान मछुआरों के आवगमन को रोक दिया गया था किन्तु भारतीय मछुआरे इस दौरान भी सक्रिय रहे| जिस कारण से वर्ष 2005 से 2009 के बीच विवादों में कमी आई किन्तु वर्ष 2009 के बाद मछुआरों को लेकर तनाव पुनः उत्पन्न हुए हैं| सम्बन्धों में पुनः तनाव उत्पन्न होने के कारण श्रीलंका का तर्क है कि भारतीय मछुआरे 1976 के समझौते का उल्लंघन कर श्रीलंका सीमा में प्रवेश करके मछलियाँ पकड़ते हैं भारत द्वारा ट्रालर प्रणाली के माध्यम से मछली पकड़ने से समुद्री पर्यावरण को नुक्सान पहुंचता है भारत का पक्ष है कि वह अपने क्षेत्र में मछलियाँ पकड़ता है जबकि श्रीलंका की सेना मछुआरों को अवैधानिक तरीके से गिरफ्तार करती है दक्षिण भारतीय प्रांत विशेषकर तमिलनाडु की जनता 1974 में हुए समझौते को स्वीकार नहीं करती और वह कच्चा तिवु पर अपना अधिकार मानती है दोनों देशों के बीच मतों में असहमति के बावजूद समुद्री सीमा के समाधान हेतु कूटनीतिक प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं समुद्री विवाद समाप्त करने हेतु भारत और श्रीलंका के लिए आवश्यक रणनीति भारत को बॉटम ट्रोलिंग पर नियंत्रण करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह रणनीति भारतीय पक्ष को कमजोर करती है भारत नीली क्रांति योजना के तहत गहरे समुद्रों में मछली पकड़ने को प्रोत्साहित कर रहा है जिससे पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में नकारात्मक प्रभाव नहीं पडेगा कच्चा तिवु जो कि पट्टे पर दिया गया है अतः इस पर पुनः सहमति बनाने की आवश्यकता है| यह संभव है कि दोनों देश लाइसेंस प्राप्त मछुआरों को कच्चा तिवु में स्थान निर्दिष्ट करें| ताकि मछुआरे अपने अपने स्टोरेज बना सकें| भारत और श्रीलंका को फेरी सेवाओं को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि नागरिकों के बीच नकारात्मक तनाव कम किया जा सके| उपरोक्त पहलों को अपनाने से भारत श्रीलंका के मध्य सम्बन्धों को सकारात्मक दिशा दी जा सकती है|
| 69,329
|
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
|
##Question:मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
| 69,334
|
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
|
##Question:मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
| 69,335
|
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
|
##Question:मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
| 69,336
|
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
|
##Question:मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से आप क्या समझते हैं? मृदा के संस्तरों का वर्गीकरण करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by soil profile? Classify soil profile and describe their characteristics. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: उत्तर के पहले भाग में, मृदा परिच्छेदिका को परिभाषित करते हुए उसकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताइए| अगले भाग में, मृदा संस्तर को बताते हुए, विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तरों का उल्लेख कीजिए तथा उनकी विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए| इसमें विभिन्न संस्तरों को दर्शाते हुए चित्र/डायग्राम को दिखाना अनिवार्य होना चाहिए| उत्तर: भूतल तथा उसके नीचे स्थित आधारी शैल के ऊपरी भाग के मध्य स्थित समस्त मृदा मंडल के लंबवत स्तरों को सामूहिक रूप से मृदा परिच्छेदिका(Soil Profile) कहते हैं| मृदा परिच्छेदिका मृदा के संघटकों के लंबवत वितरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसकी निम्न विशेषताएं होती है- मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर सामान्यतः जैविक पदार्थों, जीवित जीवो की संख्या, जीवित जीवो के कार्यकलापों आदि में क्रमशः कमी होती जाती है| मिट्टियों में स्थित वायु की मात्रा गहराई के साथ कम होती जाती है| ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर खनिजों की संख्या तथा उनके प्रकारों में वृद्धि होती जाती है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में ऊपर से नीचे जाने पर मृदा में स्थित जल/नमी की मात्रा में वृद्धि या कमी की कोई निश्चित प्रवृत्ति नहीं होती है क्योंकि विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मृदा में स्थित जल की मात्रा में पर्याप्त उतार-चढ़ाव होता रहता है| मृदा परिच्छेदिका में मृदा संघटकों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं एवं गुणों में गहराई के साथ होने वाले परिवर्तन सामान्य, सरल, क्रमिक तथा समान नहीं होते हैं क्योंकि कई जैविक प्रक्रियाएं तथा जीवित जीव मृदा परिच्छेदिका में पदार्थों का नीचे से ऊपर तथा ऊपर से नीचे तक परिवहन, वितरण तथा पुनर्वितरण करते रहते हैं| इसके कारण मृदा की परिच्छेदिका की विभिन्न गहराइयों पर मिट्टियों के विभिन्न गुणों तथा विशेषताओं के प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में बदलाव आ जाता है| मृदा संस्तर(Soil Horizons): मृदा परिच्छेदिका में भौतिक एवं रासायनिक संगठन, जैविक तत्वों, मृदा संरचना आदि की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं वाले स्तरों या संस्तरों या उपमंडलों को मृदा संस्तर कहते हैं| एक मृदा परिच्छेदिका के विभिन्न संस्तरों की भौतिक, रासायनिक, जैविक, अजैविक एवं संरचनात्मक विशेषताओं में पर्याप्त अंतर होता है| इन संस्तरों के विकास में क्षेत्र विशेष की जलवायु, वनस्पति, जंतु तथा उच्चावच एवं इनमें होने वाली आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं का प्रमुख हाथ होता है| विभिन्न प्रकार के मृदा संस्तर: जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर/"O" लेयर- किसी भी मृदा परिच्छेदिका का सबसे ऊपरी स्तर जैविक संस्तर/कार्बनिक संस्तर कहलाता है| इसके अंतर्गत जीवित या मृत जैविक पदार्थों की बहुलता होती है| इन जैविक संस्तरों का पौधों एवं जंतुओं से प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के संचयन से निर्माण होता है| इसके ऊपरी भाग का निर्माण मौलिक वनस्पति के पदार्थों द्वारा होता है जिसमें ताजे पत्तियों का ढेर या आंशिक रूप से विघटित पत्तियों के ढेर शामिल होते हैं| इसके निचले भाग में पौधों एवं जंतुओं के परिवर्तित अवशेष शामिल होते हैं जिसमें पौधों एवं जंतुओं के मृत भागों का वियोजन तथा महीनीकरण द्वारा रूपांतरण होता है| इन वियोजित जैविक पदार्थों को ह्यूमस भी कहा जाता है| हालांकि "O" लेयर में ह्यूमस के अपघटन की प्रक्रिया नहीं होती है| ह्यूमस निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ही ह्यूमसीकरण कहते हैं| "A" संस्तर- यह सबसे ऊपरी परत है जहां पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए अनिवार्य जैविक पदार्थों का खनिज पदार्थों, पोषक तत्वों एवं जल से संयोग होता है| इस परत में जलवायु तथा वनस्पति दशाओं में भिन्नता के कारण जैविक संसाधनों की मात्रा में भिन्नता होती है| इस परत के ऊपरी भाग में ह्यूमस की प्रधानता होती है जबकि निचले भाग में जैव-तत्वों की अधिकता होती है| इसके निचले भाग में जल के द्वारा ह्यूमस का स्थानांतरण होता है इसलिए इसे अपवहन क्षेत्र(Eluviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "B" संस्तर- यह "A" संस्तर तथा "B" संस्तर के मध्य संक्रमण क्षेत्र होता है जिसे नीचे तथा ऊपर दोनों संस्तरों से पदार्थों की प्राप्ति होती है| इसे उप-मृदा भी कहा जाता है| इनमें कुछ जैविक पदार्थ होते हैं परंतु खनिज पदार्थ का अपक्षय स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगोचर होता है| इसके निचले भाग में कोलाइड बहुत अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं| इस संस्तर में खनिजों खासकर सिलिकेट, मृतिका खनिज तथा जैविक पदार्थों का सर्वाधिक विनिक्षेपण होता है| इसी कारण से इस संस्तर को विनिक्षेपण मंडल(illuviation Zone) कहा जाता है| "C" संस्तर- "C" संस्तर की रचना ढीली एवं मूल चट्टानों से होती है| यह आधार शैल के अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से बने हुए ढीले तथा असंगठित पदार्थ होते हैं| यह परत मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रथम अवस्था होती है और अंततः ऊपर की दो परतें इसी से बनती हैं| इस संस्तर की विशेषताएं आधार शैल की विशेषताओं पर निर्भर करती है| "D" या "R" संस्तर- इन 3 संस्तरों के नीचे एक चट्टान होती है जिसे जनक अथवा आधारी चट्टान कहा जाता है| मिट्टियों के नीचे स्थित संगठित, दृढ़ एवं कठोर आधार शैल के मंडल को "D" या "R" संस्तर कहा जाता है| NOTE- मृदा संस्तरों को वर्गीकृत करते हुए अनिवार्यतः चित्र/डायग्राम दीजिए।
| 69,337
|
Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
|
##Question:Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
| 69,352
|
Give an account of the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about mineral and energy resources In body give the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India Conclude briefly. (Note - Students should make use of maps) Answer: Minerals are substances naturally formed in the Earth. Minerals are typically solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure and are formed by geological processes. It can be metallic and non-metallic.Metallic Minerals - It can be ferrous (Iron, Nickel) and non-ferrous minerals (Copper, Bauxite). Non-Metallic Minerals - These can be organic or energy minerals (coal, petroleum) and inorganic minerals (Mica, Graphite, Limestone). Energy resources are all forms of fuels used in the modern world, either for heating, generation of electrical energy, or for other forms of energy conversion processes. These can include coal, gas, etc Distribution of Minerals - World: Iron Ore: Ores of Iron are Magnetite, Haematite, Limonite, Siderite Magnetite is of igneous nature and haematite, limonite and siderite is of sedimentary nature Major Regions - Around Lake Region in the USA, Russia, etc Manganese: It is used to make alloys, especially steel The ore of manganese is pyrolusite Unlike iron, manganese is not widespread But found mostly in South America, India, Africa, etc Copper: The major ore of copper is chalcopyrite Mainly found in Canada in North America, in Peru and Chile in South America; Katanga in Africa, etc Aluminium and Bauxite: India is one of the largest producers of Bauxite Other producers are the USA, Africa, Australia, etc Gold Mines: Found around Alaska, California in North America and South Africa Tin: Found in South East Asia; Nigeria, etc Energy Sources - World Coal: Peat is the lowest quality of coal where carbon is less than 38% More carbon content than peat is found in Lignite and bituminous (45-85% of carbon) Anthracite has more than 95% of carbon A large presence of coal is in the USA, China, Russia, etc Oil Fields: It is found around the continental shelf Gulf Coast in North America; Maracaibo in South America; the North Sea (Brent Crude) in Europe and most of West Asia, Russia, etc Shale Gas: Shale gas is the same as natural gas It is present in Shale rocks which are sedimentary rocks China has the highest reserves, followed by Argentina, Algeria, the USA, etc Uranium - Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc Distribution of Minerals - India: Iron - Found in states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, etc Manganese and Bauxite - Odisha has the richest deposits Copper - It is found in the central belt; Most famous in Chattisgarh, Rajasthan (Khetri Mines), etc Mica - India is the largest producer of Mica; popular ores are Muscovite and Biotite; Jharkhand and Bihar are major sources Gold - Kolar Gold Fields; Hutti Gold mines; Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh, etc Energy Sources - India Coal - Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, etc as Gondwana Coals Tertiary Coals - Found in Neyveli and Kashmir Petroleum and gas - Assam region such as Digboi, Numaligarh, etc; Mumbai High, Gujrat, Krishna-Godavari Delta, Kaveri Delta Shale Gas - found in sedimentary basins such as Cambay Basin; Damodar basin; Ganga Basin; Krishna-Godavari basin, Cauvery Basin, etc Uranium Mines - Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh; Jaduguda in Jharkhand; Mogarra in Maharashtra, etc Thorium - Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, etc There are issues related to mining in India with respect to pollution, administration, social issues, infrastructure, etc. So, we need to adopt a sustainable policy so that the vast natural resources can be used in a sustainable way for the development and growth of the country.
|
##Question:Give an account of the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about mineral and energy resources In body give the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India Conclude briefly. (Note - Students should make use of maps) Answer: Minerals are substances naturally formed in the Earth. Minerals are typically solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure and are formed by geological processes. It can be metallic and non-metallic.Metallic Minerals - It can be ferrous (Iron, Nickel) and non-ferrous minerals (Copper, Bauxite). Non-Metallic Minerals - These can be organic or energy minerals (coal, petroleum) and inorganic minerals (Mica, Graphite, Limestone). Energy resources are all forms of fuels used in the modern world, either for heating, generation of electrical energy, or for other forms of energy conversion processes. These can include coal, gas, etc Distribution of Minerals - World: Iron Ore: Ores of Iron are Magnetite, Haematite, Limonite, Siderite Magnetite is of igneous nature and haematite, limonite and siderite is of sedimentary nature Major Regions - Around Lake Region in the USA, Russia, etc Manganese: It is used to make alloys, especially steel The ore of manganese is pyrolusite Unlike iron, manganese is not widespread But found mostly in South America, India, Africa, etc Copper: The major ore of copper is chalcopyrite Mainly found in Canada in North America, in Peru and Chile in South America; Katanga in Africa, etc Aluminium and Bauxite: India is one of the largest producers of Bauxite Other producers are the USA, Africa, Australia, etc Gold Mines: Found around Alaska, California in North America and South Africa Tin: Found in South East Asia; Nigeria, etc Energy Sources - World Coal: Peat is the lowest quality of coal where carbon is less than 38% More carbon content than peat is found in Lignite and bituminous (45-85% of carbon) Anthracite has more than 95% of carbon A large presence of coal is in the USA, China, Russia, etc Oil Fields: It is found around the continental shelf Gulf Coast in North America; Maracaibo in South America; the North Sea (Brent Crude) in Europe and most of West Asia, Russia, etc Shale Gas: Shale gas is the same as natural gas It is present in Shale rocks which are sedimentary rocks China has the highest reserves, followed by Argentina, Algeria, the USA, etc Uranium - Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc Distribution of Minerals - India: Iron - Found in states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, etc Manganese and Bauxite - Odisha has the richest deposits Copper - It is found in the central belt; Most famous in Chattisgarh, Rajasthan (Khetri Mines), etc Mica - India is the largest producer of Mica; popular ores are Muscovite and Biotite; Jharkhand and Bihar are major sources Gold - Kolar Gold Fields; Hutti Gold mines; Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh, etc Energy Sources - India Coal - Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, etc as Gondwana Coals Tertiary Coals - Found in Neyveli and Kashmir Petroleum and gas - Assam region such as Digboi, Numaligarh, etc; Mumbai High, Gujrat, Krishna-Godavari Delta, Kaveri Delta Shale Gas - found in sedimentary basins such as Cambay Basin; Damodar basin; Ganga Basin; Krishna-Godavari basin, Cauvery Basin, etc Uranium Mines - Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh; Jaduguda in Jharkhand; Mogarra in Maharashtra, etc Thorium - Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, etc There are issues related to mining in India with respect to pollution, administration, social issues, infrastructure, etc. So, we need to adopt a sustainable policy so that the vast natural resources can be used in a sustainable way for the development and growth of the country.
| 69,359
|
Define poverty. Briefly discuss Rangarajan Committee"s recommendation on Poverty estimation in India. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction: briefly write what is poverty and two terms to measure the level of poverty body: explain in detail the two terms that are relative and absolute poverty Further, explain the Rangarajan committee Give a general Conclusion paragraph Answer: Poverty is an economic condition where humans experience a lack of certain commodities essential for stable living. Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty are two terms used to measure this poverty level. Absolute poverty: Absolute Poverty is used to describe a condition where an individual does not have the financial means to obtain commodities to sustain life. It is poverty as determined under the set standards. The standards remain the same in space and time unless they are modified by some authority. As such absolute poverty helps us in measuring and comparing poverty levels, across different regions and over periods of time For example: Absolute poverty is caused by debt, world population increases, natural disasters, conflicts, and child labour. An example of absolute poverty includes a 12-year-old boy who has never been to see a doctor or attended school. Relative poverty: Relative Poverty refers to the standard of living compared to economic standards of living within the same surroundings. It is poverty in relation to somebody else and this is more appropriately a measure of inequality. Although people living in relative poverty are to an extent well-off compared to those living in absolute poverty, they still cannot afford the same standard of life as other people in society. Example: Causes of relative poverty include unemployment, poor health, and inequalities within the labour market. An example of someone in relative poverty is a person who does not have a job and relies on government assistance to maintain. Rangarajan committee (2013): Rangarajan Committee - The committee was set up in the backdrop of national outrage over the Planning Commission’s suggested poverty line of ₹22 a day for rural areas. Objectives - To review international poverty estimation methods and indicate whether based on these, a particular method for empirical poverty estimation can be developed in India. To recommend how these estimates of poverty can be linked to eligibility and entitlements under the various schemes of the Government of India. Recommendations: Methodology Used: The Rangarajan committee estimation is based on an independent large survey of households by the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). It has also used a different methodologies wherein a household is considered poor if it is unable to save. Normative and Behavioural level: The poverty line should be based on: Normative level of adequate nutrition : Ideal and desirable level of nutrition. Behavioural determination of non-food expenses: What people use or consume as per general behaviour. Nutritional Requirement: For normative levels of adequate nutrition – average requirements of calories, proteins and fats based on Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) norms, differentiated by age, gender, and activity for all-India rural and urban regions are considered: Calories: 2090 kcal in urban areas and 2155 Kcal in rural areas. Protein: For rural areas 48 gm and for urban areas 50 gm. Fat : For urban areas 28 gm and for rural areas 26 gm. Poverty Threshold : Persons spending below ₹47 a day in cities and ₹32 in villages be considered poor. Based on this methodology, the Rangarajan committee estimated that the number of poor people was 19% higher in rural areas and 41% more in urban areas than what was estimated using the Tendulkar committee formula. Modified Mixed reference period : Instead of Mixed Reference Period (MRP), it recommended Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) in which reference periods for different items were taken as: 365-days for clothing, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods. 7-days for edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco, and intoxicants. 30-days for the remaining food items, fuel, and light, miscellaneous goods, and services including non-institutional medical; rents, and taxes. Rangarajan"s committee missed the opportunity to go beyond the expenditure-based poverty rates and examine the possibility of a wider multi-dimensional view of deprivation.
|
##Question:Define poverty. Briefly discuss Rangarajan Committee"s recommendation on Poverty estimation in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: briefly write what is poverty and two terms to measure the level of poverty body: explain in detail the two terms that are relative and absolute poverty Further, explain the Rangarajan committee Give a general Conclusion paragraph Answer: Poverty is an economic condition where humans experience a lack of certain commodities essential for stable living. Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty are two terms used to measure this poverty level. Absolute poverty: Absolute Poverty is used to describe a condition where an individual does not have the financial means to obtain commodities to sustain life. It is poverty as determined under the set standards. The standards remain the same in space and time unless they are modified by some authority. As such absolute poverty helps us in measuring and comparing poverty levels, across different regions and over periods of time For example: Absolute poverty is caused by debt, world population increases, natural disasters, conflicts, and child labour. An example of absolute poverty includes a 12-year-old boy who has never been to see a doctor or attended school. Relative poverty: Relative Poverty refers to the standard of living compared to economic standards of living within the same surroundings. It is poverty in relation to somebody else and this is more appropriately a measure of inequality. Although people living in relative poverty are to an extent well-off compared to those living in absolute poverty, they still cannot afford the same standard of life as other people in society. Example: Causes of relative poverty include unemployment, poor health, and inequalities within the labour market. An example of someone in relative poverty is a person who does not have a job and relies on government assistance to maintain. Rangarajan committee (2013): Rangarajan Committee - The committee was set up in the backdrop of national outrage over the Planning Commission’s suggested poverty line of ₹22 a day for rural areas. Objectives - To review international poverty estimation methods and indicate whether based on these, a particular method for empirical poverty estimation can be developed in India. To recommend how these estimates of poverty can be linked to eligibility and entitlements under the various schemes of the Government of India. Recommendations: Methodology Used: The Rangarajan committee estimation is based on an independent large survey of households by the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). It has also used a different methodologies wherein a household is considered poor if it is unable to save. Normative and Behavioural level: The poverty line should be based on: Normative level of adequate nutrition : Ideal and desirable level of nutrition. Behavioural determination of non-food expenses: What people use or consume as per general behaviour. Nutritional Requirement: For normative levels of adequate nutrition – average requirements of calories, proteins and fats based on Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) norms, differentiated by age, gender, and activity for all-India rural and urban regions are considered: Calories: 2090 kcal in urban areas and 2155 Kcal in rural areas. Protein: For rural areas 48 gm and for urban areas 50 gm. Fat : For urban areas 28 gm and for rural areas 26 gm. Poverty Threshold : Persons spending below ₹47 a day in cities and ₹32 in villages be considered poor. Based on this methodology, the Rangarajan committee estimated that the number of poor people was 19% higher in rural areas and 41% more in urban areas than what was estimated using the Tendulkar committee formula. Modified Mixed reference period : Instead of Mixed Reference Period (MRP), it recommended Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) in which reference periods for different items were taken as: 365-days for clothing, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods. 7-days for edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco, and intoxicants. 30-days for the remaining food items, fuel, and light, miscellaneous goods, and services including non-institutional medical; rents, and taxes. Rangarajan"s committee missed the opportunity to go beyond the expenditure-based poverty rates and examine the possibility of a wider multi-dimensional view of deprivation.
| 69,362
|
Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
|
##Question:Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
| 69,363
|
Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
|
##Question:Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
| 69,364
|
Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
|
##Question:Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
| 69,365
|
Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach : Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer : Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
|
##Question:Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer : Bureaucratic Attitude refers to the attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section and once the law or rule is brought out, there is no flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. Bureaucratic attitude sometimes hampers the spirit of Democracy because of red tape, inspector raj and corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines. Some basic attributes of this attitude involve objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Merits (i) Strict compliance of standard operating procedure (ii) Since the consultation with public is not needed so decisions can be taken quickly. (iii) It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of the hierarchical decision-making process. Demerits (i) Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets. (ii) They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. 5 GS Paper 4_1 Answer Key (iii) It is rigid; hence public service delivery may not be effective. (iv) Apathy towards common people as rule is supreme and not citizens. Democratic Attitude refers to those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the participation of people in decision making.They promote the delegation of power or authority. In place of rule and regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance and inclusiveness. Merits : It promotes the active participation of people. So it will promote and strengthen the democratic institution at the grass root level. It will make the governance system more accountable as there is active participation of people. There will be more transparency and efficient public service delivery. Demerits: As there is more participation of people in decision making. So decision making process will become slow and time consuming. There is difficulty to satisfy every section of society. Sometimes, such an attitude becomes a hindrance to the development process It is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods: Demarcating separate areas In certain areas of governance there is a need for demarcation of democratic attitude and Bureaucratic Attitude.For Example – Areas relating to public service delivery like banks and PDS shop requires democratic attitude. Those agencies which are working at ground level should have democratic attitude so that public confidence in governance process increased. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making and there is a question of national security and Sovereignty of the country there is Need of bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels and improving the ease of doing environment in the country. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility At higher levels of governance there is a requirement of bureaucratic attitude so that there is faster and more efficient decision making . At micro level there should be provisions for flexibility and more focus on inclusive public service delivery. At ground level, it will also strengthen the democratic process So, in this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
| 69,366
|
Give an account of the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about mineral and energy resources In body give the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India Conclude briefly. (Note - Students should make use of maps) Answer: Minerals are substances naturally formed in the Earth. Minerals are typically solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure and are formed by geological processes. It can be metallic and non-metallic. Metallic Minerals - It can be ferrous (Iron, Nickel) and non-ferrous minerals (Copper, Bauxite). Non-Metallic Minerals - These can be organic or energy minerals (coal, petroleum) and inorganic minerals (Mica, Graphite, Limestone). Energy resources are all forms of fuels used in the modern world, either for heating, generation of electrical energy, or for other forms of energy conversion processes. These can include coal, gas, etc Distribution of Minerals - World: Iron Ore: Ores of Iron are Magnetite, Haematite, Limonite, Siderite Magnetite is of igneous nature and haematite, limonite and siderite is of sedimentary nature Major Regions - Around Lake Region in the USA, Russia, etc Manganese: It is used to make alloys, especially steel The ore of manganese is pyrolusite Unlike iron, manganese is not widespread But found mostly in South America, India, Africa, etc Copper: The major ore of copper is chalcopyrite Mainly found in Canada in North America, in Peru and Chile in South America; Katanga in Africa, etc Aluminium and Bauxite: India is one of the largest producers of Bauxite Other producers are the USA, Africa, Australia, etc Gold Mines: Found around Alaska, California in North America and South Africa Tin: Found in South East Asia; Nigeria, etc Energy Sources - World Coal: Peat is the lowest quality of coal where carbon is less than 38% More carbon content than peat is found in Lignite and bituminous (45-85% of carbon) Anthracite has more than 95% of carbon A large presence of coal is in the USA, China, Russia, etc Oil Fields: It is found around the continental shelf Gulf Coast in North America; Maracaibo in South America; the North Sea (Brent Crude) in Europe and most of West Asia, Russia, etc Shale Gas: Shale gas is the same as natural gas It is present in Shale rocks which are sedimentary rocks China has the highest reserves, followed by Argentina, Algeria, the USA, etc Uranium - Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc Distribution of Minerals - India: Iron - Found in states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, etc Manganese and Bauxite - Odisha has the richest deposits Copper - It is found in the central belt; Most famous in Chattisgarh, Rajasthan (Khetri Mines), etc Mica - India is the largest producer of Mica; popular ores are Muscovite and Biotite; Jharkhand and Bihar are major sources Gold - Kolar Gold Fields; Hutti Gold mines; Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh, etc Energy Sources - India Coal - Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, etc as Gondwana Coals Tertiary Coals - Found in Neyveli and Kashmir Petroleum and gas - Assam region such as Digboi, Numaligarh, etc; Mumbai High, Gujrat, Krishna-Godavari Delta, Kaveri Delta Shale Gas - found in sedimentary basins such as Cambay Basin; Damodar basin; Ganga Basin; Krishna-Godavari basin, Cauvery Basin, etc Uranium Mines - Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh; Jaduguda in Jharkhand; Mogarra in Maharashtra, etc Thorium - Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, etc There are issues related to mining in India with respect to pollution, administration, social issues, infrastructure, etc. So, we need to adopt a sustainable policy so that the vast natural resources can be used in a sustainable way for the development and growth of the country.
|
##Question:Give an account of the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about mineral and energy resources In body give the distribution of the various mineral and energy resources of the world and India Conclude briefly. (Note - Students should make use of maps) Answer: Minerals are substances naturally formed in the Earth. Minerals are typically solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure and are formed by geological processes. It can be metallic and non-metallic. Metallic Minerals - It can be ferrous (Iron, Nickel) and non-ferrous minerals (Copper, Bauxite). Non-Metallic Minerals - These can be organic or energy minerals (coal, petroleum) and inorganic minerals (Mica, Graphite, Limestone). Energy resources are all forms of fuels used in the modern world, either for heating, generation of electrical energy, or for other forms of energy conversion processes. These can include coal, gas, etc Distribution of Minerals - World: Iron Ore: Ores of Iron are Magnetite, Haematite, Limonite, Siderite Magnetite is of igneous nature and haematite, limonite and siderite is of sedimentary nature Major Regions - Around Lake Region in the USA, Russia, etc Manganese: It is used to make alloys, especially steel The ore of manganese is pyrolusite Unlike iron, manganese is not widespread But found mostly in South America, India, Africa, etc Copper: The major ore of copper is chalcopyrite Mainly found in Canada in North America, in Peru and Chile in South America; Katanga in Africa, etc Aluminium and Bauxite: India is one of the largest producers of Bauxite Other producers are the USA, Africa, Australia, etc Gold Mines: Found around Alaska, California in North America and South Africa Tin: Found in South East Asia; Nigeria, etc Energy Sources - World Coal: Peat is the lowest quality of coal where carbon is less than 38% More carbon content than peat is found in Lignite and bituminous (45-85% of carbon) Anthracite has more than 95% of carbon A large presence of coal is in the USA, China, Russia, etc Oil Fields: It is found around the continental shelf Gulf Coast in North America; Maracaibo in South America; the North Sea (Brent Crude) in Europe and most of West Asia, Russia, etc Shale Gas: Shale gas is the same as natural gas It is present in Shale rocks which are sedimentary rocks China has the highest reserves, followed by Argentina, Algeria, the USA, etc Uranium - Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc Distribution of Minerals - India: Iron - Found in states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, etc Manganese and Bauxite - Odisha has the richest deposits Copper - It is found in the central belt; Most famous in Chattisgarh, Rajasthan (Khetri Mines), etc Mica - India is the largest producer of Mica; popular ores are Muscovite and Biotite; Jharkhand and Bihar are major sources Gold - Kolar Gold Fields; Hutti Gold mines; Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh, etc Energy Sources - India Coal - Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, etc as Gondwana Coals Tertiary Coals - Found in Neyveli and Kashmir Petroleum and gas - Assam region such as Digboi, Numaligarh, etc; Mumbai High, Gujrat, Krishna-Godavari Delta, Kaveri Delta Shale Gas - found in sedimentary basins such as Cambay Basin; Damodar basin; Ganga Basin; Krishna-Godavari basin, Cauvery Basin, etc Uranium Mines - Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh; Jaduguda in Jharkhand; Mogarra in Maharashtra, etc Thorium - Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, etc There are issues related to mining in India with respect to pollution, administration, social issues, infrastructure, etc. So, we need to adopt a sustainable policy so that the vast natural resources can be used in a sustainable way for the development and growth of the country.
| 69,379
|
Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
| 69,388
|
Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
| 69,400
|
Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
| 69,401
|
Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude-behavior link. Giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with behavior. (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude-behavior link. Giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with behavior. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
| 69,402
|
Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link? By giving examples from your everyday life illustrate how attitude is not always consistent with the behaviour? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the attitude behaviour link In body discuss the factors affecting the attitude behaviour link Also, illustrate with examples how attitude is not always consistent with behaviour Conclude briefly Answer Attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour. However, they are not always consistent. For example, students who disapprove of tests do not cheat on the test People who are worried about global warming do not drive a big car. Also, people"s likeness for their job is not reflected through their job attendance Example of Attitude behaviour Consistency - Prejudice against a particular religious community and hence you being the landlord refused to rent your accommodation to them Lapierre Study was with respect to racial attitudes towards Chinese Couples in America. It was concluded that not always the attitude is reflected in the behaviour Factors affecting the attitude behaviours consistency: Individual: High on self-monitoring - In different situations with different people, they act in a different manner. So attitude-behaviour is inconsistent Low on self-monitoring - The behaviour of such people is usually an expression of their true feelings, attitude, belief, etc Situational factor: Attitude as a heuristic - Heuristic means that the strategies based on past experiences will lead to a solution but may not guarantee success. One has information overload, no time to contemplate before acting. Hence whatever attitude one possesses, one will act accordingly Bandwagon effect - Suppose we have an "X" attitude and others have a "Y" attitude. Those others are held in high regard, then there is very little probability of attitude-behaviour consistency Situational factor affects the strength of the attitude-behaviour link. People behave as they are expected by others to behave When norms are strong and collectively held, attitude behaviour is often inconsistent. For example, corruption in bureaucracy; juvenile deviance under peer pressure Attitude Strength: Attitude relevance - It is determined by the vested interest of an individual with respect to the attitude object. It signifies how relevant is the attitude object for the attitude holder. Attitude accessibility - How quickly attitude comes to one"s mind, once the person looks at the attitude object How have you acquired attitude - If the attitude is acquired due to direct exposure to the attitude object, it will be strong Attitude specificity - Specific attitude is stronger than general attitude. For example, are you religious? How often do you visit the temple? Do you value peace versus will you participate in the peaceful protest, etc A prominent example of how attitude is not always consistent with behavior can be as follows. For example, we cherish the idea of environment protection and against corruption. However, we might not participate in protests against corruption or in favor of environmental protection. So, we see that there are multiple factors such as attitude strength, situational, etc which can lead to manifestation of attitude in behaviour.
| 69,403
|
Why did International Astronomical Union redefine the planet in 2006? What is the new definition of a planet? Does Pluto classify as a planet now? (150 Words/10 marks)
|
Approach : Briefly introduce the answer through contextual information regarding planets. Discuss the reasons behind redefining the planet in 2006 by IAU Write about the new definition and criteria given by IAU Describing Pluto as a dwarf planet, mention the reasons responsible for the same. Approach Answer: The word "planet" originally described "wanderers" that were known only as moving lights in the sky. Recent discoveries lead us to create a new definition, which we can make using currently available scientific information. Reasons behind redefining the planet in 2006: Modern science provides much more knowledge than the simple fact that objects orbiting the Sun appear to move with respect to the background of fixed stars. New discoveries have been made of objects in the outer regions of our Solar System that have sizes comparable to and larger than Pluto. (Noting that historically Pluto has been recognized as "the ninth planet.") Thus, these discoveries have rightfully called into question whether or not they should be considered as new "planets." The IAU, therefore, resolves that planets and other bodies, except satellites, in our Solar System be defined into three distinct categories in the following way: A planet is a celestial body that is in orbit around the Sun, has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that is in orbit around the Sun, has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite. All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" . Pluto is not a planet anymore. This is because Pluto has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit but is in orbit around the Sun and has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces. Thus, Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new category of Trans-Neptunian Objects.
|
##Question:Why did International Astronomical Union redefine the planet in 2006? What is the new definition of a planet? Does Pluto classify as a planet now? (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Briefly introduce the answer through contextual information regarding planets. Discuss the reasons behind redefining the planet in 2006 by IAU Write about the new definition and criteria given by IAU Describing Pluto as a dwarf planet, mention the reasons responsible for the same. Approach Answer: The word "planet" originally described "wanderers" that were known only as moving lights in the sky. Recent discoveries lead us to create a new definition, which we can make using currently available scientific information. Reasons behind redefining the planet in 2006: Modern science provides much more knowledge than the simple fact that objects orbiting the Sun appear to move with respect to the background of fixed stars. New discoveries have been made of objects in the outer regions of our Solar System that have sizes comparable to and larger than Pluto. (Noting that historically Pluto has been recognized as "the ninth planet.") Thus, these discoveries have rightfully called into question whether or not they should be considered as new "planets." The IAU, therefore, resolves that planets and other bodies, except satellites, in our Solar System be defined into three distinct categories in the following way: A planet is a celestial body that is in orbit around the Sun, has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that is in orbit around the Sun, has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite. All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" . Pluto is not a planet anymore. This is because Pluto has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit but is in orbit around the Sun and has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces. Thus, Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new category of Trans-Neptunian Objects.
| 69,418
|
Evaluate the usefulness of estimating poverty using the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index vis-a-vis the conventional methods of the poverty line. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction – Give brief introduction of MPI & conventional methods. Body – Evaluate usefulness of MPI in comparison to conventional methods. Conclude in brief. MPI was constructed by OPHI (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative) and it is released by UNDP. It assesses poverty at the household or individual level by measuring deprivations in 10 different criteria/dimensions related to Health, Education, and Living standards. Whereas, Poverty has traditionally been measured in one dimension, usually income or consumption. Usefulness of MPI over traditional methods: Income is not always a good guide to whether people have access to what they find valuable and necessary in life. Some important needs are not satisfied in the market, or markets function very imperfectly. In those cases, non-market institutions are required to provide for those needs. One example of this is access to clean water and education, which are sometimes provided by the state. Thus, a family may enjoy the minimum income and yet still not satisfy some basic needs. On the other hand, in certain areas with a very strong presence of the state or NGOs, households who do not reach the minimum income level may access goods and services anyway. Each household has a different capacity to convert income into satisfaction of needs. Households with disabled people, households in rural areas far away from markets and public services, and households with very low educational levels may not be able to access the basket of goods and services that in theory they should be able to access with the income they earn. Income is merely a means to ends. It is the ends which are valuable, not the means. We are interested in whether a person has certain cognitive skills, not whether she has the income to attend school. We are interested in whether a person is well nourished, not whether she has the income to be so. Income poverty is unidimensional: if we know a person is income poor that is all we know about them. Whereas if we know they are multidimensionally poor, we can then take the next step and see how they are poor – look at the deprivations they experience at the same time. This gives direct and important information for poverty reduction. Hence, it can be seen that MPI approach provides more information and aids in tackling the poverty in a more effective manner.
|
##Question:Evaluate the usefulness of estimating poverty using the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index vis-a-vis the conventional methods of the poverty line. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction – Give brief introduction of MPI & conventional methods. Body – Evaluate usefulness of MPI in comparison to conventional methods. Conclude in brief. MPI was constructed by OPHI (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative) and it is released by UNDP. It assesses poverty at the household or individual level by measuring deprivations in 10 different criteria/dimensions related to Health, Education, and Living standards. Whereas, Poverty has traditionally been measured in one dimension, usually income or consumption. Usefulness of MPI over traditional methods: Income is not always a good guide to whether people have access to what they find valuable and necessary in life. Some important needs are not satisfied in the market, or markets function very imperfectly. In those cases, non-market institutions are required to provide for those needs. One example of this is access to clean water and education, which are sometimes provided by the state. Thus, a family may enjoy the minimum income and yet still not satisfy some basic needs. On the other hand, in certain areas with a very strong presence of the state or NGOs, households who do not reach the minimum income level may access goods and services anyway. Each household has a different capacity to convert income into satisfaction of needs. Households with disabled people, households in rural areas far away from markets and public services, and households with very low educational levels may not be able to access the basket of goods and services that in theory they should be able to access with the income they earn. Income is merely a means to ends. It is the ends which are valuable, not the means. We are interested in whether a person has certain cognitive skills, not whether she has the income to attend school. We are interested in whether a person is well nourished, not whether she has the income to be so. Income poverty is unidimensional: if we know a person is income poor that is all we know about them. Whereas if we know they are multidimensionally poor, we can then take the next step and see how they are poor – look at the deprivations they experience at the same time. This gives direct and important information for poverty reduction. Hence, it can be seen that MPI approach provides more information and aids in tackling the poverty in a more effective manner.
| 69,419
|
Q. Evaluate the usefulness of estimating poverty using Multi-dimensional Poverty Index vis-a-vis the conventional method of the poverty line. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction – Give brief introduction of MPI & conventional methods. Body – Evaluate usefulness of MPI in comparison to conventional methods. Conclude in brief. MPI was constructed by OPHI (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative) and it is released by UNDP. It assesses poverty at the household or individual level by measuring deprivations in 10 different criteria/dimensions related to Health, Education, and Living standards. Whereas, Poverty has traditionally been measured in one dimension, usually income or consumption. Usefulness of MPI over traditional methods: Income is not always a good guide to whether people have access to what they find valuable and necessary in life. Some important needs are not satisfied in the market, or markets function very imperfectly. In those cases, non-market institutions are required to provide for those needs. One example of this is access to clean water and education, which are sometimes provided by the state. Thus, a family may enjoy the minimum income and yet still not satisfy some basic needs. On the other hand, in certain areas with a very strong presence of the state or NGOs, households who do not reach the minimum income level may access goods and services anyway. Each household has a different capacity to convert income into satisfaction of needs. Households with disabled people, households in rural areas far away from markets and public services, and households with very low educational levels may not be able to access the basket of goods and services that in theory they should be able to access with the income they earn. Income is merely a means to ends. It is the ends which are valuable, not the means. We are interested in whether a person has certain cognitive skills, not whether she has the income to attend school. We are interested in whether a person is well nourished, not whether she has the income to be so. Income poverty is unidimensional: if we know a person is income poor that is all we know about them. Whereas if we know they are multidimensionally poor, we can then take the next step and see how they are poor – look at the deprivations they experience at the same time. This gives direct and important information for poverty reduction. Hence, it can be seen that MPI approach provides more information and aids in tackling the poverty in a more effective manner.
|
##Question:Q. Evaluate the usefulness of estimating poverty using Multi-dimensional Poverty Index vis-a-vis the conventional method of the poverty line. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction – Give brief introduction of MPI & conventional methods. Body – Evaluate usefulness of MPI in comparison to conventional methods. Conclude in brief. MPI was constructed by OPHI (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative) and it is released by UNDP. It assesses poverty at the household or individual level by measuring deprivations in 10 different criteria/dimensions related to Health, Education, and Living standards. Whereas, Poverty has traditionally been measured in one dimension, usually income or consumption. Usefulness of MPI over traditional methods: Income is not always a good guide to whether people have access to what they find valuable and necessary in life. Some important needs are not satisfied in the market, or markets function very imperfectly. In those cases, non-market institutions are required to provide for those needs. One example of this is access to clean water and education, which are sometimes provided by the state. Thus, a family may enjoy the minimum income and yet still not satisfy some basic needs. On the other hand, in certain areas with a very strong presence of the state or NGOs, households who do not reach the minimum income level may access goods and services anyway. Each household has a different capacity to convert income into satisfaction of needs. Households with disabled people, households in rural areas far away from markets and public services, and households with very low educational levels may not be able to access the basket of goods and services that in theory they should be able to access with the income they earn. Income is merely a means to ends. It is the ends which are valuable, not the means. We are interested in whether a person has certain cognitive skills, not whether she has the income to attend school. We are interested in whether a person is well nourished, not whether she has the income to be so. Income poverty is unidimensional: if we know a person is income poor that is all we know about them. Whereas if we know they are multidimensionally poor, we can then take the next step and see how they are poor – look at the deprivations they experience at the same time. This gives direct and important information for poverty reduction. Hence, it can be seen that MPI approach provides more information and aids in tackling the poverty in a more effective manner.
| 69,420
|
India"s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach : Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. Briefly mention the way forward Answer : India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgement of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labour force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies have a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defence, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defence collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defence has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defence industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D centre for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defence) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a speciality tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries is still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
|
##Question:India"s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. Briefly mention the way forward Answer : India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgement of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labour force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies have a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defence, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defence collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defence has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defence industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D centre for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defence) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a speciality tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries is still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
| 69,421
|
"Although the insulting treaty of Versailles is recognized primarily as the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany, there are also other major reasons for the establishment of Nazism and Hitler in Germany." Explain the statement. Along with that, Mention various theories adopted by Hitler. (150 words/10 Marks)
|
Approach Introduce briefly by discussing Hitler. Discuss the emergence of Hitler and Nazism concerning the treaty of Versailles. Other reasons for the emergence of Hitler and Nazism in Germany. Discuss various theories adopted by Hitler. ANSWER Hitler - a name that does not imply a positive judgment because his actions changed the course of the world. He was responsible for starting World War 2, which resulted in the deaths of more than 50 million people. It also led to the extension of the Soviet Union’s power in eastern, central, and Balkan Europe, and marked the decisive shift of power away from western Europe toward the US and the Soviet Union. Hitler took part in World War one a common German soldier. He used to consider the treaty of Versailles which was finalized after world war one very disrespectful for Germany. The emergence of Hitler and Nazism with respect to the treaty of Versailles Germany was made to sign the very humiliating treaty of Versailles. Hitler and his Nazi party men saw an opportunity as French occupation was a humiliation and the German economy had also crashed. Germany at that time was looking for a leader who would again establish their honor. Hitler used to consider the treaty of Versailles which was finalized after world war one very disrespectful for Germany. He announced that the major reason for the defeat of Germany in world war one was the Weimar republic and cowardly leaders of Germany. Later he took membership in National Socialist German Workers" Party was also known as the Nazi party. In 1933 he became the chancellor. Other reasons for the emergence of Hitler and Nazism in Germany. · Anti-democracy sentiments – Germany had emerged to power as a top power in Europe under a strong and centralized system of government where the Kaiser and chancellor had most powers while parliament was weak. · Instability of Weimar republic – Germany had adopted a system of proportional representation under the Weimar constitution which led to a series of coalition govt which were unstable. · Private armies – each political party developed their army and political parties resolved their disputes by fighting on the streets. The treaty of Versailles had disarmed Germany and thus Weimar republic was unable to provide law and order stability therefore the popularity of the govt further decreased – violence in the streets especially increased post-1929 (great depression ) · Communist and nationalist – both attacked the Weimar republic which decreased the popularity of the Weimar republic. · The Weimar republic failed to resolve economic problems sustainably – From 1919- 23 it struggled to resolve issues of huge war reparations. · Fear of communism - Great depression 1929 was proof for communists that capitalism is unsustainable and has failed the poor section. · The communists blamed capitalism for WWI as it was rivalry for colonies which provided cheap raw materials and export markets for capitalists that led to WWI so the communist wanted an end to capitalism. Therefore, the bourgeoise i.e., industrialists and middle class and property owners supported Hitler as they saw him as a savior from communism. · Hitlers" abilities or charisma, he was a great orator, a man of unending energy and ambition, and his propaganda was very effective especially in the economic context of post-1929 Germany. Various theories adopted by Hitler The program of the new movement was summed up in a few guiding principles, twenty-five in all. They are in a sense a political creed, which on the one hand recruits for the movement and on the other is suited to unite and weld together by a commonly recognized obligation of those who have been recruited. Some of them are – · German people have rights equal to those of other nations; and that the Peace Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain shall be abrogated. · Those who are not citizens must live in Germany as foreigners and must be subject to the law of aliens. · The right to choose the government and determine the laws of the State shall belong only to citizens. We, therefore, demand that no public office, of whatever nature, whether in the central government, the province, or the municipality, shall be held by anyone who is not a citizen. · State shall above all undertake to ensure that every citizen shall have the possibility of living decently and earning a livelihood. If it should not be possible to feed the whole population, then aliens (non-citizens) must be expelled from the Reich. · Any further immigration of non-Germans must be prevented. We demand that all non-Germans who have entered Germany since August 2, 1914, shall be compelled to leave the Reich immediately. · All citizens must possess equal rights and duties. · The first duty of every citizen must be to work mentally or physically. No individual shall do any work that offends against the interest of the community to the benefit of all. · Nationalization of all trusts. · Abolition of the regular army and the creation of a national (folk) army. · Freedom for all religious faiths in the state, insofar as they do not endanger its existence or offend the moral and ethical sense of the Germanic race. · Common good before individual good.
|
##Question:"Although the insulting treaty of Versailles is recognized primarily as the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany, there are also other major reasons for the establishment of Nazism and Hitler in Germany." Explain the statement. Along with that, Mention various theories adopted by Hitler. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly by discussing Hitler. Discuss the emergence of Hitler and Nazism concerning the treaty of Versailles. Other reasons for the emergence of Hitler and Nazism in Germany. Discuss various theories adopted by Hitler. ANSWER Hitler - a name that does not imply a positive judgment because his actions changed the course of the world. He was responsible for starting World War 2, which resulted in the deaths of more than 50 million people. It also led to the extension of the Soviet Union’s power in eastern, central, and Balkan Europe, and marked the decisive shift of power away from western Europe toward the US and the Soviet Union. Hitler took part in World War one a common German soldier. He used to consider the treaty of Versailles which was finalized after world war one very disrespectful for Germany. The emergence of Hitler and Nazism with respect to the treaty of Versailles Germany was made to sign the very humiliating treaty of Versailles. Hitler and his Nazi party men saw an opportunity as French occupation was a humiliation and the German economy had also crashed. Germany at that time was looking for a leader who would again establish their honor. Hitler used to consider the treaty of Versailles which was finalized after world war one very disrespectful for Germany. He announced that the major reason for the defeat of Germany in world war one was the Weimar republic and cowardly leaders of Germany. Later he took membership in National Socialist German Workers" Party was also known as the Nazi party. In 1933 he became the chancellor. Other reasons for the emergence of Hitler and Nazism in Germany. · Anti-democracy sentiments – Germany had emerged to power as a top power in Europe under a strong and centralized system of government where the Kaiser and chancellor had most powers while parliament was weak. · Instability of Weimar republic – Germany had adopted a system of proportional representation under the Weimar constitution which led to a series of coalition govt which were unstable. · Private armies – each political party developed their army and political parties resolved their disputes by fighting on the streets. The treaty of Versailles had disarmed Germany and thus Weimar republic was unable to provide law and order stability therefore the popularity of the govt further decreased – violence in the streets especially increased post-1929 (great depression ) · Communist and nationalist – both attacked the Weimar republic which decreased the popularity of the Weimar republic. · The Weimar republic failed to resolve economic problems sustainably – From 1919- 23 it struggled to resolve issues of huge war reparations. · Fear of communism - Great depression 1929 was proof for communists that capitalism is unsustainable and has failed the poor section. · The communists blamed capitalism for WWI as it was rivalry for colonies which provided cheap raw materials and export markets for capitalists that led to WWI so the communist wanted an end to capitalism. Therefore, the bourgeoise i.e., industrialists and middle class and property owners supported Hitler as they saw him as a savior from communism. · Hitlers" abilities or charisma, he was a great orator, a man of unending energy and ambition, and his propaganda was very effective especially in the economic context of post-1929 Germany. Various theories adopted by Hitler The program of the new movement was summed up in a few guiding principles, twenty-five in all. They are in a sense a political creed, which on the one hand recruits for the movement and on the other is suited to unite and weld together by a commonly recognized obligation of those who have been recruited. Some of them are – · German people have rights equal to those of other nations; and that the Peace Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain shall be abrogated. · Those who are not citizens must live in Germany as foreigners and must be subject to the law of aliens. · The right to choose the government and determine the laws of the State shall belong only to citizens. We, therefore, demand that no public office, of whatever nature, whether in the central government, the province, or the municipality, shall be held by anyone who is not a citizen. · State shall above all undertake to ensure that every citizen shall have the possibility of living decently and earning a livelihood. If it should not be possible to feed the whole population, then aliens (non-citizens) must be expelled from the Reich. · Any further immigration of non-Germans must be prevented. We demand that all non-Germans who have entered Germany since August 2, 1914, shall be compelled to leave the Reich immediately. · All citizens must possess equal rights and duties. · The first duty of every citizen must be to work mentally or physically. No individual shall do any work that offends against the interest of the community to the benefit of all. · Nationalization of all trusts. · Abolition of the regular army and the creation of a national (folk) army. · Freedom for all religious faiths in the state, insofar as they do not endanger its existence or offend the moral and ethical sense of the Germanic race. · Common good before individual good.
| 69,434
|
प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध पश्चात हुए पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन के संदर्भ में, विजेता राष्ट्रों के समक्ष चुनौतियों का जिक्र कीजिये| साथ ही, पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन के परिणामों पर आलोचनात्मक टिप्पणी कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) In the context of the Paris Peace Conference after the First World War, Mention the challenges before the winning nations. Also, Critically Comment on the consequences of the Paris Peace Conference. (150–200 Words; 10 Marks)
|
एप्रोच- प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध का अंत तथा पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन की पृष्ठभूमि को दर्शाते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| पहले भाग में, पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन में, विजेता राष्ट्रों के समक्ष चुनौतियों का जिक्र कीजिये| अगले भाग में पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन के उपलब्धियों तथा आलोचना के तर्कों को स्पष्ट कीजिये| निष्कर्ष में, इसी शांति सम्मेलन को अशांति के जनक के रूप में दर्शाते हुए अगले विश्वयुद्ध में इसकी भूमिका के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध की भयानक विभीषिका के पश्चात विजेता मित्रराष्ट्रों( ब्रिटेन, फ्रांस, अमेरिका आदि) ने पराजित धुरी राष्ट्रों तथा उनके सहयोगियों(जर्मनी, ऑस्ट्रिया, हंगरी, बुल्गारिया, तुर्की आदि) के साथ पेरिस में 1919 में एक शांति सम्मेलन का आयोजन किया | इस सम्मेलन में, बिग फोर- अमेरिका(विल्सन), ब्रिटेन(लॉयड जॉर्ज),फ़्रांस(क्लेमांसो), इटली(ओरलेंडो) की अहम् भूमिका थी| इस सम्मेलन में विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के साथ पांच संधियाँ की गयी थीं- वर्साय की संधि(जर्मनी); सेंट जर्मेन की संधि(ऑस्ट्रिया); त्रिआनों की संधि(हंगरी); नुइली की संधि(बुल्गारिया); सेव्र की संधि(तुर्की); शांति सम्मेलन का उद्देश्य बहुत हद तक विजेता शक्तियों के उद्देश्य से संचालित था| इन संधियों के फलस्वरूप यूरोप के मानचित्र में परिवर्तन लाया गया जिससे अनेक समस्याओं का जन्म हुआ| पेरिस सम्मेलन में विजेता राष्ट्रों के समक्ष चुनौतियाँ संधि के शर्तों को लेकर प्रमुख शक्तियों के हितों का आपस में टकराना जैसे- ब्रिटेन जहाँ जर्मनी के साथ एक उदार संधि चाहता था क्योंकि समृद्ध जर्मनी से ब्रिटिश वस्तुओं के आयात-निर्यात हेतु उसे एक बड़ा बाजार मिलता वहीँ फ्रांस का मुख्य उद्देश्य जर्मनी को कमजोर करना था एवं वह उससे कठोर संधि के पक्ष में था| ब्रिटेन लोकतंत्र तथा आत्मनिर्णय के सम्मान के पक्ष में था हालाँकि ब्रिटेन यूरोप में शांति स्थापना के लिए कम और औपनिवेशिक हितों की सुरक्षा के लिए ज्यादा तत्पर था| अमेरिका द्वारा 14 सूत्री सिद्धातों के माध्यम से विश्व-व्यवस्था बनाना तथा राष्ट्रीयता तथा आत्मनिर्णय के सिद्धांतों को महत्त्व देना वहीँ फ्रांस द्वारा अमेरिकी उदारतावाद एवं आदर्शवाद पर व्यंग्य करना जिससे संधि के एंटी प्रारूप में भी विल्सन के उपरोक्त सिद्धांतों को कोई खास महत्त्व ना मिलना; सम्मेलन की कार्रवाई का गुप्त या खुले रूप से संचालन को लेकर मतभेद; शांति सम्मेलन में गुप्त संधियों को कितना महत्त्व देने का मुद्दा; उपनिवेशवाद, हथियारों की प्रतिस्पर्धा तथा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विवादों के समाधान के लिए व्यवस्था बनाने का मुद्दा; इस प्रकार पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन चार बड़े राष्ट्रों के सिद्धांतों तथा उनके राष्ट्राध्यक्षों के व्यक्तित्व का संघर्ष भी दिखाई देता है| ब्रिटेन(लॉयड जॉर्ज) तथा फ़्रांस(क्लेमांसो) जहाँ बदले की भावना से ग्रस्त थें वहीँ, अमेरिका(विल्सन) आदर्शवाद तथा नैतिकता की दुहाई देकर पराजितों के कष्टों को कम करने के पक्ष में था| संधि के प्रावधानों में विल्सन के आदर्शवाद की तुलना में क्लिमेंसो का यथार्थवाद कहीं अधिक प्रभावी सिद्ध हुआ था| पेरिस सम्मेलन की उपलब्धियाँ समकालीन परिस्थितियों में संधि का होना ही एक बड़ी उपलब्धि थी| संधि के प्रावधानों के निर्धारण में तथा राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं के निर्धारण में राष्ट्रीयता एवं आत्मनिर्णय के सिद्धांतों को महत्व दिया जाना जैसे- जनमत संग्रह के माध्यम से उत्तरी श्लेस्विग डेनमार्क को तथा दक्षिणी श्लेस्विग जर्मनी को देना; ऑस्ट्रिया से हंगरी, पोलैंड, चेकोस्लोवाकिया तथा युगोस्लाविया की स्वतंत्रता; बाल्टिक क्षेत्र में एस्टोनिया, लाटविया तथा लिथुआनिया को स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र का दर्जा आदि; सभी राष्ट्रों से अल्पसंख्यकों के सुरक्षा के संदर्भ में समझौते; अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विवादों के समाधान तथा शांति-व्यवस्था बनाये रखने के लिए राष्ट्रसंघ नामक संस्था का गठन; गुप्त कूटनीति को महत्व ना देना तथा ओपन डिप्लोमेसी का समर्थन; पेरिस सम्मेलन की आलोचनाएँ इसकी सर्वाधिक मुखर आलोचना यह थी कि 20 वर्षों के भीतर ही द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध की शुरुआत हो गयी| राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं के पुनर्निर्धारण के प्रत्येक मामलों में राष्ट्रीयता के सिद्धांतों तथा आत्मनिर्णय के अधिकारों को महत्व नहीं दिया गया था जैसे- सार क्षेत्र का फ़्रांस को सौंपा जाना; डेन्जिंग को जर्मनी से छिनना आदि| अल्पसंख्यकों की समस्याएँ बने रहना; उपनिवेशों की समस्या का तार्किक समाधान ना होने के कारण उपनिवेशों के साथ-साथ साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों में भी असंतोष; जापान, इटली जैसे विजेता राष्ट्रों में असंतोष; प्रतिशोध की राजनीति को बढ़ावा जिससे हिटलर का उदय तथा द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध का प्रारंभ ; राष्ट्रसंघ को मजबूत संस्था के रूप में स्थापित करने में सम्मेलन की विफलता; वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि के साथ राष्ट्रसंघ का प्रावधान अपने आप में ही बड़ी गलती थी| पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन में जो भी संधियाँ की गयी वे ही समय के साथ अशांति के सबसे बड़े जनक के रूप में उभरकर सामने आई| जर्मनी को प्रादेशिक प्रावधान, सैन्य प्रावधान आदि के माध्यम से जहाँ पंगु बनाने के प्रयास किया गया तथा युद्ध के लिए जर्मनी को दोषी मानकर मुआवजे की एक बड़ी राशि उससे ली गयी| शांति सम्मेलन में जर्मन प्रतिनिधियों के साथ अपराधियों जैसा व्यवहार करके जर्मन राष्ट्रवाद को उद्धेलित किया गया| जर्मनी के साथ, वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि ने फासीवादी विचारधारा को बढ़ावा दिया जिससे जर्मनी में हिटलर का उदय हुआ वहीँ इटली का भी असंतुष्ट रहना आगामी तनाव का कारण बना| एक प्रकार से वर्साय की संधि जर्मन राष्ट्र का अपमान था तथा इस अपमान को आधार बनाकर हिटलर का जर्मन राजनीति में उदय हुआ जिसे द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध हेतु प्रमुख उत्तरदायी कारक माना जाता है|
|
##Question:प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध पश्चात हुए पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन के संदर्भ में, विजेता राष्ट्रों के समक्ष चुनौतियों का जिक्र कीजिये| साथ ही, पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन के परिणामों पर आलोचनात्मक टिप्पणी कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) In the context of the Paris Peace Conference after the First World War, Mention the challenges before the winning nations. Also, Critically Comment on the consequences of the Paris Peace Conference. (150–200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध का अंत तथा पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन की पृष्ठभूमि को दर्शाते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| पहले भाग में, पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन में, विजेता राष्ट्रों के समक्ष चुनौतियों का जिक्र कीजिये| अगले भाग में पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन के उपलब्धियों तथा आलोचना के तर्कों को स्पष्ट कीजिये| निष्कर्ष में, इसी शांति सम्मेलन को अशांति के जनक के रूप में दर्शाते हुए अगले विश्वयुद्ध में इसकी भूमिका के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध की भयानक विभीषिका के पश्चात विजेता मित्रराष्ट्रों( ब्रिटेन, फ्रांस, अमेरिका आदि) ने पराजित धुरी राष्ट्रों तथा उनके सहयोगियों(जर्मनी, ऑस्ट्रिया, हंगरी, बुल्गारिया, तुर्की आदि) के साथ पेरिस में 1919 में एक शांति सम्मेलन का आयोजन किया | इस सम्मेलन में, बिग फोर- अमेरिका(विल्सन), ब्रिटेन(लॉयड जॉर्ज),फ़्रांस(क्लेमांसो), इटली(ओरलेंडो) की अहम् भूमिका थी| इस सम्मेलन में विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के साथ पांच संधियाँ की गयी थीं- वर्साय की संधि(जर्मनी); सेंट जर्मेन की संधि(ऑस्ट्रिया); त्रिआनों की संधि(हंगरी); नुइली की संधि(बुल्गारिया); सेव्र की संधि(तुर्की); शांति सम्मेलन का उद्देश्य बहुत हद तक विजेता शक्तियों के उद्देश्य से संचालित था| इन संधियों के फलस्वरूप यूरोप के मानचित्र में परिवर्तन लाया गया जिससे अनेक समस्याओं का जन्म हुआ| पेरिस सम्मेलन में विजेता राष्ट्रों के समक्ष चुनौतियाँ संधि के शर्तों को लेकर प्रमुख शक्तियों के हितों का आपस में टकराना जैसे- ब्रिटेन जहाँ जर्मनी के साथ एक उदार संधि चाहता था क्योंकि समृद्ध जर्मनी से ब्रिटिश वस्तुओं के आयात-निर्यात हेतु उसे एक बड़ा बाजार मिलता वहीँ फ्रांस का मुख्य उद्देश्य जर्मनी को कमजोर करना था एवं वह उससे कठोर संधि के पक्ष में था| ब्रिटेन लोकतंत्र तथा आत्मनिर्णय के सम्मान के पक्ष में था हालाँकि ब्रिटेन यूरोप में शांति स्थापना के लिए कम और औपनिवेशिक हितों की सुरक्षा के लिए ज्यादा तत्पर था| अमेरिका द्वारा 14 सूत्री सिद्धातों के माध्यम से विश्व-व्यवस्था बनाना तथा राष्ट्रीयता तथा आत्मनिर्णय के सिद्धांतों को महत्त्व देना वहीँ फ्रांस द्वारा अमेरिकी उदारतावाद एवं आदर्शवाद पर व्यंग्य करना जिससे संधि के एंटी प्रारूप में भी विल्सन के उपरोक्त सिद्धांतों को कोई खास महत्त्व ना मिलना; सम्मेलन की कार्रवाई का गुप्त या खुले रूप से संचालन को लेकर मतभेद; शांति सम्मेलन में गुप्त संधियों को कितना महत्त्व देने का मुद्दा; उपनिवेशवाद, हथियारों की प्रतिस्पर्धा तथा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विवादों के समाधान के लिए व्यवस्था बनाने का मुद्दा; इस प्रकार पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन चार बड़े राष्ट्रों के सिद्धांतों तथा उनके राष्ट्राध्यक्षों के व्यक्तित्व का संघर्ष भी दिखाई देता है| ब्रिटेन(लॉयड जॉर्ज) तथा फ़्रांस(क्लेमांसो) जहाँ बदले की भावना से ग्रस्त थें वहीँ, अमेरिका(विल्सन) आदर्शवाद तथा नैतिकता की दुहाई देकर पराजितों के कष्टों को कम करने के पक्ष में था| संधि के प्रावधानों में विल्सन के आदर्शवाद की तुलना में क्लिमेंसो का यथार्थवाद कहीं अधिक प्रभावी सिद्ध हुआ था| पेरिस सम्मेलन की उपलब्धियाँ समकालीन परिस्थितियों में संधि का होना ही एक बड़ी उपलब्धि थी| संधि के प्रावधानों के निर्धारण में तथा राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं के निर्धारण में राष्ट्रीयता एवं आत्मनिर्णय के सिद्धांतों को महत्व दिया जाना जैसे- जनमत संग्रह के माध्यम से उत्तरी श्लेस्विग डेनमार्क को तथा दक्षिणी श्लेस्विग जर्मनी को देना; ऑस्ट्रिया से हंगरी, पोलैंड, चेकोस्लोवाकिया तथा युगोस्लाविया की स्वतंत्रता; बाल्टिक क्षेत्र में एस्टोनिया, लाटविया तथा लिथुआनिया को स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र का दर्जा आदि; सभी राष्ट्रों से अल्पसंख्यकों के सुरक्षा के संदर्भ में समझौते; अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विवादों के समाधान तथा शांति-व्यवस्था बनाये रखने के लिए राष्ट्रसंघ नामक संस्था का गठन; गुप्त कूटनीति को महत्व ना देना तथा ओपन डिप्लोमेसी का समर्थन; पेरिस सम्मेलन की आलोचनाएँ इसकी सर्वाधिक मुखर आलोचना यह थी कि 20 वर्षों के भीतर ही द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध की शुरुआत हो गयी| राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं के पुनर्निर्धारण के प्रत्येक मामलों में राष्ट्रीयता के सिद्धांतों तथा आत्मनिर्णय के अधिकारों को महत्व नहीं दिया गया था जैसे- सार क्षेत्र का फ़्रांस को सौंपा जाना; डेन्जिंग को जर्मनी से छिनना आदि| अल्पसंख्यकों की समस्याएँ बने रहना; उपनिवेशों की समस्या का तार्किक समाधान ना होने के कारण उपनिवेशों के साथ-साथ साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों में भी असंतोष; जापान, इटली जैसे विजेता राष्ट्रों में असंतोष; प्रतिशोध की राजनीति को बढ़ावा जिससे हिटलर का उदय तथा द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध का प्रारंभ ; राष्ट्रसंघ को मजबूत संस्था के रूप में स्थापित करने में सम्मेलन की विफलता; वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि के साथ राष्ट्रसंघ का प्रावधान अपने आप में ही बड़ी गलती थी| पेरिस शांति सम्मेलन में जो भी संधियाँ की गयी वे ही समय के साथ अशांति के सबसे बड़े जनक के रूप में उभरकर सामने आई| जर्मनी को प्रादेशिक प्रावधान, सैन्य प्रावधान आदि के माध्यम से जहाँ पंगु बनाने के प्रयास किया गया तथा युद्ध के लिए जर्मनी को दोषी मानकर मुआवजे की एक बड़ी राशि उससे ली गयी| शांति सम्मेलन में जर्मन प्रतिनिधियों के साथ अपराधियों जैसा व्यवहार करके जर्मन राष्ट्रवाद को उद्धेलित किया गया| जर्मनी के साथ, वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि ने फासीवादी विचारधारा को बढ़ावा दिया जिससे जर्मनी में हिटलर का उदय हुआ वहीँ इटली का भी असंतुष्ट रहना आगामी तनाव का कारण बना| एक प्रकार से वर्साय की संधि जर्मन राष्ट्र का अपमान था तथा इस अपमान को आधार बनाकर हिटलर का जर्मन राजनीति में उदय हुआ जिसे द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध हेतु प्रमुख उत्तरदायी कारक माना जाता है|
| 69,435
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and the status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer : India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states : They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden on people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress : The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective of was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy : It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken named Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and the status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer : India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states : They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden on people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress : The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective of was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy : It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken named Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,441
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,446
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,447
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,448
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,449
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,450
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and the status of Princely states Body - Mention the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. On25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: 1) Suppression of people in Princely states- They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden on people was heavy due to high taxation. Also, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers. Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats 2) Role of Congress- The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states. A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals. Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective of was right to self-governance. 3) Lapse of Paramountcy- It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence, the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states 4) Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon- Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses i.e. payments to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. 5) General consensus- The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric, and its integration with the rest of the country 6) Various modes of accession- Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken named Operation Polo, etc. Overall with skillful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states into its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby, bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and the status of Princely states Body - Mention the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. On25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: 1) Suppression of people in Princely states- They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden on people was heavy due to high taxation. Also, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers. Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats 2) Role of Congress- The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states. A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals. Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective of was right to self-governance. 3) Lapse of Paramountcy- It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence, the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states 4) Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon- Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses i.e. payments to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. 5) General consensus- The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric, and its integration with the rest of the country 6) Various modes of accession- Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken named Operation Polo, etc. Overall with skillful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states into its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby, bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,451
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,452
|
Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
|
##Question:Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the accession of Princely States? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 69,453
|
एक प्रभावी क्षेत्रीय संगठन के रूप में विकसित होने में बिम्सटेक को अनेक बाधाओं और चुनौतियों को सामना करना पड़ता है| कथन की व्याख्या करते हुए इस संदर्भ में कुछ समाधान प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द-10 अंक) BIMSTEC has to face many obstacles and challenges in developing into an effective regional organization. Explaining the statement, offer some solutions in this context. (150-200 words-10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में बिम्सटेक के बारे में बताते हुए इसके स्वरुप को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में बिम्सटेक के समक्ष चुनौतियों और बाधाओं को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में उपरोक्त चुनौतियों से निकलने के लिए कुछ समाधान प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अंतिम में सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| बिम्सटेक एक क्षेत्रीय बहुपक्षीय संगठन है तथा बंगाल की खाड़ी के तटवर्ती और समीपवर्ती क्षेत्रों में स्थित इसके सदस्य हैं जो क्षेत्रीय एकता का प्रतीक हैं। यह उप-क्षेत्रीय संगठन वर्ष 1997 में बैंकॉक घोषणा के माध्यम से अस्तित्व में आया। इसके 7 सदस्यों में से 5 दक्षिण एशिया से हैं, जिनमें बांग्लादेश, भूटान, भारत, नेपाल और श्रीलंका शामिल हैं तथा दो- म्याँमार और थाईलैंड दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया से हैं। बिम्सटेक न सिर्फ दक्षिण और दक्षिण पूर्व-एशिया के बीच संपर्क बनाता है है बल्कि हिमालय तथा बंगाल की खाड़ी की पारिस्थितिकी को भी जोड़ता है। इसके मुख्य उद्देश्य तीव्र आर्थिक विकास हेतु वातावरण तैयार करना, सामाजिक प्रगति में तेज़ी लाना और क्षेत्र में सामान्य हित के मामलों पर सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना है| किन्तु विभिन्न चुनौतियों के कारण बिम्सटेक एक प्रभावी क्षेत्रीय संगठन के रूप में विकसित नहीं हो पा रहा है| बिम्सटेक की चुनौतियां बिम्सटेक के सभी देश भिन्न भिन्न आंतरिक राजनीति. आर्थिक असमानता से जूझ रहे हैं|जो बिम्सटेक को सुदृढ़ करने में बाधा उत्पन्न करता है| बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों में तकनीकी और वित्तीय संसाधनों की कमी है| चूँकि बिम्सटेक एक भारत बहुत क्षेत्रीय संगठन है| ऐसी स्थिति में भारत को एक साम्राज्यवादी नजर से देखा जाता है| भारत द्वारा गुजराल सिद्धांत की घोषणा के बावजूद भारत के प्रति अन्य राष्ट्रों के दृष्टिकोण में परिवर्तन नहीं किया जा सका बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों के बीच कनेक्टिविटी को व्यापक बनाने में उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों का अत्यधिक महत्त्व है| किन्तु सिलीगुड़ी कॉरिडोर एक संकीर्ण मार्ग होने के कारण कनेक्टिविटी रूट्स विकसित करने में बाधा उत्पन्न होती है उग्रवाद, मादक पदार्थों की तस्करी, रोहिंग्या संकट जैसे अनेक अन्तराष्ट्रीय मुद्दे हैं जो राष्ट्रों के बीच सामूहिकता को विकसित करने में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं| मजबूत और स्पष्ट राजनीतिक प्रतिबद्धता, पर्याप्त वित्तीय संसाधन, व्यापार और उद्योग की पूर्ण भागीदारी तथा नागरिक समाज की इष्टतम भागीदारी में प्रमुख बाधा रही है| एक और उपक्षेत्रीय पहल के गठन "बांग्लादेश, चीन, इंडिया, म्यांमार फोरम, चीन की सक्रिय सदस्यता के साथ बिम्सटेक की विशेष क्षमता के बारे में संदेह पैदा करता है| इस संगठन की प्रगति में सबसे बड़ी चुनौती वित्तीय संसाधन और मानव क्षमता के संबंध में है। इसमें शामिल देश वित्तीय रूप से आत्मनिर्भर नहीं है। इसके साथ ही इन देशों में गरीबी, आतंकवाद जैसी समस्याएँ अभी विद्यमान हैं व्यापारिक गतिविधियों के विकास के लिए मुक्त व्यापार पर सहमति नहीं बन पायी है आपसी समन्वय की कमी है। थाईलैंड, म्यांमार आसियान को अधिक महत्व देते हैं। भूटान का BBIM से अलग होना इसका एक उदाहरण है बिम्सटेक को प्रभावी संगठन के रूप में विकसित करने हेतु सुझाव अथवा समाधान बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों को विधि निर्माण प्रक्रिया में क्रमबद्धता लाने की आवश्यकता है अर्थात 1- सभी राष्ट्रों को सर्व प्रथम सामान्य मुद्दों पर नीतियों का निर्माण करना चाहिए 2- उसके बाद द्विपक्षीय सहयोग एवं संघर्ष के मुद्दों की पहचान कर उनके समाधान का रास्ता तलाशना चाहिए 3- प्रत्येक राष्ट्र बिम्सटेक को किस प्रकार सुदृढ़ कर सकता है इसकी पहल होनी चाहिए| सभी राष्ट्रों की अपनी अपनी राजनीतिक प्रतिबद्धताएं होती हैं जो क्षेत्रीय संगठनों को आगे बढ़ने से रोक देती हैं| ऐसी स्थिति में राष्ट्रों के लिए आवश्यक होता है कि वे राजनीतिक प्रतिबद्धताओं को क्षेत्रीय हितों के साथ शामिल करते हुए सामूहिक कल्याण के आधार पर अपनी प्रतिबद्धताओं को परिवर्तित करें बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों को आर्थिक अंतरनिर्भरता पर जोर देना चाहिए| जिसके लिए बंदरगाहों एवं आर्थिक गलियारों आदि के निर्माण, भौतिक और डिजिटल कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार की आवश्यकता है| भारत को अभिनव समाधानों (इनोवेटिव इनिसियेटिव) पर जोर देना चाहिए जैसे कि बौद्ध सर्किट जैसी योजनाओं को तेज करते हुए म्यांमार, थाईलैंड, भूटान नेपाल और श्रीलंका के साथ सांस्कृतिक समनवयता बढाई जानी चाहिए| बिम्सटेक को अभी संस्थागत क्षेत्र में और अधिक पहल करने की आवश्यकता है| अर्थात बिम्सटेक वर्किंग ग्रुप बिजनेस फोरम, इकनोमिक फोरम जैसी संस्थाओं को सक्रिय व्यवहारिकता प्रदान करनी चाहिए बिम्सटेक के सभी राष्ट्रों के लिए आवश्यक होगा कि वे एक दूसरे की संप्रभुता, सीमाओं, क्षेत्रीय अखंडता का सम्मान करते हुए लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों को विकसित करने में आपसी सहयोग बढायें| उपरोक्त सुझावों को ध्यान में रख कर प्रयास किये जाएँ तो बिम्सटेक को एक प्रभावी क्षेत्रीय संगठन के रूप में विकसित किया जा सकता है|
|
##Question:एक प्रभावी क्षेत्रीय संगठन के रूप में विकसित होने में बिम्सटेक को अनेक बाधाओं और चुनौतियों को सामना करना पड़ता है| कथन की व्याख्या करते हुए इस संदर्भ में कुछ समाधान प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द-10 अंक) BIMSTEC has to face many obstacles and challenges in developing into an effective regional organization. Explaining the statement, offer some solutions in this context. (150-200 words-10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में बिम्सटेक के बारे में बताते हुए इसके स्वरुप को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में बिम्सटेक के समक्ष चुनौतियों और बाधाओं को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में उपरोक्त चुनौतियों से निकलने के लिए कुछ समाधान प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अंतिम में सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| बिम्सटेक एक क्षेत्रीय बहुपक्षीय संगठन है तथा बंगाल की खाड़ी के तटवर्ती और समीपवर्ती क्षेत्रों में स्थित इसके सदस्य हैं जो क्षेत्रीय एकता का प्रतीक हैं। यह उप-क्षेत्रीय संगठन वर्ष 1997 में बैंकॉक घोषणा के माध्यम से अस्तित्व में आया। इसके 7 सदस्यों में से 5 दक्षिण एशिया से हैं, जिनमें बांग्लादेश, भूटान, भारत, नेपाल और श्रीलंका शामिल हैं तथा दो- म्याँमार और थाईलैंड दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया से हैं। बिम्सटेक न सिर्फ दक्षिण और दक्षिण पूर्व-एशिया के बीच संपर्क बनाता है है बल्कि हिमालय तथा बंगाल की खाड़ी की पारिस्थितिकी को भी जोड़ता है। इसके मुख्य उद्देश्य तीव्र आर्थिक विकास हेतु वातावरण तैयार करना, सामाजिक प्रगति में तेज़ी लाना और क्षेत्र में सामान्य हित के मामलों पर सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना है| किन्तु विभिन्न चुनौतियों के कारण बिम्सटेक एक प्रभावी क्षेत्रीय संगठन के रूप में विकसित नहीं हो पा रहा है| बिम्सटेक की चुनौतियां बिम्सटेक के सभी देश भिन्न भिन्न आंतरिक राजनीति. आर्थिक असमानता से जूझ रहे हैं|जो बिम्सटेक को सुदृढ़ करने में बाधा उत्पन्न करता है| बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों में तकनीकी और वित्तीय संसाधनों की कमी है| चूँकि बिम्सटेक एक भारत बहुत क्षेत्रीय संगठन है| ऐसी स्थिति में भारत को एक साम्राज्यवादी नजर से देखा जाता है| भारत द्वारा गुजराल सिद्धांत की घोषणा के बावजूद भारत के प्रति अन्य राष्ट्रों के दृष्टिकोण में परिवर्तन नहीं किया जा सका बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों के बीच कनेक्टिविटी को व्यापक बनाने में उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों का अत्यधिक महत्त्व है| किन्तु सिलीगुड़ी कॉरिडोर एक संकीर्ण मार्ग होने के कारण कनेक्टिविटी रूट्स विकसित करने में बाधा उत्पन्न होती है उग्रवाद, मादक पदार्थों की तस्करी, रोहिंग्या संकट जैसे अनेक अन्तराष्ट्रीय मुद्दे हैं जो राष्ट्रों के बीच सामूहिकता को विकसित करने में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं| मजबूत और स्पष्ट राजनीतिक प्रतिबद्धता, पर्याप्त वित्तीय संसाधन, व्यापार और उद्योग की पूर्ण भागीदारी तथा नागरिक समाज की इष्टतम भागीदारी में प्रमुख बाधा रही है| एक और उपक्षेत्रीय पहल के गठन "बांग्लादेश, चीन, इंडिया, म्यांमार फोरम, चीन की सक्रिय सदस्यता के साथ बिम्सटेक की विशेष क्षमता के बारे में संदेह पैदा करता है| इस संगठन की प्रगति में सबसे बड़ी चुनौती वित्तीय संसाधन और मानव क्षमता के संबंध में है। इसमें शामिल देश वित्तीय रूप से आत्मनिर्भर नहीं है। इसके साथ ही इन देशों में गरीबी, आतंकवाद जैसी समस्याएँ अभी विद्यमान हैं व्यापारिक गतिविधियों के विकास के लिए मुक्त व्यापार पर सहमति नहीं बन पायी है आपसी समन्वय की कमी है। थाईलैंड, म्यांमार आसियान को अधिक महत्व देते हैं। भूटान का BBIM से अलग होना इसका एक उदाहरण है बिम्सटेक को प्रभावी संगठन के रूप में विकसित करने हेतु सुझाव अथवा समाधान बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों को विधि निर्माण प्रक्रिया में क्रमबद्धता लाने की आवश्यकता है अर्थात 1- सभी राष्ट्रों को सर्व प्रथम सामान्य मुद्दों पर नीतियों का निर्माण करना चाहिए 2- उसके बाद द्विपक्षीय सहयोग एवं संघर्ष के मुद्दों की पहचान कर उनके समाधान का रास्ता तलाशना चाहिए 3- प्रत्येक राष्ट्र बिम्सटेक को किस प्रकार सुदृढ़ कर सकता है इसकी पहल होनी चाहिए| सभी राष्ट्रों की अपनी अपनी राजनीतिक प्रतिबद्धताएं होती हैं जो क्षेत्रीय संगठनों को आगे बढ़ने से रोक देती हैं| ऐसी स्थिति में राष्ट्रों के लिए आवश्यक होता है कि वे राजनीतिक प्रतिबद्धताओं को क्षेत्रीय हितों के साथ शामिल करते हुए सामूहिक कल्याण के आधार पर अपनी प्रतिबद्धताओं को परिवर्तित करें बिम्सटेक राष्ट्रों को आर्थिक अंतरनिर्भरता पर जोर देना चाहिए| जिसके लिए बंदरगाहों एवं आर्थिक गलियारों आदि के निर्माण, भौतिक और डिजिटल कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार की आवश्यकता है| भारत को अभिनव समाधानों (इनोवेटिव इनिसियेटिव) पर जोर देना चाहिए जैसे कि बौद्ध सर्किट जैसी योजनाओं को तेज करते हुए म्यांमार, थाईलैंड, भूटान नेपाल और श्रीलंका के साथ सांस्कृतिक समनवयता बढाई जानी चाहिए| बिम्सटेक को अभी संस्थागत क्षेत्र में और अधिक पहल करने की आवश्यकता है| अर्थात बिम्सटेक वर्किंग ग्रुप बिजनेस फोरम, इकनोमिक फोरम जैसी संस्थाओं को सक्रिय व्यवहारिकता प्रदान करनी चाहिए बिम्सटेक के सभी राष्ट्रों के लिए आवश्यक होगा कि वे एक दूसरे की संप्रभुता, सीमाओं, क्षेत्रीय अखंडता का सम्मान करते हुए लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों को विकसित करने में आपसी सहयोग बढायें| उपरोक्त सुझावों को ध्यान में रख कर प्रयास किये जाएँ तो बिम्सटेक को एक प्रभावी क्षेत्रीय संगठन के रूप में विकसित किया जा सकता है|
| 69,480
|
Supreme Court judgment in the Indira Sawhney Case (1993) has played an important role in determining Reservation Policy in India. Examine. [250 Words, 15 Marks]
|
BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION-About the reservation policy in the country THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 THE NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT CONCLUSION: A concluding remark on the importance of the Indra Sawhney judgement in laying the course of the reservation policy in the country Answer: The reservation policy of India, until the103rd constitutional amendment act, has been based on social justice. Article 46 of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that the State shall try to uplift the status of SCs, STs and OBCs. Hence, it provides for positive discrimination. The1st constitutional amendment act, 1951 and the 7th constitutional amendment act, 1956also added the exceptions to Articles 15 and 16, i.e.Article 15(4) and Article 16(4),enabling the state to provide reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs. THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT 1) KALEKAR COMMITTEE OF 1953- 1ST BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION This committee was appointed by the President in 1953 to suggest the ways to implement our reservation policy. It suggested that around 1/4th of the population (22.5% of India) are the Dalit population, who have been left far behind in the race for development in India. Therefore, 22.5% reservation be provided. This was in line with Dr BR Ambedkar’s view of proportional reservation for a level playing field. Social justice was the underlying mission of the reservation. 2) MANDAL COMMISSION OF 1979- 2ND BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION It found out what the percentage was of socially and economically backward, but not SCs or STs, i.e. the OBCs. The Mandal Commission’s report was implemented in 1990, as follows: 2.1) In India, around 16% of the population was of non-Hindus. 2.2) Out of the Hindus, around 44% are backward. 2.3) As per an estimate, half of the non-Hindus are backward. 2.4) Therefore, a total of 52% of India are backward (OBCs) - who are neither SCs nor STs. The commission suggested that these 52% populations be given reservation to the extent of 27%. This would be in addition to the 22.5% reservation already being given to the SCs and STs of the country. This meant a total of 49.5% of the reservation. [In the MR Balaji case ,the Supreme Court has ruled that under no condition can reservations exceed 50%. That is why the OBCs have not been given exactly proportional reservation]. 2.5) As per the Mandal Commission, backward castes are those castes which are considered backward by the forward castes. (This provided a much more permanent view than a temporary view provided by economic factors, which would be variable). THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT This 49% reservation order implementation based on the Mandal Commission’s report created a huge hue and cry among the general category students, particularly in Delhi University. A PIL was, therefore, filed by Indra Sawhney against the implemented decision. The case was decided in 1993, known as theMandal judgement . 1) SOCIAL BACKWARDNESS In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court clarified that the backwardness which is being dealt with by the Mandal Commission report is primarily social backwardness. Therefore, the 10% reservation proposed in favour of forward classes by the Narsimha Rao government was declared null and void. 2) CREAMY LAYER CONCEPT The Supreme Court also provided that creamy layer shall be applicable as an exception to reservation provided to OBCs, where the economically better off would not be provided such OBC reservation. 3) CASTE IS A CLASS Article 16(4) provides for the reservation for backward classes. However, the Mandal commission suggested for reservation for backward castes. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney judgement ruled that caste is a class in India. 4) INITIAL APPOINTMENTS The Supreme Court stated that reservation would only be applicable for initial appointments and not at the time of promotion. THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 In response to the above judgement of reservation just being applicable at the time of initial appointment, the Parliament passed the said amendment, as per which reservation shall not only be provided for the initial appointment, but also for promotion. THE M.NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 As per this case, all the constitutional amendments (viz. the 77th, 82nd and 85th) after the Indra Sawhney judgement were challenged. The Supreme Court, however, did not interfere with these amendments. It held the view that these amendments do not violate the basic structure doctrine of the constitution of India and hence are within the scope of Article 368 and thus cannot be declared as ultra-vires of the constitution. THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT As per the Indra Sawhney judgement, the reservation was not possible for the economically weaker sections. As per the judgement given, the constitutional provisions did not allow for reservation on an economic basis, as the only caste was considered to be a class. Therefore, the said amendment had to be passed in order to provide the 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections, on the basis of economic backwardness. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country.
|
##Question:Supreme Court judgment in the Indira Sawhney Case (1993) has played an important role in determining Reservation Policy in India. Examine. [250 Words, 15 Marks]##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION-About the reservation policy in the country THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 THE NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT CONCLUSION: A concluding remark on the importance of the Indra Sawhney judgement in laying the course of the reservation policy in the country Answer: The reservation policy of India, until the103rd constitutional amendment act, has been based on social justice. Article 46 of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that the State shall try to uplift the status of SCs, STs and OBCs. Hence, it provides for positive discrimination. The1st constitutional amendment act, 1951 and the 7th constitutional amendment act, 1956also added the exceptions to Articles 15 and 16, i.e.Article 15(4) and Article 16(4),enabling the state to provide reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs. THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT 1) KALEKAR COMMITTEE OF 1953- 1ST BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION This committee was appointed by the President in 1953 to suggest the ways to implement our reservation policy. It suggested that around 1/4th of the population (22.5% of India) are the Dalit population, who have been left far behind in the race for development in India. Therefore, 22.5% reservation be provided. This was in line with Dr BR Ambedkar’s view of proportional reservation for a level playing field. Social justice was the underlying mission of the reservation. 2) MANDAL COMMISSION OF 1979- 2ND BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION It found out what the percentage was of socially and economically backward, but not SCs or STs, i.e. the OBCs. The Mandal Commission’s report was implemented in 1990, as follows: 2.1) In India, around 16% of the population was of non-Hindus. 2.2) Out of the Hindus, around 44% are backward. 2.3) As per an estimate, half of the non-Hindus are backward. 2.4) Therefore, a total of 52% of India are backward (OBCs) - who are neither SCs nor STs. The commission suggested that these 52% populations be given reservation to the extent of 27%. This would be in addition to the 22.5% reservation already being given to the SCs and STs of the country. This meant a total of 49.5% of the reservation. [In the MR Balaji case ,the Supreme Court has ruled that under no condition can reservations exceed 50%. That is why the OBCs have not been given exactly proportional reservation]. 2.5) As per the Mandal Commission, backward castes are those castes which are considered backward by the forward castes. (This provided a much more permanent view than a temporary view provided by economic factors, which would be variable). THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT This 49% reservation order implementation based on the Mandal Commission’s report created a huge hue and cry among the general category students, particularly in Delhi University. A PIL was, therefore, filed by Indra Sawhney against the implemented decision. The case was decided in 1993, known as theMandal judgement . 1) SOCIAL BACKWARDNESS In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court clarified that the backwardness which is being dealt with by the Mandal Commission report is primarily social backwardness. Therefore, the 10% reservation proposed in favour of forward classes by the Narsimha Rao government was declared null and void. 2) CREAMY LAYER CONCEPT The Supreme Court also provided that creamy layer shall be applicable as an exception to reservation provided to OBCs, where the economically better off would not be provided such OBC reservation. 3) CASTE IS A CLASS Article 16(4) provides for the reservation for backward classes. However, the Mandal commission suggested for reservation for backward castes. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney judgement ruled that caste is a class in India. 4) INITIAL APPOINTMENTS The Supreme Court stated that reservation would only be applicable for initial appointments and not at the time of promotion. THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 In response to the above judgement of reservation just being applicable at the time of initial appointment, the Parliament passed the said amendment, as per which reservation shall not only be provided for the initial appointment, but also for promotion. THE M.NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 As per this case, all the constitutional amendments (viz. the 77th, 82nd and 85th) after the Indra Sawhney judgement were challenged. The Supreme Court, however, did not interfere with these amendments. It held the view that these amendments do not violate the basic structure doctrine of the constitution of India and hence are within the scope of Article 368 and thus cannot be declared as ultra-vires of the constitution. THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT As per the Indra Sawhney judgement, the reservation was not possible for the economically weaker sections. As per the judgement given, the constitutional provisions did not allow for reservation on an economic basis, as the only caste was considered to be a class. Therefore, the said amendment had to be passed in order to provide the 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections, on the basis of economic backwardness. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country.
| 69,487
|
" हालाँकि वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि को ही मुख्यतः जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के रूप में सर्वाधिक मान्यता दी जाती है परन्तु अन्य कई प्रमुख कारण भी थे जिन्होंने नाजीवाद तथा हिटलर को जर्मनी में स्थापित किया |" कथन की व्याख्या कीजिये | इसके साथ ही, हिटलर द्वारा अपनाए गए विभिन्न सिद्धांतों का भी उल्लेख कीजिये | (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) "Although the insulting treaty of Versailles is recognized primarily as the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany, there are also other major reasons for the establishment of Nazism and Hitler in Germany." Explain the statement. Along with that, Mention various theories adopted by Hitler. (150-200 words/10 Marks)
|
एप्रोच- हिटलर के बारे में संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| पहले भाग में, जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के रूप में वर्साय की संधि की भूमिका को बताईये| अगले भाग में, जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के अन्य प्रमुख कारणों की चर्चा कीजिये| अंतिम भाग में, हिटलर द्वारा अपने गये विभिन्न सिद्धांतों का उल्लेख कीजिये| उत्तर- हिटलर ने एक सामान्य जर्मन सिपाही के रूप में प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में भाग लिया था| जर्मनी की पराजय के बाद हुए वर्साय की संधि को वह बेहद अपमानजनक समझता था एवं युद्ध के पश्चात उसने घोषणा की कि जर्मन पराजय का मुख्य कारण उसके नेताओं की बुजदिली तथा वाईमर गणतंत्र है| इसके बाद उसने राष्ट्रीय समाजवादी जर्मन श्रम दल या नात्सी पार्टी की सदस्यता ली| 1923 में उसे जर्मन सरकार का तख्ता पलटने के आरोप में जेल भी जाना पड़ा | जेल से रिहा होने के बाद उसने संगठन को पुनर्गठित किया| आर्थिक संकट के दौरान हिटलर की लोकप्रियता बढ़ी जैसे- 1919-23 के बीच आर्थिक अस्थिरता के माहौल में नाजीवादी पार्टी की लोकप्रियता बढ़ी| पुनः, महामंदी(1929-32) के दौरान नाजीवादी दल को जनसमर्थन बढ़ता गया और 1932 के चुनाव में यह सबसे बड़ी पार्टी के रूप में उभरकर सामने आई एवं 1933 में उसे चांसलर बनाया गया| जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के रूप में वर्साय की संधि की भूमिका; प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में मित्र राष्ट्रों ने पराजित जर्मनी को वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि पर हस्ताक्षर करने को बाध्य किया था| जर्मनी के बहुत सारे प्रदेश छीन लिए गए थे तथा उसका नि:शस्त्रीकरण कर दिया गया था| संधि के हस्ताक्षर के समय भी जर्मन प्रतिनिधियों के साथ अपराधियों जैसा व्यवहार किया गया था जिससे जर्मन जनता स्वयं को अपमानित महसूस करने लगी थी| जर्मन जनता एक ऐसे नेता की खोज में थी जो देश के अपमान को धोकर राष्ट्रीय गौरव की पुनः स्थापना कर सके| हिटलर ने जनता के इस मनोविज्ञान को समझा तथा यह घोषणा की कि सत्ता प्राप्त करते ही वह वर्साय में हुए अपमान का बदला लेगा| हिटलर के उदय के प्रमुख कारण में उपरोक्त को स्थान दिया जाता है; हालांकि यह हिटलर के उदय की पृष्ठभूमि को तैयार करता है एवं इसके अलावा अन्य कई सारे प्रमुख कारण थे जिन्होंने जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद को स्थापित करने में अपना प्रमुख योगदान दिया जैसे- आर्थिक महामंदी का प्रभाव - जर्मनी को क्षतिपूर्ति के रूप में एक भारी राशि मित्र राष्ट्रों को देनी पड़ी थी; साथ ही, मुआवजा चुकाने के लिए उसे अमेरिका से कर्ज लेना पड़ा था| 1929-30 की विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मंदी से जर्मनी भी प्रभावित हुआ जिससे बेरोजगारों की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई, जनता की क्रय शक्ति कम हो गई तथा जनतंत्र के प्रति आम आदमी का मोहभंग होने लगा| हिटलर ने इस मौके का फायदा उठाया तथा बेकारी दूर करने, औपनिवेशिक विस्तार करने तथा जनता की क्रय शक्ति बढ़ाने आदि का आश्वासन दिया एवं सभी वर्गों का समर्थन प्राप्त किया| साम्यवादी विचारधारा के बढ़ते हुए प्रभाव ने जर्मनी के पूंजीपति, उद्योगपति, धनिक वर्ग, जागीरदार एवं जमींदारों को भयभीत किया| उन्होंने विशेषकर मंदी के दौरान हिटलर को समर्थन दिया| यहूदी विरोध की भावना - जर्मनी में यहूदियों की संख्या हालांकि काफी कम थी परंतु वे व्यापार, व्यवसाय, राजनीति में अग्रणी थे| साधारण जर्मन जनता इन्हें वैभवशाली वर्ग के रूप में समझती थी तथा शोषक समझकर घृणा करती थी| प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में जर्मन जनता ने यहूदियों के विश्वासघात को जर्मनी की पराजय के कारण के रूप में भी देखा| हिटलर ने इस मुद्दे को काफी जोर-शोर से उठाया जिससे जर्मन जनता की सहानुभूति हिटलर एवं नाजी दल के प्रति हुई| सेना तथा नौकरशाही का समर्थन - हिटलर द्वारा युद्ध एवं पुनःशस्त्रीकरण का नारा दिए जाने से सैनिक वर्ग ने नाजी पार्टी को समर्थन दिया|साथ ही, नौकरशाही के अधिकांश उच्च वर्गीय लोग जनतंत्र से घृणा करते थे जिसकी वजह से उन्होंने हिटलर को समर्थन दिया| स्वयं सेवक दल का निर्माण - युद्ध के उपरांत भारी संख्या में बेरोजगार जर्मन सैनिकों को हिटलर ने नाजी पार्टी के स्वयंसेवक के रूप में शामिल किया जिसके माध्यम से वह अपने सिद्धांतों का प्रचार करता था तथा विरोधियों का दमन करता था| राजनीतिक दलों की विफलता ने भी हिटलर के उदय का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया| एक तो जर्मनी में लोकतंत्र की जड़ें कमजोर थी तथा दूसरा आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व के कारण मिलीजुली सरकार विभिन्न मुद्दों पर निर्णायक कदम नहीं उठा पा रही थी| साथ ही, वाईमर गणतंत्र को निरंतर वर्साय की संधि के कारण भावनात्मक विरोध का सामना करना होता था| महामंदी के दौरान परिस्थितियां नियंत्रण से बाहर हुयी तथा राजनीतिक दलों के बीच असहमति का लाभ हिटलर को मिला तथा 1933 में उसे चांसलर बनाया गया| हिटलर की योग्यता- मुसोलिनी की तरह हिटलर भी कुशल वक्ता तथा अच्छा संगठनकर्ता था| यह भी एक कारण था कि नाजी दल में शामिल होने के 13 वर्षों के भीतर उसे सबसे बड़ी पार्टी के रूप में स्थापित किया| एक मजबूत सरकार, राष्ट्रीय सम्मान, साम्यवादियों पर प्रहार, यहूदी विरोधी नीति, जर्मन नस्ल की श्रेष्ठता, समाज के अधिकांश वर्गों को कुछ न कुछ आश्वासन जैसे मुद्दों को आधार बनाकर सामाजिक आधार का विस्तार किया| हिटलर द्वारा अपनाये गये विभिन्न सिद्धांत हिटलर द्वारा अपनाया गया नाजीवाद या राष्ट्रीय समाजवाद जनतंत्र, उदारवाद,साम्यवाद एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग के विरुद्ध था | राष्ट्रीय समाजवाद का अर्थ राष्ट्रीयकरण एवं संपत्ति का बंटवारा नहीं था अपितु यह हिटलर के 25 सिद्धांतों पर आधारित था जिसमें वर्साय की संधि की अवमानना, जर्मनी के शत्रु यहूदियों को बाहर निकालना, जर्मन क्षेत्रों को एक सूत्र में बांधकर एक जर्मन राज्य का निर्माण करना, साम्यवादी विचारों के प्रसार को रोकने आदि शामिल थे| राज्य की सर्वोच्च भूमिका जिसमें राज्य एक सर्वसत्तासंपन्न संस्था है तथा उसके समक्ष व्यक्ति का कोई महत्व नहीं है| नाजी विचारधारा के तहत दल का स्थान सर्वोपरि है| इसके अनुसार राज्य ही नाजी दल था और नाजी दल ही राज्य| प्रजातीय शुद्धता- हिटलर आर्यों की भूमिका पर बल देता था जिसके अनुसार मानव संस्कृति की जितनी प्रगति हुई है उसकी आधारशिला आर्यों ने ही तैयार की है| वह जर्मन प्रजाति को विशुद्ध आर्य समझता था तथा अन्य सभी प्रजातियों से श्रेष्ठ समझता था| हिटलर के यहूदी विरोधी नारों में मुख्यतः आर्य की श्रेष्ठा का वर्णन होता था| साम्यवाद विरोध शक्ति, युद्ध एवं सैन्यवाद में विश्वास प्रजातंत्र विरोध - नाजीवाद मुख्यतः सर्व सत्तावादी राज्य की स्थापना में विश्वास रखता था जहां व्यक्ति के महत्व को नजरअंदाज किया गया था| महान नेता की संकल्पना - इसके तहत फ्यूहरर(नेता) सदैव सही होता है तथा उसकी आज्ञा का पालन करना पवित्र कर्तव्य है| नेता की इच्छा को ही विधि माना जाता था|धर्म के प्रति उपेक्षापूर्ण रवैया - हिटलर नाजीवाद सिद्धांत के तहत दोहरी स्वामी भक्ति के पक्ष में नहीं था| उसका कहना था कि आप या तो जर्मन हो सकते हैं या ईसाई हो सकते हैं दोनों एक साथ नहीं हो सकते हैं| उग्र एवं आक्रामक विदेश नीति - इसके तहत विस्तारवादी एवं साम्राज्यवादी सिद्धांतों को बल दिया गया|
|
##Question:" हालाँकि वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि को ही मुख्यतः जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के रूप में सर्वाधिक मान्यता दी जाती है परन्तु अन्य कई प्रमुख कारण भी थे जिन्होंने नाजीवाद तथा हिटलर को जर्मनी में स्थापित किया |" कथन की व्याख्या कीजिये | इसके साथ ही, हिटलर द्वारा अपनाए गए विभिन्न सिद्धांतों का भी उल्लेख कीजिये | (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) "Although the insulting treaty of Versailles is recognized primarily as the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany, there are also other major reasons for the establishment of Nazism and Hitler in Germany." Explain the statement. Along with that, Mention various theories adopted by Hitler. (150-200 words/10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- हिटलर के बारे में संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| पहले भाग में, जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के रूप में वर्साय की संधि की भूमिका को बताईये| अगले भाग में, जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के अन्य प्रमुख कारणों की चर्चा कीजिये| अंतिम भाग में, हिटलर द्वारा अपने गये विभिन्न सिद्धांतों का उल्लेख कीजिये| उत्तर- हिटलर ने एक सामान्य जर्मन सिपाही के रूप में प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में भाग लिया था| जर्मनी की पराजय के बाद हुए वर्साय की संधि को वह बेहद अपमानजनक समझता था एवं युद्ध के पश्चात उसने घोषणा की कि जर्मन पराजय का मुख्य कारण उसके नेताओं की बुजदिली तथा वाईमर गणतंत्र है| इसके बाद उसने राष्ट्रीय समाजवादी जर्मन श्रम दल या नात्सी पार्टी की सदस्यता ली| 1923 में उसे जर्मन सरकार का तख्ता पलटने के आरोप में जेल भी जाना पड़ा | जेल से रिहा होने के बाद उसने संगठन को पुनर्गठित किया| आर्थिक संकट के दौरान हिटलर की लोकप्रियता बढ़ी जैसे- 1919-23 के बीच आर्थिक अस्थिरता के माहौल में नाजीवादी पार्टी की लोकप्रियता बढ़ी| पुनः, महामंदी(1929-32) के दौरान नाजीवादी दल को जनसमर्थन बढ़ता गया और 1932 के चुनाव में यह सबसे बड़ी पार्टी के रूप में उभरकर सामने आई एवं 1933 में उसे चांसलर बनाया गया| जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद के उदय के रूप में वर्साय की संधि की भूमिका; प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में मित्र राष्ट्रों ने पराजित जर्मनी को वर्साय की अपमानजनक संधि पर हस्ताक्षर करने को बाध्य किया था| जर्मनी के बहुत सारे प्रदेश छीन लिए गए थे तथा उसका नि:शस्त्रीकरण कर दिया गया था| संधि के हस्ताक्षर के समय भी जर्मन प्रतिनिधियों के साथ अपराधियों जैसा व्यवहार किया गया था जिससे जर्मन जनता स्वयं को अपमानित महसूस करने लगी थी| जर्मन जनता एक ऐसे नेता की खोज में थी जो देश के अपमान को धोकर राष्ट्रीय गौरव की पुनः स्थापना कर सके| हिटलर ने जनता के इस मनोविज्ञान को समझा तथा यह घोषणा की कि सत्ता प्राप्त करते ही वह वर्साय में हुए अपमान का बदला लेगा| हिटलर के उदय के प्रमुख कारण में उपरोक्त को स्थान दिया जाता है; हालांकि यह हिटलर के उदय की पृष्ठभूमि को तैयार करता है एवं इसके अलावा अन्य कई सारे प्रमुख कारण थे जिन्होंने जर्मनी में हिटलर तथा नाजीवाद को स्थापित करने में अपना प्रमुख योगदान दिया जैसे- आर्थिक महामंदी का प्रभाव - जर्मनी को क्षतिपूर्ति के रूप में एक भारी राशि मित्र राष्ट्रों को देनी पड़ी थी; साथ ही, मुआवजा चुकाने के लिए उसे अमेरिका से कर्ज लेना पड़ा था| 1929-30 की विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मंदी से जर्मनी भी प्रभावित हुआ जिससे बेरोजगारों की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई, जनता की क्रय शक्ति कम हो गई तथा जनतंत्र के प्रति आम आदमी का मोहभंग होने लगा| हिटलर ने इस मौके का फायदा उठाया तथा बेकारी दूर करने, औपनिवेशिक विस्तार करने तथा जनता की क्रय शक्ति बढ़ाने आदि का आश्वासन दिया एवं सभी वर्गों का समर्थन प्राप्त किया| साम्यवादी विचारधारा के बढ़ते हुए प्रभाव ने जर्मनी के पूंजीपति, उद्योगपति, धनिक वर्ग, जागीरदार एवं जमींदारों को भयभीत किया| उन्होंने विशेषकर मंदी के दौरान हिटलर को समर्थन दिया| यहूदी विरोध की भावना - जर्मनी में यहूदियों की संख्या हालांकि काफी कम थी परंतु वे व्यापार, व्यवसाय, राजनीति में अग्रणी थे| साधारण जर्मन जनता इन्हें वैभवशाली वर्ग के रूप में समझती थी तथा शोषक समझकर घृणा करती थी| प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में जर्मन जनता ने यहूदियों के विश्वासघात को जर्मनी की पराजय के कारण के रूप में भी देखा| हिटलर ने इस मुद्दे को काफी जोर-शोर से उठाया जिससे जर्मन जनता की सहानुभूति हिटलर एवं नाजी दल के प्रति हुई| सेना तथा नौकरशाही का समर्थन - हिटलर द्वारा युद्ध एवं पुनःशस्त्रीकरण का नारा दिए जाने से सैनिक वर्ग ने नाजी पार्टी को समर्थन दिया|साथ ही, नौकरशाही के अधिकांश उच्च वर्गीय लोग जनतंत्र से घृणा करते थे जिसकी वजह से उन्होंने हिटलर को समर्थन दिया| स्वयं सेवक दल का निर्माण - युद्ध के उपरांत भारी संख्या में बेरोजगार जर्मन सैनिकों को हिटलर ने नाजी पार्टी के स्वयंसेवक के रूप में शामिल किया जिसके माध्यम से वह अपने सिद्धांतों का प्रचार करता था तथा विरोधियों का दमन करता था| राजनीतिक दलों की विफलता ने भी हिटलर के उदय का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया| एक तो जर्मनी में लोकतंत्र की जड़ें कमजोर थी तथा दूसरा आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व के कारण मिलीजुली सरकार विभिन्न मुद्दों पर निर्णायक कदम नहीं उठा पा रही थी| साथ ही, वाईमर गणतंत्र को निरंतर वर्साय की संधि के कारण भावनात्मक विरोध का सामना करना होता था| महामंदी के दौरान परिस्थितियां नियंत्रण से बाहर हुयी तथा राजनीतिक दलों के बीच असहमति का लाभ हिटलर को मिला तथा 1933 में उसे चांसलर बनाया गया| हिटलर की योग्यता- मुसोलिनी की तरह हिटलर भी कुशल वक्ता तथा अच्छा संगठनकर्ता था| यह भी एक कारण था कि नाजी दल में शामिल होने के 13 वर्षों के भीतर उसे सबसे बड़ी पार्टी के रूप में स्थापित किया| एक मजबूत सरकार, राष्ट्रीय सम्मान, साम्यवादियों पर प्रहार, यहूदी विरोधी नीति, जर्मन नस्ल की श्रेष्ठता, समाज के अधिकांश वर्गों को कुछ न कुछ आश्वासन जैसे मुद्दों को आधार बनाकर सामाजिक आधार का विस्तार किया| हिटलर द्वारा अपनाये गये विभिन्न सिद्धांत हिटलर द्वारा अपनाया गया नाजीवाद या राष्ट्रीय समाजवाद जनतंत्र, उदारवाद,साम्यवाद एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग के विरुद्ध था | राष्ट्रीय समाजवाद का अर्थ राष्ट्रीयकरण एवं संपत्ति का बंटवारा नहीं था अपितु यह हिटलर के 25 सिद्धांतों पर आधारित था जिसमें वर्साय की संधि की अवमानना, जर्मनी के शत्रु यहूदियों को बाहर निकालना, जर्मन क्षेत्रों को एक सूत्र में बांधकर एक जर्मन राज्य का निर्माण करना, साम्यवादी विचारों के प्रसार को रोकने आदि शामिल थे| राज्य की सर्वोच्च भूमिका जिसमें राज्य एक सर्वसत्तासंपन्न संस्था है तथा उसके समक्ष व्यक्ति का कोई महत्व नहीं है| नाजी विचारधारा के तहत दल का स्थान सर्वोपरि है| इसके अनुसार राज्य ही नाजी दल था और नाजी दल ही राज्य| प्रजातीय शुद्धता- हिटलर आर्यों की भूमिका पर बल देता था जिसके अनुसार मानव संस्कृति की जितनी प्रगति हुई है उसकी आधारशिला आर्यों ने ही तैयार की है| वह जर्मन प्रजाति को विशुद्ध आर्य समझता था तथा अन्य सभी प्रजातियों से श्रेष्ठ समझता था| हिटलर के यहूदी विरोधी नारों में मुख्यतः आर्य की श्रेष्ठा का वर्णन होता था| साम्यवाद विरोध शक्ति, युद्ध एवं सैन्यवाद में विश्वास प्रजातंत्र विरोध - नाजीवाद मुख्यतः सर्व सत्तावादी राज्य की स्थापना में विश्वास रखता था जहां व्यक्ति के महत्व को नजरअंदाज किया गया था| महान नेता की संकल्पना - इसके तहत फ्यूहरर(नेता) सदैव सही होता है तथा उसकी आज्ञा का पालन करना पवित्र कर्तव्य है| नेता की इच्छा को ही विधि माना जाता था|धर्म के प्रति उपेक्षापूर्ण रवैया - हिटलर नाजीवाद सिद्धांत के तहत दोहरी स्वामी भक्ति के पक्ष में नहीं था| उसका कहना था कि आप या तो जर्मन हो सकते हैं या ईसाई हो सकते हैं दोनों एक साथ नहीं हो सकते हैं| उग्र एवं आक्रामक विदेश नीति - इसके तहत विस्तारवादी एवं साम्राज्यवादी सिद्धांतों को बल दिया गया|
| 69,493
|
Despite government efforts, tribal progress has remained dismal. Critically examine the factors responsible? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Briefly introduce tribals and their background Discuss government efforts and the lacunae in it Brief way forward in the end Tribes are homogenous, unstratified, geographically isolated groups which have a unique culture with distinct means of livelihood, and generally they are shy and reluctant to have contact with outsiders. The constitution defines Scheduled Tribes under Art 366 defines as such tribes which under Art 342 are deemed to be scheduled tribes. Background Under colonial rule, the isolation of tribals was disrupted due to the penetration of market forces. Traders, revenue farmers, and middlemen entered their life. Due to a lack of awareness, tribals got trapped in a debt cycle. They were reduced to the states of tenants, and sharecroppers. Tribals suffered exploitation and oppression. Their relation with the forest was also altered due to colonial rule - conservation of forest and to facilitate its commercial exploitation, shifting cultivation was forbidden, rights over forest land, and minor forest produce was denied. The penetration of Christian missionaries also impacted their culture, way of life, tradition. With the subjective realization of objective reality, various tribal revolts took place - Santhal rebellion, Munda uprising, Kol uprising etc. Government Efforts A conscious policy of Tribal Panchsheel was chosen and implemented by the ruling dispensation after independence to integrate tribals. This was to give tribals some autonomy to progress in their own way. Constitutional provisions: Definition: Article 342 and 366 Educational and Economic Rights: Articles 15, 16, 46 and 335 Political rights/empowerment: Articles 330, 332, 243D, 243T Administration: 5th and 6th Schedules Cultural rights: Article 29 Agency to Monitor progress: Article 338A Statutory efforts: PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996) FRA (Forest Rights Act), 2006 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Government Schemes: Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana PM Vandhan Yojana Minimum Support Price for Minor Forest Produce(MSP for MFP) Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups PVTGs) etc. However, tribals have been still lagging far behind on basic indicators like livelihood and employment, education, health etc. Lacunae in government efforts Irrespective of the government"s efforts the tribal progress have remained dismal due to the following reasons: Weak execution of policies The inefficiency of state govt in administering the program Misappropriation of funds allotted for welfare Ill-trained administrative personnel. Lack of faith, mutual trust between tribals, and govt. Lack of awareness among tribals with respect to their rights and entitlement Lack of primary education in tribal language The development led displacement of tribals. This promotes further retreatment of tribals towards inaccessible stretches of land. Which further aggravates the problem of accessibility wrt basic infrastructure e.g. health, education, skill, etc. Thus Panchsheel policies implementation remains far from reality. Even the benefits of reservation have been reaped by only a certain section within the tribes leading to the problem of elitism. Way Forward Identification of beneficiaries. Creation of a database with respect to socio-economic profile of various tribal groups. Robust grassroots level participation. Development of mutual trust. Availability of information with respect to the government provisions in local tribal languages. Make robust use of telemedicine, online education to address the issue of accessibility. Development efforts should be in accordance with the socio-cultural milieu of tribals. Xaxa Committee was established in 2013 to study the socio-economic-educational-health status of tribals in India. Recommendation - Gram sabha power needs to be increased wrt land alienation. Unused land should be acquired and used for tribal rehabilitation. On the lines of Andhra Pradesh the mining rights should be given to tribal cooperatives. Instead of constructing large dams, small size water harvesting structures should be created to address the problem of submergence and displacement. Impose penalties on administrative officials for delay in implementation of FRA & PESA. Appoint a judicial commission to investigate the Naxal cases. Improve the accessibility to the tribal areas.
|
##Question:Despite government efforts, tribal progress has remained dismal. Critically examine the factors responsible? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Briefly introduce tribals and their background Discuss government efforts and the lacunae in it Brief way forward in the end Tribes are homogenous, unstratified, geographically isolated groups which have a unique culture with distinct means of livelihood, and generally they are shy and reluctant to have contact with outsiders. The constitution defines Scheduled Tribes under Art 366 defines as such tribes which under Art 342 are deemed to be scheduled tribes. Background Under colonial rule, the isolation of tribals was disrupted due to the penetration of market forces. Traders, revenue farmers, and middlemen entered their life. Due to a lack of awareness, tribals got trapped in a debt cycle. They were reduced to the states of tenants, and sharecroppers. Tribals suffered exploitation and oppression. Their relation with the forest was also altered due to colonial rule - conservation of forest and to facilitate its commercial exploitation, shifting cultivation was forbidden, rights over forest land, and minor forest produce was denied. The penetration of Christian missionaries also impacted their culture, way of life, tradition. With the subjective realization of objective reality, various tribal revolts took place - Santhal rebellion, Munda uprising, Kol uprising etc. Government Efforts A conscious policy of Tribal Panchsheel was chosen and implemented by the ruling dispensation after independence to integrate tribals. This was to give tribals some autonomy to progress in their own way. Constitutional provisions: Definition: Article 342 and 366 Educational and Economic Rights: Articles 15, 16, 46 and 335 Political rights/empowerment: Articles 330, 332, 243D, 243T Administration: 5th and 6th Schedules Cultural rights: Article 29 Agency to Monitor progress: Article 338A Statutory efforts: PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996) FRA (Forest Rights Act), 2006 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Government Schemes: Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana PM Vandhan Yojana Minimum Support Price for Minor Forest Produce(MSP for MFP) Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups PVTGs) etc. However, tribals have been still lagging far behind on basic indicators like livelihood and employment, education, health etc. Lacunae in government efforts Irrespective of the government"s efforts the tribal progress have remained dismal due to the following reasons: Weak execution of policies The inefficiency of state govt in administering the program Misappropriation of funds allotted for welfare Ill-trained administrative personnel. Lack of faith, mutual trust between tribals, and govt. Lack of awareness among tribals with respect to their rights and entitlement Lack of primary education in tribal language The development led displacement of tribals. This promotes further retreatment of tribals towards inaccessible stretches of land. Which further aggravates the problem of accessibility wrt basic infrastructure e.g. health, education, skill, etc. Thus Panchsheel policies implementation remains far from reality. Even the benefits of reservation have been reaped by only a certain section within the tribes leading to the problem of elitism. Way Forward Identification of beneficiaries. Creation of a database with respect to socio-economic profile of various tribal groups. Robust grassroots level participation. Development of mutual trust. Availability of information with respect to the government provisions in local tribal languages. Make robust use of telemedicine, online education to address the issue of accessibility. Development efforts should be in accordance with the socio-cultural milieu of tribals. Xaxa Committee was established in 2013 to study the socio-economic-educational-health status of tribals in India. Recommendation - Gram sabha power needs to be increased wrt land alienation. Unused land should be acquired and used for tribal rehabilitation. On the lines of Andhra Pradesh the mining rights should be given to tribal cooperatives. Instead of constructing large dams, small size water harvesting structures should be created to address the problem of submergence and displacement. Impose penalties on administrative officials for delay in implementation of FRA & PESA. Appoint a judicial commission to investigate the Naxal cases. Improve the accessibility to the tribal areas.
| 69,498
|
Capitalism has guided the world economy to unprecedented prosperity. However, it often encourages shortsightedness and contributes to wide disparities between the rich and the poor. In this light, would it be correct to believe and adopt capitalism for bringing inclusive growth in India? Discuss. (250 words/15 marks)
|
Approach: Introduce capitalism as an economic system to enhance prosperity Discuss the issues associated with capitalism Explain how capitalism can lead to inclusive growth in India Answer: Capitalism, as an economic system, is based on the principles of a market economy, in which the production and distribution of goods and services are determined by the laws of supply and demand. It is characterized by private ownership and control of the means of production, the pursuit of profit as the main goal of economic activity, and competition among firms as a means of allocating resources and determining prices. While capitalism has contributed to significant economic growth and prosperity in many countries, it has also been criticized for its potential to create inequality, injustice, and environmental degradation. Some of the potential negative effects of capitalism include: Income inequality : In a capitalist system, those who own capital (such as land, factories, or businesses) are often able to accumulate wealth more quickly than those who rely on wages for their income. This can lead to a concentration of wealth in the hands of a small group of people, while the majority may struggle to make ends meet.The 1.2 billion poorest people on the planet account for just 1% of global consumption, while the billion richest are responsible for 72%. According to a recent Oxfam study, the 85 richest people in the world have accumulated the same wealth as the bottom 3.5 billion. One in eight people goes to bed hungry every night, while 1.4 billion adults are overweight. Exploitation: In a capitalist system, workers may be exploited by being paid low wages or working in unhealthy or dangerous conditions in order to increase profits for the employer. Environmental degradation : In a capitalist system, businesses may prioritize profits over the long-term health and sustainability of the environment. This can lead to environmental problems such as air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. Lack of access to necessities: In a capitalist system, access to necessities such as healthcare, education, and housing may depend on one"s ability to pay, rather than being based on need. This can lead to social and economic inequality and disadvantage for those who are unable to afford these necessities. Capitalism and inclusive growth in India While the system of capitalism has its flaws, regulated by a government that works on social welfare model, capitalism can lead to improved efficiency in enterprise, enhance private investments and can boost economic production while at the same time raising the capital necessary for a government to run its social schemes for the betterment of the poor and the marginalized. The success story of Indian economy would not have been possible without effective government control via regulations that ensured that the wealth so generated reached all sections of society either directly via the ‘trickle down’ effect or via its numerous social welfare programs. Therefore the malaise of wealth in only a few hands in capitalism can be corrected by the government stepping in to have a system of taxation that promotes economic equality, encouraging entrepreneurship and setting up venture capital funds to support entrepreneurs from the lower socio-economic strata; running social welfare programs that ensure substantive equality of opportunity by providing affordable quality education and health services. For e.g. Government of India recognizes this responsibility and hence to encourage entrepreneurship among marginalized sections of society and enhance socio-economic equality, it has started ‘Start-Up India’. Enhancing equality of opportunity in order to counter the capitalism induced inequality also requires the government to ensure access to quality infrastructure necessary for running business – both public infrastructure as well as digital infrastructure which is increasingly becoming lifeline of today’s economy. Transformational change will come only from businesses and others acting together. Again, we are hopeful, because momentum is building. Coalitions are being formed to tackle issues ranging from illegal deforestation to food security. Bodies like the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the global Consumer Goods Forum are uniting key industry players and putting pressure on governments to join forces in the search for sustainable capitalism. Overall, while capitalism has contributed to economic growth and prosperity, it is important to consider the potential negative effects and to find ways to address them through policies and practices that promote fairness, justice, and sustainability. We have no time to lose. As Mahatma Gandh i once put it: “The future depends on what you do today.”
|
##Question:Capitalism has guided the world economy to unprecedented prosperity. However, it often encourages shortsightedness and contributes to wide disparities between the rich and the poor. In this light, would it be correct to believe and adopt capitalism for bringing inclusive growth in India? Discuss. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce capitalism as an economic system to enhance prosperity Discuss the issues associated with capitalism Explain how capitalism can lead to inclusive growth in India Answer: Capitalism, as an economic system, is based on the principles of a market economy, in which the production and distribution of goods and services are determined by the laws of supply and demand. It is characterized by private ownership and control of the means of production, the pursuit of profit as the main goal of economic activity, and competition among firms as a means of allocating resources and determining prices. While capitalism has contributed to significant economic growth and prosperity in many countries, it has also been criticized for its potential to create inequality, injustice, and environmental degradation. Some of the potential negative effects of capitalism include: Income inequality : In a capitalist system, those who own capital (such as land, factories, or businesses) are often able to accumulate wealth more quickly than those who rely on wages for their income. This can lead to a concentration of wealth in the hands of a small group of people, while the majority may struggle to make ends meet.The 1.2 billion poorest people on the planet account for just 1% of global consumption, while the billion richest are responsible for 72%. According to a recent Oxfam study, the 85 richest people in the world have accumulated the same wealth as the bottom 3.5 billion. One in eight people goes to bed hungry every night, while 1.4 billion adults are overweight. Exploitation: In a capitalist system, workers may be exploited by being paid low wages or working in unhealthy or dangerous conditions in order to increase profits for the employer. Environmental degradation : In a capitalist system, businesses may prioritize profits over the long-term health and sustainability of the environment. This can lead to environmental problems such as air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. Lack of access to necessities: In a capitalist system, access to necessities such as healthcare, education, and housing may depend on one"s ability to pay, rather than being based on need. This can lead to social and economic inequality and disadvantage for those who are unable to afford these necessities. Capitalism and inclusive growth in India While the system of capitalism has its flaws, regulated by a government that works on social welfare model, capitalism can lead to improved efficiency in enterprise, enhance private investments and can boost economic production while at the same time raising the capital necessary for a government to run its social schemes for the betterment of the poor and the marginalized. The success story of Indian economy would not have been possible without effective government control via regulations that ensured that the wealth so generated reached all sections of society either directly via the ‘trickle down’ effect or via its numerous social welfare programs. Therefore the malaise of wealth in only a few hands in capitalism can be corrected by the government stepping in to have a system of taxation that promotes economic equality, encouraging entrepreneurship and setting up venture capital funds to support entrepreneurs from the lower socio-economic strata; running social welfare programs that ensure substantive equality of opportunity by providing affordable quality education and health services. For e.g. Government of India recognizes this responsibility and hence to encourage entrepreneurship among marginalized sections of society and enhance socio-economic equality, it has started ‘Start-Up India’. Enhancing equality of opportunity in order to counter the capitalism induced inequality also requires the government to ensure access to quality infrastructure necessary for running business – both public infrastructure as well as digital infrastructure which is increasingly becoming lifeline of today’s economy. Transformational change will come only from businesses and others acting together. Again, we are hopeful, because momentum is building. Coalitions are being formed to tackle issues ranging from illegal deforestation to food security. Bodies like the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the global Consumer Goods Forum are uniting key industry players and putting pressure on governments to join forces in the search for sustainable capitalism. Overall, while capitalism has contributed to economic growth and prosperity, it is important to consider the potential negative effects and to find ways to address them through policies and practices that promote fairness, justice, and sustainability. We have no time to lose. As Mahatma Gandh i once put it: “The future depends on what you do today.”
| 69,527
|
चीन की विस्तृत चीन नीति के विभिन्न आयामों को स्पष्ट करते हुए भारत पर इसके संभावित प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Explaining the various dimensions of the comprehensive China policy of China, discuss its possible effects on India. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में विस्तृत चीन नीति को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में विस्तृत चीन नीति के विभिन्न आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में भारत पर इसके संभावित प्रभावों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में विस्तृत चीन नीति के प्रति भारत की रणनीति की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| चीन अपनी इस नीति के तहत आर्थिक राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से विश्व के हर क्षेत्र में प्रभाव स्थापित करना चाहता है| वह अपनी आर्थिक क्षमता को व्यापक कर विश्व अर्थव्यवस्था को अपने अनुकूल बनाना चाहता है| विश्व में चीनी अर्थव्यवस्था को प्रभावी बनाना, अमेरिका को संतुलित करना, यूरोपीय संघ के ऊपर अपना प्रभाव स्थापित करना, रूस के साथ सहयोग करते हुए एशिया एवं यूरोप में अपने प्रभाव को बढ़ाना अफ्रीका महाद्वीप में प्राकृतिक संपदाओं का दोहन करते हुए कूटनीतिक प्रभाव स्थापित करना आदि इस नीति के उद्देश्य हैं| नीति के अंतर्गत चीन द्वारा बहुआयामी प्रयास किये गए हैं| आर्थिक विस्तार की नीति वर्ष 2009-10 में उत्पन्न हुई आर्थिक मंदी का लाभ उठाने के लिए चीन ने अपनी मुद्रा युवान की कीमत को कम किया ताकि विश्व बाजार में चीनी वस्तुओं की कीमत कम हो सके और उनकी खपत बढ़ सके| विश्व के अनेक राष्ट्रों के साथ चीन ने मौद्रिक समझौते किये ताकि डॉलर के ऊपर उसकी निर्भरता कम हो सके|वर्ष 2012 में जापान और चीन के बीच युवान-येन ट्रेडिंग अग्रीमेंट इसी प्रकार का एक समझौता है| चीन ने अक्टूबर 2015 को चाइना इंटरनेशनल पेमेंट सिस्टम को आरम्भ किया ताकि युवान के वैश्विक उपयोग को बढाया जा सके | नवम्बर 2015 को युवान अन्तराष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष के SDR (विशेष आहरण अधिकार) का भी सदस्य बन गया जो डॉलर को प्रतिस्पर्धा देने के लिए चीन की मदद कर सकेगा चीन ने ओबोर (OBOR) परियोजना के माध्यम से रेशम मार्ग को पुनर्जीवित करने की मुहिम चलाई है| ताकि आवागमन अथवा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परिवहन पर अपने प्रभाव को बढ़ा सके| भौगोलिक विस्तार की नीति चीन भौगोलिक विस्तार के लिए जहाँ एक ओर दक्षिण चीन सागर में अपने प्रभुत्व को बढ़ाना चाहता है वहीँ हिन्द महासागर में अपना प्रभाव फैलाने का प्रयास कर रहा है| भौगोलिक विस्तार का उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय व्यापकता को बढ़ाना, विभिन्न क्षत्रों की प्राकृतिक संपदा तक अपनी पहुँच बढ़ाना, OBOR परियोजना को सफल बनाना एवं दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया तथा दक्षिण एशिया के उहरते बाजारों पर अपना नियंत्रण स्थापित करना है| राजनीतिक विस्तार की नीति चीन अफ्रीका और दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया के अनेक राष्ट्रों को ऋण देकर उनकी नीतियों को अपने हितो के अनुकूल बनाने का प्रयास करता है वैश्विक संस्थाओं को अपने हितों के अनुकूल बनाने का प्रयास करता है सुरक्षा परिषद में भारत की स्थायी सदस्यता के दावे को अस्वीकार करके एशिया में अपनी प्रभावी भूमिका को बनाए रखना चाहता है| सैन्य विस्तार की नीति चीन जहाँ दक्षिण चीन सागर में अनेक कृत्रिम द्वीपों को निर्मित कर वहां सैन्य अड्डे स्थापित कर रहा है, सैनिक निगरानी तंत्र विकसित कर रहा है, वहीँ हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान, श्रीलंका, म्यांमार जैसे देशों के साथ मिल कर सैनिक सहयोग बढ़ा रहा है| विस्तृत चीन नीति का भारत पर प्रभाव आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से चीन भारत के पडोसी देशों को अपने अनुकूल बना कर भारतीय बाजार को संकुचित करेगा हिन्द महासागर में बंदरगाहों पर अपना नियंत्रण स्थापित कर भारत के आवागमन को बाधित करने का प्रयास करेगा पडोसी देशों को आर्थिक सहायता एवं संरचनात्मक सहयोग करके भारत को सीमित करेगा चीन के प्रभाव से दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय संगठन कमजोर पड़ेंगे हिन्द महासागर और दक्षिण चीन सागर में संघर्ष और टकराव की स्थितियां उत्पन्न होंगी भारत पर इसके नकारात्मक प्रभावों को देखते हुये भारत ने इसके प्रति एक सुस्पष्ट नीति अपनाई है| जिसके अंतर्गत भारत सागर योजना के माध्यम से अपने बंदरगाहों को सुदृढ़ कर रहा है ताकि विदेशी राष्ट्रों के बंदरगाहों पर भारत की निर्भरता कम हो सके| सीमाओं पर संरचनात्मक विकास करके चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित करने की नीति बनाता है| भारत चीन की चेक कूटनीति या आर्थिक साम्राज्यवाद के भावी दुष्परिणामों से पडोसी राष्ट्रों को आगाह करता है| हिन्द महासागर और दक्षिण चीन सागर में अपने प्रभाव को बनाए रखने के लिए क्वाड जैसे संगठनों को सुदृढ़ कर रहा है| भारत और जापान मिल कर एशिया और अफ्रीका की कनेक्टिविटी योजनाओं को व्यापक बना रहे हैं| साथ ही भारत आसियान और वियतनाम जैसे देशों के साथ सैन्य सहयोग भी बढ़ा रहा है ताकि विस्तृत चीन नीति को प्रतिसंतुलित किया जा सके|
|
##Question:चीन की विस्तृत चीन नीति के विभिन्न आयामों को स्पष्ट करते हुए भारत पर इसके संभावित प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Explaining the various dimensions of the comprehensive China policy of China, discuss its possible effects on India. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में विस्तृत चीन नीति को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में विस्तृत चीन नीति के विभिन्न आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में भारत पर इसके संभावित प्रभावों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में विस्तृत चीन नीति के प्रति भारत की रणनीति की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| चीन अपनी इस नीति के तहत आर्थिक राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से विश्व के हर क्षेत्र में प्रभाव स्थापित करना चाहता है| वह अपनी आर्थिक क्षमता को व्यापक कर विश्व अर्थव्यवस्था को अपने अनुकूल बनाना चाहता है| विश्व में चीनी अर्थव्यवस्था को प्रभावी बनाना, अमेरिका को संतुलित करना, यूरोपीय संघ के ऊपर अपना प्रभाव स्थापित करना, रूस के साथ सहयोग करते हुए एशिया एवं यूरोप में अपने प्रभाव को बढ़ाना अफ्रीका महाद्वीप में प्राकृतिक संपदाओं का दोहन करते हुए कूटनीतिक प्रभाव स्थापित करना आदि इस नीति के उद्देश्य हैं| नीति के अंतर्गत चीन द्वारा बहुआयामी प्रयास किये गए हैं| आर्थिक विस्तार की नीति वर्ष 2009-10 में उत्पन्न हुई आर्थिक मंदी का लाभ उठाने के लिए चीन ने अपनी मुद्रा युवान की कीमत को कम किया ताकि विश्व बाजार में चीनी वस्तुओं की कीमत कम हो सके और उनकी खपत बढ़ सके| विश्व के अनेक राष्ट्रों के साथ चीन ने मौद्रिक समझौते किये ताकि डॉलर के ऊपर उसकी निर्भरता कम हो सके|वर्ष 2012 में जापान और चीन के बीच युवान-येन ट्रेडिंग अग्रीमेंट इसी प्रकार का एक समझौता है| चीन ने अक्टूबर 2015 को चाइना इंटरनेशनल पेमेंट सिस्टम को आरम्भ किया ताकि युवान के वैश्विक उपयोग को बढाया जा सके | नवम्बर 2015 को युवान अन्तराष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष के SDR (विशेष आहरण अधिकार) का भी सदस्य बन गया जो डॉलर को प्रतिस्पर्धा देने के लिए चीन की मदद कर सकेगा चीन ने ओबोर (OBOR) परियोजना के माध्यम से रेशम मार्ग को पुनर्जीवित करने की मुहिम चलाई है| ताकि आवागमन अथवा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परिवहन पर अपने प्रभाव को बढ़ा सके| भौगोलिक विस्तार की नीति चीन भौगोलिक विस्तार के लिए जहाँ एक ओर दक्षिण चीन सागर में अपने प्रभुत्व को बढ़ाना चाहता है वहीँ हिन्द महासागर में अपना प्रभाव फैलाने का प्रयास कर रहा है| भौगोलिक विस्तार का उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय व्यापकता को बढ़ाना, विभिन्न क्षत्रों की प्राकृतिक संपदा तक अपनी पहुँच बढ़ाना, OBOR परियोजना को सफल बनाना एवं दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया तथा दक्षिण एशिया के उहरते बाजारों पर अपना नियंत्रण स्थापित करना है| राजनीतिक विस्तार की नीति चीन अफ्रीका और दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया के अनेक राष्ट्रों को ऋण देकर उनकी नीतियों को अपने हितो के अनुकूल बनाने का प्रयास करता है वैश्विक संस्थाओं को अपने हितों के अनुकूल बनाने का प्रयास करता है सुरक्षा परिषद में भारत की स्थायी सदस्यता के दावे को अस्वीकार करके एशिया में अपनी प्रभावी भूमिका को बनाए रखना चाहता है| सैन्य विस्तार की नीति चीन जहाँ दक्षिण चीन सागर में अनेक कृत्रिम द्वीपों को निर्मित कर वहां सैन्य अड्डे स्थापित कर रहा है, सैनिक निगरानी तंत्र विकसित कर रहा है, वहीँ हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान, श्रीलंका, म्यांमार जैसे देशों के साथ मिल कर सैनिक सहयोग बढ़ा रहा है| विस्तृत चीन नीति का भारत पर प्रभाव आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से चीन भारत के पडोसी देशों को अपने अनुकूल बना कर भारतीय बाजार को संकुचित करेगा हिन्द महासागर में बंदरगाहों पर अपना नियंत्रण स्थापित कर भारत के आवागमन को बाधित करने का प्रयास करेगा पडोसी देशों को आर्थिक सहायता एवं संरचनात्मक सहयोग करके भारत को सीमित करेगा चीन के प्रभाव से दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय संगठन कमजोर पड़ेंगे हिन्द महासागर और दक्षिण चीन सागर में संघर्ष और टकराव की स्थितियां उत्पन्न होंगी भारत पर इसके नकारात्मक प्रभावों को देखते हुये भारत ने इसके प्रति एक सुस्पष्ट नीति अपनाई है| जिसके अंतर्गत भारत सागर योजना के माध्यम से अपने बंदरगाहों को सुदृढ़ कर रहा है ताकि विदेशी राष्ट्रों के बंदरगाहों पर भारत की निर्भरता कम हो सके| सीमाओं पर संरचनात्मक विकास करके चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित करने की नीति बनाता है| भारत चीन की चेक कूटनीति या आर्थिक साम्राज्यवाद के भावी दुष्परिणामों से पडोसी राष्ट्रों को आगाह करता है| हिन्द महासागर और दक्षिण चीन सागर में अपने प्रभाव को बनाए रखने के लिए क्वाड जैसे संगठनों को सुदृढ़ कर रहा है| भारत और जापान मिल कर एशिया और अफ्रीका की कनेक्टिविटी योजनाओं को व्यापक बना रहे हैं| साथ ही भारत आसियान और वियतनाम जैसे देशों के साथ सैन्य सहयोग भी बढ़ा रहा है ताकि विस्तृत चीन नीति को प्रतिसंतुलित किया जा सके|
| 69,531
|
Outline the emergence of the working-class movement in India, also elaborate on the attitude of early Indian National Congress leadership toward the condition of the working class. (10 marks/150 words)
|
Approach : Provide a background of working class movememt. Provide for the emergence of the working-class movement in India. Mention the attitude of early INC leaders toward the working-class with reasons. Conclude accordingly. Model answer : The working-class movements came into existence when member develops class consciousness when they come to realize that they have common interest problems and solutions so they organize themselves into class organizations. it began in India with the establishment of modern industries. Early beginnings in India: Modern Indian workers came on the scene in India post-1850s when railways plantations, textile, and jute mills were established. that is when modern industries began to be established. 1870 workingmen"s club established in Bengal by Sasipada Banerjee. Bharat Shramjeevi(monthly journal) by Sasipada. In 1880 anglo-Maratha weekly Dinbandhu by Narayan Lokhande. The attitude of early INC leadership toward the working-class: Project of building national unity: the early INC had a goal of building national unity and national consciousness. therefore they didn"t want to take up questions that divide Indians. In the second session of INC Dada Bhai Naroji made a rule that INC will take up only those questions which are common to all Indians, which are only political questions. INC will not take up social issues, religious issues, and class issues as these issues can divide Indians. therefore they were less concerned about the working class. Moderates were pro-Indian capitalists and believed that only indigenous capitalism can lead to a modern economy and development. Moderates did not support concerns of Indian workers working in Indian enterprises as benefits and protections to workers would hurt the interests of Indian capitalists. Moderates opposed factory acts of 1881 and 1891. Even in the swadeshi movement INC only supported Indian workers of foreign enterprises. However early nationalists did support workers of foreign-owned enterprises. for example, supported workers of tea plantation labor for inland immigration act 1863. During the swadeshi movement: BC Pal, CR Das led workers to strike in foreign-owned enterprises like railways. it was in the late 19th century that workers began becoming part of the Indian national movement due to the efforts of Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and CR das. leaders like tilak began arguing that INC should take up issues of all workers and Indian enterprises as well. In the later stage of the Indian national movement, workers became an integral part of the Indian national movement and the Indian national congress also began to raise the concern of workers.
|
##Question:Outline the emergence of the working-class movement in India, also elaborate on the attitude of early Indian National Congress leadership toward the condition of the working class. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Provide a background of working class movememt. Provide for the emergence of the working-class movement in India. Mention the attitude of early INC leaders toward the working-class with reasons. Conclude accordingly. Model answer : The working-class movements came into existence when member develops class consciousness when they come to realize that they have common interest problems and solutions so they organize themselves into class organizations. it began in India with the establishment of modern industries. Early beginnings in India: Modern Indian workers came on the scene in India post-1850s when railways plantations, textile, and jute mills were established. that is when modern industries began to be established. 1870 workingmen"s club established in Bengal by Sasipada Banerjee. Bharat Shramjeevi(monthly journal) by Sasipada. In 1880 anglo-Maratha weekly Dinbandhu by Narayan Lokhande. The attitude of early INC leadership toward the working-class: Project of building national unity: the early INC had a goal of building national unity and national consciousness. therefore they didn"t want to take up questions that divide Indians. In the second session of INC Dada Bhai Naroji made a rule that INC will take up only those questions which are common to all Indians, which are only political questions. INC will not take up social issues, religious issues, and class issues as these issues can divide Indians. therefore they were less concerned about the working class. Moderates were pro-Indian capitalists and believed that only indigenous capitalism can lead to a modern economy and development. Moderates did not support concerns of Indian workers working in Indian enterprises as benefits and protections to workers would hurt the interests of Indian capitalists. Moderates opposed factory acts of 1881 and 1891. Even in the swadeshi movement INC only supported Indian workers of foreign enterprises. However early nationalists did support workers of foreign-owned enterprises. for example, supported workers of tea plantation labor for inland immigration act 1863. During the swadeshi movement: BC Pal, CR Das led workers to strike in foreign-owned enterprises like railways. it was in the late 19th century that workers began becoming part of the Indian national movement due to the efforts of Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and CR das. leaders like tilak began arguing that INC should take up issues of all workers and Indian enterprises as well. In the later stage of the Indian national movement, workers became an integral part of the Indian national movement and the Indian national congress also began to raise the concern of workers.
| 69,538
|
Discuss in detail about the Seven Years" Global War along with its result? (10 marks/150 Words)
|
Approach- Give a basic introduction about the Seven Years" Global War. Highlight reasons for the war. Mention the result of the war by specifying the clauses of the Treaty of Paris. Conclude by specifying the significance of war. Answer- Winston Churchill called the Seven Years" Global war as the true First world war. It was fought between France and Britain and their respective allies. In North America, Central America, France and Spain fought against Britain. It was fought in Europe, West Africa, the Americas, India. Reasons for the war: 1) It was a product of Britain-France"s rivalry for domination of world affairs. 2) In Europe, Prussia had done territorial expansion by taking over some territory (Silesia) of Austria. Other European powers were opposed to such expansion by Prussia. Therefore, France, Russia, Spain supported Austria against Prussia supported by Britain. 3) In West Africa- The dispute between France and Britain was over Senegal which was rich in Gum. In India- The trade with India was highly lucrative and here the dispute was over who controls or dominates this trade. It was fought between Britain and France in South India. 4) For France and Spain, the main attraction in the Americas was the lucrative Sugar island colonies of Central America. The trade in goods produced in the plantation systems of Central American islands was highly profitable. 5) Britain wanted to dominate the whole of North America by doing a territorial expansion to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. 6) For France and Spain, the anxiety was that if Britain comes to dominate the whole of North America then it would soon threaten their colonies in Central America. This was the conflict in the Americas. 7) Interests of European settlers of 13 colonies (mainly for Britain)- Lands in 13 colonies were majorly owned by aristocrats of Britain and settlers had to pay rents to these aristocrats. Therefore, they desired expansion to the west, so they could become landlords. 8) Interests of American Indians- They wanted to preserve their autonomy/control over their lands and prevent land grabbing by settlers. Under France, their lands were safe because of the absence of French settlers. Result: Treaty Of Paris= 1) All French territory (Canada, Louisiana) in North America was taken over by Britain. 2) Florida was taken over from Spain and in return, it was given parts of Louisiana. 3) France and Spain were allowed to retain their core interests i.e. sugar colonies of Central America. 4) India- French were decisively defeated and now they were no more a threat to Britain. French was limited to Pondicherry in South India. Therefore, Britain came to dominate Indian trade. 5) Prussia was able to retain Selesia. 6) Senegal was allowed to remain with France. The effect of the Seven Year War on world politics was that it reduced the domination of France, while Britain Consolidated its colonial power. Also, it laid the ground for American Revolution (1765-83) & French Revolution (1789).
|
##Question:Discuss in detail about the Seven Years" Global War along with its result? (10 marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach- Give a basic introduction about the Seven Years" Global War. Highlight reasons for the war. Mention the result of the war by specifying the clauses of the Treaty of Paris. Conclude by specifying the significance of war. Answer- Winston Churchill called the Seven Years" Global war as the true First world war. It was fought between France and Britain and their respective allies. In North America, Central America, France and Spain fought against Britain. It was fought in Europe, West Africa, the Americas, India. Reasons for the war: 1) It was a product of Britain-France"s rivalry for domination of world affairs. 2) In Europe, Prussia had done territorial expansion by taking over some territory (Silesia) of Austria. Other European powers were opposed to such expansion by Prussia. Therefore, France, Russia, Spain supported Austria against Prussia supported by Britain. 3) In West Africa- The dispute between France and Britain was over Senegal which was rich in Gum. In India- The trade with India was highly lucrative and here the dispute was over who controls or dominates this trade. It was fought between Britain and France in South India. 4) For France and Spain, the main attraction in the Americas was the lucrative Sugar island colonies of Central America. The trade in goods produced in the plantation systems of Central American islands was highly profitable. 5) Britain wanted to dominate the whole of North America by doing a territorial expansion to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. 6) For France and Spain, the anxiety was that if Britain comes to dominate the whole of North America then it would soon threaten their colonies in Central America. This was the conflict in the Americas. 7) Interests of European settlers of 13 colonies (mainly for Britain)- Lands in 13 colonies were majorly owned by aristocrats of Britain and settlers had to pay rents to these aristocrats. Therefore, they desired expansion to the west, so they could become landlords. 8) Interests of American Indians- They wanted to preserve their autonomy/control over their lands and prevent land grabbing by settlers. Under France, their lands were safe because of the absence of French settlers. Result: Treaty Of Paris= 1) All French territory (Canada, Louisiana) in North America was taken over by Britain. 2) Florida was taken over from Spain and in return, it was given parts of Louisiana. 3) France and Spain were allowed to retain their core interests i.e. sugar colonies of Central America. 4) India- French were decisively defeated and now they were no more a threat to Britain. French was limited to Pondicherry in South India. Therefore, Britain came to dominate Indian trade. 5) Prussia was able to retain Selesia. 6) Senegal was allowed to remain with France. The effect of the Seven Year War on world politics was that it reduced the domination of France, while Britain Consolidated its colonial power. Also, it laid the ground for American Revolution (1765-83) & French Revolution (1789).
| 69,546
|
"Non-alignment is not only about neutrality but the freedom to decide on every issue on its merit." In the light of the statement, examine how India played an active part in international affairs during the Nehruvian era? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Brief introduction about NAM Explain how India playes an important role in international affairs in context of NAM Give brief conclusion in the end Answer After World War II, the world was engaged in cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favour of right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. Korean War: India voted against major powers in UN to prevent entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided formula to end war and was made chairman of Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. Indo-China: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of region. Further, India was appointed chairman of International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. Suez Canal: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal and dispute settlement in accordance with UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in peace-keeping force. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Minister condemned Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for Kashmir issue. The Congo Conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to close and restored the central government’s authority. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both the blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
|
##Question:"Non-alignment is not only about neutrality but the freedom to decide on every issue on its merit." In the light of the statement, examine how India played an active part in international affairs during the Nehruvian era? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Brief introduction about NAM Explain how India playes an important role in international affairs in context of NAM Give brief conclusion in the end Answer After World War II, the world was engaged in cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favour of right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. Korean War: India voted against major powers in UN to prevent entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided formula to end war and was made chairman of Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. Indo-China: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of region. Further, India was appointed chairman of International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. Suez Canal: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal and dispute settlement in accordance with UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in peace-keeping force. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Minister condemned Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for Kashmir issue. The Congo Conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to close and restored the central government’s authority. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both the blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
| 69,549
|
भारत जापान सम्बन्ध के समक्ष अनेक व्यावहारिक चुनौतियां विद्यमान हैं किन्तु दोनों देशों ने लगभग इस प्रकार सहयोग विकसित कर लिए हैं जो प्राकृतिक मित्रता की ओर संकेत करने लगे हैं| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Many practical challenges exist before India-Japan relations, but the two countries have developed cooperation in such a way that they are beginning to indicate natural friendship. Discuss. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में भारत जापान सम्बन्धों की वस्तुस्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में भारत जापान सम्बन्ध के समक्ष विद्यमान चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में भारत जापान के मध्य विकसित होते सहयोग की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम मे कथन के अनुरूपनिष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये कुछ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वातावरण के प्रभाव से सात दशकों में भारत और जापान आंशिक तौर पर सम्बन्ध नकारात्मक हुए किन्तु अधिकतर समय दोनों देशों के बीच सम्बन्ध सकारात्मक रहे हैं| वर्ष 2005 में जापानी प्रधानमन्त्री जुनिचिरो कोईजुमु और 2006 में प्रधानमन्त्री मनमोहन सिंह की जापान यात्रा से सम्बन्धों में सक्रियता आयी| हाल ही के वर्षों में दोनों के मध्य विकसित होते संबंधों ने अनेक चुनौतियों का सामना किया है किन्तु दोनों के मध्य सहयोग निरन्तर विकसित होते हैं| भारत जापान सम्बन्ध के समक्ष विद्यमान चुनौतियां भारत और जापान के सम्बन्धों में चीन का हस्तक्षेप एक बड़ी चुनौती है क्योंकि- भारत उत्तरी सीमा के संरचनात्मक विकास में जापान के सहयोग को और अधिक बढ़ाना चाहता है किन्तु चीन जापान को ऐसा करने से रोकता है| चूँकि जापान का चीन में अभी भी बहुत अधिक निवेश है ऐसी स्थिति में जापान चीन को असंतुष्ट नहीं करना चाहेगा लागत प्रतिस्पर्धा भी एक चुनौती है क्योंकि सैनिक तकनीकी में जापान द्वारा विकसित की गयी तकनीकी अपेक्षाकृत नयी है जिससे उसकी लागत बढ़ जाती है सापेक्षिक अनुभवहीनता भी एक चुनौती को जन्म देता है क्योंकि सुरक्षात्मक तकनीकी में जापान की अपेक्षा रूस, फ्रांस, जर्मनी और इजराइल जैसे देश अधिक सक्षम हैं| रक्षा क्षेत्र में जापान के नए क़दमों के कारण एक मजबूत समझ विकसित करने में जटिलता उत्पन्न होती है जापान प्रोएक्टिव पीस पालिसी (पहले से ही शान्ति बनाए रखने की नीति) पर आधारित है जबकि भारत आरम्भ से ही पाकिस्तान और चीन जैसे शत्रुओं का सामना कर रहा है| परिणामतः शस्त्रीकरण की नीति में भारत और जापान के बीच अंतर स्थापित हो जाता है| भारत जापान के मध्य विकसित सहयोग चूँकि 2006 से पहले जापान का अधिकतर निवेश चीन की ओर रहता था किन्तु चीन द्वारा अनेक प्राकृतिक तत्वों को उपलब्ध करवाने से इनकार करने पर जापान का झुकाव भारत की ओर बढ़ा| आज जापान भारत में आर्थिक सहायता, पूँजी निवेश, आधारिक संरचनाओं का विकास, करेंसी स्वैप अरेंजमेंट, साइबर सुरक्षा आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग कर रहा है| जापान ने उत्तरपूर्वी राज्यों के विकास में सहयोग किया| कनेक्टिविटी के लिए NH 40, 54, धुबरी-फुलवारी कनेक्टिविटी आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग कर रहा है| दोनों देशों के बीच वर्ष 2006 से ही दोहरा कराधान समझौता है दोनों देश साइबर सुरक्षा, हरित क्रांति और संचार प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में सहयोग कर रहे हैं वर्ष 2018 में प्रधानमन्त्री नरेंद्र मोदी की जापान यात्रा के दौरान कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, इन्टरनेट ऑफ़ थिंग्स को बढ़ावा देने के उद्देश्य से जापान के सोसाइटी 5.0 और भारत के डिजिटल इंडिया, स्मार्ट सिटी, स्टार्ट अप इंडिया जैसे कार्यक्रमों के बीच तालमेल स्थापित करने के लिए MOU पर हस्ताक्षर किये गए दोनों देशों ने वीजा प्रणाली को सरलीकृत करने के लिए फरवरी 2017 से ही सिंगल एंट्री वीजा आवेदन की प्रक्रिया को आसान बना दिया है दोनों देशों के बीच रक्षा क्षेत्र में भी अनेक सहयोग स्थापित हुए जैसे पासेक्स, जिमेक्स युद्धाभ्यास, मालाबार, प्रोजेक्ट 75I, डिफेन्स टेक्नोलॉजी सहयोग जैसे क्षेत्रों में सहयोग है जापान और भारत, भारत की ऊर्जा क्षमता को विकसित करने में सहयोग कर रहे हैं| इसके लिए वर्ष2006 से ही जापान भारत ऊर्जा वार्ता आरम्भ की गयी| इस वार्ता में तरल गैस, सौर ऊर्जा, परमाणु ऊर्जा और स्वच्छ ऊर्जा के अन्य क्षेत्रों में सहयोग को बढाया जा रहा है दोनों देशों के बीच पर्यटन एक महत्वपूर्ण व्यवसाय के रूप में उभरा है| इसके लिए भारत जापान पर्यटन परिषद का गठन किया गया है| वैश्विक परिपेक्ष्य में भी दोनों देश एक दूसरे के सहयोगी हैं| उदाहरण के लिए चीन की गतिविधियों को संतुलित करने में आपसी सहयोग, अफ्रीका में भारत जापान मिलकर एशिया अफ्रीका ग्रोथ कोरिडोर को विकसित कर रहे हैं, इंडो पेसिफिक क्षेत्र में भारत और जापान अन्य देशों के साथ मिल कर अनेक सहयोगात्मक कदम बढ़ा रहे हैं जैसे भारत अमेरिका जापान त्रिपक्षीय वार्ता, क्वाड, अधिग्रहण और क्रास सर्विसिंग समझौता, क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों के विकास में सहयोग, भारत ऑस्ट्रेलिया जापान त्रिपक्षीय वार्ता, मेकोंग जापान सहयोग आदि| सुरक्षा परिषद के लोकतांत्रिकरण के लिए दोनों देश एकजुट हो कर प्रयास कर रहे हैं| आज जापान भारत के आर्थिक विकास में मुख्य साझेदार है| सशक्त एवं आर्थिक रूप से पुनरुत्थान शील जापान और परिवर्तनशील तथा तेजी से उभरते भारत के बीच साझेदारी इस क्षेत्र में हमेशा के लिए प्रभावकारी शक्ति बन सकती है| दोनों देशों के मध्य विकसित उपरोक्त सहयोग दोनों की प्राकृतिक मित्रता के विकास की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करता है|
|
##Question:भारत जापान सम्बन्ध के समक्ष अनेक व्यावहारिक चुनौतियां विद्यमान हैं किन्तु दोनों देशों ने लगभग इस प्रकार सहयोग विकसित कर लिए हैं जो प्राकृतिक मित्रता की ओर संकेत करने लगे हैं| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Many practical challenges exist before India-Japan relations, but the two countries have developed cooperation in such a way that they are beginning to indicate natural friendship. Discuss. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में भारत जापान सम्बन्धों की वस्तुस्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में भारत जापान सम्बन्ध के समक्ष विद्यमान चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में भारत जापान के मध्य विकसित होते सहयोग की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम मे कथन के अनुरूपनिष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये कुछ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वातावरण के प्रभाव से सात दशकों में भारत और जापान आंशिक तौर पर सम्बन्ध नकारात्मक हुए किन्तु अधिकतर समय दोनों देशों के बीच सम्बन्ध सकारात्मक रहे हैं| वर्ष 2005 में जापानी प्रधानमन्त्री जुनिचिरो कोईजुमु और 2006 में प्रधानमन्त्री मनमोहन सिंह की जापान यात्रा से सम्बन्धों में सक्रियता आयी| हाल ही के वर्षों में दोनों के मध्य विकसित होते संबंधों ने अनेक चुनौतियों का सामना किया है किन्तु दोनों के मध्य सहयोग निरन्तर विकसित होते हैं| भारत जापान सम्बन्ध के समक्ष विद्यमान चुनौतियां भारत और जापान के सम्बन्धों में चीन का हस्तक्षेप एक बड़ी चुनौती है क्योंकि- भारत उत्तरी सीमा के संरचनात्मक विकास में जापान के सहयोग को और अधिक बढ़ाना चाहता है किन्तु चीन जापान को ऐसा करने से रोकता है| चूँकि जापान का चीन में अभी भी बहुत अधिक निवेश है ऐसी स्थिति में जापान चीन को असंतुष्ट नहीं करना चाहेगा लागत प्रतिस्पर्धा भी एक चुनौती है क्योंकि सैनिक तकनीकी में जापान द्वारा विकसित की गयी तकनीकी अपेक्षाकृत नयी है जिससे उसकी लागत बढ़ जाती है सापेक्षिक अनुभवहीनता भी एक चुनौती को जन्म देता है क्योंकि सुरक्षात्मक तकनीकी में जापान की अपेक्षा रूस, फ्रांस, जर्मनी और इजराइल जैसे देश अधिक सक्षम हैं| रक्षा क्षेत्र में जापान के नए क़दमों के कारण एक मजबूत समझ विकसित करने में जटिलता उत्पन्न होती है जापान प्रोएक्टिव पीस पालिसी (पहले से ही शान्ति बनाए रखने की नीति) पर आधारित है जबकि भारत आरम्भ से ही पाकिस्तान और चीन जैसे शत्रुओं का सामना कर रहा है| परिणामतः शस्त्रीकरण की नीति में भारत और जापान के बीच अंतर स्थापित हो जाता है| भारत जापान के मध्य विकसित सहयोग चूँकि 2006 से पहले जापान का अधिकतर निवेश चीन की ओर रहता था किन्तु चीन द्वारा अनेक प्राकृतिक तत्वों को उपलब्ध करवाने से इनकार करने पर जापान का झुकाव भारत की ओर बढ़ा| आज जापान भारत में आर्थिक सहायता, पूँजी निवेश, आधारिक संरचनाओं का विकास, करेंसी स्वैप अरेंजमेंट, साइबर सुरक्षा आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग कर रहा है| जापान ने उत्तरपूर्वी राज्यों के विकास में सहयोग किया| कनेक्टिविटी के लिए NH 40, 54, धुबरी-फुलवारी कनेक्टिविटी आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग कर रहा है| दोनों देशों के बीच वर्ष 2006 से ही दोहरा कराधान समझौता है दोनों देश साइबर सुरक्षा, हरित क्रांति और संचार प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में सहयोग कर रहे हैं वर्ष 2018 में प्रधानमन्त्री नरेंद्र मोदी की जापान यात्रा के दौरान कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, इन्टरनेट ऑफ़ थिंग्स को बढ़ावा देने के उद्देश्य से जापान के सोसाइटी 5.0 और भारत के डिजिटल इंडिया, स्मार्ट सिटी, स्टार्ट अप इंडिया जैसे कार्यक्रमों के बीच तालमेल स्थापित करने के लिए MOU पर हस्ताक्षर किये गए दोनों देशों ने वीजा प्रणाली को सरलीकृत करने के लिए फरवरी 2017 से ही सिंगल एंट्री वीजा आवेदन की प्रक्रिया को आसान बना दिया है दोनों देशों के बीच रक्षा क्षेत्र में भी अनेक सहयोग स्थापित हुए जैसे पासेक्स, जिमेक्स युद्धाभ्यास, मालाबार, प्रोजेक्ट 75I, डिफेन्स टेक्नोलॉजी सहयोग जैसे क्षेत्रों में सहयोग है जापान और भारत, भारत की ऊर्जा क्षमता को विकसित करने में सहयोग कर रहे हैं| इसके लिए वर्ष2006 से ही जापान भारत ऊर्जा वार्ता आरम्भ की गयी| इस वार्ता में तरल गैस, सौर ऊर्जा, परमाणु ऊर्जा और स्वच्छ ऊर्जा के अन्य क्षेत्रों में सहयोग को बढाया जा रहा है दोनों देशों के बीच पर्यटन एक महत्वपूर्ण व्यवसाय के रूप में उभरा है| इसके लिए भारत जापान पर्यटन परिषद का गठन किया गया है| वैश्विक परिपेक्ष्य में भी दोनों देश एक दूसरे के सहयोगी हैं| उदाहरण के लिए चीन की गतिविधियों को संतुलित करने में आपसी सहयोग, अफ्रीका में भारत जापान मिलकर एशिया अफ्रीका ग्रोथ कोरिडोर को विकसित कर रहे हैं, इंडो पेसिफिक क्षेत्र में भारत और जापान अन्य देशों के साथ मिल कर अनेक सहयोगात्मक कदम बढ़ा रहे हैं जैसे भारत अमेरिका जापान त्रिपक्षीय वार्ता, क्वाड, अधिग्रहण और क्रास सर्विसिंग समझौता, क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों के विकास में सहयोग, भारत ऑस्ट्रेलिया जापान त्रिपक्षीय वार्ता, मेकोंग जापान सहयोग आदि| सुरक्षा परिषद के लोकतांत्रिकरण के लिए दोनों देश एकजुट हो कर प्रयास कर रहे हैं| आज जापान भारत के आर्थिक विकास में मुख्य साझेदार है| सशक्त एवं आर्थिक रूप से पुनरुत्थान शील जापान और परिवर्तनशील तथा तेजी से उभरते भारत के बीच साझेदारी इस क्षेत्र में हमेशा के लिए प्रभावकारी शक्ति बन सकती है| दोनों देशों के मध्य विकसित उपरोक्त सहयोग दोनों की प्राकृतिक मित्रता के विकास की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करता है|
| 69,577
|
What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence -This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
|
##Question:What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence -This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
| 69,583
|
The Treaty of the Versailles was not a peace agreement based on reconciliation but was "Dictated Peace". Explain. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: · Introduce with a brief explanation of the Treaty of Versailles. · Bring important provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. · Then substantiate how the Treaty of Versailles was not a peace agreement based on reconciliation but was "Dictated Peace". · Conclude the answer by bringing the consequences due to it. Answer: Treaty of Versailles is one of the most controversial peace treaties signed in the 20th Century. The treaty was signed after the surrender of Germany when the World War came to an end. The Allied powers had differences among themselves on issues regarding the treatment of the defeated powers after World War 1. Main Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles: · Germany had to slash its military budget, demilitarize its army and cede territories. Redrawing the boundaries of German states such as Alsace Lorraine was given back to France, Territories of Poland was given back to Poland, etc. · SAAR which was a coal-rich area of Germany was put under the administrative control of the League of Nations and its coal was to be used by France for 15 years · Germany had to pay war huge war reparations. This took a severe toll on its already battered economy. · All German colonies were repossessed by the victors. · Demilitarization of Rhineland by Germany so that it does not poses threat to neighbors in the future. · German Army was reduced in size to 100,000 men and various limitations were imposed on its naval strength. · War Guilt Clause: The Germans were made to legally accept that they were responsible for WW1. Why it was a Dictated Peace: · Treaty of Versailles was a result of several compromises. None of the parties were satisfied with the results. · Italy remained dissatisfied and frustrated with the treaty, as the territories, promised to Italy under the secret negotiations, were not given to Italy. · The Treaty was not signed as a negotiation between the victors (Britain, France, USA) and the defeated (Germany). The defeated countries were not represented in the conference. · Germany did not agree with many of the harsh provisions of the treaty and neither did the German people. · Germany was virtually humiliated through the treaty as it was coerced to sign it under the threat of invasion. · German colonies in far East Asia, instead of being restored, were handed over to Japan as mandates. That is why China refused to sign the Treaty as well. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles was a dictated peace as Germans were not allowed in the discussion at Versailles and were simply presented with the terms of the Treaty and asked to sign it. Although they were allowed to criticize the treaty in writing, however, most of their criticisms were ignored. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles became short-lived and prepared a strong ground for the Second World War.
|
##Question:The Treaty of the Versailles was not a peace agreement based on reconciliation but was "Dictated Peace". Explain. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: · Introduce with a brief explanation of the Treaty of Versailles. · Bring important provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. · Then substantiate how the Treaty of Versailles was not a peace agreement based on reconciliation but was "Dictated Peace". · Conclude the answer by bringing the consequences due to it. Answer: Treaty of Versailles is one of the most controversial peace treaties signed in the 20th Century. The treaty was signed after the surrender of Germany when the World War came to an end. The Allied powers had differences among themselves on issues regarding the treatment of the defeated powers after World War 1. Main Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles: · Germany had to slash its military budget, demilitarize its army and cede territories. Redrawing the boundaries of German states such as Alsace Lorraine was given back to France, Territories of Poland was given back to Poland, etc. · SAAR which was a coal-rich area of Germany was put under the administrative control of the League of Nations and its coal was to be used by France for 15 years · Germany had to pay war huge war reparations. This took a severe toll on its already battered economy. · All German colonies were repossessed by the victors. · Demilitarization of Rhineland by Germany so that it does not poses threat to neighbors in the future. · German Army was reduced in size to 100,000 men and various limitations were imposed on its naval strength. · War Guilt Clause: The Germans were made to legally accept that they were responsible for WW1. Why it was a Dictated Peace: · Treaty of Versailles was a result of several compromises. None of the parties were satisfied with the results. · Italy remained dissatisfied and frustrated with the treaty, as the territories, promised to Italy under the secret negotiations, were not given to Italy. · The Treaty was not signed as a negotiation between the victors (Britain, France, USA) and the defeated (Germany). The defeated countries were not represented in the conference. · Germany did not agree with many of the harsh provisions of the treaty and neither did the German people. · Germany was virtually humiliated through the treaty as it was coerced to sign it under the threat of invasion. · German colonies in far East Asia, instead of being restored, were handed over to Japan as mandates. That is why China refused to sign the Treaty as well. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles was a dictated peace as Germans were not allowed in the discussion at Versailles and were simply presented with the terms of the Treaty and asked to sign it. Although they were allowed to criticize the treaty in writing, however, most of their criticisms were ignored. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles became short-lived and prepared a strong ground for the Second World War.
| 69,584
|
What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
|
##Question:What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
| 69,598
|
What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
|
##Question:What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
| 69,599
|
What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
|
##Question:What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
| 69,600
|
What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
|
##Question:What is social influence and how to use social influence for the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? Answer using French and Raven Perspective. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Define social influence and briefly explain Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) Discuss how social influence can be used for effective implementation of SBA using French and Raven Perspective. Conclude briefly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need is to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India"s cities, towns, and rural areas. Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Theoretical perspective of social influence - This theory was given by French and Raven. They said that power can be used to socially influence a target group in the desired direction KEY IS TO FOCUS ON USING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF ETHICS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN Semantic Barriers : It refers to science of meanings and it arises because words and symbols can have more than one meaning. It also arises due to use of foreign or technical words. Steps to overcome barriers Use of symbols which are receiver friendly. No discrepancy between verbal and non verbal aspect of message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric. Use of illustrations and relevant examples to support the message. (Students are encouraged to come up with innovative ideas to achieve the above) Psychological Barriers : It arises because of incompatibility between the attitude and values of the change agent and the target group. It also arises because of emotional disconnect between the source and the receiver. The greater is the power distance, the stronger would be the psychological barrier. Lack of trust is also responsible for it Steps to remove barrier- a climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and involvement of local leaders Physical Barriers It arises because of disturbances in the environment that obstructs the flow of communication or accessibility to services. Steps to remove barrier: It can be overcome by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust-bins at public places etc. Use of Social Power Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make example Coercive Power: Use of force of law/rules and regulations Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoys legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers etc. Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices. Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways… Social boycott, shaming etc Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered. Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledge, mass oath, religious oath etc Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets (eg government grants) Above are just few example of what can be done. Students may come up with various different ideas which should be appreciated by evaluator.
| 69,609
|
Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. In this context discuss Mahalwari system and its impact.(150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction: Write a brief about the Mahalwari system Body: Mention some of the features of the Mahalwari system Discuss the impact of this land revenue system Conclusion: End the answer with a mention of what was expected out of this system and its effect on Ryots. Answer: In 1819, the Mahalwari system was first implemented by Holt Mackenzie in Western UP. Later, Martin bird further extended it to the rest of North India. Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village (and not the zamindar). The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called ‘Mahal’ and was treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue. The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and not fixed permanently. The system was popularised by Lord William Bentick in Agra and Awadh and was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. It covered nearly about 30% area of British India Features of Mahalwari system: i)For revenue collection Mahal unit was created which was either a big village or group of small villages ii)For revenue collection agreements were signed with village headman, Taluqdar and Lambardar iii)Like Ryotwari settlement here also land ownership right was entitled to peasant it was hereditary and transferable iv)The peasants who defaulted on the payment were evicted from land v)For the first time register and map was used to record the land and field to field survey was done for revenue assessment As compared to the Ryotwari system administrative expense was minimized Impact of Mahalwari settlement: i)The survey which was the core of the new arrangement failed because it was too complex to be carried out with existing administrative machinery ii)The obvious result was over assessment based on idiosyncratic estimates iii)The agricultural depression of 1828 further worsened the situation whereby when debt started to rise, people started to sell their land and land became a commodity to be sold and purchased in the market iii)Grievances of the rural society of north India was soon to be expressed rather loudly and violently in the revolt of 1857 Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would transform the Peasants into rich enterprising farmers but this did not happen. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand that peasants were unable to pay. Consequently, the Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted in many regions.
|
##Question:Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. In this context discuss Mahalwari system and its impact.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write a brief about the Mahalwari system Body: Mention some of the features of the Mahalwari system Discuss the impact of this land revenue system Conclusion: End the answer with a mention of what was expected out of this system and its effect on Ryots. Answer: In 1819, the Mahalwari system was first implemented by Holt Mackenzie in Western UP. Later, Martin bird further extended it to the rest of North India. Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village (and not the zamindar). The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called ‘Mahal’ and was treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue. The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and not fixed permanently. The system was popularised by Lord William Bentick in Agra and Awadh and was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. It covered nearly about 30% area of British India Features of Mahalwari system: i)For revenue collection Mahal unit was created which was either a big village or group of small villages ii)For revenue collection agreements were signed with village headman, Taluqdar and Lambardar iii)Like Ryotwari settlement here also land ownership right was entitled to peasant it was hereditary and transferable iv)The peasants who defaulted on the payment were evicted from land v)For the first time register and map was used to record the land and field to field survey was done for revenue assessment As compared to the Ryotwari system administrative expense was minimized Impact of Mahalwari settlement: i)The survey which was the core of the new arrangement failed because it was too complex to be carried out with existing administrative machinery ii)The obvious result was over assessment based on idiosyncratic estimates iii)The agricultural depression of 1828 further worsened the situation whereby when debt started to rise, people started to sell their land and land became a commodity to be sold and purchased in the market iii)Grievances of the rural society of north India was soon to be expressed rather loudly and violently in the revolt of 1857 Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would transform the Peasants into rich enterprising farmers but this did not happen. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand that peasants were unable to pay. Consequently, the Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted in many regions.
| 69,613
|
The France and Germany were on path of conflict ever since the Treaty of Versailles. Analyze. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Briefly explain the treaty of Versailles in the introduction and mention how it imposed harsh provisions on Germany. Highlight various events and developments that took place in Europe during the 1920s that led to an increase in the rift between France and Germany. Discuss the rise of Naism and developments in Germany post-1929 depression that led to further bitterness in the relation of both countries. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer: The Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris at the end of World War I, codified peace terms between the victorious Allies and Germany. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments, and demilitarization. France was one of the major nations that insisted on a harsh treaty during the Treaty of Versailles negotiations. The conflict between France and Germany can be highlighted through the following developments & strategies that France followed to prevent a German attack in future 1. Keep Germany economically and militarily weak. This included the following elements: France stressed that Germany pays full reparations. Occupation of Ruhr (1923) to force Germany to pay reparations: The occupation of Ruhr was strongly opposed by Britain because the British favored a lenient way of dealing with Britain. Britain felt that a prosperous Germany would be better for the stability of Europe and its exports. Use of SAAR’s coal for 15 years. Disarmament of Germany and demilitarization of Rhineland were stressed by France during the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles. 2. Signing alliances: France signed treaties with Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania from 1921 to 1927, to check any future German aggression. These treaties collectively are known as Little Entente. France desperately needed an ally like Russia because it allowed engaging Germany on two frontiers simultaneously. But Russia was now under the Communists who were seen by many in France as a greater threat than Germany. USSR had tried to export its communist revolution after 1917 by sending secret agents to help communists in France. 3. Reconciliation/Friendship: This is done via Dawes Plan (1924), Locarno Treaties (1925), Young Plan (1929), and Lausanne Conference (1932). Stresemann was the German foreign minister from 1923 to 1929. He was a very important leader and steered German foreign policy during the difficult decade after World War I. The relationship between France and Germany remained bitter until the Dawes Plan (1924). After the Dawes Plan, there was the economic recovery of Germany under the Weimar Republic and consequently, the tensions between the two decreased. The problem with the reconciliation approach was that even the man behind Locarno Spirit, Stresemann wanted the fulfillment of the German desires and redressal of German grievances after World War I. Under Stresemann, Germany still desired, though it did not take an aggressive stand: a) Polish Corridor and Danzig port. b) Union with Austria c) Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia d) Revision of Treaty of Versailles i.e., a decrease in German reparations, annulling of disarmament clause, and Rhineland’s rearmament. However, these developments could not reduce the bitterness between France and Germany. This can be understood through the following observations: After the 1929 crisis, the Nazi"s influence increased and so did the extreme nationalism in Germany. The French attitude hardened against Germany and it began approaching possible future allies like USSR Austria Germany Custom Union (1931): It was proposed by Germany and made economic sense. France appealed to the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Hague which ruled against the customs union. World Disarmament Conference (1932-3): At the conference, Germany wanted equality of arms with France if all nations do not agree to disarm. France disagreed and Germany, under Hitler, withdrew from the conference and also the League of Nations. Thus, the treaty of Versailles, League of nations, Various peace conferences held after World War I could not prevent the rising tensions among France and Germany. These tensions were aggravated by the Great Economic depression of 1929 and ultimately led to inevitable World War II.
|
##Question:The France and Germany were on path of conflict ever since the Treaty of Versailles. Analyze. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly explain the treaty of Versailles in the introduction and mention how it imposed harsh provisions on Germany. Highlight various events and developments that took place in Europe during the 1920s that led to an increase in the rift between France and Germany. Discuss the rise of Naism and developments in Germany post-1929 depression that led to further bitterness in the relation of both countries. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer: The Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris at the end of World War I, codified peace terms between the victorious Allies and Germany. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments, and demilitarization. France was one of the major nations that insisted on a harsh treaty during the Treaty of Versailles negotiations. The conflict between France and Germany can be highlighted through the following developments & strategies that France followed to prevent a German attack in future 1. Keep Germany economically and militarily weak. This included the following elements: France stressed that Germany pays full reparations. Occupation of Ruhr (1923) to force Germany to pay reparations: The occupation of Ruhr was strongly opposed by Britain because the British favored a lenient way of dealing with Britain. Britain felt that a prosperous Germany would be better for the stability of Europe and its exports. Use of SAAR’s coal for 15 years. Disarmament of Germany and demilitarization of Rhineland were stressed by France during the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles. 2. Signing alliances: France signed treaties with Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania from 1921 to 1927, to check any future German aggression. These treaties collectively are known as Little Entente. France desperately needed an ally like Russia because it allowed engaging Germany on two frontiers simultaneously. But Russia was now under the Communists who were seen by many in France as a greater threat than Germany. USSR had tried to export its communist revolution after 1917 by sending secret agents to help communists in France. 3. Reconciliation/Friendship: This is done via Dawes Plan (1924), Locarno Treaties (1925), Young Plan (1929), and Lausanne Conference (1932). Stresemann was the German foreign minister from 1923 to 1929. He was a very important leader and steered German foreign policy during the difficult decade after World War I. The relationship between France and Germany remained bitter until the Dawes Plan (1924). After the Dawes Plan, there was the economic recovery of Germany under the Weimar Republic and consequently, the tensions between the two decreased. The problem with the reconciliation approach was that even the man behind Locarno Spirit, Stresemann wanted the fulfillment of the German desires and redressal of German grievances after World War I. Under Stresemann, Germany still desired, though it did not take an aggressive stand: a) Polish Corridor and Danzig port. b) Union with Austria c) Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia d) Revision of Treaty of Versailles i.e., a decrease in German reparations, annulling of disarmament clause, and Rhineland’s rearmament. However, these developments could not reduce the bitterness between France and Germany. This can be understood through the following observations: After the 1929 crisis, the Nazi"s influence increased and so did the extreme nationalism in Germany. The French attitude hardened against Germany and it began approaching possible future allies like USSR Austria Germany Custom Union (1931): It was proposed by Germany and made economic sense. France appealed to the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Hague which ruled against the customs union. World Disarmament Conference (1932-3): At the conference, Germany wanted equality of arms with France if all nations do not agree to disarm. France disagreed and Germany, under Hitler, withdrew from the conference and also the League of Nations. Thus, the treaty of Versailles, League of nations, Various peace conferences held after World War I could not prevent the rising tensions among France and Germany. These tensions were aggravated by the Great Economic depression of 1929 and ultimately led to inevitable World War II.
| 69,622
|
What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in the recent past. Also, mention some government measures to check rupee depreciation. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate. Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in India in the recent past. Suggest measures taken by the government to check the depreciation of the rupee. Conclude the answer. Answer: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another. When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Depreciation is used to describe "a decrease in a currency"s value (relative to other major currency benchmarks) due to market forces, not government or central bank policy actions". The reasons for the depreciation of the rupee- 1. Payment for the Import of crude oil has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and weakening of the rupee. 2. Foreign investors withdrew as SEBI made stringent norms. 3. Interest payments of matured loans which led to the outflow of dollars. 4. Due to the underperforming international market and increased speculation in the market, it has created an atmosphere of doubt and sowed the seeds of negativity in the minds of the investor. As a result, the investors feel it is safer to buy dollars rather than any other assets, which has pushed up the demand for dollars and thus its price, hence resulting in depreciation of the rupee. 5. Economic stimulus measures by US Federal Reserve: Due to the economic slowdown, the US Federal Reserve has announced a slew of measures to stimulate its economy, which aimed at ensuring that large sums of money are made available to banks for lending to American investors. This has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and consequently, the weakening of the rupee. Measures were taken by the government to check rupee depreciation- 1. Restriction on imports of Non-essential commodities: The government has identified restrictions on non-essential imports as one of the ways in which to rein in the current account deficit and reduce pressure on the rupee. 2. SEBI has liberalized stringent norms on the withdrawal of foreign investment from the country so as to attract foreign investors with liberalized portfolio investments. 3. Reserve Bank of India has reduced the ECB maturity tenor, increased borrowing limits, and removed qualification restrictions for companies wanting to borrow funds from abroad, boosting the chances of these companies to borrow from overseas. Also, RBI has expanded the list of eligible borrowers allowing all entities eligible to receive FDI to borrow under the ECB framework. 4. Masala bonds to be exempted from withholding tax in the financial year 2018-19 and Indian banks will be allowed to become market makers in masala bonds including by underwriting. 5. The government has allowed reviewing mandatory hedging for infrastructure ECBs as this will reduce pressure on rupees in the forward market, and temper overall demand. Although some measures are necessary to protect people against the adverse effects of drastic depreciation, drastic measures such as curbing imports should be avoided as they may create more problems than they solve. Also, nations and governments should realize that depreciation and appreciation are phenomena created by the immense interconnected ecology of the global free market and stick to policies that do the simple thing: create infrastructure and promote inclusive growth.
|
##Question:What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in the recent past. Also, mention some government measures to check rupee depreciation. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate. Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in India in the recent past. Suggest measures taken by the government to check the depreciation of the rupee. Conclude the answer. Answer: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another. When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Depreciation is used to describe "a decrease in a currency"s value (relative to other major currency benchmarks) due to market forces, not government or central bank policy actions". The reasons for the depreciation of the rupee- 1. Payment for the Import of crude oil has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and weakening of the rupee. 2. Foreign investors withdrew as SEBI made stringent norms. 3. Interest payments of matured loans which led to the outflow of dollars. 4. Due to the underperforming international market and increased speculation in the market, it has created an atmosphere of doubt and sowed the seeds of negativity in the minds of the investor. As a result, the investors feel it is safer to buy dollars rather than any other assets, which has pushed up the demand for dollars and thus its price, hence resulting in depreciation of the rupee. 5. Economic stimulus measures by US Federal Reserve: Due to the economic slowdown, the US Federal Reserve has announced a slew of measures to stimulate its economy, which aimed at ensuring that large sums of money are made available to banks for lending to American investors. This has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and consequently, the weakening of the rupee. Measures were taken by the government to check rupee depreciation- 1. Restriction on imports of Non-essential commodities: The government has identified restrictions on non-essential imports as one of the ways in which to rein in the current account deficit and reduce pressure on the rupee. 2. SEBI has liberalized stringent norms on the withdrawal of foreign investment from the country so as to attract foreign investors with liberalized portfolio investments. 3. Reserve Bank of India has reduced the ECB maturity tenor, increased borrowing limits, and removed qualification restrictions for companies wanting to borrow funds from abroad, boosting the chances of these companies to borrow from overseas. Also, RBI has expanded the list of eligible borrowers allowing all entities eligible to receive FDI to borrow under the ECB framework. 4. Masala bonds to be exempted from withholding tax in the financial year 2018-19 and Indian banks will be allowed to become market makers in masala bonds including by underwriting. 5. The government has allowed reviewing mandatory hedging for infrastructure ECBs as this will reduce pressure on rupees in the forward market, and temper overall demand. Although some measures are necessary to protect people against the adverse effects of drastic depreciation, drastic measures such as curbing imports should be avoided as they may create more problems than they solve. Also, nations and governments should realize that depreciation and appreciation are phenomena created by the immense interconnected ecology of the global free market and stick to policies that do the simple thing: create infrastructure and promote inclusive growth.
| 69,629
|
What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in the recent past. Also, mention some government measures to check rupee depreciation. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate. Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in India in the recent past. Suggest measures taken by the government to check the depreciation of the rupee. Conclude the answer. Answer: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another. When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Depreciation is used to describe "a decrease in a currency"s value (relative to other major currency benchmarks) due to market forces, not government or central bank policy actions". The reasons for the depreciation of the rupee- 1. Payment for the Import of crude oil has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and weakening of the rupee. 2. Foreign investors withdrew as SEBI made stringent norms. 3. Interest payments of matured loans which led to the outflow of dollars. 4. Due to the underperforming international market and increased speculation in the market, it has created an atmosphere of doubt and sowed the seeds of negativity in the minds of the investor. As a result, the investors feel it is safer to buy dollars rather than any other assets, which has pushed up the demand for dollars and thus its price, hence resulting in depreciation of the rupee. 5. Economic stimulus measures by US Federal Reserve: Due to the economic slowdown, the US Federal Reserve has announced a slew of measures to stimulate its economy, which aimed at ensuring that large sums of money are made available to banks for lending to American investors. This has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and consequently, the weakening of the rupee. Measures were taken by the government to check rupee depreciation- 1. Restriction on imports of Non-essential commodities: The government has identified restrictions on non-essential imports as one of the ways in which to rein in the current account deficit and reduce pressure on the rupee. 2. SEBI has liberalized stringent norms on the withdrawal of foreign investment from the country so as to attract foreign investors with liberalized portfolio investments. 3. Reserve Bank of India has reduced the ECB maturity tenor, increased borrowing limits, and removed qualification restrictions for companies wanting to borrow funds from abroad, boosting the chances of these companies to borrow from overseas. Also, RBI has expanded the list of eligible borrowers allowing all entities eligible to receive FDI to borrow under the ECB framework. 4. Masala bonds to be exempted from withholding tax in the financial year 2018-19 and Indian banks will be allowed to become market makers in masala bonds including by underwriting. 5. The government has allowed reviewing mandatory hedging for infrastructure ECBs as this will reduce pressure on rupees in the forward market, and temper overall demand. Although some measures are necessary to protect people against the adverse effects of drastic depreciation, drastic measures such as curbing imports should be avoided as they may create more problems than they solve. Also, nations and governments should realize that depreciation and appreciation are phenomena created by the immense interconnected ecology of the global free market and stick to policies that do the simple thing: create infrastructure and promote inclusive growth.
|
##Question:What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in the recent past. Also, mention some government measures to check rupee depreciation. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate. Explain the reasons for the depreciation of the rupee in India in the recent past. Suggest measures taken by the government to check the depreciation of the rupee. Conclude the answer. Answer: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another. When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Depreciation is used to describe "a decrease in a currency"s value (relative to other major currency benchmarks) due to market forces, not government or central bank policy actions". The reasons for the depreciation of the rupee- 1. Payment for the Import of crude oil has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and weakening of the rupee. 2. Foreign investors withdrew as SEBI made stringent norms. 3. Interest payments of matured loans which led to the outflow of dollars. 4. Due to the underperforming international market and increased speculation in the market, it has created an atmosphere of doubt and sowed the seeds of negativity in the minds of the investor. As a result, the investors feel it is safer to buy dollars rather than any other assets, which has pushed up the demand for dollars and thus its price, hence resulting in depreciation of the rupee. 5. Economic stimulus measures by US Federal Reserve: Due to the economic slowdown, the US Federal Reserve has announced a slew of measures to stimulate its economy, which aimed at ensuring that large sums of money are made available to banks for lending to American investors. This has resulted in the strengthening of the dollar and consequently, the weakening of the rupee. Measures were taken by the government to check rupee depreciation- 1. Restriction on imports of Non-essential commodities: The government has identified restrictions on non-essential imports as one of the ways in which to rein in the current account deficit and reduce pressure on the rupee. 2. SEBI has liberalized stringent norms on the withdrawal of foreign investment from the country so as to attract foreign investors with liberalized portfolio investments. 3. Reserve Bank of India has reduced the ECB maturity tenor, increased borrowing limits, and removed qualification restrictions for companies wanting to borrow funds from abroad, boosting the chances of these companies to borrow from overseas. Also, RBI has expanded the list of eligible borrowers allowing all entities eligible to receive FDI to borrow under the ECB framework. 4. Masala bonds to be exempted from withholding tax in the financial year 2018-19 and Indian banks will be allowed to become market makers in masala bonds including by underwriting. 5. The government has allowed reviewing mandatory hedging for infrastructure ECBs as this will reduce pressure on rupees in the forward market, and temper overall demand. Although some measures are necessary to protect people against the adverse effects of drastic depreciation, drastic measures such as curbing imports should be avoided as they may create more problems than they solve. Also, nations and governments should realize that depreciation and appreciation are phenomena created by the immense interconnected ecology of the global free market and stick to policies that do the simple thing: create infrastructure and promote inclusive growth.
| 69,630
|
पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों से आप क्या समझते हैं? संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by mountain building forces? Explain the process of mountain formation on the basis of compressive force. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में पर्वत निर्माण को परिभाषित कीजिए। संक्षेप में पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों को लिखिए। बिन्दुवार संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को लिखिए। अंत में, वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं देकर उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तानावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी एवं उनसे निस्त्रित पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन की क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित हैं। पर्वत द्वितीयक स्थलाकृतियाँ हैं जो अन्तर्जात एवं बहिर्जात शक्तियों की आनुपातिक कार्यदर का परिणाम होते हैं। पर्वत अपनी पर्याप्त उंचाई के कारण अपने आस-पास की जगह की अपेक्षा स्पष्ट दिखाई देते हैं, किन्तु शीर्ष तल का विस्तार कम होता है। निर्माण की प्रक्रिया के आधार पर पर्वत का वर्गीकरण- पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तनावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी और उनसे निस्तृत पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित होते हैं | ये दो प्रकार के होते हैं - मौलिक (वलित पर्वत, ब्लॉक पर्वत, ज्वालामुखी पर्वत) और अवशिष्ट पर्वत संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया: प्लेटों के अभिसरण क्षेत्र में आपस में टकराने से क्रस्ट में उत्पन्न संपीडन के कारण वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। इसे निम्न तीन रूपों में समझ सकते हैं: महाद्वीपीय- महाद्वीपीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो सापेक्षित रूप से अधिक घनत्व वाली महाद्वीपीय प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे आंशिक क्षेपण हो जाता है परिणाम स्वरूप पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। जैसे कि यूरेशियाई और भारतीय प्लेट के टकराने से हिमालय का निर्माण। इसके माध्यम से निर्मित पर्वतों की ऊंचाई अधिक होती है क्योंकि प्लेटों के टकराने से अवसादों के कारण इसका निर्माण हुआ है। महाद्वीपीय प्लेटों का अभिसरण अभी तक जारी है इसी कारण से हिमालय की ऊंचाई अभी भी बढ़ रहा है। महाद्वीपीय- महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब महाद्वीपीय महासागरीय प्लेटें आपस में टकराती हैं तो महासागरीय प्लेट का घनत्व अधिक होने के कारण इसका महाद्वीपीय प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है तथा अधिक संपीड़न के कारण प्लेटों के किनारे पर वलन पड़ जाता है। इस प्रकार मोड़दार पर्वत का निर्माण होता है। उदाहरण के लिए रॉकी और एंडीज़। अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट के क्षेपण के कारण महासागरीय गर्त का निर्माण होता है। वस्तुतः महासागरीय प्लेट अधिक गहराई में जाकर पिघल जाता है और मैग्मा के रूप में धरातल पर इंका पुनः उद्गार होता है। इससे छोटे छोटे पर्वत और पठार का निर्माण होता है। ज्वालामुखी पर्वत के बनने का कारण भी यही है। महासागरीय-महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब दोनों प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया में द्वीपीय तोरण का निर्माण होता है। ये द्वीपीय तोरण इस प्रकार प्रतीत होते हैं कि समुद्र के नितल से पर्वत की चोटी निकली हुई है। इसका प्रमुख उदाहरण है जापान का द्वीपीय चाप। प्रत्येक चापों के किनारों पर गहरे महासागरीय गर्त पाये जाते हैं। क्षेपित प्लेट के पिघलने से ज्वालामुखी क्रियाएँ घटित होती हैं। इस स्थिति में ज्वालामुखी पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं: जब चट्टानों में पृथ्वी पृथ्वी के आतंरिक बलों द्वारा वलन अथवा मोड़ पद जाते हैं तो वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वत विश्व के सबसे ऊंचे, सर्वाधिक विस्तृत तथा महत्वपूर्ण पर्वत हैं। चट्टानों में संपीडन बल के प्रभाव से दुर्बल क्षेत्रों के सहारे वलन का निर्माण होता है। वलन प्रभावी रूप से, पृथ्वी की मूल सतह को लहरदार बनाकर क्रस्ट को संकुचित कर देता है। वलित पर्वतों में चट्टानी संस्तर अत्यधिक ऊँचाई तक उठे होते हैं। कभी-कभी इनकी ऊंचाई मीलों में होती है, इस कारण इन पर्वतों को "Mountains of Elevation" भी कहा जाता है। वलित पर्वत भूतल के नवीनतम पर्वत हैं। वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण जलीय भागों में मुख्य रूप से सागरीय अवसादों के समेकन और निक्षेप के परिणामस्वरूप अवसादी चट्टानों में होने वाले वलन से हुआ है। वलित पर्वत महासागरों के समीप स्थित महाद्वीपीय किनारों पर पाए जाते हैं, जैसे- राकीज तथा एंडीज का विस्तार उत्तर से दक्षिण दिशा में, जबकि हिमालय तथा आल्प्स का विस्तार पश्चिम से पूर्व दिशा की ओर है।
|
##Question:पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों से आप क्या समझते हैं? संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by mountain building forces? Explain the process of mountain formation on the basis of compressive force. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में पर्वत निर्माण को परिभाषित कीजिए। संक्षेप में पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों को लिखिए। बिन्दुवार संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को लिखिए। अंत में, वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं देकर उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तानावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी एवं उनसे निस्त्रित पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन की क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित हैं। पर्वत द्वितीयक स्थलाकृतियाँ हैं जो अन्तर्जात एवं बहिर्जात शक्तियों की आनुपातिक कार्यदर का परिणाम होते हैं। पर्वत अपनी पर्याप्त उंचाई के कारण अपने आस-पास की जगह की अपेक्षा स्पष्ट दिखाई देते हैं, किन्तु शीर्ष तल का विस्तार कम होता है। निर्माण की प्रक्रिया के आधार पर पर्वत का वर्गीकरण- पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तनावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी और उनसे निस्तृत पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित होते हैं | ये दो प्रकार के होते हैं - मौलिक (वलित पर्वत, ब्लॉक पर्वत, ज्वालामुखी पर्वत) और अवशिष्ट पर्वत संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया: प्लेटों के अभिसरण क्षेत्र में आपस में टकराने से क्रस्ट में उत्पन्न संपीडन के कारण वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। इसे निम्न तीन रूपों में समझ सकते हैं: महाद्वीपीय- महाद्वीपीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो सापेक्षित रूप से अधिक घनत्व वाली महाद्वीपीय प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे आंशिक क्षेपण हो जाता है परिणाम स्वरूप पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। जैसे कि यूरेशियाई और भारतीय प्लेट के टकराने से हिमालय का निर्माण। इसके माध्यम से निर्मित पर्वतों की ऊंचाई अधिक होती है क्योंकि प्लेटों के टकराने से अवसादों के कारण इसका निर्माण हुआ है। महाद्वीपीय प्लेटों का अभिसरण अभी तक जारी है इसी कारण से हिमालय की ऊंचाई अभी भी बढ़ रहा है। महाद्वीपीय- महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब महाद्वीपीय महासागरीय प्लेटें आपस में टकराती हैं तो महासागरीय प्लेट का घनत्व अधिक होने के कारण इसका महाद्वीपीय प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है तथा अधिक संपीड़न के कारण प्लेटों के किनारे पर वलन पड़ जाता है। इस प्रकार मोड़दार पर्वत का निर्माण होता है। उदाहरण के लिए रॉकी और एंडीज़। अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट के क्षेपण के कारण महासागरीय गर्त का निर्माण होता है। वस्तुतः महासागरीय प्लेट अधिक गहराई में जाकर पिघल जाता है और मैग्मा के रूप में धरातल पर इंका पुनः उद्गार होता है। इससे छोटे छोटे पर्वत और पठार का निर्माण होता है। ज्वालामुखी पर्वत के बनने का कारण भी यही है। महासागरीय-महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब दोनों प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया में द्वीपीय तोरण का निर्माण होता है। ये द्वीपीय तोरण इस प्रकार प्रतीत होते हैं कि समुद्र के नितल से पर्वत की चोटी निकली हुई है। इसका प्रमुख उदाहरण है जापान का द्वीपीय चाप। प्रत्येक चापों के किनारों पर गहरे महासागरीय गर्त पाये जाते हैं। क्षेपित प्लेट के पिघलने से ज्वालामुखी क्रियाएँ घटित होती हैं। इस स्थिति में ज्वालामुखी पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं: जब चट्टानों में पृथ्वी पृथ्वी के आतंरिक बलों द्वारा वलन अथवा मोड़ पद जाते हैं तो वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वत विश्व के सबसे ऊंचे, सर्वाधिक विस्तृत तथा महत्वपूर्ण पर्वत हैं। चट्टानों में संपीडन बल के प्रभाव से दुर्बल क्षेत्रों के सहारे वलन का निर्माण होता है। वलन प्रभावी रूप से, पृथ्वी की मूल सतह को लहरदार बनाकर क्रस्ट को संकुचित कर देता है। वलित पर्वतों में चट्टानी संस्तर अत्यधिक ऊँचाई तक उठे होते हैं। कभी-कभी इनकी ऊंचाई मीलों में होती है, इस कारण इन पर्वतों को "Mountains of Elevation" भी कहा जाता है। वलित पर्वत भूतल के नवीनतम पर्वत हैं। वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण जलीय भागों में मुख्य रूप से सागरीय अवसादों के समेकन और निक्षेप के परिणामस्वरूप अवसादी चट्टानों में होने वाले वलन से हुआ है। वलित पर्वत महासागरों के समीप स्थित महाद्वीपीय किनारों पर पाए जाते हैं, जैसे- राकीज तथा एंडीज का विस्तार उत्तर से दक्षिण दिशा में, जबकि हिमालय तथा आल्प्स का विस्तार पश्चिम से पूर्व दिशा की ओर है।
| 69,633
|
Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. In this context discuss Mahalwari system and its impact.(150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction: Write a brief about the Mahalwari system Body: Mention some of the features of the Mahalwari system and Discuss the impact of this land revenue system Conclusion: End the answer with a mention of what was expected out of this system and its effect on Ryots. Answer: In 1822, Englishman Holt Mackenzie devised a system of land revenue known as the Mahalwari System in the North-Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency. Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village (and not the zamindar). The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called ‘ Mahal’ and was treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue. The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and not fixed permanently. The system was popularised by Lord William Bentick in Agra and Awadh and was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. It covered near about 30% area of British India Features of the Mahalwari system: For revenue collection Mahal unit was created which was either a big village or a group of small villages For revenue, collection agreements were signed with the village headman, Taluqdar and Lambardar Like the Ryotwari settlement here also land ownership right was entitled to peasant it was hereditary and transferable The peasants who defaulted on the payment were evicted from land For the first time, a register and map were used to record the land and field to field survey was done for revenue assessment As compared to the Ryotwari system administrative expense was minimized Impact of Mahalwari settlement: The survey which was the core of the new arrangement failed because it was too complex to be carried out with existing administrative machinery The obvious result was over-assessment based on idiosyncratic estimates The agricultural depression of 1822 further worsened the situation whereby when debt started to rise, people started to sell their land and land became a commodity to be sold and purchased in the market Grievances of the rural society of north India were soon to be expressed rather loudly and violently in the revolt of 1857 Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would transform the Peasants into rich enterprising farmers but this did not happen. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand that peasants were unable to pay. Consequently, the Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted in many regions.
|
##Question:Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. In this context discuss Mahalwari system and its impact.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write a brief about the Mahalwari system Body: Mention some of the features of the Mahalwari system and Discuss the impact of this land revenue system Conclusion: End the answer with a mention of what was expected out of this system and its effect on Ryots. Answer: In 1822, Englishman Holt Mackenzie devised a system of land revenue known as the Mahalwari System in the North-Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency. Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village (and not the zamindar). The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called ‘ Mahal’ and was treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue. The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and not fixed permanently. The system was popularised by Lord William Bentick in Agra and Awadh and was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. It covered near about 30% area of British India Features of the Mahalwari system: For revenue collection Mahal unit was created which was either a big village or a group of small villages For revenue, collection agreements were signed with the village headman, Taluqdar and Lambardar Like the Ryotwari settlement here also land ownership right was entitled to peasant it was hereditary and transferable The peasants who defaulted on the payment were evicted from land For the first time, a register and map were used to record the land and field to field survey was done for revenue assessment As compared to the Ryotwari system administrative expense was minimized Impact of Mahalwari settlement: The survey which was the core of the new arrangement failed because it was too complex to be carried out with existing administrative machinery The obvious result was over-assessment based on idiosyncratic estimates The agricultural depression of 1822 further worsened the situation whereby when debt started to rise, people started to sell their land and land became a commodity to be sold and purchased in the market Grievances of the rural society of north India were soon to be expressed rather loudly and violently in the revolt of 1857 Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would transform the Peasants into rich enterprising farmers but this did not happen. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand that peasants were unable to pay. Consequently, the Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted in many regions.
| 69,636
|
पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों से आप क्या समझते हैं? संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by mountain building forces? Explain the process of mountain formation on the basis of compressive force. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में पर्वत निर्माण को परिभाषित कीजिए। संक्षेप में पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों को लिखिए। बिन्दुवार संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को लिखिए। अंत में, वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं देकर उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तानावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी एवं उनसे निस्त्रित पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन की क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित हैं। पर्वत द्वितीयक स्थलाकृतियाँ हैं जो अन्तर्जात एवं बहिर्जात शक्तियों की आनुपातिक कार्यदर का परिणाम होते हैं। पर्वत अपनी पर्याप्त उंचाई के कारण अपने आस-पास की जगह की अपेक्षा स्पष्ट दिखाई देते हैं, किन्तु शीर्ष तल का विस्तार कम होता है। निर्माण की प्रक्रिया के आधार पर पर्वत का वर्गीकरण- पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तनावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी और उनसे निस्तृत पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित होते हैं | ये दो प्रकार के होते हैं - मौलिक (वलित पर्वत, ब्लॉक पर्वत, ज्वालामुखी पर्वत) और अवशिष्ट पर्वत संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया: प्लेटों के अभिसरण क्षेत्र में आपस में टकराने से क्रस्ट में उत्पन्न संपीडन के कारण वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। इसे निम्न तीन रूपों में समझ सकते हैं: महाद्वीपीय- महाद्वीपीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो सापेक्षित रूप से अधिक घनत्व वाली महाद्वीपीय प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे आंशिक क्षेपण हो जाता है परिणाम स्वरूप पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। जैसे कि यूरेशियाई और भारतीय प्लेट के टकराने से हिमालय का निर्माण। इसके माध्यम से निर्मित पर्वतों की ऊंचाई अधिक होती है क्योंकि प्लेटों के टकराने से अवसादों के कारण इसका निर्माण हुआ है। महाद्वीपीय प्लेटों का अभिसरण अभी तक जारी है इसी कारण से हिमालय की ऊंचाई अभी भी बढ़ रहा है। महाद्वीपीय- महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब महाद्वीपीय महासागरीय प्लेटें आपस में टकराती हैं तो महासागरीय प्लेट का घनत्व अधिक होने के कारण इसका महाद्वीपीय प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है तथा अधिक संपीड़न के कारण प्लेटों के किनारे पर वलन पड़ जाता है। इस प्रकार मोड़दार पर्वत का निर्माण होता है। उदाहरण के लिए रॉकी और एंडीज़। अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट के क्षेपण के कारण महासागरीय गर्त का निर्माण होता है। वस्तुतः महासागरीय प्लेट अधिक गहराई में जाकर पिघल जाता है और मैग्मा के रूप में धरातल पर इंका पुनः उद्गार होता है। इससे छोटे छोटे पर्वत और पठार का निर्माण होता है। ज्वालामुखी पर्वत के बनने का कारण भी यही है। महासागरीय-महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब दोनों प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया में द्वीपीय तोरण का निर्माण होता है। ये द्वीपीय तोरण इस प्रकार प्रतीत होते हैं कि समुद्र के नितल से पर्वत की चोटी निकली हुई है। इसका प्रमुख उदाहरण है जापान का द्वीपीय चाप। प्रत्येक चापों के किनारों पर गहरे महासागरीय गर्त पाये जाते हैं। क्षेपित प्लेट के पिघलने से ज्वालामुखी क्रियाएँ घटित होती हैं। इस स्थिति में ज्वालामुखी पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं: जब चट्टानों में पृथ्वी पृथ्वी के आतंरिक बलों द्वारा वलन अथवा मोड़ पद जाते हैं तो वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वत विश्व के सबसे ऊंचे, सर्वाधिक विस्तृत तथा महत्वपूर्ण पर्वत हैं। चट्टानों में संपीडन बल के प्रभाव से दुर्बल क्षेत्रों के सहारे वलन का निर्माण होता है। वलन प्रभावी रूप से, पृथ्वी की मूल सतह को लहरदार बनाकर क्रस्ट को संकुचित कर देता है। वलित पर्वतों में चट्टानी संस्तर अत्यधिक ऊँचाई तक उठे होते हैं। कभी-कभी इनकी ऊंचाई मीलों में होती है, इस कारण इन पर्वतों को "Mountains of Elevation" भी कहा जाता है। वलित पर्वत भूतल के नवीनतम पर्वत हैं। वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण जलीय भागों में मुख्य रूप से सागरीय अवसादों के समेकन और निक्षेप के परिणामस्वरूप अवसादी चट्टानों में होने वाले वलन से हुआ है। वलित पर्वत महासागरों के समीप स्थित महाद्वीपीय किनारों पर पाए जाते हैं, जैसे- राकीज तथा एंडीज का विस्तार उत्तर से दक्षिण दिशा में, जबकि हिमालय तथा आल्प्स का विस्तार पश्चिम से पूर्व दिशा की ओर है।
|
##Question:पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों से आप क्या समझते हैं? संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by mountain building forces? Explain the process of mountain formation on the basis of compressive force. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में पर्वत निर्माण को परिभाषित कीजिए। संक्षेप में पर्वत निर्माणकारी बलों को लिखिए। बिन्दुवार संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया को लिखिए। अंत में, वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं देकर उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तानावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी एवं उनसे निस्त्रित पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन की क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित हैं। पर्वत द्वितीयक स्थलाकृतियाँ हैं जो अन्तर्जात एवं बहिर्जात शक्तियों की आनुपातिक कार्यदर का परिणाम होते हैं। पर्वत अपनी पर्याप्त उंचाई के कारण अपने आस-पास की जगह की अपेक्षा स्पष्ट दिखाई देते हैं, किन्तु शीर्ष तल का विस्तार कम होता है। निर्माण की प्रक्रिया के आधार पर पर्वत का वर्गीकरण- पर्वतों के निर्माण एवं विकास में मुख्य रूप से संपीडन एवं तनावमूलक बल, ज्वालामुखी और उनसे निस्तृत पदार्थों का जमाव तथा अपरदन क्रिया आदि कारक सम्मिलित होते हैं | ये दो प्रकार के होते हैं - मौलिक (वलित पर्वत, ब्लॉक पर्वत, ज्वालामुखी पर्वत) और अवशिष्ट पर्वत संपीड़नात्मक बल के आधार पर पर्वत निर्माण प्रक्रिया: प्लेटों के अभिसरण क्षेत्र में आपस में टकराने से क्रस्ट में उत्पन्न संपीडन के कारण वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। इसे निम्न तीन रूपों में समझ सकते हैं: महाद्वीपीय- महाद्वीपीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो सापेक्षित रूप से अधिक घनत्व वाली महाद्वीपीय प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे आंशिक क्षेपण हो जाता है परिणाम स्वरूप पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। जैसे कि यूरेशियाई और भारतीय प्लेट के टकराने से हिमालय का निर्माण। इसके माध्यम से निर्मित पर्वतों की ऊंचाई अधिक होती है क्योंकि प्लेटों के टकराने से अवसादों के कारण इसका निर्माण हुआ है। महाद्वीपीय प्लेटों का अभिसरण अभी तक जारी है इसी कारण से हिमालय की ऊंचाई अभी भी बढ़ रहा है। महाद्वीपीय- महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब महाद्वीपीय महासागरीय प्लेटें आपस में टकराती हैं तो महासागरीय प्लेट का घनत्व अधिक होने के कारण इसका महाद्वीपीय प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है तथा अधिक संपीड़न के कारण प्लेटों के किनारे पर वलन पड़ जाता है। इस प्रकार मोड़दार पर्वत का निर्माण होता है। उदाहरण के लिए रॉकी और एंडीज़। अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट के क्षेपण के कारण महासागरीय गर्त का निर्माण होता है। वस्तुतः महासागरीय प्लेट अधिक गहराई में जाकर पिघल जाता है और मैग्मा के रूप में धरातल पर इंका पुनः उद्गार होता है। इससे छोटे छोटे पर्वत और पठार का निर्माण होता है। ज्वालामुखी पर्वत के बनने का कारण भी यही है। महासागरीय-महासागरीय प्लेट अभिसरण: जब दोनों प्लेटें टकराती हैं तो अधिक घनत्व वाली प्लेट का कम घनत्व वाली प्लेट के नीचे क्षेपण हो जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया में द्वीपीय तोरण का निर्माण होता है। ये द्वीपीय तोरण इस प्रकार प्रतीत होते हैं कि समुद्र के नितल से पर्वत की चोटी निकली हुई है। इसका प्रमुख उदाहरण है जापान का द्वीपीय चाप। प्रत्येक चापों के किनारों पर गहरे महासागरीय गर्त पाये जाते हैं। क्षेपित प्लेट के पिघलने से ज्वालामुखी क्रियाएँ घटित होती हैं। इस स्थिति में ज्वालामुखी पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वतों की विशेषताएं: जब चट्टानों में पृथ्वी पृथ्वी के आतंरिक बलों द्वारा वलन अथवा मोड़ पद जाते हैं तो वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण होता है। वलित पर्वत विश्व के सबसे ऊंचे, सर्वाधिक विस्तृत तथा महत्वपूर्ण पर्वत हैं। चट्टानों में संपीडन बल के प्रभाव से दुर्बल क्षेत्रों के सहारे वलन का निर्माण होता है। वलन प्रभावी रूप से, पृथ्वी की मूल सतह को लहरदार बनाकर क्रस्ट को संकुचित कर देता है। वलित पर्वतों में चट्टानी संस्तर अत्यधिक ऊँचाई तक उठे होते हैं। कभी-कभी इनकी ऊंचाई मीलों में होती है, इस कारण इन पर्वतों को "Mountains of Elevation" भी कहा जाता है। वलित पर्वत भूतल के नवीनतम पर्वत हैं। वलित पर्वतों का निर्माण जलीय भागों में मुख्य रूप से सागरीय अवसादों के समेकन और निक्षेप के परिणामस्वरूप अवसादी चट्टानों में होने वाले वलन से हुआ है। वलित पर्वत महासागरों के समीप स्थित महाद्वीपीय किनारों पर पाए जाते हैं, जैसे- राकीज तथा एंडीज का विस्तार उत्तर से दक्षिण दिशा में, जबकि हिमालय तथा आल्प्स का विस्तार पश्चिम से पूर्व दिशा की ओर है।
| 69,639
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (150 words/10 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction : Ethics in International Relations. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relations. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction : International Relations is defined as the relation between different countries at the global level. Ethics is the basis for the conduct of any action and on the basis of that, it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relations: To tackle anarchy in International Relations - Anarchy is a basic feature of International relations. States promote their own self-interest and neglect global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which are detrimental to the entire world as seen in the case of Trade wars. To protect the interests of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like the Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in the case of the South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees" Interest - In an era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from the state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in the case of the West Asian refugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in the age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure the protection of the environment - It"s the responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard for the environment and non-cooperation on global platforms led to the failure of the Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such cases states need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relations is nothing but the promotion of the National Interests of various nations. For example - the US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures are very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is the biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in the era of technological revolution, there are chances of large-scale damage. So, states need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issues. As seen in the case of the USA, it withdrew itself from the Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like the UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in an independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in the short run, there is a need to resolve bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run, there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like the United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation of developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Ethics in International Relations. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relations. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction : International Relations is defined as the relation between different countries at the global level. Ethics is the basis for the conduct of any action and on the basis of that, it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relations: To tackle anarchy in International Relations - Anarchy is a basic feature of International relations. States promote their own self-interest and neglect global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which are detrimental to the entire world as seen in the case of Trade wars. To protect the interests of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like the Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in the case of the South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees" Interest - In an era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from the state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in the case of the West Asian refugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in the age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure the protection of the environment - It"s the responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard for the environment and non-cooperation on global platforms led to the failure of the Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such cases states need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relations is nothing but the promotion of the National Interests of various nations. For example - the US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures are very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is the biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in the era of technological revolution, there are chances of large-scale damage. So, states need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issues. As seen in the case of the USA, it withdrew itself from the Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like the UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in an independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in the short run, there is a need to resolve bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run, there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like the United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation of developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,652
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,653
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,654
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,655
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,656
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,657
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,658
|
Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)
|
Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
|
##Question:Discuss the importance of ethics in international relations. Also mention Problems and Challenges faced in international ethics. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction :Ethics in International Relation. Body : Importance of Ethics in International Relation. Limitations of International Ethics. Conclusion :Way Forward/Suggestions. Answer: Introduction :International Relation is defined as relation between different countries at global level.Ethicsis the basis for conduct of any action and on the basis of that it can be said that Ethics in International Relations is Important. Importance of Ethics in International Relation: To tackle anarchy in International Relation -Anarchy is basic feature of International relation. State promote their own self-interest and neglect the global concerns like Environment, Space, International Waters, etc. To tackle this, epical behaviour from bigger states is required. For example - In recent less regard is being paid to WTO and US is taking unilateral actions which is detrimental for entire world as seen in case of Trade wars. To protect interest of Smaller Nations - Smaller Nations like Philippines can get overpowered by big powers like China, as seen in case of South China Sea dispute. Protection of Refugees Interest - In era of mass prosecution, ethical behaviour is required from state where mass persecution is taking place and at the same time from the countries where the refugees are seeking refuge. For example - in case ofWest Asianrefugee crisis, cooperation is required from all the European countries. Tackle War Mongering - States go for threatening each other, and in age of nuclear arms, any misinterpretation, a devastating war can happen. So, States should behave ethically and responsibly. To ensure protection of environment - Its responsibility of human beings to protect the environment. Because disregard to environmental and non-cooperation at global platforms led to failure of Kyoto protocol. In order to ensure that the development is sustainable, we need to cooperate. To prevent misuse of Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs are capable of creating huge loss of life and property, as seen in case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To prevent such case sates need to act responsibly. Limitations of International Ethics: States promote their own National Interests - International Relation is nothing but promotion of National Interests of various nations. For example - US promoted globalisation till it was benefitting its objectives but now it is going for protectionist policies, to suit its National Interest. Irrational Actors - Today rogue states like North Korea and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. In such cases chances of misadventures is very high. Terrorist actors - Terrorism is biggest threat to Humanity. Global Terrorism is impacting the whole world. And in era of technological revolution, there are chances of large scale damage. So, state need to cooperate as no single state can tackle this challenge alone. Lack of cooperation on Climate Change - Superpowers pay disregard to climate issue. As seen in case of USA, it withdrew itself from Paris agreement. Limited power of International Institutions - International Institutions, like UN, WTO, IMF, etc., are not acting in independent way because of their dependence for funding on the superpowers. Also, they are not adequately represented. Under all this, in short run, there is a need to resolve the bilateral and regional issues peacefully. But in long run there is an urgent need to empower the institutions of global governance like United Nations, IMF and WTO. Also, adequate representation to developing and least developing nations needs to be provided.
| 69,659
|
Discuss the Warm and Cold ocean currents of the Atlantic, Pacific Ocean with the help of diagram.(10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: 1. Introduction: Define the ocean currents. 2. Body: Briefly discuss the Ocean currents of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Note: Diagram showing these currents in a map is mandatory. Model Answer: Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, a kind of river in the ocean. Based on temperature, Ocean currents are classified into two types: cold currents (Labrador Current) and warm currents (Kuroshio current). Ocean Currents in the Atlantic ocean:- 1 . North Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Northeast trade winds, the eastern water of the Atlantic around the equator due to frictional force is carried towards the western part. This current is called as North Atlantic equatorial current. Due to Coriolis force and the modifying factors like the shape of the coastline the waters are made to move into the Caribbean sea and gulf of Mexico. The waters that are made to move into the Caribbean are called Caribbean current and waters that are made to move in the Gulf of Mexico are called the Gulf of Mexico current. Both the currents meet to form the larger Gulf stream. The Gulf stream on reaching the New Foundland island is met with the cold Labrador current. Due to the continuous upward movement of the Gulf stream, it comes under the influence of westerlies and the current is called as North Atlantic Drift. On reaching the western European region it bifurcates into two branches. One Branch moves along the coast of Norway creating frost-free conditions for the Norwegian ports throughout the year. Some of the Warm North Atlantic drift waters enter into the North sea making this body more saline than its counterparts in the same latitudes. Other Branches of North Atlantic drift turn towards equator moves along Iberian coast and then into Northwestern African region. The offshore Northeast trade winds blowing from Africa into the Canaries Island take away the surface water to form the Canaries cold current due to cold upwelling. The surface waters move along the direction of northeast trade winds and mix with the North Atlantic equatorial current to form a complete Gyre. 2. South Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Southeast trade winds, the Eastern Atlantic waters are dragged towards the western Atlantic along the equator and so the current is called as South Atlantic Equatorial current. The shape of the Brazilian coastline makes the water moves along the coast of Brazil under the influence of the Coriolis force. Here the water is called a Brazilian stream which moves along the coastline in Eastern Argentina to meet with the Cold Falkland current. The Falkland cold current meets with the west wind drift which is under the influence of fast blowing westerlies that are having very great velocity because of the absence of landmass. Due to the shape of the continent and the Coriolis force, the cold waters of west wind drift moves along the western coast of Africa on reaching the tropical areas due to offshore southeast trade winds. The cold upwelling similar to canaries cold current in the Northern Atlantic is found. The name of the Cold current is called Bengula Cold current. And the surface waters meet the south equatorial current making this a complete gyre. In between these two gyres, there is a counter equatorial current that is running along the equator from west to east in the zone of Doldrums. The Pacific Ocean- Under the influence of North East trade winds, the Eastern water of the Pacific moves along the equator as North Pacific equatorial current due to Coriolis force and the shape of the continents. The waters are deflected along the coast of continents. Some of the water moves into the Philippines sea and some water moves into the Okhotsk Sea with the name Okhotsk current. Both the two current meets to form Kuroshio warm current. In the Northeast of Japan, Kuroshio warm current meets with Oyashio cold currents coming from the Bering sea of Arctic Circle to form the larger fishing ground of the world called The Great Fishing ground of Japan. The water comes under the influence of westerlies and moves towards the eastern side as the North Pacific drift. On reaching the North American coast the waters due to Coriolis force and shape of the continents the waters are made to move along continents towards the equator. As they reach the tropical areas the offshore trade winds create the upwelling condition of the coast of California and the current is called as Californian cold current. This cold current in the lower Latitude is associated with the Mojave hot desert of the USA. The water moves along the surface to meet the North Pacific Equatorial Current to form a complete gyre. Under the influence of southeast trade winds, the eastern Pacific is dragged towards the west along the equator and so the current is called the South Pacific Equatorial current. Due to the Coriolis force and the modifying factor like the shape of the coastline the water moves along the coast of Australia and the Current is called the East Australian current. After crossing New Zealand it meets with the West wind drift. Along the coast of South America, the cold waters of west wind drift due to the Coriolis force and shape of continents are made to move along the coast of Chile. On reaching the coast of Peru the offshore Southeast trade winds create upwelling conditions and the current is known as Peruvian cold current or Humboldt current which is associated with the Atacama Hot desert. As the water moves along the surface to meet the South Pacific equatorial current and form a complete gyre. In between these two gyres, there is a counter-equatorial current that moves from Western Pacific to Eastern Pacific.
|
##Question:Discuss the Warm and Cold ocean currents of the Atlantic, Pacific Ocean with the help of diagram.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Define the ocean currents. 2. Body: Briefly discuss the Ocean currents of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Note: Diagram showing these currents in a map is mandatory. Model Answer: Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, a kind of river in the ocean. Based on temperature, Ocean currents are classified into two types: cold currents (Labrador Current) and warm currents (Kuroshio current). Ocean Currents in the Atlantic ocean:- 1 . North Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Northeast trade winds, the eastern water of the Atlantic around the equator due to frictional force is carried towards the western part. This current is called as North Atlantic equatorial current. Due to Coriolis force and the modifying factors like the shape of the coastline the waters are made to move into the Caribbean sea and gulf of Mexico. The waters that are made to move into the Caribbean are called Caribbean current and waters that are made to move in the Gulf of Mexico are called the Gulf of Mexico current. Both the currents meet to form the larger Gulf stream. The Gulf stream on reaching the New Foundland island is met with the cold Labrador current. Due to the continuous upward movement of the Gulf stream, it comes under the influence of westerlies and the current is called as North Atlantic Drift. On reaching the western European region it bifurcates into two branches. One Branch moves along the coast of Norway creating frost-free conditions for the Norwegian ports throughout the year. Some of the Warm North Atlantic drift waters enter into the North sea making this body more saline than its counterparts in the same latitudes. Other Branches of North Atlantic drift turn towards equator moves along Iberian coast and then into Northwestern African region. The offshore Northeast trade winds blowing from Africa into the Canaries Island take away the surface water to form the Canaries cold current due to cold upwelling. The surface waters move along the direction of northeast trade winds and mix with the North Atlantic equatorial current to form a complete Gyre. 2. South Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Southeast trade winds, the Eastern Atlantic waters are dragged towards the western Atlantic along the equator and so the current is called as South Atlantic Equatorial current. The shape of the Brazilian coastline makes the water moves along the coast of Brazil under the influence of the Coriolis force. Here the water is called a Brazilian stream which moves along the coastline in Eastern Argentina to meet with the Cold Falkland current. The Falkland cold current meets with the west wind drift which is under the influence of fast blowing westerlies that are having very great velocity because of the absence of landmass. Due to the shape of the continent and the Coriolis force, the cold waters of west wind drift moves along the western coast of Africa on reaching the tropical areas due to offshore southeast trade winds. The cold upwelling similar to canaries cold current in the Northern Atlantic is found. The name of the Cold current is called Bengula Cold current. And the surface waters meet the south equatorial current making this a complete gyre. In between these two gyres, there is a counter equatorial current that is running along the equator from west to east in the zone of Doldrums. The Pacific Ocean- Under the influence of North East trade winds, the Eastern water of the Pacific moves along the equator as North Pacific equatorial current due to Coriolis force and the shape of the continents. The waters are deflected along the coast of continents. Some of the water moves into the Philippines sea and some water moves into the Okhotsk Sea with the name Okhotsk current. Both the two current meets to form Kuroshio warm current. In the Northeast of Japan, Kuroshio warm current meets with Oyashio cold currents coming from the Bering sea of Arctic Circle to form the larger fishing ground of the world called The Great Fishing ground of Japan. The water comes under the influence of westerlies and moves towards the eastern side as the North Pacific drift. On reaching the North American coast the waters due to Coriolis force and shape of the continents the waters are made to move along continents towards the equator. As they reach the tropical areas the offshore trade winds create the upwelling condition of the coast of California and the current is called as Californian cold current. This cold current in the lower Latitude is associated with the Mojave hot desert of the USA. The water moves along the surface to meet the North Pacific Equatorial Current to form a complete gyre. Under the influence of southeast trade winds, the eastern Pacific is dragged towards the west along the equator and so the current is called the South Pacific Equatorial current. Due to the Coriolis force and the modifying factor like the shape of the coastline the water moves along the coast of Australia and the Current is called the East Australian current. After crossing New Zealand it meets with the West wind drift. Along the coast of South America, the cold waters of west wind drift due to the Coriolis force and shape of continents are made to move along the coast of Chile. On reaching the coast of Peru the offshore Southeast trade winds create upwelling conditions and the current is known as Peruvian cold current or Humboldt current which is associated with the Atacama Hot desert. As the water moves along the surface to meet the South Pacific equatorial current and form a complete gyre. In between these two gyres, there is a counter-equatorial current that moves from Western Pacific to Eastern Pacific.
| 69,720
|
Discuss the issue of decriminalization of defamation in India. Also mention the view of the supreme court on the same in Subramaniam Swamy vs UOI ,2016 case.(150 words/10 marks)
|
APPROACH Briefly define criminal defamation in India. Mention argument in favor of decriminalization of defamation. Mention argument against decriminalization of defamation as provided by the supreme court in Subramaniam Swamy vs UOI,2016 case. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER Defamation has been defined under Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) as any type of deliberate false communication, either written or spoken, that can harm a person’s reputation decreases the respect, regard, or confidence of a person, or induces disparaging, or a hostile or disagreeable opinion or feeling against a person. this has led to debate for the decriminalization of defamation in India. The argument in favor of decriminalization of defamation: Freedom of speech and expression is important for a vibrant democracy and the threat of prosecution alone is enough to suppress the truth. Every dissent may be taken as unpalatable criticism. The process itself becomes a punishment. The civil remedy is already available. It goes against the global trend of decriminalizing defamation e.g Sri Lanka. In 2011, the Human Rights Committee of ICCP called upon states to abolish criminal defamation, noting that it intimidates citizens and makes them shy away from exposing wrongdoing. The argument against decriminalization of defamation: In Subramaniam Swamy vs UOI,2016 supreme court upheld the constitutionality of criminal defamation. The Supreme Court upheld criminal defamation with the following reasoning: The reputation of an individual, constituent in Article 21 is an equally important right as free speech. Criminalization of defamation to protect individual dignity and reputation is a “reasonable restriction” It has been part of statutory law for over 70 years. It has neither diluted our vibrant democracy nor abridged free speech. Mere misuse or abuse of law can never be a reason to render a provision unconstitutional rather lower judiciary must be sensitized to prevent misuse. Monetary compensation in civil defamation is not proportional to the excessive harm done to the reputation. There is a need to relook at criminal defamation in India so that it does not hinder the freedom of speech of an individual while protecting the reputation of others.
|
##Question:Discuss the issue of decriminalization of defamation in India. Also mention the view of the supreme court on the same in Subramaniam Swamy vs UOI ,2016 case.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Briefly define criminal defamation in India. Mention argument in favor of decriminalization of defamation. Mention argument against decriminalization of defamation as provided by the supreme court in Subramaniam Swamy vs UOI,2016 case. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER Defamation has been defined under Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) as any type of deliberate false communication, either written or spoken, that can harm a person’s reputation decreases the respect, regard, or confidence of a person, or induces disparaging, or a hostile or disagreeable opinion or feeling against a person. this has led to debate for the decriminalization of defamation in India. The argument in favor of decriminalization of defamation: Freedom of speech and expression is important for a vibrant democracy and the threat of prosecution alone is enough to suppress the truth. Every dissent may be taken as unpalatable criticism. The process itself becomes a punishment. The civil remedy is already available. It goes against the global trend of decriminalizing defamation e.g Sri Lanka. In 2011, the Human Rights Committee of ICCP called upon states to abolish criminal defamation, noting that it intimidates citizens and makes them shy away from exposing wrongdoing. The argument against decriminalization of defamation: In Subramaniam Swamy vs UOI,2016 supreme court upheld the constitutionality of criminal defamation. The Supreme Court upheld criminal defamation with the following reasoning: The reputation of an individual, constituent in Article 21 is an equally important right as free speech. Criminalization of defamation to protect individual dignity and reputation is a “reasonable restriction” It has been part of statutory law for over 70 years. It has neither diluted our vibrant democracy nor abridged free speech. Mere misuse or abuse of law can never be a reason to render a provision unconstitutional rather lower judiciary must be sensitized to prevent misuse. Monetary compensation in civil defamation is not proportional to the excessive harm done to the reputation. There is a need to relook at criminal defamation in India so that it does not hinder the freedom of speech of an individual while protecting the reputation of others.
| 69,721
|
Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure by the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement signed in 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative.This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran ,considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With USA pulling out of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran , it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalise the Chabahar Port in a full fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner,often acting against the interests of India.Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008 . Despite 10 years of discovery ,Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
|
##Question:Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure by the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement signed in 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative.This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran ,considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With USA pulling out of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran , it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalise the Chabahar Port in a full fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner,often acting against the interests of India.Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008 . Despite 10 years of discovery ,Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
| 69,722
|
The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
|
##Question:The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
| 69,733
|
Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure by the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement signed in 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative.This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran ,considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With USA pulling out of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran , it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalise the Chabahar Port in a full fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner,often acting against the interests of India.Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008 . Despite 10 years of discovery ,Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
|
##Question:Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure by the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement signed in 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative.This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran ,considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With USA pulling out of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran , it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalise the Chabahar Port in a full fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner,often acting against the interests of India.Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008 . Despite 10 years of discovery ,Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
| 69,748
|
Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure by the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement signed in 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative.This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran ,considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With USA pulling out of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran , it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalise the Chabahar Port in a full fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner,often acting against the interests of India.Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008 . Despite 10 years of discovery ,Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
|
##Question:Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure by the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement signed in 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative.This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran ,considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With USA pulling out of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran , it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalise the Chabahar Port in a full fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner,often acting against the interests of India.Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008 . Despite 10 years of discovery ,Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
| 69,749
|
Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In the body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and the challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture, and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe, and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure from the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement was signed in 2016 between India, Iran, and Afghanistan. Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan. Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run the Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative. This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran, considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With the USA pulling out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran, it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalize the Chabahar Port in a full-fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner, often acting against the interests of India. Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008. Despite 10 years of discovery, Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
|
##Question:Explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran despite the difficulties present therein? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about India-Iran relations In the body explain why India continues to maintain its efforts to consolidate relations with Iran and the challenges present Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India-Iran relations span millennia marked by meaningful interactions. The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share common features in their language, culture, and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on March 15, 1950. Recent Momentum was seen in the form of the Tehran Declaration and the signing of the New Delhi Declaration Manifestation of the relations: Iran with its energy resources is a key supplier for India. Iran is poised to become India’s gateway to Central Asia, Europe, and Russia through the ports at Chabahar and Bandar Abbas and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). India has also committed itself to building berths at Chabahar’s Shahid Beheshti Port and a rail line through the Zahedan province to Afghanistan, to circumvent restrictions by Pakistan Iran is a valuable ally in stabilizing Afghanistan due to the prevailing situation in Afghanistan in light of the withdrawal of us troops and the ascendence of the Taliban in 2021. Iran is an emerging regional power with wide-ranging influence in West Asia that could contribute to regional stability. It is for these reasons that India worked assiduously to sustain its relationship with Iran in the face of pressure from the U.S., Israel, and the G.C.C. countries regarding the Iranian nuclear program. The Chabahar Port: India started interacting with Iran at Chabahar port around 2003. Trilateral Transit and Trade Agreement was signed in 2016 between India, Iran, and Afghanistan. Chabahar port is expected to open up greater opportunities for promotionoftradeandcommercewithIran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and beyond. It provides an alternative and reliable access route into Afghanistan utilizing India’s earlier investment in the Zaranj-Delaram road built in Afghanistan. Chabahar Port’s location means that it can be an alternative in case of any challenges posed by developments in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz. It is also seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) has officially started to run the Shahid Beheshti port in Chabahar India remains engaged with the USA for an exception on the Chabahar project given its strategic nature especially as India-US interests converge in Afghanistan The future expansion of the project remains uncertain in light of the developments in Afghanistan in 2021 Economy and energy: India-Iran commercial ties have traditionally been dominated by the Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India and Iran signed a DoubleTaxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) in 2018 Iran has the world’s second-largest gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves. India is among the world"s largest energy consumers, etc Challenges for India: Iran’s Proximity to China - Iran is a part of China’s ambitious Belt And Road initiative. This might come in conflict with India’s interests in Iran, considering the fact that India has been vociferously opposing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. USA Sanctions on Iran - With the USA pulling out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and imposing sanctions on Iran, it will be difficult for India to continue importing Oil and Natural gas from Iran and also to operationalize the Chabahar Port in a full-fledged manner. Trustworthiness of Iran as a reliable partner - Iran despite displaying warmth towards India, has been a cantankerous partner, often acting against the interests of India. Some such instances are. On the issue of Kashmir, Iran has been a vocal supporter of Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir. India’s ONGC Videsh Limited played a crucial role in discovering the potential of Farzad B gas fields in Iran in 2008. Despite 10 years of discovery, Iran has not given the rights to develop the gas field to ONGC Videsh Limited. Thus, India needs to play a balancing act between the USA and Iran. Further, India needs to closely watch the space created by its exit. In a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency, India’s loss on account of these projects can become a gain for some other countries, especially China.
| 69,750
|
Q. Discuss the reasons for the falling Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction – Highlight the issue of falling LFPR of women. Body – Enumerate reasons for above. Conclude briefly. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. Reasons for falling LFPR of women: Increased Mechanisation: In agriculture as the use of seed drillers, harvesters, threshers and husking equipment increased, men displaced women. In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 percent in 1971 to only 30 percent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 percent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 percent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms: Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. To address above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
|
##Question:Q. Discuss the reasons for the falling Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction – Highlight the issue of falling LFPR of women. Body – Enumerate reasons for above. Conclude briefly. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. Reasons for falling LFPR of women: Increased Mechanisation: In agriculture as the use of seed drillers, harvesters, threshers and husking equipment increased, men displaced women. In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 percent in 1971 to only 30 percent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 percent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 percent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms: Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. To address above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
| 69,751
|
Q. Discuss the reasons for the falling Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduction – Highlight the issue of falling LFPR of women. Body – Enumerate reasons for above. Conclude briefly. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. Reasons for falling LFPR of women: Increased Mechanisation: In agriculture as the use of seed drillers, harvesters, threshers and husking equipment increased, men displaced women. In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 percent in 1971 to only 30 percent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 percent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 percent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms: Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. To address above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
|
##Question:Q. Discuss the reasons for the falling Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction – Highlight the issue of falling LFPR of women. Body – Enumerate reasons for above. Conclude briefly. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. Reasons for falling LFPR of women: Increased Mechanisation: In agriculture as the use of seed drillers, harvesters, threshers and husking equipment increased, men displaced women. In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 percent in 1971 to only 30 percent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 percent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 percent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms: Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. To address above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
| 69,752
|
The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
|
##Question:The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
| 69,754
|
The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
|
##Question:The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
| 69,755
|
The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
|
##Question:The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
| 69,756
|
The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
|
##Question:The performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of them at all stages of the policy process. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the intro, state the importance of uniform development of all sections of the society and how that entails making special provisions and schemes for the development of the vulnerable section In the body, analyze the interplay between the performance of the schemes for vulnerable and absence of their awareness and active involvement. Conclude by stating the importance of involvement and awareness of the intended beneficiary for the success of any policy. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy puts certain obligations on the state to provide social welfare schemes for the vulnerable sections of the society. Such schemes are conceptualized at the ministerial level and implemented at the grass-root level. The Indian government has often been criticized for inadequate implementation and last-mile delivery of such schemes. One of the major reasons is that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the policy-making for whom the policies are being made, in all the 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation. Some examples of the issues with the schemes and how active involvement is missing: Example 1 Despite the central government’s minimum support price scheme, it failed to support the marginal farmers. In 2018-19, just 12% of the 33 million farmers who were growing wheat availed of the government’s minimum support price (MSP), or the price at which it promises to buy 25 crops from farmers, regardless of their prevailing market price. The rest were sold in mandis, whose access was usually controlled by middlemen and where market prices are often below government MSPs. This is a case of lack of awareness among the farmers and also the price is not fixed based on the consultation with the farmers. Example 2 The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme (BBBPS) is a flagship program run by the central government to ensure the survival, protection, and education of the girl child. The program has failed in a few districts because of a lack of policy implementation, diversion of funds and the failure of monitoring mechanisms. This is a case where stakeholders are not involved in the policy monitoring process. Example 3 These are some of the common trends witnessed in the poor implementation of many schemes such as ICDS in Bihar, NREGA in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, Midday Meal in Madhya Pradesh, Health Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra, Old Age Pension scheme in Chhattisgarh and Bihar and the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh among others. Example 4 In 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed after eating contaminated cooked food, the flagship government scheme which provides lunch to nearly 120 million children in India every day facing lack of monitoring and hygiene, and also huge corruption. The public distribution system has suffered because of the lack of identification and verification of the specified people. Today, if we analyze we will find the entire nation has only 35% of cards distributed among the BPL families under the BPL card scheme. But the quota is coming in full to all the covered states. Why the implementation of these schemes is hindered: The inefficiency of executives: The reason of inefficiency can be attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption, and misalignment of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the MNREGA scheme failed in Bihar and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Insufficient monitoring by the central government, misalignment of incentives which encourage rent-seeking activities and finally, a lack of accountability which distorts the management of funds. Infrastructural issues: Lack of adequate facilities across sectors like health, education, transport, etc further deteriorates the chances of success of welfare schemes. It can be said that there are several factors that hinder the last-mile delivery of welfare schemes in India. However, sometimes there are flaws in the policy design stage as well. Design flaws Political bias in schemes: Certain schemes are announced considering the political gains and not overall national interest. For ex, farm loan waivers across states were criticized by bankers as such practices are not good for the country’s credit culture. Beneficiary identification: Use of SECC 2011 data which does not truly reflect the ground reality. Sometimes, those in need are left out. Hence, the design flaws in the welfare schemes cannot be neglected. Both the implementation and design of schemes are equally relevant. There is an example of exclusion in the ‘flawed design’ of the contributory Atal Pension Scheme. Way forward There are examples of successful implementation of schemes when the overall goal is collectively shared among the citizens. Government adequately tackled several diseases such as polio, malaria, and HIV when the target was well-publicized and clear. The policies are made in ministries but implemented at the state, district and village levels. Hence, there is a need to strengthen grassroots governance. Also, proper feedback should be channelized to the policymakers to modify the systemic flaws. Apart from the participation of citizens, the need of the hour is to simplify procedures, incentivize performance, reduce red-tape and make the best use of technology to achieve the desired goals. Good governance does not occur by chance. It must be demanded by citizens and nourished explicitly and consciously by the nation-state. It is, therefore, necessary that the citizens are allowed to participate freely, openly and fully in the planning process of schemes meant for them. The efforts of the present government on the principle of “Reform, Perform, Transform” seems to be in the right direction.
| 69,757
|
Discuss the ways by which Indian Citizenship can be acquired and terminated as per the Indian Citizenship Act, of 1955.(150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: - Introduce with the provision of Constitution which provides for Citizenship.. - Explain the ways in which Citizenship can be Acquired. - Explain the reasons which amount to termination of Citizenship. Answer: The Constitution deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). The Constitution does not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship subsequent to its commencement. It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act, 1955, which has been amended in 1986,1992, 2003 and 2005. Ways in which Citizenship can be aquired: The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory: 1. By Birth: A person born in India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 1st July 1987 is a citizen of India by birth irrespective of the nationality of his parents. A person born in India on or after 1st July 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. Further, those born in India on or after 3rd December 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. The children of foreign diplomats posted in India and enemy aliens cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth. 2. By Descent: A person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 10th December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth. A person born outside India on or after 10th December 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. From 3rd December 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the Central Government, after the expiry of the said period. An application, for registration of the birth of a minor child, to an Indian consulate shall be accompanied by an undertaking in writing from the parents of such minor child that he or she does not hold the passport of another country. 3. By Registration: The Central Government may, on an application, register as a citizen of India any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he belongs to any of the following categories, namely:- (a) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (b) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided India; (c) a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (d) minor children of persons who are citizens of India; (e) a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as citizens of India; (f) a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been residing in India for one year immediately before making an application for registration; (g) a person of full age and capacity who has been registered as an overseas citizen of India for five years, and who has been residing in India for one year before making an application for registration. An applicant shall be deemed to be ordinarily resident in India if – (i) he has resided in India throughout the period of twelve months immediately before making an application for registration; and (ii) he has resided in India during the eight years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months for a period of not less than six years. 4. By Naturalisation: The Central Government may, on an application, grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications: (a) that he is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalisation; (b) that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country in the event of his application for Indian citizenship being accepted; (c) that he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India or partly the one and partly the other, throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of the application; (d) that during the fourteen years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months, he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India, or partly the one and partly the other, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than eleven years; (e) that he is of good character; (f) that he has an adequate knowledge of a language specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution, and (g) that in the event of a certificate of naturalisation being granted to him, he intends to reside in India, or to enter into or continue in, service under a Government in India or under an international organisation of which India is a member or under a society, company or body of persons established in India. However, the Government of India may waive all or any of the above conditions for naturalisation in the case of a person who has rendered distinguished service to the science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace or human progress. Every naturalised citizen must take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of India. 5. By Incorporation of Territory: If any foreign territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India specifies the persons who among the people of the territory shall be the citizens of India. Such persons become the citizens of India from the notified date. For example, when Pondicherry became a part of India, the Government of India issued the Citizenship (Pondicherry) Order, 1962, under the Citizenship Act, 1955. Loss of Citizenship: The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz, renunciation, termination and deprivation: 1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship. Upon the registration of that declaration, that person ceases to be a citizen of India. However, if such a declaration is made during a war in which India is engaged, its registration shall be withheld by the Central Government. Further, when a person renounces his Indian citizenship, every minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship. However, when such a child attains the age of eighteen, he may resume Indian citizenship. 2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country, his Indian citizenship automatically terminates. This provision, however, does not apply during a war in which India is engaged. 3. By Deprivation: It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if: (a) the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud: (b) the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India: (c) the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war; (d) the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and (e) the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.
|
##Question:Discuss the ways by which Indian Citizenship can be acquired and terminated as per the Indian Citizenship Act, of 1955.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce with the provision of Constitution which provides for Citizenship.. - Explain the ways in which Citizenship can be Acquired. - Explain the reasons which amount to termination of Citizenship. Answer: The Constitution deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). The Constitution does not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship subsequent to its commencement. It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act, 1955, which has been amended in 1986,1992, 2003 and 2005. Ways in which Citizenship can be aquired: The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory: 1. By Birth: A person born in India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 1st July 1987 is a citizen of India by birth irrespective of the nationality of his parents. A person born in India on or after 1st July 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. Further, those born in India on or after 3rd December 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. The children of foreign diplomats posted in India and enemy aliens cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth. 2. By Descent: A person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 10th December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth. A person born outside India on or after 10th December 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. From 3rd December 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the Central Government, after the expiry of the said period. An application, for registration of the birth of a minor child, to an Indian consulate shall be accompanied by an undertaking in writing from the parents of such minor child that he or she does not hold the passport of another country. 3. By Registration: The Central Government may, on an application, register as a citizen of India any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he belongs to any of the following categories, namely:- (a) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (b) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided India; (c) a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (d) minor children of persons who are citizens of India; (e) a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as citizens of India; (f) a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been residing in India for one year immediately before making an application for registration; (g) a person of full age and capacity who has been registered as an overseas citizen of India for five years, and who has been residing in India for one year before making an application for registration. An applicant shall be deemed to be ordinarily resident in India if – (i) he has resided in India throughout the period of twelve months immediately before making an application for registration; and (ii) he has resided in India during the eight years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months for a period of not less than six years. 4. By Naturalisation: The Central Government may, on an application, grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications: (a) that he is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalisation; (b) that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country in the event of his application for Indian citizenship being accepted; (c) that he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India or partly the one and partly the other, throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of the application; (d) that during the fourteen years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months, he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India, or partly the one and partly the other, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than eleven years; (e) that he is of good character; (f) that he has an adequate knowledge of a language specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution, and (g) that in the event of a certificate of naturalisation being granted to him, he intends to reside in India, or to enter into or continue in, service under a Government in India or under an international organisation of which India is a member or under a society, company or body of persons established in India. However, the Government of India may waive all or any of the above conditions for naturalisation in the case of a person who has rendered distinguished service to the science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace or human progress. Every naturalised citizen must take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of India. 5. By Incorporation of Territory: If any foreign territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India specifies the persons who among the people of the territory shall be the citizens of India. Such persons become the citizens of India from the notified date. For example, when Pondicherry became a part of India, the Government of India issued the Citizenship (Pondicherry) Order, 1962, under the Citizenship Act, 1955. Loss of Citizenship: The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz, renunciation, termination and deprivation: 1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship. Upon the registration of that declaration, that person ceases to be a citizen of India. However, if such a declaration is made during a war in which India is engaged, its registration shall be withheld by the Central Government. Further, when a person renounces his Indian citizenship, every minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship. However, when such a child attains the age of eighteen, he may resume Indian citizenship. 2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country, his Indian citizenship automatically terminates. This provision, however, does not apply during a war in which India is engaged. 3. By Deprivation: It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if: (a) the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud: (b) the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India: (c) the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war; (d) the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and (e) the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.
| 69,772
|
India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
|
##Question:India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
| 69,774
|
It has been argued that India should move to full convertibility of currency. What do you mean by full convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of full convertibility of currency. (10 marks/150 words)
|
Brief approach: Define convertibility of currency Give advantages of full convertibility Give disadvantages of full convertibility Conclude suitably Answer: By convertibility of a currency, we mean the currency of a country can be freely converted into the foreign exchange at the market-determined rate of exchange that is, the exchange rate as determined by the demand for and supply of a currency. Why is convertibility important for open economies? a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, the absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macroeconomic fundamentals of an economy and its ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. What could be the possible fallouts of convertibility? 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred to as the fear of the infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following the discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflow resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slowdown of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred to as the "impossible trinity" of the open capital account, exchange rate, and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up besides affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If the Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3%, then Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be a good step for India but it should be in line with the actual condition of the economy.
|
##Question:It has been argued that India should move to full convertibility of currency. What do you mean by full convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of full convertibility of currency. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief approach: Define convertibility of currency Give advantages of full convertibility Give disadvantages of full convertibility Conclude suitably Answer: By convertibility of a currency, we mean the currency of a country can be freely converted into the foreign exchange at the market-determined rate of exchange that is, the exchange rate as determined by the demand for and supply of a currency. Why is convertibility important for open economies? a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, the absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macroeconomic fundamentals of an economy and its ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. What could be the possible fallouts of convertibility? 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred to as the fear of the infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following the discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflow resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slowdown of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred to as the "impossible trinity" of the open capital account, exchange rate, and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up besides affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If the Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3%, then Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be a good step for India but it should be in line with the actual condition of the economy.
| 69,782
|
India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
|
##Question:India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
| 69,786
|
India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss. (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Assignment Question:- India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss. (10 Marks/150 words) Mentors Comments: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel tieswould be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer.Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential : From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
|
##Question:India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Assignment Question:- India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss. (10 Marks/150 words) Mentors Comments: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel tieswould be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer.Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential : From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
| 69,787
|
India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)
|
Approach: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
|
##Question:India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Discuss the history of the India-Israel relationship 2. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in recent past 3. Highlight specific challenges faced by the countries. 4. Briefly mention the way forward Answer: India-Israel relations most notably exemplify realism as cardinal International relations theory wherein the expediency of national interest turns out to be the guiding force behind a nation s foreign policy. Scholars have argued that in the post-cold war era India started following a robust realist foreign policy posture and India s approach towards Israel is a classic affirmation of this stand. Background of Indo- Israel relations: Since India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992, relations between the two countries have grown at an astonishing pace, covering a wide range of issues from defence and homeland security, to agriculture and water management, and now education and even outer space. The formal acknowledgment of the relationship at the highest levels leaving behind hesitations of history and India’s de-hyphenation of its Israel and Palestine policies for the first time (and taking the related course-correction measures such as rethinking India’s voting choices on anti-Israel resolutions at the UN and dropping the demand for East Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state), is the turning point in the relations of both countries going forward. Depth and diversity in India-Israel relations in the recent past: Hinged on defence, intelligence-sharing, counter-terrorism on one side and cooperation in water harvesting and agriculture on the other, there are a number of avenues in which India-Israel ties would be key to the emerging global order. Economic Engagement: Israel, led by strong growth of private consumption, low inflation, rising labor force participation, a positive investors’ climate because of low-interest rates, natural gas finds, and responsible fiscal policies, has a lot to offer. Policy initiatives on ease of doing business and the opening of defense, construction and pharma sectors have added to India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. Defense collaboration: The India-Israel equation in defense has acquired strategic dimensions but there is the need and opportunity to make it “more broad-based” through production and manufacturing partnerships. Israeli defense industries are well inclined towards joint ventures to give a boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Culture: Israel embodies a culture of entrepreneurship highlighted by the power of innovation, global leadership in R&D spending, and venture capital investment. A joint innovation and research and development fund can work wonders. A country that has no automotive industry for example, and yet they are the R&D center for autonomous cars (self-driving) in the world. Agricultural Partnership and Water Conservation: Arid land technology, biotechnology and a joint action plan to research India-specific and export-oriented seeds deserve attention. Israel has tackled its rain deficiency by developing technology solutions for waste and water management, purification, desalination techniques and water reuse in agriculture and industry. The Israeli dairy industry with its proven know-how and design, technology and genetic material can revolutionize the dairy industry in India. Sticky Points in the Relations: Bilateral Trade and investment still below potential: From just $200 million in 1992, bilateral trade (excluding defense) peaked at about $5 billion in 2012 but since then it has dropped to about $4 billion. Also, bilateral trade has not diversified much—diamonds and chemicals still make up for the large chunk of the pie. Private Sector still finding feet: Indian companies like Sun Pharma and ATG, a specialty tire-maker, have big interests in Israel. But perhaps unsurprisingly, the Chinese are streets ahead of us in bilateral trade and their companies are investing heavily in Israel’s cutting-edge start-ups. Connectivity between the two countries still poor with just one direct flight from Mumbai 3 times a week and no direct flights from Delhi. Historical retrenchment: India’s consistent support for a sovereign, independent, viable, and united Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel and Pro-Arab stance has been a sticky point. Limited People to People ties and cultural differences: Israelis and Indian approach business differently and often find it difficult to get on the same page. Though formal ties were established in 1992, but the ideological divide resurfaces time and again. Way forward: Investments to boost tourism, education and cultural ties and building bridges with the Indian diaspora in Israel can help significantly in this context. Indeed, these are the low-hanging fruits in the bilateral relationship that can be plucked right away.
| 69,788
|
Discuss the various cultural and educational fundamental rights mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)
|
Assignment Question- Discuss the various cultural and educational fundamental rights mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach:- Give a brief introduction of Fundamental Rights Discuss the Cultural and Educational Rights Mention a brief conclusion Introduction Fundamental Rights guarantee basic rights to the citizens of India. There are six fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India, and Articles 29 and 30 deals with the cultural and educational rights of Indian citizens. This fundamental right intends to preserve the culture of minority groups in India and Indian society is a composite heterogeneous one and its diversity is one of its strengths. The Constitution guarantees these rights to minorities so that the diversity of this country is preserved and provides avenues for all groups including marginalized ones to protect, preserve, and propagate their culture. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 and 30) ARTICLE 29 Protection of interest of Minorities The term “any section”in article 29 includes both majority and minority communities (TMA Pai Case). This article gives Fundamental Right to conserve language script or culture . Also, this article prohibits that “ no citizens shall be denied admission in any educational institutions maintained out of State Funds or receiving aid from states on the grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any one of them. ARTICLE 30 Rights of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. The term minority has nowhere have been defined in the constitution Article 30 recognizes linguistic and religious minorities. If the State through a piece of legislation takes away the property of minority educational institutions, they must be paid compensation which will not abrogate or take away their right to run the institution (i.e. compensation of Market value) The state shall not discriminate while granting aid between minority and non-minority institutions. Conclusion -The protection of language, culture, and religion of the minorities becomes essential so that the minorities may not feel neglected or undermined under the impact of the majority rule. Since people take pride in their own culture and language, a special right is known as Cultural and Educational Right has been included in the Chapter on Fundamental Rights. In Articles 29-30 two major provisions have been made
|
##Question:Discuss the various cultural and educational fundamental rights mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question- Discuss the various cultural and educational fundamental rights mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach:- Give a brief introduction of Fundamental Rights Discuss the Cultural and Educational Rights Mention a brief conclusion Introduction Fundamental Rights guarantee basic rights to the citizens of India. There are six fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India, and Articles 29 and 30 deals with the cultural and educational rights of Indian citizens. This fundamental right intends to preserve the culture of minority groups in India and Indian society is a composite heterogeneous one and its diversity is one of its strengths. The Constitution guarantees these rights to minorities so that the diversity of this country is preserved and provides avenues for all groups including marginalized ones to protect, preserve, and propagate their culture. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 and 30) ARTICLE 29 Protection of interest of Minorities The term “any section”in article 29 includes both majority and minority communities (TMA Pai Case). This article gives Fundamental Right to conserve language script or culture . Also, this article prohibits that “ no citizens shall be denied admission in any educational institutions maintained out of State Funds or receiving aid from states on the grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any one of them. ARTICLE 30 Rights of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. The term minority has nowhere have been defined in the constitution Article 30 recognizes linguistic and religious minorities. If the State through a piece of legislation takes away the property of minority educational institutions, they must be paid compensation which will not abrogate or take away their right to run the institution (i.e. compensation of Market value) The state shall not discriminate while granting aid between minority and non-minority institutions. Conclusion -The protection of language, culture, and religion of the minorities becomes essential so that the minorities may not feel neglected or undermined under the impact of the majority rule. Since people take pride in their own culture and language, a special right is known as Cultural and Educational Right has been included in the Chapter on Fundamental Rights. In Articles 29-30 two major provisions have been made
| 69,799
|
अर्थशास्त्र के संदर्भ में सेवाओं को परिभाषित करते हुए इनके भारत एवं डबल्यूटीओ के अनुसार वर्गीकरण उदाहरणों सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining services in the context of economics, explain their classification according to India and WTO with examples. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
|
दृष्टिकोण: सेवा की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारत में सेवाओं के प्रकार को लिखिए। डबल्यूटीओ के अनुसार सेवाओं के वर्गीकरण को लिखिए। अंत में, अर्थव्यवस्था में सेवा के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सेवा से तात्पर्य "एक (अमूर्त) कार्य या उपयोग से है जिसके लिए एक उपभोक्ता, फर्म या सरकार को भुगतान करने को तैयार है।" उदाहरण के लिए बार्बर, डॉक्टर, वकील, इंजीनियर, बैंक, बीमा कंपनी आदि द्वारा किया गया कार्य इसमें शामिल है। भारत में सेवाओं को निम्न प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जाता है- सामान्य सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत परिवहन, होटल, दूरसंचार जैसी सेवाओं को सम्मिलित किया जाता है। पेशेवर सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत ऐसी सेवाएं आती है जिनमें विशेष प्रशिक्षण की आवश्यकता होती है। इसमें रियल एस्टेट (निर्माण कार्य को छोड़कर), वित्तीय सेवाएं तथा अन्य पेशेवर सेवाएं आती हैं। लोक सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत सामान्यतः सरकार द्वारा लोगों को दी जाने वाली सेवाएं आती है। इनका उद्देश्य जन कल्याण से जुड़ा होता है। जैसे- लोक प्रशासन, रक्षा सेवाएं आदि। वैश्विक स्तर पर सेवाओं का कोई मानक वर्गीकरण नहीं है। भारत वित्तीय सेवाओं में निर्यात को एक संभावित चैंपियन क्षेत्र के रूप में देखता है। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि भारत के अनेक वित्तीय पेशेवर अन्य देशों से कार्य कर रहे हैं। उन्हे भारत से कार्य करने हेतु प्रोत्साहित करने के क्रम सेफ हार्बर रूल अपनाया जा रहा है। इसके अंतर्गत उन्हे आयकर प्रावधानों में छूट दी जा रही है। डबल्यूटीओ द्वारा सेवाओं का वर्गीकरण- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर डबल्यूटीओ सेवाओं को निम्न प्रकार से वर्गीकृत करता है- मोड 1- सीमा पार सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत सेवा प्रदाता अपने देश में तथा सेवा ग्राहक अपने देश में होते हुए तकनीकी के माध्यम से सेवाएं सुलभ कराते हैं। उदाहरण- यूट्यूब, बीपीओ आदि। मोड 2- विदेशों में सेवाओं का उपभोग- इसके अंतर्गत सेवा ग्राहक सेवा प्रदाता के देश में सेवाएं अर्जित करता है, जैसे- पर्यटन। इस क्रम में माइस (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) को एक नए विकल्प के रूप में देखा जा रहा है। मोड 3- वाणिज्यिक उपस्थिति- इसके अंतर्गत सेवा प्रदाता सेवा ग्राहकों के देश में वाणिज्यिक उपस्थिति के साथ सेवाएं प्रदान करता है। जैसे एसबीआई का सिंगापूर में वित्तीय सेवाएं देना। मोड 4- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय श्रम का आवागमन- इसके अंतर्गत अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर श्रम के आवागमन को सरल बनाते हुए सेवाएं सुनिश्चित की जाती है। समग्रतः भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में अब सेवाओं का महत्व लगातार बढ़ रहा है। इसी को ध्यान में रखकर भारत को मोड 4 सेवाओं के निर्यात पर बल दिया गया है।
|
##Question:अर्थशास्त्र के संदर्भ में सेवाओं को परिभाषित करते हुए इनके भारत एवं डबल्यूटीओ के अनुसार वर्गीकरण उदाहरणों सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining services in the context of economics, explain their classification according to India and WTO with examples. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सेवा की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारत में सेवाओं के प्रकार को लिखिए। डबल्यूटीओ के अनुसार सेवाओं के वर्गीकरण को लिखिए। अंत में, अर्थव्यवस्था में सेवा के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सेवा से तात्पर्य "एक (अमूर्त) कार्य या उपयोग से है जिसके लिए एक उपभोक्ता, फर्म या सरकार को भुगतान करने को तैयार है।" उदाहरण के लिए बार्बर, डॉक्टर, वकील, इंजीनियर, बैंक, बीमा कंपनी आदि द्वारा किया गया कार्य इसमें शामिल है। भारत में सेवाओं को निम्न प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जाता है- सामान्य सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत परिवहन, होटल, दूरसंचार जैसी सेवाओं को सम्मिलित किया जाता है। पेशेवर सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत ऐसी सेवाएं आती है जिनमें विशेष प्रशिक्षण की आवश्यकता होती है। इसमें रियल एस्टेट (निर्माण कार्य को छोड़कर), वित्तीय सेवाएं तथा अन्य पेशेवर सेवाएं आती हैं। लोक सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत सामान्यतः सरकार द्वारा लोगों को दी जाने वाली सेवाएं आती है। इनका उद्देश्य जन कल्याण से जुड़ा होता है। जैसे- लोक प्रशासन, रक्षा सेवाएं आदि। वैश्विक स्तर पर सेवाओं का कोई मानक वर्गीकरण नहीं है। भारत वित्तीय सेवाओं में निर्यात को एक संभावित चैंपियन क्षेत्र के रूप में देखता है। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि भारत के अनेक वित्तीय पेशेवर अन्य देशों से कार्य कर रहे हैं। उन्हे भारत से कार्य करने हेतु प्रोत्साहित करने के क्रम सेफ हार्बर रूल अपनाया जा रहा है। इसके अंतर्गत उन्हे आयकर प्रावधानों में छूट दी जा रही है। डबल्यूटीओ द्वारा सेवाओं का वर्गीकरण- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर डबल्यूटीओ सेवाओं को निम्न प्रकार से वर्गीकृत करता है- मोड 1- सीमा पार सेवाएं- इसके अंतर्गत सेवा प्रदाता अपने देश में तथा सेवा ग्राहक अपने देश में होते हुए तकनीकी के माध्यम से सेवाएं सुलभ कराते हैं। उदाहरण- यूट्यूब, बीपीओ आदि। मोड 2- विदेशों में सेवाओं का उपभोग- इसके अंतर्गत सेवा ग्राहक सेवा प्रदाता के देश में सेवाएं अर्जित करता है, जैसे- पर्यटन। इस क्रम में माइस (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) को एक नए विकल्प के रूप में देखा जा रहा है। मोड 3- वाणिज्यिक उपस्थिति- इसके अंतर्गत सेवा प्रदाता सेवा ग्राहकों के देश में वाणिज्यिक उपस्थिति के साथ सेवाएं प्रदान करता है। जैसे एसबीआई का सिंगापूर में वित्तीय सेवाएं देना। मोड 4- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय श्रम का आवागमन- इसके अंतर्गत अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर श्रम के आवागमन को सरल बनाते हुए सेवाएं सुनिश्चित की जाती है। समग्रतः भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में अब सेवाओं का महत्व लगातार बढ़ रहा है। इसी को ध्यान में रखकर भारत को मोड 4 सेवाओं के निर्यात पर बल दिया गया है।
| 69,800
|
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using PPP over the market-determined exchange rates. (150 words/10 marks)
|
Approach: Introduce with PPP definition Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using PPP over market-determined exchange rates Conclude the answer Answer: Purchasing power parity is defined as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar would buy in the US. The technique of purchasing power parity allows us to estimate what exchange between two currencies is needed to express the accurate purchasing power of the two currencies in the respective countries. Advantages of PPP- Major one is that PPP exchange rates are relatively stable over time. By contrast, market rates are more volatile, and using them could produce quite large swings in aggregate measures of growth even when growth rates in individual countries are stable. Another drawback of market-based rates is that they are relevant only for internationally traded goods. Non-traded goods and services tend to be cheaper in low-income than in high-income countries. A haircut in New York is more expensive than in India. Any analysis that fails to take into account these differences in the prices of non-traded goods across countries will underestimate the purchasing power of consumers in emerging markets and developing countries and, consequently, their overall welfare. For this reason, PPP is generally regarded as a better measure of overall well-being. Drawbacks of PPP- The biggest one is that PPP is harder to measure than market-based rates. The International Comparison of Prices (ICP) is a huge statistical undertaking, and new price comparisons are available only at infrequent intervals. Methodological questions have also been raised about earlier surveys. Between survey dates, the PPP rates must be estimated, which can introduce inaccuracies in the measurement. Also, the ICP does not cover all countries, which means that data for missing countries must be estimated. There is a large gap between market- and PPP-based rates in emerging market and developing countries, for most of which the ratio of the market and PPP U.S. dollar exchange rate is between 2 and 4. But for advanced economies, the market and PPP rates tend to be much closer.
|
##Question:What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using PPP over the market-determined exchange rates. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with PPP definition Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using PPP over market-determined exchange rates Conclude the answer Answer: Purchasing power parity is defined as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar would buy in the US. The technique of purchasing power parity allows us to estimate what exchange between two currencies is needed to express the accurate purchasing power of the two currencies in the respective countries. Advantages of PPP- Major one is that PPP exchange rates are relatively stable over time. By contrast, market rates are more volatile, and using them could produce quite large swings in aggregate measures of growth even when growth rates in individual countries are stable. Another drawback of market-based rates is that they are relevant only for internationally traded goods. Non-traded goods and services tend to be cheaper in low-income than in high-income countries. A haircut in New York is more expensive than in India. Any analysis that fails to take into account these differences in the prices of non-traded goods across countries will underestimate the purchasing power of consumers in emerging markets and developing countries and, consequently, their overall welfare. For this reason, PPP is generally regarded as a better measure of overall well-being. Drawbacks of PPP- The biggest one is that PPP is harder to measure than market-based rates. The International Comparison of Prices (ICP) is a huge statistical undertaking, and new price comparisons are available only at infrequent intervals. Methodological questions have also been raised about earlier surveys. Between survey dates, the PPP rates must be estimated, which can introduce inaccuracies in the measurement. Also, the ICP does not cover all countries, which means that data for missing countries must be estimated. There is a large gap between market- and PPP-based rates in emerging market and developing countries, for most of which the ratio of the market and PPP U.S. dollar exchange rate is between 2 and 4. But for advanced economies, the market and PPP rates tend to be much closer.
| 69,806
|
Discuss the various ocean currents in the Indian Ocean with suitable diagram. (150 words/10 marks)
|
APPROACH: Introduction- Introduce with Definition of Ocean Currents in brief. Body- Explain the Ocean currents found in the Indian Ocean region. Conclusion- Conclude by writing the significance of ocean currents briefly. Note- Diagram showing the currents in the Indian Ocean is mandatory. ANSWER: Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, a kind of river in the ocean. Major factors for controlling the origin and direction of current are the temperature conditions over the globe, wind flow, slope of the land, Coriolis force, etc Ocean Currents in the Indian Ocean region can be divided into two broad categories: Southern Indian Ocean: The southeast trade winds drift the water from the eastern Indian Ocean towards the equator under the name south Indian ocean equatorial current. The Coriolis force and the modifying factor like the shape of the coastline make the water turn left along the Mozambique channel and the stream is called the Mozambique stream. Some of the water drifts along Madagascar under the name Madagascar stream. The Madagascar stream meets with the Mozambique stream to form Agulhas current. Agulhas current meets with west Wind drift and under the influence of Coriolis force and modifying factors like the shape of the coastline, the water turns to its left towards the coast of Australia. The offshore trade winds from Australia drift the surface warm waters continuously and create upwelling conditions and the current is called the west Australian cold current. This is associated with the great Australian desert. The water moves along with the surface to meet with the south equatorial current and forms a complete gyre Northern Indian Ocean : There are no ocean currents in the northern Indian ocean. It is flanked by two marginal seas i.e. The Arabian sea & the Bay of Bengal. The global winds are absent here and regional winds dominate this area. During Summer: The prevailing winds are Southwest Monsoonal winds these are the modified southeast trade winds crossing the equator and are deflected towards their right and so the water from the southern hemisphere crosses the equator moves along the coast of Africa into Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf in the western side. The waters from the Persian Gulf circulate into the Indian subcontinent along the coast of Pakistan into the west coast of India, the East Coast of India, and move along the coast of Bangladesh. The Waters then turn to the south from the Bangladesh coast into the coast of Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia then crosses the equator and joins the south equatorial current. During Winters: The prevailing winds are the northeast monsoonal winds that blow from the Northeast to the Southwest direction. The water from the Northeastern Indian ocean moves towards Bangladesh, India crossing Srilanka, and enters Pakistan, Yemen, and Africa. The water moves along the equator in opposite direction to the south equatorial current similar to the counter equatorial current. The north equatorial current is completely absent. The ocean currents are very important in determining the climates of different regions of the world, especially those regions bordering on the ocean. By moving heat from the equator toward the poles, ocean currents play an important role in controlling the climate. Ocean currents are also critically important to sea life. They carry nutrients and food to organisms that live permanently attached to one place and carry reproductive cells and ocean life to new places.
|
##Question:Discuss the various ocean currents in the Indian Ocean with suitable diagram. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction- Introduce with Definition of Ocean Currents in brief. Body- Explain the Ocean currents found in the Indian Ocean region. Conclusion- Conclude by writing the significance of ocean currents briefly. Note- Diagram showing the currents in the Indian Ocean is mandatory. ANSWER: Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, a kind of river in the ocean. Major factors for controlling the origin and direction of current are the temperature conditions over the globe, wind flow, slope of the land, Coriolis force, etc Ocean Currents in the Indian Ocean region can be divided into two broad categories: Southern Indian Ocean: The southeast trade winds drift the water from the eastern Indian Ocean towards the equator under the name south Indian ocean equatorial current. The Coriolis force and the modifying factor like the shape of the coastline make the water turn left along the Mozambique channel and the stream is called the Mozambique stream. Some of the water drifts along Madagascar under the name Madagascar stream. The Madagascar stream meets with the Mozambique stream to form Agulhas current. Agulhas current meets with west Wind drift and under the influence of Coriolis force and modifying factors like the shape of the coastline, the water turns to its left towards the coast of Australia. The offshore trade winds from Australia drift the surface warm waters continuously and create upwelling conditions and the current is called the west Australian cold current. This is associated with the great Australian desert. The water moves along with the surface to meet with the south equatorial current and forms a complete gyre Northern Indian Ocean : There are no ocean currents in the northern Indian ocean. It is flanked by two marginal seas i.e. The Arabian sea & the Bay of Bengal. The global winds are absent here and regional winds dominate this area. During Summer: The prevailing winds are Southwest Monsoonal winds these are the modified southeast trade winds crossing the equator and are deflected towards their right and so the water from the southern hemisphere crosses the equator moves along the coast of Africa into Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf in the western side. The waters from the Persian Gulf circulate into the Indian subcontinent along the coast of Pakistan into the west coast of India, the East Coast of India, and move along the coast of Bangladesh. The Waters then turn to the south from the Bangladesh coast into the coast of Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia then crosses the equator and joins the south equatorial current. During Winters: The prevailing winds are the northeast monsoonal winds that blow from the Northeast to the Southwest direction. The water from the Northeastern Indian ocean moves towards Bangladesh, India crossing Srilanka, and enters Pakistan, Yemen, and Africa. The water moves along the equator in opposite direction to the south equatorial current similar to the counter equatorial current. The north equatorial current is completely absent. The ocean currents are very important in determining the climates of different regions of the world, especially those regions bordering on the ocean. By moving heat from the equator toward the poles, ocean currents play an important role in controlling the climate. Ocean currents are also critically important to sea life. They carry nutrients and food to organisms that live permanently attached to one place and carry reproductive cells and ocean life to new places.
| 69,809
|
Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
|
##Question:Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
| 69,816
|
Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
|
##Question:Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
| 69,819
|
Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
|
##Question:Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
| 69,820
|
Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
|
##Question:Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
| 69,821
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.