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Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
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##Question:Critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly whistleblowing and provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 In body critically assess the various provisions of the Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011 Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization. Whistleblowing is an act whereby an individual discloses any unethical, illegal or unauthorised act of an individual to the public at large. Whistleblowers are the best source of information on malpractices in any organisation — public or private. With the rise in whistleblower complaints in India, the need for a robust legal regime for the protection of whistleblowers has gained importance. Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: Whistleblower refers to a person who is part of the system and being the part of the system, he makes public interest disclosure regarding the malfunctioning of the system Background: Based on the direction issued by the Supreme Court, whistleblowers were given protection in 2004 through executive resolution Under this, a whistleblower could make a complaint before the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) which was set up in 1964 based on recommendations of the Santhanam Committee Based on the recommendations of the law commission and second ARC, the government of India decided to provide legal protection to the whistleblowers with the coming of the act of 2011 Assessment of Whistle-Blowers Protection Act 2011: A whistleblower is a complainant in any public servant or any other person including any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) They can make public interest disclosure before the competent authority regarding an act of corruption or criminal offence committed by the public servant The competent authority in the case of union ministers is Prime Minister; for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha it is Speaker and Chairman respectively; for officials of Central Government it is CVC, etc A complainant has to include his identity in making the complaints The identity of the complainant cannot be disclosed except to the head of the organisation for investigation The act mentions the provision of punishment regarding the disclosure of the identity of the complainant This punishment is imprisonment up to three years which can go up to Rs 50,000 The act also mentions the appeal which can be made against the punishment or penalty before the high court The basic objective of this provision is to prevent the victimisation of the complainant by preventing the disclosure of his identity The act mentions penalties/punishment for making false complaints and the punishment is imprisonment upto two years and a fine that may extend upto Rs 30,000 without any right of appeal against the penalty This provision is meant to ensure protection to the public servants The fact of the matter is that public official has been provided with more effective protection as compared to while blowers This is because public officials have a right to appeal against the penalty but this right to appeal does not apply in the case of whistleblowers The act has a limited meaning of the disclosure The act does not define victimisation and is left to the subjective interpretation of concerned public authority In recent times, where large corporate scams have become far too common, India urgently needs to improve governance and enhance transparency. Moving forward, there is a need of greater emphasis placed on internal controls and fraud-fighting. Increased transparency and accountability will lead to an improvement in the standards of corporate governance and a cleaner business environment.
| 69,822
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What is Raman Spectroscopy? Along with its significance highlight applications of this effect. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduction. Introduce with CV Raman and Write about Raman Spectroscopy. In the body try to highlight its significance and some applications. Conclusion Accordingly Answer CV Raman was a Nobel laurel who got the Nobel prize for a phenomenon known after him. That is called the Raman effect spectroscopy. In the Raman Effect the frequency of scattered photons increases or decreases after interaction with a molecular system. Thus, it is an example of the inelastic (change in energy and frequency) scattering of photons. During the lifetime of Raman, Raman spectroscopy did not become popular for material analysis. However, with the discovery of laser light, Raman spectroscopy has become the most famous spectroscopic technique for many industries. Significance Of Raman Effect. Raman spectroscopy can be done on a very small sample. It is non-destructive in nature in that’s is material is not compromised in any way no matter the number of times it has undergone spectroscopy It is sensitive to even very small changes in material composition. It can be performed on almost all types of materials. Applications. Pharma industries for ensuring efficacy, quality, the safety of drugs, molecules etc Chemical industries to understand the structure of molecules and their bonds. Electronics industries Raman amplification-this is based on the Raman scattering where the lower frequency photons are pumped to a high-frequency regime with a surplus amount of energy. This method is applicable to telecommunications. Plastic industry. Glass industry. Raman scattering is used in remote sensing and planetary exploration Raman scattering is used to sense the minerals on Mars. Conclusion: Raman spectroscopy is an efficient and non-destructive way to investigate works of art and cultural heritage artefacts, in part because it is a non-invasive process that can be applied in situ.
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##Question:What is Raman Spectroscopy? Along with its significance highlight applications of this effect. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction. Introduce with CV Raman and Write about Raman Spectroscopy. In the body try to highlight its significance and some applications. Conclusion Accordingly Answer CV Raman was a Nobel laurel who got the Nobel prize for a phenomenon known after him. That is called the Raman effect spectroscopy. In the Raman Effect the frequency of scattered photons increases or decreases after interaction with a molecular system. Thus, it is an example of the inelastic (change in energy and frequency) scattering of photons. During the lifetime of Raman, Raman spectroscopy did not become popular for material analysis. However, with the discovery of laser light, Raman spectroscopy has become the most famous spectroscopic technique for many industries. Significance Of Raman Effect. Raman spectroscopy can be done on a very small sample. It is non-destructive in nature in that’s is material is not compromised in any way no matter the number of times it has undergone spectroscopy It is sensitive to even very small changes in material composition. It can be performed on almost all types of materials. Applications. Pharma industries for ensuring efficacy, quality, the safety of drugs, molecules etc Chemical industries to understand the structure of molecules and their bonds. Electronics industries Raman amplification-this is based on the Raman scattering where the lower frequency photons are pumped to a high-frequency regime with a surplus amount of energy. This method is applicable to telecommunications. Plastic industry. Glass industry. Raman scattering is used in remote sensing and planetary exploration Raman scattering is used to sense the minerals on Mars. Conclusion: Raman spectroscopy is an efficient and non-destructive way to investigate works of art and cultural heritage artefacts, in part because it is a non-invasive process that can be applied in situ.
| 69,939
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Write short notes on: (150 words/10 marks) 1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 2. Jyotiba Phule.
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Approach : Introduction – write briefly about social reform movements connecting the two personalities. Body – write short notes on both Conclude briefly. Answer : A distinct feature of 19th century India was the urge for social and religious reforms which cut across castes and communities. It was led by great personalities like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a blend of Indian and Western thoughts. He was an expert of Sanskrit and many a times was invited to Fort Williams to teach the Sanskritik tradition of India to the British officers. In 1851, he became principal of Sanskrit College. He was a humanist and had immense sympathy for the poor and oppressed. It is said about him that he dedicated his entire life to female emancipation and widow remarriage. He persuaded British authority to pass Hindu Widow Remarriage Act. It became an Act in 1856. He was also secretary of Bethune school. Where he promoted education for women. He was also releasing a Bengali newspaper, Shome Prakash. Jyotiba Phule Jyotirao Phule was from a gardener or mali community. Which was considered as shudra class in Maharashtra society. He organized a very powerful movement against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy. The social stigma that he faced made him determined that he will not let it happen to other people. He started teaching his wife, Savitribai Phule, who by this time was illiterate. Later, they opened a girl’s college at Bhidewada near Poona. Savitiribai Phule emerged as the first female teacher of India and very soon she was joined by Fatima Shaikh the second female teacher of India. He also organized a very powerful movement for the upliftment of women in society. He was a vocal supporter of widow remarriage and he also started a movement against infanticide. In 1873, he founded Satyasodhak Samaj (Truthseeker society). The main aim of this organization was to spread education among women and lower caste, social service, abolition of the caste system, and socio-economic inequalities. The two most famous works of Jyotirao Phule are Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Ghulamgiri. Hence, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule contributed immensely towards the upliftment of women and lower castes in society.
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##Question:Write short notes on: (150 words/10 marks) 1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 2. Jyotiba Phule.##Answer:Approach : Introduction – write briefly about social reform movements connecting the two personalities. Body – write short notes on both Conclude briefly. Answer : A distinct feature of 19th century India was the urge for social and religious reforms which cut across castes and communities. It was led by great personalities like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a blend of Indian and Western thoughts. He was an expert of Sanskrit and many a times was invited to Fort Williams to teach the Sanskritik tradition of India to the British officers. In 1851, he became principal of Sanskrit College. He was a humanist and had immense sympathy for the poor and oppressed. It is said about him that he dedicated his entire life to female emancipation and widow remarriage. He persuaded British authority to pass Hindu Widow Remarriage Act. It became an Act in 1856. He was also secretary of Bethune school. Where he promoted education for women. He was also releasing a Bengali newspaper, Shome Prakash. Jyotiba Phule Jyotirao Phule was from a gardener or mali community. Which was considered as shudra class in Maharashtra society. He organized a very powerful movement against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy. The social stigma that he faced made him determined that he will not let it happen to other people. He started teaching his wife, Savitribai Phule, who by this time was illiterate. Later, they opened a girl’s college at Bhidewada near Poona. Savitiribai Phule emerged as the first female teacher of India and very soon she was joined by Fatima Shaikh the second female teacher of India. He also organized a very powerful movement for the upliftment of women in society. He was a vocal supporter of widow remarriage and he also started a movement against infanticide. In 1873, he founded Satyasodhak Samaj (Truthseeker society). The main aim of this organization was to spread education among women and lower caste, social service, abolition of the caste system, and socio-economic inequalities. The two most famous works of Jyotirao Phule are Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Ghulamgiri. Hence, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule contributed immensely towards the upliftment of women and lower castes in society.
| 69,943
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What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in the e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer: e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building including improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spreading awareness. There is a need for measures like availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
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##Question:What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in the e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer: e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building including improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spreading awareness. There is a need for measures like availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
| 69,946
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What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer : e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building includes improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spread awareness. There is a need for measures like the availability of high-speed internet, and the nationwide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
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##Question:What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer : e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building includes improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spread awareness. There is a need for measures like the availability of high-speed internet, and the nationwide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
| 69,947
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What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in the e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer: e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building including improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spreading awareness. There is a need for measures like availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
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##Question:What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in the e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer: e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building including improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spreading awareness. There is a need for measures like availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
| 69,948
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What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in the e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer: e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building including improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spreading awareness. There is a need for measures like availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
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##Question:What is e-governance and steps taken by Government in this regard? Highlight the challenges of e-governanace in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about e-governance and its advantages in brief. Enumerate the steps taken by Government in this regard Highlight the challenges in the e-governance in India. Conclude the answer with probable solutions Answer: e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information, transactions, integration of previously existing services, and information portals. It is synonymous with good governance. There are various advantages of e-governance: Better and targeted service delivery to citizens. Ensuring transparency and accountability. Empowering people through information. Improve efficiency within Government i.e between center-state or inter-states. Improve interface with business and industry, etc So, a number of steps have been taken by the government. For example: Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records. It reduced the ownership clash over lands. KHAJANE (Karnataka): End-to-end automation of Government Treasury System Gyandoot initiative in Madhya Pradesh. It was awarded the best project in 2000 by Stockholm IT Challenge Award in the category of Public Service & Democracy FRIENDS initiative in Kerela for multiple types of bill payments e-Mitra in Rajsthan for bill payments MCA-21, e-SEWA, CPGRAM, etc. But despite various advantages, there are various challenges related to e-governance: Social challenges include: Digital literacy issue Digital divide, especially in rural areas. Lake of user-friendly nature. Presence of patriarchy: Thus mainly women are hindered from accessing e-governance related services. Economic challenges include: Cost of infrastructure and maintenance. Training cost of personal. Technological challenges. Interoperability between various devices/platforms. Privacy issue. Cyber threat. Multimodal interaction. Thus to ensure better implementation of e-governance there are various recommendations by the 2nd ARC. This includes: Business process reengineering. Capacity building including improving infrastructure, skill, and training. Technological solutions: enterprise architecture. Protecting Critical information infrastructure(CII). PPP model for better e-governance services. Building a congenial environment by involving political will etc. Apart from this, there are multiple models of e-governance, e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but there is a need for addressing the digital divide and spreading awareness. There is a need for measures like availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near future that will further enhance the prospects of e-governance
| 69,949
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What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Define meaning of the foundational values. Mention some of the foundational values highlighted by important commissions, Mention the Significance/importance of the these values with respect to civil servants, Mention relevant examples to support your point. Answer - Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee . Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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##Question:What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Define meaning of the foundational values. Mention some of the foundational values highlighted by important commissions, Mention the Significance/importance of the these values with respect to civil servants, Mention relevant examples to support your point. Answer - Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee . Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
| 69,965
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What do you mean by the foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Define meaning of the foundational values. Mention some of the foundational values highlighted by important commissions, Mention the Significance/importance of the these values with respect to civil servants, Mention relevant examples to support your point. Answer - Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee . Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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##Question:What do you mean by the foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Define meaning of the foundational values. Mention some of the foundational values highlighted by important commissions, Mention the Significance/importance of the these values with respect to civil servants, Mention relevant examples to support your point. Answer - Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee . Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
| 69,966
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What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Define meaning of the foundational values. Mention some of the foundational values highlighted by important commissions, Mention the Significance/importance of the these values with respect to civil servants, Mention relevant examples to support your point. Answer - Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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##Question:What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Define meaning of the foundational values. Mention some of the foundational values highlighted by important commissions, Mention the Significance/importance of the these values with respect to civil servants, Mention relevant examples to support your point. Answer - Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
| 69,967
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What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)
|
Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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##Question:What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
| 69,968
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What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)
|
Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee . Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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##Question:What do you mean by foundational values of the civil services? Explain the significance of these values for the civil servants with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Foundational values are set of rules, principles, and belief that form the very basis of any organization that’s why they are called as foundational values of the organization. They form the core identity of an organization. They are given highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example – Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is welfare of the employee . Hence foundational values are common to every type of the organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended following values as foundational values – Integrity Objectivity Impartiality Dedication to public service Compassion towards weaker sections Similarly famous Nolan Committee of UK suggested 7 values for civil servants which are – Leadership Honesty selflessness Openness Accountability Integrity Objectivity Significance of the foundational values for the civil servants – Maximisation of Public welfare – Civil servants posses a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness , compassion will help them to take decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example - the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Effective decision making - Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example – Civil servants receives various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situation foundational values plays a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of organization - Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as betterment of society. Enhancement of skills - Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through application of foundational values. One such value is openness, that ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development - Development and growth of society can be ensured if civil servant is concerned towards its welfare. Such welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servant to strive towards it. For example – P.Narhari , 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
| 69,969
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Unemployment types should only be seen as reasons explaining it and not as separate buckets in which it should be divided into.In reference to this statement discuss unemployment and its type as put forth by Classical school of thought.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction paragraph: Write a general brief on unemployment types Body: explain the type of unemployment as put forth by the Classical school of thought Conclude with a general remark by mentioning opposing views like of Kenes to the classical school Answer: Unemployment(UE) types should not be considered mutually exclusive of each other UE of one type merely means that a particular reason explains the existence of UE in an economy or for a person. It doesn’t mean that other reasons will not simultaneously explain the existence of UE Hence, UE types should only be seen as reasons explaining UE and not as separate buckets in which UE should be divided into. Type of unemployment as put forth by Classical school of thought- Wage rate Unemployment- Classical school is also called Wage rate UE and Keynesian school is also called cyclical UE It explains that UE is a consequence of high wages High wages can be there because of either govt. mandated high minimum wages or due to strong labour unions, both of which keep the minimum wages above the equilibrium wage rate There are two factors to be considered: Supplier of labour Demander of labour Labour is demanded by producer/capitalist Supply of labour is by people themselves for employment Class economists say that wage rates are sticky in the short run that is wage rates would not change in the short run, Hence, UE in an economy will persist as long as wage rates do not adjust to lower They define long run as that time in which wages adjust themselves that is the no connotation of a time period to define long or short-run According to classical economists, the economy would automatically heal in the long run if the workers would revise their wage expectations downwards The solution is given by classical economists: Classical economists say that UE can be addressed through a downward revision of wages Downward revision can’t happen because of govt. intervention but may happen only automatically that is by themselves when labour starts accepting lower wages then the problem of UE will be addressed. Keynes questioned this idea and said that: during times of recession nobody would ever reduce their wage expectation i.e. wage cuts during such times would be unreasonable and unacceptable and he agreed that it may so happen in long run but when the long run comes, could not be answered He famously said in the long run we are all dead.
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##Question:Unemployment types should only be seen as reasons explaining it and not as separate buckets in which it should be divided into.In reference to this statement discuss unemployment and its type as put forth by Classical school of thought.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction paragraph: Write a general brief on unemployment types Body: explain the type of unemployment as put forth by the Classical school of thought Conclude with a general remark by mentioning opposing views like of Kenes to the classical school Answer: Unemployment(UE) types should not be considered mutually exclusive of each other UE of one type merely means that a particular reason explains the existence of UE in an economy or for a person. It doesn’t mean that other reasons will not simultaneously explain the existence of UE Hence, UE types should only be seen as reasons explaining UE and not as separate buckets in which UE should be divided into. Type of unemployment as put forth by Classical school of thought- Wage rate Unemployment- Classical school is also called Wage rate UE and Keynesian school is also called cyclical UE It explains that UE is a consequence of high wages High wages can be there because of either govt. mandated high minimum wages or due to strong labour unions, both of which keep the minimum wages above the equilibrium wage rate There are two factors to be considered: Supplier of labour Demander of labour Labour is demanded by producer/capitalist Supply of labour is by people themselves for employment Class economists say that wage rates are sticky in the short run that is wage rates would not change in the short run, Hence, UE in an economy will persist as long as wage rates do not adjust to lower They define long run as that time in which wages adjust themselves that is the no connotation of a time period to define long or short-run According to classical economists, the economy would automatically heal in the long run if the workers would revise their wage expectations downwards The solution is given by classical economists: Classical economists say that UE can be addressed through a downward revision of wages Downward revision can’t happen because of govt. intervention but may happen only automatically that is by themselves when labour starts accepting lower wages then the problem of UE will be addressed. Keynes questioned this idea and said that: during times of recession nobody would ever reduce their wage expectation i.e. wage cuts during such times would be unreasonable and unacceptable and he agreed that it may so happen in long run but when the long run comes, could not be answered He famously said in the long run we are all dead.
| 69,999
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Unemployment types should only be seen as reasons explaining it and not as separate buckets in which it should be divided into. In reference to this statement discuss unemployment and its type as put forth by the Classical school of thought. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction paragraph: Write a general brief on unemployment types Body: explain the type of unemployment as put forth by the Classical school of thought Conclude with a general remark by mentioning opposing views like of Kenes to the classical school Answer Unemployment(UE) types should not be considered mutually exclusive of each other UE of one type merely means that a particular reason explains the existence of UE in an economy or for a person. It doesn’t mean that other reasons will not simultaneously explain the existence of UE Hence, UE types should only be seen as reasons explaining UE and not as separate buckets in which UE should be divided into. Type of unemployment as put forth by Classical school of thought Wage rate Unemployment- Classical school is also called Wage rate UE and Keynesian school is also called cyclical UE it explains that UE is a consequence of high wages High wages can be there because of either govt. mandated high minimum wages or due to strong labour unions, both of which keep the minimum wages above the equilibrium wage rate There are two factors to be considered: Supplier of labour Demander of labour Labour is demanded by producer/capitalist Supply of labour is by people themselves for employment Class economists say that wage rates are sticky in the short run that is wage rates would not change in the short run, Hence, UE in an economy will persist as long as wage rates do not adjust to lower They define long run as that time in which wages adjust themselves that is the no connotation of a time period to define long or short-run According to classical economists, the economy would automatically heal in the long run if the workers would revise their wage expectations downwards The solution is given by classical economists: Classical economists say that UE can be addressed through a downward revision of wages Downward revision can’t happen because of govt. intervention but may happen only automatically that is by themselves when labour starts accepting lower wages then the problem of UE will be addressed. Keynes questioned this idea and said that: during times of recession nobody would ever reduce their wage expectation i.e. wage cuts during such times would be unreasonable and unacceptable and he agreed that it may so happen in long run but when the long run comes, could not be answered He famously said in the long run we are all dead.
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##Question:Unemployment types should only be seen as reasons explaining it and not as separate buckets in which it should be divided into. In reference to this statement discuss unemployment and its type as put forth by the Classical school of thought. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction paragraph: Write a general brief on unemployment types Body: explain the type of unemployment as put forth by the Classical school of thought Conclude with a general remark by mentioning opposing views like of Kenes to the classical school Answer Unemployment(UE) types should not be considered mutually exclusive of each other UE of one type merely means that a particular reason explains the existence of UE in an economy or for a person. It doesn’t mean that other reasons will not simultaneously explain the existence of UE Hence, UE types should only be seen as reasons explaining UE and not as separate buckets in which UE should be divided into. Type of unemployment as put forth by Classical school of thought Wage rate Unemployment- Classical school is also called Wage rate UE and Keynesian school is also called cyclical UE it explains that UE is a consequence of high wages High wages can be there because of either govt. mandated high minimum wages or due to strong labour unions, both of which keep the minimum wages above the equilibrium wage rate There are two factors to be considered: Supplier of labour Demander of labour Labour is demanded by producer/capitalist Supply of labour is by people themselves for employment Class economists say that wage rates are sticky in the short run that is wage rates would not change in the short run, Hence, UE in an economy will persist as long as wage rates do not adjust to lower They define long run as that time in which wages adjust themselves that is the no connotation of a time period to define long or short-run According to classical economists, the economy would automatically heal in the long run if the workers would revise their wage expectations downwards The solution is given by classical economists: Classical economists say that UE can be addressed through a downward revision of wages Downward revision can’t happen because of govt. intervention but may happen only automatically that is by themselves when labour starts accepting lower wages then the problem of UE will be addressed. Keynes questioned this idea and said that: during times of recession nobody would ever reduce their wage expectation i.e. wage cuts during such times would be unreasonable and unacceptable and he agreed that it may so happen in long run but when the long run comes, could not be answered He famously said in the long run we are all dead.
| 70,000
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What are various forces responsible for the formation of Tides? Briefly discuss the formation of Spring tides and Neap tides with a suitable diagram. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention what are tides. Body: Explain the formation of tides due to the combined action of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal forces. Diagram is mandatory for illustration . Bring out the difference between Springtide and Neap tide, their formation, and their period. Model Answer: The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. The resultant force of two forces namely the Moon’s gravitational pull and the sun’s gravitational pull is the major cause for the occurrence of tides. Another factor is centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter the effect of the resultant gravitational force. Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth. [Here bring diagram] On the surface of the earth, nearest the moon, pull or the attractive force of the moon is greater than the centrifugal force, and so there is a net force causing a bulge towards the moon. On the opposite side of the earth, the attractive force is less, as it is farther away from the moon, the centrifugal force is dominant. Hence, there is a net force away from the moon. It creates the second bulge away from the moon. Spring Tide and Neap tides: [Here bring diagram] The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has a direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a straight line, the resultant force is the summation of the forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon. These are called spring tides. When the position of the sun, earth and moon are at right angles neap tides occur. The resultant force is the difference between the gravitational pull exerted by sun and moon. At this time the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The Moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. Height of the spring tides is high as compared to neap tides. Spring tides occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during the new moon period. Neap tides occur halfway between each new and full moon – at the first quarter and last quarter moon phase –Normally, there is a seven day interval between the spring tides and neap tides.
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##Question:What are various forces responsible for the formation of Tides? Briefly discuss the formation of Spring tides and Neap tides with a suitable diagram. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention what are tides. Body: Explain the formation of tides due to the combined action of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal forces. Diagram is mandatory for illustration . Bring out the difference between Springtide and Neap tide, their formation, and their period. Model Answer: The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. The resultant force of two forces namely the Moon’s gravitational pull and the sun’s gravitational pull is the major cause for the occurrence of tides. Another factor is centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter the effect of the resultant gravitational force. Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth. [Here bring diagram] On the surface of the earth, nearest the moon, pull or the attractive force of the moon is greater than the centrifugal force, and so there is a net force causing a bulge towards the moon. On the opposite side of the earth, the attractive force is less, as it is farther away from the moon, the centrifugal force is dominant. Hence, there is a net force away from the moon. It creates the second bulge away from the moon. Spring Tide and Neap tides: [Here bring diagram] The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has a direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a straight line, the resultant force is the summation of the forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon. These are called spring tides. When the position of the sun, earth and moon are at right angles neap tides occur. The resultant force is the difference between the gravitational pull exerted by sun and moon. At this time the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The Moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. Height of the spring tides is high as compared to neap tides. Spring tides occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during the new moon period. Neap tides occur halfway between each new and full moon – at the first quarter and last quarter moon phase –Normally, there is a seven day interval between the spring tides and neap tides.
| 70,012
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Discuss the important areas of civil services reforms and the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) in this regard? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about civil services reforms In body mention the important areas of civil services reforms and the recommendations of the Second ARC Conclude briefly with way forward Answer: It is widely recognised that the civil services have contributed to stability in terms of maintenance of peace, the conduct of fair elections, managing disasters and the preservation of the unity of the nation, providing stability and maintaining order in a vast country prone to various conflicts – ethnic, communal, regional etc. Nonetheless, there are certain concerns about the performance of the civil service in the context of realizing a results-oriented government. Important areas of civil services reforms and the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) are as follows: There are reforms required at the Entry Level of the civil services Accountability: All new appointments should be made for a period of 20 years There would be two intensive reviews first, after 14 years of service intimating the Civil Servant about his strengths and weaknesses Second review at 20 years to assess the fitness of officer for further continuation Enhancing Performance: Make the appraisal more consultative and transparent The performance appraisal should be year-round and should be based on the numerical rating system It should be a comprehensive performance management system (CPMS) Performance-related incentive based on the principle of differential reward for differential performance Promotions should be merit-based Need of specialist knowledge for higher appointments: Second ARC has identified 12 domains in which officers should specialise for senior-level appointments All the officers of All India Services and Central Civil Services shall be made eligible for appointments Appointments shall be made only after the completion of 13 years of service in that domain Constitution of a statutory Central Civil Services Authority to deal with all such appointments Effective Disciplinary Regime: 2nd ARC suggests a Civil Services Law for statutory, disciplinary and dismissal procedures with more freedom to respective Government departments The present oral enquiry processes should be converted into formal disciplinary meetings and interviews Consultation with UPSC shall be mandatory only in cases leading to proposed dismissal of civil servants Streamlining rules and regulations: Rules should be updated, the simplified and discretionary power of civil servants be eliminated This is in order to reduce the cumbersome rules and regulations and make the system citizen-friendly Depoliticization of Civil Servants: It clearly defined the code of ethics for ministers as well as the code of conduct for civil servants It clearly defined the procedure for recruitment Recruitment to all posts shall be based on the open competition method which is widely publicised Minimization of discretion in the recruitment process Minimum weightage to interview Also, in TSR Subramaniyam versus Union of India, 2013, the Supreme Court said that there should be fixed-term for civil servants. No need to follow oral directives rather written ones Establishment of Civil Services Board at both centre and state level, headed by the cabinet secretary and chief secretary respectively. Group B officers transfer should be done by the head of the department and not by politicians, etc. These reforms should be adopted for increasing the efficiency of civil services in India.
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##Question:Discuss the important areas of civil services reforms and the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) in this regard? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about civil services reforms In body mention the important areas of civil services reforms and the recommendations of the Second ARC Conclude briefly with way forward Answer: It is widely recognised that the civil services have contributed to stability in terms of maintenance of peace, the conduct of fair elections, managing disasters and the preservation of the unity of the nation, providing stability and maintaining order in a vast country prone to various conflicts – ethnic, communal, regional etc. Nonetheless, there are certain concerns about the performance of the civil service in the context of realizing a results-oriented government. Important areas of civil services reforms and the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) are as follows: There are reforms required at the Entry Level of the civil services Accountability: All new appointments should be made for a period of 20 years There would be two intensive reviews first, after 14 years of service intimating the Civil Servant about his strengths and weaknesses Second review at 20 years to assess the fitness of officer for further continuation Enhancing Performance: Make the appraisal more consultative and transparent The performance appraisal should be year-round and should be based on the numerical rating system It should be a comprehensive performance management system (CPMS) Performance-related incentive based on the principle of differential reward for differential performance Promotions should be merit-based Need of specialist knowledge for higher appointments: Second ARC has identified 12 domains in which officers should specialise for senior-level appointments All the officers of All India Services and Central Civil Services shall be made eligible for appointments Appointments shall be made only after the completion of 13 years of service in that domain Constitution of a statutory Central Civil Services Authority to deal with all such appointments Effective Disciplinary Regime: 2nd ARC suggests a Civil Services Law for statutory, disciplinary and dismissal procedures with more freedom to respective Government departments The present oral enquiry processes should be converted into formal disciplinary meetings and interviews Consultation with UPSC shall be mandatory only in cases leading to proposed dismissal of civil servants Streamlining rules and regulations: Rules should be updated, the simplified and discretionary power of civil servants be eliminated This is in order to reduce the cumbersome rules and regulations and make the system citizen-friendly Depoliticization of Civil Servants: It clearly defined the code of ethics for ministers as well as the code of conduct for civil servants It clearly defined the procedure for recruitment Recruitment to all posts shall be based on the open competition method which is widely publicised Minimization of discretion in the recruitment process Minimum weightage to interview Also, in TSR Subramaniyam versus Union of India, 2013, the Supreme Court said that there should be fixed-term for civil servants. No need to follow oral directives rather written ones Establishment of Civil Services Board at both centre and state level, headed by the cabinet secretary and chief secretary respectively. Group B officers transfer should be done by the head of the department and not by politicians, etc. These reforms should be adopted for increasing the efficiency of civil services in India.
| 70,014
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Write a short note on Keynesian prescription. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce the term and its meaning. Explain it in proper context. Answer Keynesian prescription can be understood as a policy prescription for the government during the time of depression. It suggests an expansive fiscal policy to revive the economy and to bring the unemployed back to work. This theory was given by John Maynard Keynes during the times of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. The concept of Aggregate Demand (AD) is at the center of the Keynesian prescription. Aggregate Demand refers to the total demand for all goods and services in an economy. As Demand comes from four entities in the economy. Households (C), businesses (I), government (G), and external (X-M). Therefore AD = C+G+I+ (X-M). AD may fall during times of recession. It is largely due to a fall in the Consumption (C) and Investment (I) components of AD. Classical economists would say that during such times it is cheaper for industries to invest because, for example, labor may be available at a cheaper wage rate. However, Keynes disputes this and says that a fall in consumption cannot be made up by a rise in investment. On the contrary, the investment itself will not pick up because of increasing unemployment and decreasing consumption demand. Businesses would not invest because they do not expect the consumption demand to pick up. Further, there would be an unutilized capacity in the economy during such times. Hence, the need to invest would also be less along with the desire to invest. Therefore, it is the government expenditure only that can increase AD and at the same time have a multiplier effect of incentivizing businesses to do investment. This would pull up the AD back to pre-recession levels. Real GDP will increase and hence the employment. Roosevelt"s New Deal can be considered a Keynesian prescription in practice.
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##Question:Write a short note on Keynesian prescription. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the term and its meaning. Explain it in proper context. Answer Keynesian prescription can be understood as a policy prescription for the government during the time of depression. It suggests an expansive fiscal policy to revive the economy and to bring the unemployed back to work. This theory was given by John Maynard Keynes during the times of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. The concept of Aggregate Demand (AD) is at the center of the Keynesian prescription. Aggregate Demand refers to the total demand for all goods and services in an economy. As Demand comes from four entities in the economy. Households (C), businesses (I), government (G), and external (X-M). Therefore AD = C+G+I+ (X-M). AD may fall during times of recession. It is largely due to a fall in the Consumption (C) and Investment (I) components of AD. Classical economists would say that during such times it is cheaper for industries to invest because, for example, labor may be available at a cheaper wage rate. However, Keynes disputes this and says that a fall in consumption cannot be made up by a rise in investment. On the contrary, the investment itself will not pick up because of increasing unemployment and decreasing consumption demand. Businesses would not invest because they do not expect the consumption demand to pick up. Further, there would be an unutilized capacity in the economy during such times. Hence, the need to invest would also be less along with the desire to invest. Therefore, it is the government expenditure only that can increase AD and at the same time have a multiplier effect of incentivizing businesses to do investment. This would pull up the AD back to pre-recession levels. Real GDP will increase and hence the employment. Roosevelt"s New Deal can be considered a Keynesian prescription in practice.
| 70,026
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Q. Write a short note on Keynesian prescription. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce the term and its meaning. Explain it in proper context. Conclude accordingly. Answer Keynesian prescription can be understood as a policy prescription for the government during the time of depression. It suggests an expansive fiscal policy to revive the economy and to bring the unemployed back to work. This theory was given by John Maynard Keynes during the times of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. The concept of Aggregate Demand (AD) is at the center of the Keynesian prescription. Aggregate Demand refers to the total demand for all goods and services in an economy. As Demand comes from four entities in the economy. Households (C), businesses (I), government (G), and external (X-M). Therefore, AD = C+G+I+ (X-M). AD may fall during times of recession. It is largely due to a fall in the Consumption (C) and Investment (I) components of AD. Classical economists would say that during such times it is cheaper for industries to invest because, for example, labor may be available at a cheaper wage rate. However, Keynes disputes this and says that a fall in consumption cannot be made up by a rise in investment. On the contrary, the investment itself will not pick up because of increasing unemployment and decreasing consumption demand. Businesses would not invest because they do not expect the consumption demand to pick up. Further, there would be an unutilized capacity in the economy during such times. Hence, the need to invest would also be less along with the desire to invest. Therefore, it is the government expenditure only that can increase AD and at the same time have a multiplier effect of incentivizing businesses to do investment. This would pull up the AD back to pre-recession levels. Real GDP will increase and hence the employment. Roosevelt"s New Deal can be considered a Keynesian prescription in practice.
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##Question:Q. Write a short note on Keynesian prescription. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the term and its meaning. Explain it in proper context. Conclude accordingly. Answer Keynesian prescription can be understood as a policy prescription for the government during the time of depression. It suggests an expansive fiscal policy to revive the economy and to bring the unemployed back to work. This theory was given by John Maynard Keynes during the times of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. The concept of Aggregate Demand (AD) is at the center of the Keynesian prescription. Aggregate Demand refers to the total demand for all goods and services in an economy. As Demand comes from four entities in the economy. Households (C), businesses (I), government (G), and external (X-M). Therefore, AD = C+G+I+ (X-M). AD may fall during times of recession. It is largely due to a fall in the Consumption (C) and Investment (I) components of AD. Classical economists would say that during such times it is cheaper for industries to invest because, for example, labor may be available at a cheaper wage rate. However, Keynes disputes this and says that a fall in consumption cannot be made up by a rise in investment. On the contrary, the investment itself will not pick up because of increasing unemployment and decreasing consumption demand. Businesses would not invest because they do not expect the consumption demand to pick up. Further, there would be an unutilized capacity in the economy during such times. Hence, the need to invest would also be less along with the desire to invest. Therefore, it is the government expenditure only that can increase AD and at the same time have a multiplier effect of incentivizing businesses to do investment. This would pull up the AD back to pre-recession levels. Real GDP will increase and hence the employment. Roosevelt"s New Deal can be considered a Keynesian prescription in practice.
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
| 70,028
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
| 70,044
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programs is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programs Also mention how they are facing sociocultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programs at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including sociocultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programs Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about the empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as the largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from the government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce sociocultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programs can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programs and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programs is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programs Also mention how they are facing sociocultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programs at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including sociocultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programs Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about the empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as the largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from the government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce sociocultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programs can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programs and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
| 70,045
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
| 70,046
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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Write a short note on technical aspects of modern Information and Communication Technology. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction of Information and Communication Technology Describe important technical components of modern ICT Conclude in short Information and Communication Technology is a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to create, store or exchange information i.e. computers, internet, live broadcasting, recorded broadcasting, telephony. Key technical aspects of modern ICT Transmission mediums Guided transmission medium: It includes Copper Wires, Optical fiber cables etc. We use optical fiber cable in a guided medium that works on the principle of total internal reflection. Signals can travel large distances without any absorption. Unguided transmission medium : Signal travels through air/space.Modern communication uses radio waves which are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The radio wave spectrum used varies from 30 Hz to 300 GHz. Radio waves are generated artificially by transmitters and received by radio receivers using antennas. To prevent interference between different users the generation and transmission of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws and coordinated by an international body ITU (International Telecommunication Union) It is a specialized body of the UN. Also, satellite frequency bands that can be used have different designations, for example, L band (1-2 GHz): it is used for GPS, satellite phones, S-band (2-4 GHz): it is used by weather radar, surface ship radar, some communication satellite etc. Modulation Techniques In modulation we incode information on the carrier wave. There are different ways of modulating a signal - Pulse Modulation : In pulse modulation, we just switch on and switch off the signal. This is an easy way to send Morse code. Analog Modulation : In analog modulation, the signal is time-varying in a continuous manner. There are three main methods of analog modulation - Amplitude modulation (AM) : here the amplitude of the wave changes. They are more prone to static (interference), however, can travel more distance because of low frequency. Frequency modulation (FM): Here the frequency is varied to encode the signal. The signal is more clear, less prone to static. However, will not travel very far. Phase modulation (PM) : Here the instantaneous phase of the carrier wave is varied. Digital Modulation: While analog signals are continuous time-varying signals, the digital signal consists of discreet values. Analog signals suffer from many losses such as interference, distortion, and security breach, In order to overcome these problems, signals are digitized using different techniques. Digitized signals allow the communication to be more clear and accurate without losses. Hence, modern ICT has seen improvements over the years through advancements in technology of basic technical components like transmission medium with more capacity and less interference as well as improvements in modulation techniques for clearer transmission of signal.
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##Question:Write a short note on technical aspects of modern Information and Communication Technology. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction of Information and Communication Technology Describe important technical components of modern ICT Conclude in short Information and Communication Technology is a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to create, store or exchange information i.e. computers, internet, live broadcasting, recorded broadcasting, telephony. Key technical aspects of modern ICT Transmission mediums Guided transmission medium: It includes Copper Wires, Optical fiber cables etc. We use optical fiber cable in a guided medium that works on the principle of total internal reflection. Signals can travel large distances without any absorption. Unguided transmission medium : Signal travels through air/space.Modern communication uses radio waves which are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The radio wave spectrum used varies from 30 Hz to 300 GHz. Radio waves are generated artificially by transmitters and received by radio receivers using antennas. To prevent interference between different users the generation and transmission of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws and coordinated by an international body ITU (International Telecommunication Union) It is a specialized body of the UN. Also, satellite frequency bands that can be used have different designations, for example, L band (1-2 GHz): it is used for GPS, satellite phones, S-band (2-4 GHz): it is used by weather radar, surface ship radar, some communication satellite etc. Modulation Techniques In modulation we incode information on the carrier wave. There are different ways of modulating a signal - Pulse Modulation : In pulse modulation, we just switch on and switch off the signal. This is an easy way to send Morse code. Analog Modulation : In analog modulation, the signal is time-varying in a continuous manner. There are three main methods of analog modulation - Amplitude modulation (AM) : here the amplitude of the wave changes. They are more prone to static (interference), however, can travel more distance because of low frequency. Frequency modulation (FM): Here the frequency is varied to encode the signal. The signal is more clear, less prone to static. However, will not travel very far. Phase modulation (PM) : Here the instantaneous phase of the carrier wave is varied. Digital Modulation: While analog signals are continuous time-varying signals, the digital signal consists of discreet values. Analog signals suffer from many losses such as interference, distortion, and security breach, In order to overcome these problems, signals are digitized using different techniques. Digitized signals allow the communication to be more clear and accurate without losses. Hence, modern ICT has seen improvements over the years through advancements in technology of basic technical components like transmission medium with more capacity and less interference as well as improvements in modulation techniques for clearer transmission of signal.
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‘’Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy over the years owing to its strategic location’’. In light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also, mention some of the initiatives taken by India to strengthen the engagement with the region further. (150 words/10 marks)
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India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.The Central Asian region is considered to be the part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows the access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is an significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realise its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighbourhood is vital for realising its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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##Question:‘’Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy over the years owing to its strategic location’’. In light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also, mention some of the initiatives taken by India to strengthen the engagement with the region further. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.The Central Asian region is considered to be the part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows the access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is an significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realise its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighbourhood is vital for realising its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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‘’Over the years Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy owing to its strategic location’’. In the light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also mention some of the initiatives taken by India to further strengthen the engagement with the region. (250 words/15 marks)
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Approach: - Introduce by highlighting the information on India-Central Asia and their cultural and civilizational ties. - In the body, highlight the significance of Central Asia for India. - Discuss the initiatives taken by India for further engagement in the region. -Conclude appropriately India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Central Asian region is considered to be the part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows the access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is an significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realise its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighbourhood is vital for realising its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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##Question:‘’Over the years Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy owing to its strategic location’’. In the light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also mention some of the initiatives taken by India to further strengthen the engagement with the region. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce by highlighting the information on India-Central Asia and their cultural and civilizational ties. - In the body, highlight the significance of Central Asia for India. - Discuss the initiatives taken by India for further engagement in the region. -Conclude appropriately India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Central Asian region is considered to be the part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows the access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is an significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realise its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighbourhood is vital for realising its aspiration of becoming a major power.
| 70,062
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‘’Over the years Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy owing to its strategic location’’. In the light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also mention some of the initiatives taken by India to further strengthen the engagement with the region. (250 words/15 marks)
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Approach: - Introduce by highlighting the information on India-Central Asia and their cultural and civilizational ties. - In the body, highlight the significance of Central Asia for India. - Discuss the initiatives taken by India for further engagement in the region. -Conclude appropriately India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.The Central Asian region is considered to be the part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows the access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is an significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realise its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighbourhood is vital for realising its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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##Question:‘’Over the years Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy owing to its strategic location’’. In the light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also mention some of the initiatives taken by India to further strengthen the engagement with the region. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce by highlighting the information on India-Central Asia and their cultural and civilizational ties. - In the body, highlight the significance of Central Asia for India. - Discuss the initiatives taken by India for further engagement in the region. -Conclude appropriately India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.The Central Asian region is considered to be the part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows the access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is an significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realise its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighbourhood is vital for realising its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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‘’Over the years Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy owing to its strategic location’’. In light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also, mention some of the initiatives taken by India to further strengthen the engagement with the region. (250 words/15 marks)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction tracing India"s relationship with Central Asia. Write the significance of Central Asia for India in various dimensions like Strategic importance, energy security, trade & investments, etc. Then write the steps of some of the initiatives taken by the GoI to strengthen and promote the relationship with Central Asia. Conclude with the potential of India-central Asia in the future. Answer: India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods, and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Central Asian region is considered to be part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is a significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth-largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism, and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom, and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals, and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives are taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran, and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as the Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. Recently concluded India Central Asia Summit level Meet 2022 to promote deeper engagement in all sectors and strengthen the relationship further. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth, and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realize its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighborhood is vital for realizing its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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##Question:‘’Over the years Central Asia has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy owing to its strategic location’’. In light of the above statement mention the significance of the region for India. Also, mention some of the initiatives taken by India to further strengthen the engagement with the region. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction tracing India"s relationship with Central Asia. Write the significance of Central Asia for India in various dimensions like Strategic importance, energy security, trade & investments, etc. Then write the steps of some of the initiatives taken by the GoI to strengthen and promote the relationship with Central Asia. Conclude with the potential of India-central Asia in the future. Answer: India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods, and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Central Asian region is considered to be part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is a significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth-largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism, and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom, and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals, and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. Initiatives are taken by India for further engagement with the region – International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It was launched as a joint initiative by India, Iran, and Russia in 2000. INSTC is a 7,200 km-long multimodal transportation network that links the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea via the Persian Gulf onwards into Russia and Northern Europe. Connect Central Asia Policy: Unveiled in 2012, this policy seeks to improve India’s political and economic relations with Central Asia. The policy was reinforced in 2015 after PM Modi became the first Indian head of state to visit all five Central Asian countries. Ashgabat Agreement: India ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of an International Transport and Transit Corridor, which is also known as the Ashgabat Agreement in 2018. It is an agreement between Iran, Oman, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan signed in 2011. The accession to this agreement diversifies India’s connectivity options with Central Asia. TAPI pipeline: It is also known as the Peace Pipeline and Trans-Afghan Pipeline. Recently concluded India Central Asia Summit level Meet 2022 to promote deeper engagement in all sectors and strengthen the relationship further. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth, and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realize its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighborhood is vital for realizing its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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Provide an account of the reactions of various sections to the Government Of India Act 1935. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: For Introduction mention the important features of the Government Of India Act 1935. Mention the reaction of various sections to the Government Of India Act 1935. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The Government of India Act 1935 had various important features like the abolition of provincial dyarchy and introduction of dyarchy at the center, abolition of the Indian Council, and the introduction of an advisory body in its place, provision for an All India Federation with British India territories and princely states.
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##Question:Provide an account of the reactions of various sections to the Government Of India Act 1935. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: For Introduction mention the important features of the Government Of India Act 1935. Mention the reaction of various sections to the Government Of India Act 1935. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The Government of India Act 1935 had various important features like the abolition of provincial dyarchy and introduction of dyarchy at the center, abolition of the Indian Council, and the introduction of an advisory body in its place, provision for an All India Federation with British India territories and princely states.
| 70,070
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Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief on impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude highlighting how these values can be inculcated in the civil servants. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation. Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Eg: If a public servant gives permission for holding a rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi-religious and multicultural societies such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both parties in order to maintain peace. Eg: A religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to make rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - The government is a ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with the public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Eg: Members of UPSC should keep their distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then the reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance the reputation of public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: There should be a Civil Services Board for appointments, postings and transfers to make it apolitical in nature Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that define a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief on impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude highlighting how these values can be inculcated in the civil servants. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation. Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Eg: If a public servant gives permission for holding a rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi-religious and multicultural societies such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both parties in order to maintain peace. Eg: A religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to make rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - The government is a ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with the public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Eg: Members of UPSC should keep their distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then the reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance the reputation of public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: There should be a Civil Services Board for appointments, postings and transfers to make it apolitical in nature Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that define a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance reputation of a public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that defines a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance reputation of a public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that defines a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
| 70,082
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Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance reputation of a public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that defines a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance reputation of a public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that defines a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
| 70,083
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Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance reputation of a public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that defines a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer: Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance reputation of a public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that defines a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
| 70,084
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Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer : Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding a rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi-religious and multicultural societies such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to make rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - The government is a ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with the public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then the reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance the reputation of public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that define a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief impartiality and non-partisanship In body explain the importance of impartiality and non-partisanship as the foundational values for civil servants and in public services Conclude briefly with a way forward. Answer : Impartiality and non-partisanship are used interchangeably where the broad meaning is being fair and non-discriminatory or being unbiased. At the same time, there is a subtle difference between the two as non-partisanship is a subset of impartiality. Although non-partisanship is used synonymously with impartiality, it has a special meaning which indicates that Apolitical behaviour by a civil servant means neither having a bias against nor in favour of a particular political dispensation Impartiality is acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving equally well governments of different political persuasions Importance of these values for civil servants: It helps to upload the value of civil services neutrality and will help to show courage and suggest alternatives to ministers Trust of the people will be won by these values and Transformations cannot be brought about by a biased mind There are huge discretionary powers and should be used in the public interest and for social justice Keeps away from controversy - The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public servant may encounter during his time of service. The neutral nature of work will keep issues away from public fanfare. Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding a rally to a particular political party and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining neutrality this can be avoided. Keeps balance between sections of society - In multi-religious and multicultural societies such as India there are many issues that arise between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty by maintaining distance from both parties in order to maintain peace. Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to make rational decisions without favouring one party over the other. Upholds dignity of position - The government is a ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely with the public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be compromised. Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know personally. If any links are established then the reputation of the body will be under threat. Thus, impartiality is a virtue that cannot be ignored at any cost. Maintaining this value will only enhance the reputation of public officials. Inculcation of Impartiality and non-partisanship: Civil Services Board (CSB) in appointments and transfers Objective criteria for promotions Minimum duration at postings and fixed tenure Mandatory cooling-off period for civil servants Training and a strong emphasis on values, mentorship, etc Impartiality or non-partisanship is the ability of an individual to remain neutral regardless of the situation. This is one of the many qualities that define a public servant. These values are valid not only on a personal basis but professional basis too.
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यद्यपि विभिन्न कारणों से दोनों के बीच समानता के क्षेत्र बढ़ रहे हैं, फिर भी सार्वजनिक और निजी प्रशासन में नैतिक मुद्दों के बीच असमानताएं मौजूद हैं। चर्चा करना। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Although the areas of similarities between the two are increasing due to various reasons, yet there exists disparities between public and private ethical issues concerns. Discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में प्रशासन को परिभाषित करते हुए चर्चा कीजिये कि कैसे लोक एवं निजी प्रशासन के बीच की समानता का क्षेत्र बढ़ता जा रहा है| 2- मुख्य भाग में दोनों के मध्य विभिन्न कारकों के आधार पर असमानताओं की विद्यमानता को स्पष्ट कीजिये| 3- अंतिम में दोनों के संदर्भ में नैतिकता के पहलू को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| प्रशासन के दो मौलिक आयाम/तत्व हैं यथा सामान्य उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति सामूहिक प्रयास| जब सामूहिक प्रयास के माध्यम से सामान्य उद्देश्यों की प्राप्ति के लिए प्रयास किया जाता है तो उसे प्रशासन की संज्ञा दी जाती है|अर्थात प्रशासन के लिए उपरोक्त दोनों तत्वों की उपस्थिति आवश्यक है| प्रशासन के ये दोनों तत्व लोक और निजी प्रशासन दोनों में होते हैं, दोनों क्षेत्रो में कार्यरत अधिकारियों के उत्तरदायित्व एक समान हैं तथा उनके बीच अधिकारियों का परस्पर आदान प्रदान। लोक प्रशासन व निजी संगठन की कार्य प्रक्रिया या प्रबंधन के तकनीकों में भी समानता देखने को मिलती है। जैसे:- योजना का निर्माण, समन्वय करना, नियंत्रण करना, लेखांकन की प्रणाली का होना आदि ।लोक निगम एक ऐसा सरकारी संगठन है जो लोक प्रशासन और निजी प्रशासन इन दोनों की विशेताओं का एक सम्मलित परिणाम है ।लोक निगम जबाबदेहिता के साथ साथ स्वायत्ता पर भी बल देती है जोकि क्रमशः लोक प्रशासन और निजी प्रशासन की विशेताओं के प्रभाव को दर्शाती है । इसी तरह लोक निजी सहभागिता, निजीकरण, उदारीकरण, निगम शासन, CSR आदि के माध्यम से दोनों के बीच की समानता का क्षेत्र बढ़ता जा रहा है| दोनों की अपनी कुछ विशेषताएं होती हैं जिनके आधार पर दोनों में अंतर होता है| लोक व निजी संगठन के नैतिक पहलुओं में असमानता परिवेश या वातावरण - लोक का परिवेश राजनीतिक तथा निजी का गैर-राजनीतिक होता है; उद्देश्य - लोक का उद्देश्य जनता के हितों की परिपूर्ति करना और निजी में मुनाफा का अर्जन करना होता है; दोनों के उद्देश्य एक दूसरे के पूरक हैं क्योंकि दोनों एक दूसरे की कमियों को पूरा करते हैं| अर्थात दोनों अपने उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति के लिए एक दूसरे पर निर्भर हैं| यदि कोई निजी प्रशासन जन हितों को अनदेखा कर देगा तो वह लम्बे समय तक मुनाफ़ा अर्जित नहीं सकता,CSR, निगम शासन, शिक्षा,स्वास्थ्य आदि क्षेत्रों में निजी क्षेत्र का योगदान यह स्पष्ट करता है कि निजी प्रशासन भी जन हित के लिए भी कार्य करता है| इसी तरह जिन इकाइयों से सरकार को लाभ नहीं होता सरकार उनका विनिवेश कर देगी अतः लोक प्रशासन का उद्देश्य भी मुनाफ़ा होता है| अतः उद्देश्यों में अंतर सापेक्षिक है| कार्य के आधार पर- लोक और निजी में से लोक संगठन के द्वारा अधिक कार्यों को संपादित किया जाता है साथ ही कार्य की प्रकृति में एकरूपता अधिक निजी संगठन में होगी तथा लोक संगठन की कार्य प्रकृति में विविधता होगी; कार्य प्रकृति में जटिलता अधिक लोक संगठन में होगी तथा निजी संगठन में कार्य प्रकृति सरलीकृत होगी, इसी के साथ लोक संगठन में नैतिक दुविधा लोक संगठन में अधिक होगी; नियम और कानून - लोक संगठन में नियम और कानून की संख्या अधिक होगी जबकि निजी संगठन में कम, साथ ही निजी संगठन में नियम-कानून में लचीलापन अधिक होता है (ये अपना मुनाफ़ा बढाने के लिए अपने नियमों कानूनों/मानकों में तत्परता से बदलाव करते हैं जैसे बई वन गेट वन फ्री जैसी पहलें ) तथा लोक संगठन में दृढ़ता अधिक होगी; लोक संगठनों के द्वारा नियम और कानून को लागू करने की दिशा में जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में एकरूपता को बनाये रखने पर बल दिया जाता है जबकि निजी संगठनों के द्वारा जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में अंतर या विभेदीकरण को प्राप्त किया जाता है; भर्ती एवं पदोन्नति -लोक संगठन द्वारा योग्यता एवं सामाजिक पहलू पर ध्यान दिया जाता है जबकि निजी संगठन में योग्यता पर बल दिया जाता है; कार्यकुशलता -लोक संगठन कम कार्यकुशल तथा निजी संगठन अधिक कार्यकुशल होते हैं; नियंत्रण एवं जवाबदेहिता - लोक संगठन -आंतरिक एवं बाहरी दोनों जबकि निजी संगठन आम तौर पर आंतरिक नियंत्रण एवं जवाबदेहिता होती है; आदि | उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट है कि लोक प्रशासन का स्वाभाव गुणात्मक है जबकि निजी का मात्रात्मक होता है, नैतिक दुविधा गुणात्मकता में अधिक होती है;जनता के लिए नैतिकता का महत्त्व दोनों क्षेत्रों से है परन्तु निजी संगठनों के संदर्भ में बहुलवाद होने के कारण जनता के पास चयन का अधिकार अधिक व्यापक है| जबकि लोक संगठनों के द्वारा दी जाने वाली सेवाओं के संदर्भ में जनता के पास चयन का अधिकार सीमित या प्रतिबंधित है|अतः लोक संगठनों की नैतिक दुविधा अधिक चिंता का विषय है|लोक एवं निजी इन दोनों संगठनों के द्वारा शक्तियों के दुरूपयोग की संभावना बनी रहती है जो कि नैतिकता को प्रतिकूल तरीके से से प्रभावित करती है| लोक संगठनों के द्वारा शक्तियों के दुरूपयोग का आधार पदस्थिति होता है जो इसे सत्ता या प्राधिकार देता है जबकि निजी संगठनों की शक्तियों के दुरूपयोग का आधार धन बल होता है|परन्तु इसके बावजूद भी लोक संगठन एवं निजी संगठन की नैतिक चिंता एवं दुविधाओं के मूल आधार में समानता देखने को मिलती है| जैसे इमानदारी, समर्पण आदि|
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##Question:यद्यपि विभिन्न कारणों से दोनों के बीच समानता के क्षेत्र बढ़ रहे हैं, फिर भी सार्वजनिक और निजी प्रशासन में नैतिक मुद्दों के बीच असमानताएं मौजूद हैं। चर्चा करना। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Although the areas of similarities between the two are increasing due to various reasons, yet there exists disparities between public and private ethical issues concerns. Discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में प्रशासन को परिभाषित करते हुए चर्चा कीजिये कि कैसे लोक एवं निजी प्रशासन के बीच की समानता का क्षेत्र बढ़ता जा रहा है| 2- मुख्य भाग में दोनों के मध्य विभिन्न कारकों के आधार पर असमानताओं की विद्यमानता को स्पष्ट कीजिये| 3- अंतिम में दोनों के संदर्भ में नैतिकता के पहलू को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| प्रशासन के दो मौलिक आयाम/तत्व हैं यथा सामान्य उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति सामूहिक प्रयास| जब सामूहिक प्रयास के माध्यम से सामान्य उद्देश्यों की प्राप्ति के लिए प्रयास किया जाता है तो उसे प्रशासन की संज्ञा दी जाती है|अर्थात प्रशासन के लिए उपरोक्त दोनों तत्वों की उपस्थिति आवश्यक है| प्रशासन के ये दोनों तत्व लोक और निजी प्रशासन दोनों में होते हैं, दोनों क्षेत्रो में कार्यरत अधिकारियों के उत्तरदायित्व एक समान हैं तथा उनके बीच अधिकारियों का परस्पर आदान प्रदान। लोक प्रशासन व निजी संगठन की कार्य प्रक्रिया या प्रबंधन के तकनीकों में भी समानता देखने को मिलती है। जैसे:- योजना का निर्माण, समन्वय करना, नियंत्रण करना, लेखांकन की प्रणाली का होना आदि ।लोक निगम एक ऐसा सरकारी संगठन है जो लोक प्रशासन और निजी प्रशासन इन दोनों की विशेताओं का एक सम्मलित परिणाम है ।लोक निगम जबाबदेहिता के साथ साथ स्वायत्ता पर भी बल देती है जोकि क्रमशः लोक प्रशासन और निजी प्रशासन की विशेताओं के प्रभाव को दर्शाती है । इसी तरह लोक निजी सहभागिता, निजीकरण, उदारीकरण, निगम शासन, CSR आदि के माध्यम से दोनों के बीच की समानता का क्षेत्र बढ़ता जा रहा है| दोनों की अपनी कुछ विशेषताएं होती हैं जिनके आधार पर दोनों में अंतर होता है| लोक व निजी संगठन के नैतिक पहलुओं में असमानता परिवेश या वातावरण - लोक का परिवेश राजनीतिक तथा निजी का गैर-राजनीतिक होता है; उद्देश्य - लोक का उद्देश्य जनता के हितों की परिपूर्ति करना और निजी में मुनाफा का अर्जन करना होता है; दोनों के उद्देश्य एक दूसरे के पूरक हैं क्योंकि दोनों एक दूसरे की कमियों को पूरा करते हैं| अर्थात दोनों अपने उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति के लिए एक दूसरे पर निर्भर हैं| यदि कोई निजी प्रशासन जन हितों को अनदेखा कर देगा तो वह लम्बे समय तक मुनाफ़ा अर्जित नहीं सकता,CSR, निगम शासन, शिक्षा,स्वास्थ्य आदि क्षेत्रों में निजी क्षेत्र का योगदान यह स्पष्ट करता है कि निजी प्रशासन भी जन हित के लिए भी कार्य करता है| इसी तरह जिन इकाइयों से सरकार को लाभ नहीं होता सरकार उनका विनिवेश कर देगी अतः लोक प्रशासन का उद्देश्य भी मुनाफ़ा होता है| अतः उद्देश्यों में अंतर सापेक्षिक है| कार्य के आधार पर- लोक और निजी में से लोक संगठन के द्वारा अधिक कार्यों को संपादित किया जाता है साथ ही कार्य की प्रकृति में एकरूपता अधिक निजी संगठन में होगी तथा लोक संगठन की कार्य प्रकृति में विविधता होगी; कार्य प्रकृति में जटिलता अधिक लोक संगठन में होगी तथा निजी संगठन में कार्य प्रकृति सरलीकृत होगी, इसी के साथ लोक संगठन में नैतिक दुविधा लोक संगठन में अधिक होगी; नियम और कानून - लोक संगठन में नियम और कानून की संख्या अधिक होगी जबकि निजी संगठन में कम, साथ ही निजी संगठन में नियम-कानून में लचीलापन अधिक होता है (ये अपना मुनाफ़ा बढाने के लिए अपने नियमों कानूनों/मानकों में तत्परता से बदलाव करते हैं जैसे बई वन गेट वन फ्री जैसी पहलें ) तथा लोक संगठन में दृढ़ता अधिक होगी; लोक संगठनों के द्वारा नियम और कानून को लागू करने की दिशा में जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में एकरूपता को बनाये रखने पर बल दिया जाता है जबकि निजी संगठनों के द्वारा जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में अंतर या विभेदीकरण को प्राप्त किया जाता है; भर्ती एवं पदोन्नति -लोक संगठन द्वारा योग्यता एवं सामाजिक पहलू पर ध्यान दिया जाता है जबकि निजी संगठन में योग्यता पर बल दिया जाता है; कार्यकुशलता -लोक संगठन कम कार्यकुशल तथा निजी संगठन अधिक कार्यकुशल होते हैं; नियंत्रण एवं जवाबदेहिता - लोक संगठन -आंतरिक एवं बाहरी दोनों जबकि निजी संगठन आम तौर पर आंतरिक नियंत्रण एवं जवाबदेहिता होती है; आदि | उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट है कि लोक प्रशासन का स्वाभाव गुणात्मक है जबकि निजी का मात्रात्मक होता है, नैतिक दुविधा गुणात्मकता में अधिक होती है;जनता के लिए नैतिकता का महत्त्व दोनों क्षेत्रों से है परन्तु निजी संगठनों के संदर्भ में बहुलवाद होने के कारण जनता के पास चयन का अधिकार अधिक व्यापक है| जबकि लोक संगठनों के द्वारा दी जाने वाली सेवाओं के संदर्भ में जनता के पास चयन का अधिकार सीमित या प्रतिबंधित है|अतः लोक संगठनों की नैतिक दुविधा अधिक चिंता का विषय है|लोक एवं निजी इन दोनों संगठनों के द्वारा शक्तियों के दुरूपयोग की संभावना बनी रहती है जो कि नैतिकता को प्रतिकूल तरीके से से प्रभावित करती है| लोक संगठनों के द्वारा शक्तियों के दुरूपयोग का आधार पदस्थिति होता है जो इसे सत्ता या प्राधिकार देता है जबकि निजी संगठनों की शक्तियों के दुरूपयोग का आधार धन बल होता है|परन्तु इसके बावजूद भी लोक संगठन एवं निजी संगठन की नैतिक चिंता एवं दुविधाओं के मूल आधार में समानता देखने को मिलती है| जैसे इमानदारी, समर्पण आदि|
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Differentiate between the Code of Ethics and the Code of Conduct. Enumerate their limitations. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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APPROACH: Introduction: the mentioned terms code of ethics and code of conduct can be defined. Main body: Differentiation between COE and COC. Limitations of both in a brief manner. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: • Code of Ethics is referred to as a Values, which behaves like the Constitution with general principles to guide behavior, outlining a set of principles that affect decision-making. • Code of ethics would include the principles of integrity, impartiality, commitment to public service, accountability, devotion to duty, exemplary behavior, etc. Code of conduct: It is a set of rules, standards, principles, and values outlining the expected behavior for the members of an organization. Difference between the Code of Ethics and the Code of Conduct Code of Ethics Code of Conduct It is general and broad in nature. They are specific and narrow Focus on values The focus is on compliance rules and regulations They are open in nature ie meant for knowledge of public It is meant for employees of an organization They are not legally enforceable. Most of the provisions are legally enforceable. For example, Civil servants are committed to public services. The Code of Ethics will state that the decisions of the public servant should be guided by the larger common good and to choose the most beneficial solution for the community. Example- code of conduct includes guidelines on acceptance of gifts by government servants and specific behavior regulating codes. Limitations of the Code of Ethics They are not enforceable legally. They are vague, ambitious. Their scope gets limited to the values of individuals. They are very difficult to adhere to in prevailing circumstances in civil services. No accountability mechanisms, no mechanisms to monitor their adherence. No motivation to adhere to the Code of Ethics. Limitations of the Code of Conduct Not all the provisions of the code of conduct are legally binding. Their enforcement boils down to departmental discretion. These loopholes and arbitrariness result in the violation of conduct rules. • CoC has to be supported by strong accountability and transparency mechanisms. However, as they are yet to gain strength at the implementation level. • The erosion of moral values in public life has occurred to an extent that the cumulative impact is negligible. • Lack of mechanisms that can inculcate the public services values in the employees in particular and the public, in general, is also a reason. Steps to enhance the effectiveness of the COE and COC It should not be left upon the discretion of an individual It should be supported by service delivery standards and strong accountability. Certain practices in private organizations have resulted in employees identifying themselves with the organization and its objectives. As per the 2nd ARC, there should be COC and COE with multi-stakeholder consultations. It should be there within all the departments. Strict punishment for non-adherence to COC and COE.
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##Question:Differentiate between the Code of Ethics and the Code of Conduct. Enumerate their limitations. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction: the mentioned terms code of ethics and code of conduct can be defined. Main body: Differentiation between COE and COC. Limitations of both in a brief manner. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: • Code of Ethics is referred to as a Values, which behaves like the Constitution with general principles to guide behavior, outlining a set of principles that affect decision-making. • Code of ethics would include the principles of integrity, impartiality, commitment to public service, accountability, devotion to duty, exemplary behavior, etc. Code of conduct: It is a set of rules, standards, principles, and values outlining the expected behavior for the members of an organization. Difference between the Code of Ethics and the Code of Conduct Code of Ethics Code of Conduct It is general and broad in nature. They are specific and narrow Focus on values The focus is on compliance rules and regulations They are open in nature ie meant for knowledge of public It is meant for employees of an organization They are not legally enforceable. Most of the provisions are legally enforceable. For example, Civil servants are committed to public services. The Code of Ethics will state that the decisions of the public servant should be guided by the larger common good and to choose the most beneficial solution for the community. Example- code of conduct includes guidelines on acceptance of gifts by government servants and specific behavior regulating codes. Limitations of the Code of Ethics They are not enforceable legally. They are vague, ambitious. Their scope gets limited to the values of individuals. They are very difficult to adhere to in prevailing circumstances in civil services. No accountability mechanisms, no mechanisms to monitor their adherence. No motivation to adhere to the Code of Ethics. Limitations of the Code of Conduct Not all the provisions of the code of conduct are legally binding. Their enforcement boils down to departmental discretion. These loopholes and arbitrariness result in the violation of conduct rules. • CoC has to be supported by strong accountability and transparency mechanisms. However, as they are yet to gain strength at the implementation level. • The erosion of moral values in public life has occurred to an extent that the cumulative impact is negligible. • Lack of mechanisms that can inculcate the public services values in the employees in particular and the public, in general, is also a reason. Steps to enhance the effectiveness of the COE and COC It should not be left upon the discretion of an individual It should be supported by service delivery standards and strong accountability. Certain practices in private organizations have resulted in employees identifying themselves with the organization and its objectives. As per the 2nd ARC, there should be COC and COE with multi-stakeholder consultations. It should be there within all the departments. Strict punishment for non-adherence to COC and COE.
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Write a brief note on the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the earth and other planets. [250 Words, 15 Marks]
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Approach: Define the solar system in the introduction. Explain various hypotheses related to the formation of the solar system. Answer: The solar system in layman"s term can be understood as Sun"s system. It includes the Sun, everything that revolves around it, and dust in its vicinity. All the concepts regarding the origin of the earth and the other planets are classified into two groups- Evolutionary hypothesis and Explosion hypothesis. Evolutionary Hypothesis: The scientist believed that all the planets are evolved gradually and there was no explosion. However, many of the questions were not addressed by this hypothesis. 1) Gaseous Hypothesis by Immanuel Kant (1755): According to Kant, Matter is supernaturally created primordial material. The hard rocky particles in space along with the dust and gases in space are called as primordial matter. The primordial matter is supernaturally crated. Initially, this matter is calm and cool. Due to mutual attraction (gravitational attraction), they started coming close to each other and collided against each other. This collision-induced the heat energy and thus, the material started rotating at a common center. This rotation is called a Nebula. Due to radiational heat, the Nebula started rotating very fast, thus created a strong centrifugal force that caused the throwing of successive rings of the primordial matter. Later on, these rings condensed to form planets, and the central part of Nebula became the Sun. 2) Nebula Hypothesis by Laplace (1796): It is a modified version of the Gaseous hypothesis. According to him, the supernaturally created primordial matter was already hot and rotating gaseous Nebula. Due to the circular motion, the denser material came towards the center and got contracted due to the loss of radiational heat. The size of the Nebula contracted at the center and started spinning with a greater speed. As the outer ring of the Nebula cooled, can"t keep the same pace of velocity with the Nebula and get separated from the main body. Due to the condensation of the material in the ring formed the planets. The same process was repeated and different rings formed to condense as different planets. Explosion Hypothesis: 1) Planetesimal Hypothesis by Chamberlin and Moulton (1904): Planetesimals are the larger rocky material that got separated from the Sun due to the gravitational pull of the intruding Sun. The spilled material was thrown to long distances from the Sun. The larger nuclei are the planetesimals which attracted smaller material that was scattered and eventually grew into matured planets of the solar system. 2) Tidal Wave Hypothesis by Jean and Jaffery (1919): The intruding star was much larger than the Sun. Under the gravitational pull of the intruding star, enormous material pulled out in a wave fashion forming a gaseous filament of the solar matter. As the intruding star approach the primitive sun, mare material was pulled out and so the larger planet Jupiter at the center, while the two extreme planets, Mercury and Pluto are smaller in size. The filament being so massive, able to maintain itself without dispersal, the gravity would have caused or formed the knots to turn as Planets. The intruding star has given a rotatory motion for the filament and so, all the planets are revolving around the Sun to form a system. As the intruding start passed into space, the material in the filament is under the influence of the primitive sun. 3) Binary Star Hypothesis by Russel and Lyttelton (1935): According to them, our sun was a binary star. The primitive sun was having a companion sun. A large intruding star approached the companion star and the material from the companion star gave out due to the greater gravitational pull of the intruding star. The companion star under the influence of an intruding star moved away from the primitive sun. The material that was leftover condensed to form planets and are revolving around the sun. 4) Supernova Hypothesis by Hoyle (1945): According to him, our sun was a binary star. The companion star underwent a nuclear explosion to become a Supernova. As a result of an explosion, a large amount of gaseous material is thrown out and with the intense heat, the atomic reactions helped in the formation of heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, helium, and oxygen. These heavy elements that form by the explosion were the building material for the planet earth.
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##Question:Write a brief note on the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the earth and other planets. [250 Words, 15 Marks]##Answer:Approach: Define the solar system in the introduction. Explain various hypotheses related to the formation of the solar system. Answer: The solar system in layman"s term can be understood as Sun"s system. It includes the Sun, everything that revolves around it, and dust in its vicinity. All the concepts regarding the origin of the earth and the other planets are classified into two groups- Evolutionary hypothesis and Explosion hypothesis. Evolutionary Hypothesis: The scientist believed that all the planets are evolved gradually and there was no explosion. However, many of the questions were not addressed by this hypothesis. 1) Gaseous Hypothesis by Immanuel Kant (1755): According to Kant, Matter is supernaturally created primordial material. The hard rocky particles in space along with the dust and gases in space are called as primordial matter. The primordial matter is supernaturally crated. Initially, this matter is calm and cool. Due to mutual attraction (gravitational attraction), they started coming close to each other and collided against each other. This collision-induced the heat energy and thus, the material started rotating at a common center. This rotation is called a Nebula. Due to radiational heat, the Nebula started rotating very fast, thus created a strong centrifugal force that caused the throwing of successive rings of the primordial matter. Later on, these rings condensed to form planets, and the central part of Nebula became the Sun. 2) Nebula Hypothesis by Laplace (1796): It is a modified version of the Gaseous hypothesis. According to him, the supernaturally created primordial matter was already hot and rotating gaseous Nebula. Due to the circular motion, the denser material came towards the center and got contracted due to the loss of radiational heat. The size of the Nebula contracted at the center and started spinning with a greater speed. As the outer ring of the Nebula cooled, can"t keep the same pace of velocity with the Nebula and get separated from the main body. Due to the condensation of the material in the ring formed the planets. The same process was repeated and different rings formed to condense as different planets. Explosion Hypothesis: 1) Planetesimal Hypothesis by Chamberlin and Moulton (1904): Planetesimals are the larger rocky material that got separated from the Sun due to the gravitational pull of the intruding Sun. The spilled material was thrown to long distances from the Sun. The larger nuclei are the planetesimals which attracted smaller material that was scattered and eventually grew into matured planets of the solar system. 2) Tidal Wave Hypothesis by Jean and Jaffery (1919): The intruding star was much larger than the Sun. Under the gravitational pull of the intruding star, enormous material pulled out in a wave fashion forming a gaseous filament of the solar matter. As the intruding star approach the primitive sun, mare material was pulled out and so the larger planet Jupiter at the center, while the two extreme planets, Mercury and Pluto are smaller in size. The filament being so massive, able to maintain itself without dispersal, the gravity would have caused or formed the knots to turn as Planets. The intruding star has given a rotatory motion for the filament and so, all the planets are revolving around the Sun to form a system. As the intruding start passed into space, the material in the filament is under the influence of the primitive sun. 3) Binary Star Hypothesis by Russel and Lyttelton (1935): According to them, our sun was a binary star. The primitive sun was having a companion sun. A large intruding star approached the companion star and the material from the companion star gave out due to the greater gravitational pull of the intruding star. The companion star under the influence of an intruding star moved away from the primitive sun. The material that was leftover condensed to form planets and are revolving around the sun. 4) Supernova Hypothesis by Hoyle (1945): According to him, our sun was a binary star. The companion star underwent a nuclear explosion to become a Supernova. As a result of an explosion, a large amount of gaseous material is thrown out and with the intense heat, the atomic reactions helped in the formation of heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, helium, and oxygen. These heavy elements that form by the explosion were the building material for the planet earth.
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सिविल सोसाइटी या नागरिक समाज की विशेषताओं की चर्चा कीजिए| साथ ही, भारत में सिविल सोसाइटी के महत्व का उल्लेख कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discuss the characteristics of civil society. Also, Mention the importance of civil society in India. (150–200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत नागरिक समाज या सिविल सोसायटी को समझाते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात सिविल सोसायटी के प्रमुख कार्यों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में नागरिक समाज के महत और चुनौतियों को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - सिविल सोसायटी सिविल सोसायटी से आशय उन सभी मध्यस्थों से हैं जो शासन-व्यवस्था एवं नागरिकों के बीच एक सेतु का काम करते हैं| निगम के अनुसार -भारत में सिविल सोसायटियों को निम्नलिखित तीन स्वरुप में देखा जाता है; वे सभी संस्थाएं, संगठन जो प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप से सरकार एवं नागरिक के मध्य सहयोग करती हैं तथा विभिन्न नीतियों के क्रियान्वयन में सहयोग प्रदान करती हैं| इस प्रकार यह सिविल सोसायटी लोकतान्त्रिक कमी को पूरा करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती हैं| वे सभी माध्यम - मॉस मीडिया, सोशल मीडिया, आदि भी सिविल सोसायटी हैं जो राज्य व्यवस्था एवं नागरिकों के बीच द्विपक्षीय संवाद स्थापित करते हैं| इसमें वे स्रोत भी जुड़ते हैं जो शोध इत्यादि के माध्यम से सरकार एवं नागरिकों को आवश्यक सूचनाएं भी उपलब्ध कराते हैं| वे लोग भी सिविल सोसायटी कहे जाते हैं जो किसी विशेष विचारधारा का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हों जो शासन व्यवस्था एवं नागरिक के बीच परस्पर बदलती अपेक्षाओं को संदर्भित करते हैं| सिविल सोसायटी के प्रमुख कार्य लोकतांत्रिक कार्यों को करने में सहयोगी| विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक संदर्भो में नीतियों के क्रियान्वयन और अनुपालन में सहयोग, राज्य और नागरिक के मध्य संवाद को स्थापित करना| सिविल सोसायटी -शोध, प्रबन्धन इत्यादि में सहयोगी| निचले स्तरों पर वे प्रशासनतंत्र कार्यप्रणाली पर सामुदायिक प्रणाली की जवाबदेही लागू करते हैं| वे लक्ष्य समूहों की पहचान करने में प्रशासनतंत्र की सहायता करते हैं| परंतु, यहाँ यह बताया जाना चाहिए कि स्वयंसेवी संस्थाओं की भूमिका सरकारी प्रयासों को बढ़ाने में निहित है न कि उनके साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा करने में । मिल्टन एस्मेन ने विकास की चार एजेंसियों को पहचाना है- राजनीतिक प्रणाली, प्रशासनिक प्रणाली, जनसंचार माध्यम और स्वयंसेवी संगठन| महत्व सुशासन को अमल में लाने के लिए नागरिक समाज का अहम स्थान है, क्योंकि यही समाज की क्षमता में वृद्धि करते हैं और उसे जागरूक बनाते हैं। यही सरकार या राज्य को आगाह करते हैं कि कैसे नागरिकों की भागीदारी से उनका संपूर्ण विकास किया जाए। नागरिक समाज सामूहिकता को बढ़ावा देकर सहभागिता को सामाजिक जीवन का अंग बनाता है। दबाव समूहों के स्वरुप में परिवर्तित होते हुए, व्यवस्था को प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित करती है| नागरिकों में छद्म विश्लेषण द्वारा व्यवस्था के प्रति दुर्भाव| विकास के दूरगामी लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने की दिशा में विकासशील समाजों के सामने निम्न आय और जीवन स्तर, भुखमरी, बेकारी, गरीबी के साथ अकार्यकुशल प्रशासनिक संरचना जैसी चुनौतियां है । इन चुनौतियों से राज्य अपनी नीतियां और राजनीतिक इच्छा शक्ति के साथ अपने प्रशासन के माध्यम से ही निपट सकता है । इन चुनौतियों का समाधान करके ब्नाग्रिक सामज को और बेहतर बनाया जा सकत है|
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##Question:सिविल सोसाइटी या नागरिक समाज की विशेषताओं की चर्चा कीजिए| साथ ही, भारत में सिविल सोसाइटी के महत्व का उल्लेख कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discuss the characteristics of civil society. Also, Mention the importance of civil society in India. (150–200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत नागरिक समाज या सिविल सोसायटी को समझाते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात सिविल सोसायटी के प्रमुख कार्यों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में नागरिक समाज के महत और चुनौतियों को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - सिविल सोसायटी सिविल सोसायटी से आशय उन सभी मध्यस्थों से हैं जो शासन-व्यवस्था एवं नागरिकों के बीच एक सेतु का काम करते हैं| निगम के अनुसार -भारत में सिविल सोसायटियों को निम्नलिखित तीन स्वरुप में देखा जाता है; वे सभी संस्थाएं, संगठन जो प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप से सरकार एवं नागरिक के मध्य सहयोग करती हैं तथा विभिन्न नीतियों के क्रियान्वयन में सहयोग प्रदान करती हैं| इस प्रकार यह सिविल सोसायटी लोकतान्त्रिक कमी को पूरा करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती हैं| वे सभी माध्यम - मॉस मीडिया, सोशल मीडिया, आदि भी सिविल सोसायटी हैं जो राज्य व्यवस्था एवं नागरिकों के बीच द्विपक्षीय संवाद स्थापित करते हैं| इसमें वे स्रोत भी जुड़ते हैं जो शोध इत्यादि के माध्यम से सरकार एवं नागरिकों को आवश्यक सूचनाएं भी उपलब्ध कराते हैं| वे लोग भी सिविल सोसायटी कहे जाते हैं जो किसी विशेष विचारधारा का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हों जो शासन व्यवस्था एवं नागरिक के बीच परस्पर बदलती अपेक्षाओं को संदर्भित करते हैं| सिविल सोसायटी के प्रमुख कार्य लोकतांत्रिक कार्यों को करने में सहयोगी| विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक संदर्भो में नीतियों के क्रियान्वयन और अनुपालन में सहयोग, राज्य और नागरिक के मध्य संवाद को स्थापित करना| सिविल सोसायटी -शोध, प्रबन्धन इत्यादि में सहयोगी| निचले स्तरों पर वे प्रशासनतंत्र कार्यप्रणाली पर सामुदायिक प्रणाली की जवाबदेही लागू करते हैं| वे लक्ष्य समूहों की पहचान करने में प्रशासनतंत्र की सहायता करते हैं| परंतु, यहाँ यह बताया जाना चाहिए कि स्वयंसेवी संस्थाओं की भूमिका सरकारी प्रयासों को बढ़ाने में निहित है न कि उनके साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा करने में । मिल्टन एस्मेन ने विकास की चार एजेंसियों को पहचाना है- राजनीतिक प्रणाली, प्रशासनिक प्रणाली, जनसंचार माध्यम और स्वयंसेवी संगठन| महत्व सुशासन को अमल में लाने के लिए नागरिक समाज का अहम स्थान है, क्योंकि यही समाज की क्षमता में वृद्धि करते हैं और उसे जागरूक बनाते हैं। यही सरकार या राज्य को आगाह करते हैं कि कैसे नागरिकों की भागीदारी से उनका संपूर्ण विकास किया जाए। नागरिक समाज सामूहिकता को बढ़ावा देकर सहभागिता को सामाजिक जीवन का अंग बनाता है। दबाव समूहों के स्वरुप में परिवर्तित होते हुए, व्यवस्था को प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित करती है| नागरिकों में छद्म विश्लेषण द्वारा व्यवस्था के प्रति दुर्भाव| विकास के दूरगामी लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने की दिशा में विकासशील समाजों के सामने निम्न आय और जीवन स्तर, भुखमरी, बेकारी, गरीबी के साथ अकार्यकुशल प्रशासनिक संरचना जैसी चुनौतियां है । इन चुनौतियों से राज्य अपनी नीतियां और राजनीतिक इच्छा शक्ति के साथ अपने प्रशासन के माध्यम से ही निपट सकता है । इन चुनौतियों का समाधान करके ब्नाग्रिक सामज को और बेहतर बनाया जा सकत है|
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What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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##Question:What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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##Question:What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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##Question:What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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##Question:What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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##Question:What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION- Definition of the term ‘probity’ and THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE- Only highlighted (as per the demand of the question and the content taught in this class) CONCLUSION ANSWER: Probity is evidence of ethical behaviour in a given system or process. It refers to complete and conformed integrity. THE MEANING OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 1) THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF MORALITY - Civil servants are expected to touch the highest standards of morality- in order to ensure trust and truth- by using traditions and technology. 2) PAN-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR - Civil servants are expected to be ethical at all times, and not just at the workplace. 3) ACCOUNTABILITY - Accountability is to the self- Probity doesn"t just include legal accountability, but also ethical accountability (i.e. which is not found in law) THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBITY IN PUBLIC SERVICE The officials must ensure accountability in governance in order to maintain integrity in service and to ensure compliance with the law. The importance of this is as follows: 1) PUBLIC TRUST - It will improve the confidence of the public in the government. 2) UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRACY - It will uphold the ideology of democracy 3) HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT - It will be helpful in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring a check on the potential threat of misconduct, fraud and corruption in the process of governance. THE PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE The principles that the public servants are expected to follow, in order to ensure probity in governance, are as follows: (i) Accountability (ii) Transparency (iii) Confidentiality (iv) Impartiality (v) Management of Conflict of Interest Probity in governance ensures good acts on the part of the officials with empathy and/ or without the expectation of something in return. Also, by ensuring that the SDGs are met, probity in governance ensures humane governance. Honesty is a necessary and important step to prevent corruption and achieve ethical governance by making the administration efficient, goal-oriented and people-centred. Many recommendations have also been presented in this regard by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission. In this context, Prevention of Corruption Act(1988, amended in 2018), Right to Information Act(2005), Whistle Blowers Protection Act(2014), Benami Transactions. The Prohibition (Prohibition) Act (amended in 1988, 2016), Central Vigilance Commission, Lokpal and Lokayukta etc. also have an important role. At the same time, in this direction, the government needs to make extra efforts to maintain integrity in public offices, in which strict laws as well as work towards increasing moral feelings among public servants.
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Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. What new technologies 5G will be using? Also, highlight challenges associated with the pan India rollout of 5G. (150 Words/10 Marks).
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APPROACH: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be discussed Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the aforesaid performance possible. The following are the major technologies used in 5G: mmWave (millimetre Wave): 5G technology envisages to use of frequencies up to 100GHz which come in the range of millimetre frequencies (30GHz to 300GHz). In contrast, 4G technology operates in a 1GHz to 6GHz band. The advantage of the mmWave band is that it is less used and also higher frequency wave carries much more data than a lower frequency wave. Massive multi-user MIMO (Multiple inputs multiple outputs): This enables the network to have more antennas per unit (signal towers), thus ensuring the larger and faster transmission of data. Beamforming: It can be visualized as a laser beam between the transmitting entity and the user. This technology makes the transmission of data more directional resulting in reduced interference and increased energy efficiency in transmission. Small Cell stations: The mmWave technology is more susceptible to obstacles and tends to lose energy more quickly, therefore providing less coverage in comparison to their low-frequency counterparts. To overcome this, small cell stations are needed to connect the base stations and users seamlessly. Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover small geographical areas or small proximity indoor and outdoor spaces. However. there are challenges with the pan rollout of the 5G, which are as follows: 1. Technological challenges Availability of spectrum: 5G needs a significant amount of new harmonized mobile spectrum within three key frequency ranges to deliver widespread coverage and support. This may be difficult due to the unavailability of some bands. For example, DoT has accepted ISRO’s demand to reserve the 26 GHz band primarily for satellite services which will make deployment of 5G challenging. Electronic Equipment Manufacturing: Imports account for about 90% of India’s telecom equipment market resulting in high import dependency on the complete 5G supply chain. 2. Financial challenge: It is anticipated that the industry might require an additional investment of $60-$70 billion to seamlessly implement 5G networks. In midst of rising debt levels and market consolidation activity, the telcos are seen to be constrained on capital expenditure. 3. Administrative challenge: there is a lack of a uniform policy framework: Delays due to complex procedures across states and non-uniformity of levies along with administrative approvals impact telecom service providers in rolling-out Optical Fibre Cables (OFC) and telecom towers necessary for 5G. 4. Other challenges Privacy concerns : From the user’s perspective, privacy concerns centre around location tracking, identity, and other personal data. For instance, since 5G uses more antennas with a smaller coverage area, it allows for precise location tracking of users both inside and outside. eg- US formally designated Huawei Technologies Company and ZTE Corporation, leading companies in 5G technology research, as “national security threats” Digital Divide: In the current context, 5G is feasible mainly for more populated areas, where many antennas can be placed close together. This brings challenges of widening the digital divide, rural areas where user density would be relatively low and regions with poor digital infrastructure would be left out. The government has taken many steps recently like National Digital Communication Policy-2018 (NDCP-2018) also lays out certain objectives with respect to 5G services in India; Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) has successfully introduced an indigenously developed 5G candidate standard at the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in 2019 for International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)-2020 ratification and so on. Way forward Building India’s capacity in core technology development (Design and IP) and manufacturing for 5G and more broadly for all Information Technologies needs a deep and long-term effort. Creating a strong data protection policy and law to provide a legal framework which supports the adoption of 5G technology. Spectrum Policy: 5G spectrum can be allocated in multiple phases based on the readiness of the various bands appropriately divided between wireless access, backhaul access and WiFI access. 5G technology presents India with an opportunity to become a leader in one of the omnipresent technologies of the future. India must embrace this opportunity by deploying 5G networks early, efficiently, and pervasively.
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##Question:Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. What new technologies 5G will be using? Also, highlight challenges associated with the pan India rollout of 5G. (150 Words/10 Marks).##Answer:APPROACH: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be discussed Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the aforesaid performance possible. The following are the major technologies used in 5G: mmWave (millimetre Wave): 5G technology envisages to use of frequencies up to 100GHz which come in the range of millimetre frequencies (30GHz to 300GHz). In contrast, 4G technology operates in a 1GHz to 6GHz band. The advantage of the mmWave band is that it is less used and also higher frequency wave carries much more data than a lower frequency wave. Massive multi-user MIMO (Multiple inputs multiple outputs): This enables the network to have more antennas per unit (signal towers), thus ensuring the larger and faster transmission of data. Beamforming: It can be visualized as a laser beam between the transmitting entity and the user. This technology makes the transmission of data more directional resulting in reduced interference and increased energy efficiency in transmission. Small Cell stations: The mmWave technology is more susceptible to obstacles and tends to lose energy more quickly, therefore providing less coverage in comparison to their low-frequency counterparts. To overcome this, small cell stations are needed to connect the base stations and users seamlessly. Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover small geographical areas or small proximity indoor and outdoor spaces. However. there are challenges with the pan rollout of the 5G, which are as follows: 1. Technological challenges Availability of spectrum: 5G needs a significant amount of new harmonized mobile spectrum within three key frequency ranges to deliver widespread coverage and support. This may be difficult due to the unavailability of some bands. For example, DoT has accepted ISRO’s demand to reserve the 26 GHz band primarily for satellite services which will make deployment of 5G challenging. Electronic Equipment Manufacturing: Imports account for about 90% of India’s telecom equipment market resulting in high import dependency on the complete 5G supply chain. 2. Financial challenge: It is anticipated that the industry might require an additional investment of $60-$70 billion to seamlessly implement 5G networks. In midst of rising debt levels and market consolidation activity, the telcos are seen to be constrained on capital expenditure. 3. Administrative challenge: there is a lack of a uniform policy framework: Delays due to complex procedures across states and non-uniformity of levies along with administrative approvals impact telecom service providers in rolling-out Optical Fibre Cables (OFC) and telecom towers necessary for 5G. 4. Other challenges Privacy concerns : From the user’s perspective, privacy concerns centre around location tracking, identity, and other personal data. For instance, since 5G uses more antennas with a smaller coverage area, it allows for precise location tracking of users both inside and outside. eg- US formally designated Huawei Technologies Company and ZTE Corporation, leading companies in 5G technology research, as “national security threats” Digital Divide: In the current context, 5G is feasible mainly for more populated areas, where many antennas can be placed close together. This brings challenges of widening the digital divide, rural areas where user density would be relatively low and regions with poor digital infrastructure would be left out. The government has taken many steps recently like National Digital Communication Policy-2018 (NDCP-2018) also lays out certain objectives with respect to 5G services in India; Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) has successfully introduced an indigenously developed 5G candidate standard at the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in 2019 for International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)-2020 ratification and so on. Way forward Building India’s capacity in core technology development (Design and IP) and manufacturing for 5G and more broadly for all Information Technologies needs a deep and long-term effort. Creating a strong data protection policy and law to provide a legal framework which supports the adoption of 5G technology. Spectrum Policy: 5G spectrum can be allocated in multiple phases based on the readiness of the various bands appropriately divided between wireless access, backhaul access and WiFI access. 5G technology presents India with an opportunity to become a leader in one of the omnipresent technologies of the future. India must embrace this opportunity by deploying 5G networks early, efficiently, and pervasively.
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Define public policy Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process which involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under the vaccination drive, the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policymaking process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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##Question:What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Define public policy Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process which involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under the vaccination drive, the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policymaking process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Intro - Define public policy Body Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policy making process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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##Question:What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Intro - Define public policy Body Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policy making process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Intro - Define public policy Body Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out with the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaign for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive, the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policy making process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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##Question:What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Intro - Define public policy Body Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out with the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaign for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive, the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policy making process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Intro - Define public policy Body Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive, the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policy making process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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##Question:What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Intro - Define public policy Body Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive, the government continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policy making process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Intro - Define public policy Body - Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer – Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive, the government to continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policymaking process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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##Question:What is a public policy? Explain the various stages involved in the policy making process. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Intro - Define public policy Body - Mention some of the features of public policy Mention the various stages of the public policy process along with certain examples. Conclusion – Briefly conclude the answer on a positive note. Answer – Famous law expert Thomas Dye defined public policy as ‘’those actions or inactions which government chooses to do or even not to do’’. Public policy is a goal-oriented action adopted and implemented by government agencies and bodies in the pursuit of certain objectives or goals of larger public interest. For example, govt came out the policy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to achieve the goal of universal education for all children. The making of the public policy is a complex and dynamic process that involves the following stages – Policy formulation – It involves the identification of the problem which needs to be addressed by the government to serve the public interest. For example, the need for a law to deal with OTT platforms was realized by the government to control social media which resulted in policy formulation. Policy interpretation – It involves brainstorming regarding what appropriate action should be taken to address the issue at the hand. Policy knowledge – it is about creating awareness among the people regarding the concerned policy through different mediums such as government-created advertisement campaigns for the Corona Vaccination. Policy implementation – this is a crucial stage that involves the transformation of the policy goals into actions. Policy monitoring – In this stage performance of the policy is measured using various parameters to check it deviation from the defined standards. Policy evaluation – In this stage impact of the policy is assessed that how far it has become successful in achieving its stated goal. For example, under vaccination drive, the government to continuously evaluating the coverage and impact of the vaccine and further evolving its process. Earlier only old age people were allowed then after policy evaluation it was opened to 18 plus population. To make a policy successful all the above-mentioned stages are crucial and participation of the people such as in the social audit of MGNREGA schemes could further extend to other schemes and all the stages of policymaking process for effective implementation of policies and schemes
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The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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##Question:The penetration of self-help groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about the self-help groups (SHGs) In body mention how the SHGs in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes Also mention how they are facing socio-cultural hurdles Conclude briefly Answer Self Help Groups are very important for implementing programmes at grass root level due to their ability to penetrate deep into society and promote community participation. The mushrooming of SHGs in the countryside is fast changing the development landscape. They are fast becoming a catalyst of inclusive development. But these SHGs face several challenges including socio-cultural ones. SHGs are facing various hurdles in terms of its implementing capacity due to various factors. Socio-cultural hurdles in development programmes Male domination:- Traditional role of women has been related to domestic work. Now, their participation in economic activities outside the home is being challenged by patriarchal values and gender discrimination. Lack of social mobility:- Division of society into castes has become a hurdle in the functioning of SHGs as teams. Lack of motivation from family members:- Family members generally do not allow women to be part of any activity outside the home. In many places, these women working outside is related, with lower social status The backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society:- SHGs generally bring about empowerment of people from underprivileged sections of society. So, they are facing backlash from the dominant and affluent section of society. Lack of cooperation:- Lack of cooperation among members due to suspicion and mistrust is another major concern. Taboo - Various superstitions exist in society and cultural practices that act as counterproductive against efforts to develop society. These practices act as largest hurdles and it needs lot of effort from government to eradicate them completely. Ex: Working women are not desired in the traditional society which makes their participation in SHGs difficult. Religious beliefs - There are various religious beliefs in society that can be called undesirable because the harm it can cause to efforts of change. These beliefs are unnecessary and they cannot serve anything good for society. Ex: Women are considered inferior to men and their freedom is restricted. Language - The authorities have to be well versed with the language of the region in order to better connect with people. Knowing the language will be advantageous to faster development and greater community participation through SHGs. Ex: SHGs working in tribal areas can succeed if they know the language of the community. Measures to reduce socio-cultural hurdles Community participation - In order to better understand customs and beliefs it is necessary that people from the community are taken into confidence. If they can be convinced, the implementation of programmes can be successful. Non-interference - Interference from higher authorities can be restricted to only necessary clearance and greater autonomy is provided for certain groups. Greater independence and less red tape can turn into a successful venture Training programmes and management skills, if provided can solve many of these problems. Thus, SHGs can be turned successful if social participation is given equal importance. Respect for culture and tradition is very necessary if success has to be achieved.
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The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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##Question:The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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What were the reasons for establishment of WTO? Discuss the five trading principles of WTO (150 words/10 Marks).
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Approach: 1. Introduce providing basic information regarding WTO. 2. Highlight reasons for the establishment of WTO. 3. Mention 5 trading principles of WTO. 4. Conclude briefly Answer: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with the regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants" adherence to WTO agreements. Reasons for the establishment of WTO- • High protectionism through tariff and non-tariff barriers leading to very low international trade. • The need to facilitate an agreement between different economies thus improving trade relations. • Low flow of technology and essential goods to the underdeveloped countries due to trade restrictions. • Huge trade imbalances between different countries. • Lack of an international forum for arbitration of trade-related disputes. The five trading principles of WTO are– 1. Non-discrimination: It has two major components: a) Most Favoured Nation (MFN)- MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e. a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members. "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members." b) National Treatment- National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have entered the market) and was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g. technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods) 2. Reciprocity- It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the gain available from unilateral liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will materialize. 3. Binding and enforceable commitments- The tariff commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of concessions. These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures. 4. Transparency- The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of quotas and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports. 5. Safety values- In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The WTO"s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health, and plant health. As the world is getting more and more connected economically and the trade volumes are increasing day by day the significance of WTO as a facilitator of international trade has become even more important.
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##Question:What were the reasons for establishment of WTO? Discuss the five trading principles of WTO (150 words/10 Marks).##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce providing basic information regarding WTO. 2. Highlight reasons for the establishment of WTO. 3. Mention 5 trading principles of WTO. 4. Conclude briefly Answer: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with the regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants" adherence to WTO agreements. Reasons for the establishment of WTO- • High protectionism through tariff and non-tariff barriers leading to very low international trade. • The need to facilitate an agreement between different economies thus improving trade relations. • Low flow of technology and essential goods to the underdeveloped countries due to trade restrictions. • Huge trade imbalances between different countries. • Lack of an international forum for arbitration of trade-related disputes. The five trading principles of WTO are– 1. Non-discrimination: It has two major components: a) Most Favoured Nation (MFN)- MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e. a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members. "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members." b) National Treatment- National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have entered the market) and was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g. technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods) 2. Reciprocity- It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the gain available from unilateral liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will materialize. 3. Binding and enforceable commitments- The tariff commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of concessions. These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures. 4. Transparency- The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of quotas and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports. 5. Safety values- In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The WTO"s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health, and plant health. As the world is getting more and more connected economically and the trade volumes are increasing day by day the significance of WTO as a facilitator of international trade has become even more important.
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The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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##Question:The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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##Question:The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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##Question:The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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##Question:The Citizen-charter plays a very crucial and important role in improving the work culture in public sector organisations. Analyse? (10 Marks/150 Words) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about citizen charter In body analyse the role played by Citizen-charter in improving the work culture in public sector organisations Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer: The Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that spells out the service provider’s efforts taken to focus on their commitment towards fulfilling the needs of the citizens/customers. The three major aspects highlighted in good governance are transparency, accountability and responsiveness of the administration. Citizen’s charters are significant in that they empower citizens when it comes to public services with respect to public service organisations: Lays down clear standards for the delivery of services. The standards should be measurable, time-bound, relevant, specific, and accurate. Gives full information about the services, in simple language, as to what services are available, level of quality to expect, grievance mechanism, etc. Wherever possible, the charter should offer a choice of services to the clients. It should also be made with regular consultation with all stakeholders including customers, to ascertain the quality standards. It should encourage a culture of courtesy and helpfulness among the personnel of the service provider. It boosts accountability in the delivery of public services. It enhances good governance. It improves the effectiveness of organizations by having measurable standards. It augments the quality of services delivered by incorporating an internal and external monitoring entity. Being citizen-centric creates a professional and customer-oriented environment for the delivery of services. It also helps boost the morale of the staff and enhances transparency and openness. Challenges faced in implementing Citizen’s Charters in India: Improper training of the staff leads to the charter being merely drafted and not implemented properly. In certain cases, unrealistic charters are drafted. This can lead to expectations not being met. The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable. This has made them ineffective in a real sense. The charters are not periodically revised. It is also seen that the needs of the disabled and senior citizens are not taken into account while framing. Sometimes, the rules and procedures are found to be excessively complicated. There is a lack of awareness among the public about citizen’s charters. Standards defined are generally not measurable making the whole exercise ineffective. It is seen that organizations themselves are not keen to implement and adhere to their charters. A Citizens’ Charter cannot be an end in itself, it is rather a means to an end - a tool to ensure that the citizen is always at the heart of any service delivery mechanism. Drawing from best practice models such as the Sevottam Model (a Service Delivery Excellence Model) can help CC is becoming more citizen-centric.
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What do you understand by "Quantum supremacy"? How far Quantum computers are different from classical computers? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Define Quantum Supremacy and recent advancements in this field. Write some advantages of quantum computers Lastly, detail about how far Quantum computers are different from classical computers Answer- The phrase “quantum supremacy” was coined in 2 012 by John Preskill. Quantum supremacy is considered a quantum computer solving a problem that cannot be expected of a classical computer in a normal lifetime. Hence, they far exceed the speed and capability of classical supercomputing. In recent days, Google’s quantum computer, named Sycamore, has claimed “quantum supremacy”, as it did the task in 200 seconds that would have apparently taken a supercomputer 10,000 years to complete. Quantum computers will soon be able to tackle certain types of problems, especially those involving a daunting number of variables and potential outcomes, like simulating drug interactions or optimizing supply chain logistics, much faster than any classical computer. Quantum computers are different from classical computers- The big difference compared to a classical computer is that a quantum computer is following a different ruleset. It’s not using zeros and ones like classical computers are – bits and bytes – but it is actually able to work with something called qubits. ‘Qubits are quantum bits and have the special property that at the same time they can be zero and one. The classical computer can only be – like a light switch – either on or off, and the quantum bits can be on and off at the same time.’ Quantum computers process information in a fundamentally different way from classical computers. Instead of relying on transistors — which can only represent either the “1” or the “0” of binary information at a single time — quantum computers use qubits, which can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously. A quantum computer’s power grows exponentially in relation to the number of qubits linked together. This differs from a conventional computer, which sees its power increase in direct proportion to the number of transistors. This is one reason why quantum computers could eventually handle some types of calculations much better than classical computers. Though quantum computers could drastically outperform classical computers at some tasks — such as optimizing delivery routes or simulating a chemical reaction — they are difficult to build and there are lots of types of calculation where they aren’t expected to offer many advantages. As such, most everyday processing will likely be better handled by conventional computers even when powerful quantum computers begin to emerge.
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##Question:What do you understand by "Quantum supremacy"? How far Quantum computers are different from classical computers? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Define Quantum Supremacy and recent advancements in this field. Write some advantages of quantum computers Lastly, detail about how far Quantum computers are different from classical computers Answer- The phrase “quantum supremacy” was coined in 2 012 by John Preskill. Quantum supremacy is considered a quantum computer solving a problem that cannot be expected of a classical computer in a normal lifetime. Hence, they far exceed the speed and capability of classical supercomputing. In recent days, Google’s quantum computer, named Sycamore, has claimed “quantum supremacy”, as it did the task in 200 seconds that would have apparently taken a supercomputer 10,000 years to complete. Quantum computers will soon be able to tackle certain types of problems, especially those involving a daunting number of variables and potential outcomes, like simulating drug interactions or optimizing supply chain logistics, much faster than any classical computer. Quantum computers are different from classical computers- The big difference compared to a classical computer is that a quantum computer is following a different ruleset. It’s not using zeros and ones like classical computers are – bits and bytes – but it is actually able to work with something called qubits. ‘Qubits are quantum bits and have the special property that at the same time they can be zero and one. The classical computer can only be – like a light switch – either on or off, and the quantum bits can be on and off at the same time.’ Quantum computers process information in a fundamentally different way from classical computers. Instead of relying on transistors — which can only represent either the “1” or the “0” of binary information at a single time — quantum computers use qubits, which can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously. A quantum computer’s power grows exponentially in relation to the number of qubits linked together. This differs from a conventional computer, which sees its power increase in direct proportion to the number of transistors. This is one reason why quantum computers could eventually handle some types of calculations much better than classical computers. Though quantum computers could drastically outperform classical computers at some tasks — such as optimizing delivery routes or simulating a chemical reaction — they are difficult to build and there are lots of types of calculation where they aren’t expected to offer many advantages. As such, most everyday processing will likely be better handled by conventional computers even when powerful quantum computers begin to emerge.
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भारत में तुर्कों के आगमन के पश्चात स्थापत्यकला में एक अलग दौर की शुरुआत हुयी थी| इस संदर्भ में, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला का एक विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) After the arrival of Turks in India, a different phase in architecture started. In this context, Give a description of Sultanate architecture. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच- सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य की पृष्ठभूमि के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| मुख्य भाग में, सल्तनत काल के विभिन्न कालखंडों के समय स्थापत्य कला को उदाहरण सहित बताईये| निष्कर्षतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- तुर्क जब भारत आएं तो उनके पास सुपरिभाषित धर्म, शासनकला तथा स्थापत्य की विशेषताएं साथ विद्यमान थी| साथ ही, भारतीयों के पास भी अपने प्रबल धार्मिक विश्वास, कला एवं स्थापत्य का विशिष्ट ज्ञान आदि मौजूद थें| जब इन दोनों की पारस्परिक अंतःक्रिया हुयी तो एक नै और समृद्ध संस्कृति के विकास में भी उसने अपना योगदान दिया| नए शासकों की पहली जरूरतों में रहने के लिए आवास तथा इबादत के लिए स्थान की आवश्यकता थी| अतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला में हम विभिन्न प्रकार के भवन जैसे- किला, मस्जिद, मकबरा एवं इनकी विशेषताएं(गुम्बद, मेहराब, मीनार आदि) तथा उनमें विभिन्न अलंकरण जैसे- सुलेखन(क़ुरान की आयतें लिखना); अरबेस्क(लतादार पतियाँ, ज्यामितीय आकृतियाँ) आदि को देखते हैं| इनमें निर्माण सामग्री के रूप में लाल बलुआ पत्थर; संगमरमर; चूना एवं जिप्सम का गारा आदि प्रयोग हुए थें| सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के कुछ उदाहरण तथा उनकी विशेषताएं प्रारंभिक तुर्कों के समय स्थापत्य आरंभ में इनके द्वारा मंदिरों तथा दूसरी इमारतों को मस्जिदों में बदला जाना जैसे- कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद; अढ़ाई दिन का झोपड़ा आदि बहुत जल्द ही तुर्कों द्वारा अपनी इमारतें बनवाना चालू करना जैसे- कुतुबमीनार; इल्तुतमिश के समय के मदरसें, मकबरें, बावली; अतैरकिन का दरवाजा(नागौर); बलबन का मकबरा आदि; अधिकांशतः इमारतों का निर्माण दिल्ली में; कुछ भवनों के साक्ष्य दिल्ली के आसपास के क्षेत्रों से भी जैसे- बदायूं, अजमेर, हरियाणा आदि; कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से प्रारंभिक तुर्कों का स्थापत्य उतना परिष्कृत नहीं जितना खिलज़ीकालीन स्थापत्य; संभवतः इसका कारण राजनीतिक अस्थिरता तथा आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर होना; हालाँकि, इस दौर में ना केवल इस्लामिक स्थापत्य(मस्जिद, मकबरा, मदरसा, मीनार आदि का निर्माण एवं नींव पड़ना; अलंकरण के लिए सुलेखन एवं अरबेस्क का प्रयोग) बल्कि हिंदू स्थापत्य के साथ इसका मिश्रण भी प्रारंभ होना; कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद में अधिकाधिक स्तंभों/कमल की आकृतियों के साक्ष्य; मिश्रित स्थापत्य के विकास में कुछ परिस्थितियों की भी भूमिका जैसे- इन इमारतों के निर्माण में स्थानीय भवनों के अवशेषों, स्थानीय कारीगरों आदि का प्रयोग; खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य अलाई दरवाजा(कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से सल्तनतकालीन इमारतों में महत्वपूर्ण); जमातखाना मस्जिद; सीरी नगर; हौजखास; अलाई दरवाजे में पहली बार वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से गुंबद का निर्माण; अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का काल स्थापत्य के दृष्टिकोण से अत्यधिक महत्व; अलंकरण, मेहराब(घोड़े की नाल की तरह आकृति), गुंबद आदि का निर्माण खूबसूरती से; इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के प्रति झुकाव के बावजूद अलाई दरवाजा के अलंकरण में कमल के झालर जैसी आकृतियाँ बड़ी संख्या में बनाया जाना; अलाउद्दीन खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य राजनीतिक स्थिरता, आर्थिक समृद्धि एवं शासक के आत्मविश्वास का द्योतक; तुगलक कालीन स्थापत्य तुगलकाबाद; मकबरा; आदिलाबाद; जहाँपनाह नगर; निजामुद्दीन औलिया का मकबरा; तेलंगानी मकबरा; गयासुद्दीन तुगलक एवं मोहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक के समय की इमारतें- परवर्ती की तुलना में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक इमारतों के साक्ष्य; खिलजीकाल की तरह इस्लामिक विशेषताओं की तरफ अत्याधिक झुकाव नहीं; ढलवां दीवारें, सादगीपन तथा हिंदू स्थापत्य का मिश्रण; फिरोजशाह तुगलक काल- बड़ी संख्या में नगरों का निर्माण; पुराने स्थापत्य के पुनरोद्धार के प्रमाण(कुतुबमीनार; हौजखास); धार्मिक कट्टरता के बावजूद इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य की परंपरा जारी; सलामी(ढलवां) दीवारों का प्रचलन बंद; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा के साक्ष्य; इसके पश्चात राजनीतिक-आर्थिक कारणों से तुगलककालीन स्थापत्य का अवसान; सैय्यद एवं लोदी कालीन स्थापत्य मकबरों का काल; प्रमुख स्थापत्य- बड़ा गुंबद; छोटा गुंबद; दादी का गुंबद; मोठ मस्जिद; इस दौर के मकबरों को उद्यानों में बनाया जाने लगना; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा का एक सामान्य विशेषता के रूप में; दोहरे गुंबद का भी प्रचलन; इसी स्थापत्य के क्रम में इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के साथ-साथ भारतीय स्थापत्य से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताओं के मिश्रण से निर्मित इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य कला का भी विकास हुआ| साथ ही साथ अपनी इमारतों में तुर्कों ने मेहराबों और गुम्बदों का भरपूर प्रयोग किया था| मेहराबों और गुम्बदों के कारण छत को सहारा देने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में स्तंभों की जरूरत नहीं रह गयी थी एक छोर से दूसरे छोर तक दिखाई देने वाले बड़े-बड़े कक्ष बनाए जाने लगें| इन्हीं उपर्युक्त आयामों के अनुसार, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व को समझा जा सकता है|
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##Question:भारत में तुर्कों के आगमन के पश्चात स्थापत्यकला में एक अलग दौर की शुरुआत हुयी थी| इस संदर्भ में, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला का एक विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) After the arrival of Turks in India, a different phase in architecture started. In this context, Give a description of Sultanate architecture. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य की पृष्ठभूमि के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| मुख्य भाग में, सल्तनत काल के विभिन्न कालखंडों के समय स्थापत्य कला को उदाहरण सहित बताईये| निष्कर्षतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- तुर्क जब भारत आएं तो उनके पास सुपरिभाषित धर्म, शासनकला तथा स्थापत्य की विशेषताएं साथ विद्यमान थी| साथ ही, भारतीयों के पास भी अपने प्रबल धार्मिक विश्वास, कला एवं स्थापत्य का विशिष्ट ज्ञान आदि मौजूद थें| जब इन दोनों की पारस्परिक अंतःक्रिया हुयी तो एक नै और समृद्ध संस्कृति के विकास में भी उसने अपना योगदान दिया| नए शासकों की पहली जरूरतों में रहने के लिए आवास तथा इबादत के लिए स्थान की आवश्यकता थी| अतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला में हम विभिन्न प्रकार के भवन जैसे- किला, मस्जिद, मकबरा एवं इनकी विशेषताएं(गुम्बद, मेहराब, मीनार आदि) तथा उनमें विभिन्न अलंकरण जैसे- सुलेखन(क़ुरान की आयतें लिखना); अरबेस्क(लतादार पतियाँ, ज्यामितीय आकृतियाँ) आदि को देखते हैं| इनमें निर्माण सामग्री के रूप में लाल बलुआ पत्थर; संगमरमर; चूना एवं जिप्सम का गारा आदि प्रयोग हुए थें| सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के कुछ उदाहरण तथा उनकी विशेषताएं प्रारंभिक तुर्कों के समय स्थापत्य आरंभ में इनके द्वारा मंदिरों तथा दूसरी इमारतों को मस्जिदों में बदला जाना जैसे- कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद; अढ़ाई दिन का झोपड़ा आदि बहुत जल्द ही तुर्कों द्वारा अपनी इमारतें बनवाना चालू करना जैसे- कुतुबमीनार; इल्तुतमिश के समय के मदरसें, मकबरें, बावली; अतैरकिन का दरवाजा(नागौर); बलबन का मकबरा आदि; अधिकांशतः इमारतों का निर्माण दिल्ली में; कुछ भवनों के साक्ष्य दिल्ली के आसपास के क्षेत्रों से भी जैसे- बदायूं, अजमेर, हरियाणा आदि; कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से प्रारंभिक तुर्कों का स्थापत्य उतना परिष्कृत नहीं जितना खिलज़ीकालीन स्थापत्य; संभवतः इसका कारण राजनीतिक अस्थिरता तथा आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर होना; हालाँकि, इस दौर में ना केवल इस्लामिक स्थापत्य(मस्जिद, मकबरा, मदरसा, मीनार आदि का निर्माण एवं नींव पड़ना; अलंकरण के लिए सुलेखन एवं अरबेस्क का प्रयोग) बल्कि हिंदू स्थापत्य के साथ इसका मिश्रण भी प्रारंभ होना; कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद में अधिकाधिक स्तंभों/कमल की आकृतियों के साक्ष्य; मिश्रित स्थापत्य के विकास में कुछ परिस्थितियों की भी भूमिका जैसे- इन इमारतों के निर्माण में स्थानीय भवनों के अवशेषों, स्थानीय कारीगरों आदि का प्रयोग; खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य अलाई दरवाजा(कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से सल्तनतकालीन इमारतों में महत्वपूर्ण); जमातखाना मस्जिद; सीरी नगर; हौजखास; अलाई दरवाजे में पहली बार वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से गुंबद का निर्माण; अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का काल स्थापत्य के दृष्टिकोण से अत्यधिक महत्व; अलंकरण, मेहराब(घोड़े की नाल की तरह आकृति), गुंबद आदि का निर्माण खूबसूरती से; इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के प्रति झुकाव के बावजूद अलाई दरवाजा के अलंकरण में कमल के झालर जैसी आकृतियाँ बड़ी संख्या में बनाया जाना; अलाउद्दीन खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य राजनीतिक स्थिरता, आर्थिक समृद्धि एवं शासक के आत्मविश्वास का द्योतक; तुगलक कालीन स्थापत्य तुगलकाबाद; मकबरा; आदिलाबाद; जहाँपनाह नगर; निजामुद्दीन औलिया का मकबरा; तेलंगानी मकबरा; गयासुद्दीन तुगलक एवं मोहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक के समय की इमारतें- परवर्ती की तुलना में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक इमारतों के साक्ष्य; खिलजीकाल की तरह इस्लामिक विशेषताओं की तरफ अत्याधिक झुकाव नहीं; ढलवां दीवारें, सादगीपन तथा हिंदू स्थापत्य का मिश्रण; फिरोजशाह तुगलक काल- बड़ी संख्या में नगरों का निर्माण; पुराने स्थापत्य के पुनरोद्धार के प्रमाण(कुतुबमीनार; हौजखास); धार्मिक कट्टरता के बावजूद इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य की परंपरा जारी; सलामी(ढलवां) दीवारों का प्रचलन बंद; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा के साक्ष्य; इसके पश्चात राजनीतिक-आर्थिक कारणों से तुगलककालीन स्थापत्य का अवसान; सैय्यद एवं लोदी कालीन स्थापत्य मकबरों का काल; प्रमुख स्थापत्य- बड़ा गुंबद; छोटा गुंबद; दादी का गुंबद; मोठ मस्जिद; इस दौर के मकबरों को उद्यानों में बनाया जाने लगना; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा का एक सामान्य विशेषता के रूप में; दोहरे गुंबद का भी प्रचलन; इसी स्थापत्य के क्रम में इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के साथ-साथ भारतीय स्थापत्य से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताओं के मिश्रण से निर्मित इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य कला का भी विकास हुआ| साथ ही साथ अपनी इमारतों में तुर्कों ने मेहराबों और गुम्बदों का भरपूर प्रयोग किया था| मेहराबों और गुम्बदों के कारण छत को सहारा देने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में स्तंभों की जरूरत नहीं रह गयी थी एक छोर से दूसरे छोर तक दिखाई देने वाले बड़े-बड़े कक्ष बनाए जाने लगें| इन्हीं उपर्युक्त आयामों के अनुसार, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व को समझा जा सकता है|
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भारत में तुर्कों के आगमन के पश्चात स्थापत्यकला में एक अलग दौर की शुरुआत हुयी थी| इस संदर्भ में, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला का एक विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) After the arrival of Turks in India, a different phase in architecture started. In this context, Give a description of Sultanate architecture. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच- सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य की पृष्ठभूमि के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| मुख्य भाग में, सल्तनत काल के विभिन्न कालखंडों के समय स्थापत्य कला को उदाहरण सहित बताईये| निष्कर्षतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- तुर्क जब भारत आएं तो उनके पास सुपरिभाषित धर्म, शासनकला तथा स्थापत्य की विशेषताएं साथ विद्यमान थी| साथ ही, भारतीयों के पास भी अपने प्रबल धार्मिक विश्वास, कला एवं स्थापत्य का विशिष्ट ज्ञान आदि मौजूद थें| जब इन दोनों की पारस्परिक अंतःक्रिया हुयी तो एक नै और समृद्ध संस्कृति के विकास में भी उसने अपना योगदान दिया| नए शासकों की पहली जरूरतों में रहने के लिए आवास तथा इबादत के लिए स्थान की आवश्यकता थी| अतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला में हम विभिन्न प्रकार के भवन जैसे- किला, मस्जिद, मकबरा एवं इनकी विशेषताएं(गुम्बद, मेहराब, मीनार आदि) तथा उनमें विभिन्न अलंकरण जैसे- सुलेखन(क़ुरान की आयतें लिखना); अरबेस्क(लतादार पतियाँ, ज्यामितीय आकृतियाँ) आदि को देखते हैं| इनमें निर्माण सामग्री के रूप में लाल बलुआ पत्थर; संगमरमर; चूना एवं जिप्सम का गारा आदि प्रयोग हुए थें| सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के कुछ उदाहरण तथा उनकी विशेषताएं प्रारंभिक तुर्कों के समय स्थापत्य आरंभ में इनके द्वारा मंदिरों तथा दूसरी इमारतों को मस्जिदों में बदला जाना जैसे- कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद; अढ़ाई दिन का झोपड़ा आदि बहुत जल्द ही तुर्कों द्वारा अपनी इमारतें बनवाना चालू करना जैसे- कुतुबमीनार; इल्तुतमिश के समय के मदरसें, मकबरें, बावली; अतैरकिन का दरवाजा(नागौर); बलबन का मकबरा आदि; अधिकांशतः इमारतों का निर्माण दिल्ली में; कुछ भवनों के साक्ष्य दिल्ली के आसपास के क्षेत्रों से भी जैसे- बदायूं, अजमेर, हरियाणा आदि; कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से प्रारंभिक तुर्कों का स्थापत्य उतना परिष्कृत नहीं जितना खिलज़ीकालीन स्थापत्य; संभवतः इसका कारण राजनीतिक अस्थिरता तथा आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर होना; हालाँकि, इस दौर में ना केवल इस्लामिक स्थापत्य(मस्जिद, मकबरा, मदरसा, मीनार आदि का निर्माण एवं नींव पड़ना; अलंकरण के लिए सुलेखन एवं अरबेस्क का प्रयोग) बल्कि हिंदू स्थापत्य के साथ इसका मिश्रण भी प्रारंभ होना; कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद में अधिकाधिक स्तंभों/कमल की आकृतियों के साक्ष्य; मिश्रित स्थापत्य के विकास में कुछ परिस्थितियों की भी भूमिका जैसे- इन इमारतों के निर्माण में स्थानीय भवनों के अवशेषों, स्थानीय कारीगरों आदि का प्रयोग; खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य अलाई दरवाजा(कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से सल्तनतकालीन इमारतों में महत्वपूर्ण); जमातखाना मस्जिद; सीरी नगर; हौजखास; अलाई दरवाजे में पहली बार वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से गुंबद का निर्माण; अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का काल स्थापत्य के दृष्टिकोण से अत्यधिक महत्व; अलंकरण, मेहराब(घोड़े की नाल की तरह आकृति), गुंबद आदि का निर्माण खूबसूरती से; इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के प्रति झुकाव के बावजूद अलाई दरवाजा के अलंकरण में कमल के झालर जैसी आकृतियाँ बड़ी संख्या में बनाया जाना; अलाउद्दीन खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य राजनीतिक स्थिरता, आर्थिक समृद्धि एवं शासक के आत्मविश्वास का द्योतक; तुगलक कालीन स्थापत्य तुगलकाबाद; मकबरा; आदिलाबाद; जहाँपनाह नगर; निजामुद्दीन औलिया का मकबरा; तेलंगानी मकबरा; गयासुद्दीन तुगलक एवं मोहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक के समय की इमारतें- परवर्ती की तुलना में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक इमारतों के साक्ष्य; खिलजीकाल की तरह इस्लामिक विशेषताओं की तरफ अत्याधिक झुकाव नहीं; ढलवां दीवारें, सादगीपन तथा हिंदू स्थापत्य का मिश्रण; फिरोजशाह तुगलक काल- बड़ी संख्या में नगरों का निर्माण; पुराने स्थापत्य के पुनरोद्धार के प्रमाण(कुतुबमीनार; हौजखास); धार्मिक कट्टरता के बावजूद इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य की परंपरा जारी; सलामी(ढलवां) दीवारों का प्रचलन बंद; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा के साक्ष्य; इसके पश्चात राजनीतिक-आर्थिक कारणों से तुगलककालीन स्थापत्य का अवसान; सैय्यद एवं लोदी कालीन स्थापत्य मकबरों का काल; प्रमुख स्थापत्य- बड़ा गुंबद; छोटा गुंबद; दादी का गुंबद; मोठ मस्जिद; इस दौर के मकबरों को उद्यानों में बनाया जाने लगना; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा का एक सामान्य विशेषता के रूप में; दोहरे गुंबद का भी प्रचलन; इसी स्थापत्य के क्रम में इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के साथ-साथ भारतीय स्थापत्य से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताओं के मिश्रण से निर्मित इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य कला का भी विकास हुआ| साथ ही साथ अपनी इमारतों में तुर्कों ने मेहराबों और गुम्बदों का भरपूर प्रयोग किया था| मेहराबों और गुम्बदों के कारण छत को सहारा देने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में स्तंभों की जरूरत नहीं रह गयी थी एक छोर से दूसरे छोर तक दिखाई देने वाले बड़े-बड़े कक्ष बनाए जाने लगें| इन्हीं उपर्युक्त आयामों के अनुसार, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व को समझा जा सकता है|
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##Question:भारत में तुर्कों के आगमन के पश्चात स्थापत्यकला में एक अलग दौर की शुरुआत हुयी थी| इस संदर्भ में, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला का एक विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) After the arrival of Turks in India, a different phase in architecture started. In this context, Give a description of Sultanate architecture. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य की पृष्ठभूमि के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| मुख्य भाग में, सल्तनत काल के विभिन्न कालखंडों के समय स्थापत्य कला को उदाहरण सहित बताईये| निष्कर्षतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- तुर्क जब भारत आएं तो उनके पास सुपरिभाषित धर्म, शासनकला तथा स्थापत्य की विशेषताएं साथ विद्यमान थी| साथ ही, भारतीयों के पास भी अपने प्रबल धार्मिक विश्वास, कला एवं स्थापत्य का विशिष्ट ज्ञान आदि मौजूद थें| जब इन दोनों की पारस्परिक अंतःक्रिया हुयी तो एक नै और समृद्ध संस्कृति के विकास में भी उसने अपना योगदान दिया| नए शासकों की पहली जरूरतों में रहने के लिए आवास तथा इबादत के लिए स्थान की आवश्यकता थी| अतः, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला में हम विभिन्न प्रकार के भवन जैसे- किला, मस्जिद, मकबरा एवं इनकी विशेषताएं(गुम्बद, मेहराब, मीनार आदि) तथा उनमें विभिन्न अलंकरण जैसे- सुलेखन(क़ुरान की आयतें लिखना); अरबेस्क(लतादार पतियाँ, ज्यामितीय आकृतियाँ) आदि को देखते हैं| इनमें निर्माण सामग्री के रूप में लाल बलुआ पत्थर; संगमरमर; चूना एवं जिप्सम का गारा आदि प्रयोग हुए थें| सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के कुछ उदाहरण तथा उनकी विशेषताएं प्रारंभिक तुर्कों के समय स्थापत्य आरंभ में इनके द्वारा मंदिरों तथा दूसरी इमारतों को मस्जिदों में बदला जाना जैसे- कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद; अढ़ाई दिन का झोपड़ा आदि बहुत जल्द ही तुर्कों द्वारा अपनी इमारतें बनवाना चालू करना जैसे- कुतुबमीनार; इल्तुतमिश के समय के मदरसें, मकबरें, बावली; अतैरकिन का दरवाजा(नागौर); बलबन का मकबरा आदि; अधिकांशतः इमारतों का निर्माण दिल्ली में; कुछ भवनों के साक्ष्य दिल्ली के आसपास के क्षेत्रों से भी जैसे- बदायूं, अजमेर, हरियाणा आदि; कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से प्रारंभिक तुर्कों का स्थापत्य उतना परिष्कृत नहीं जितना खिलज़ीकालीन स्थापत्य; संभवतः इसका कारण राजनीतिक अस्थिरता तथा आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर होना; हालाँकि, इस दौर में ना केवल इस्लामिक स्थापत्य(मस्जिद, मकबरा, मदरसा, मीनार आदि का निर्माण एवं नींव पड़ना; अलंकरण के लिए सुलेखन एवं अरबेस्क का प्रयोग) बल्कि हिंदू स्थापत्य के साथ इसका मिश्रण भी प्रारंभ होना; कुव्वत-उल-इस्लाम मस्जिद में अधिकाधिक स्तंभों/कमल की आकृतियों के साक्ष्य; मिश्रित स्थापत्य के विकास में कुछ परिस्थितियों की भी भूमिका जैसे- इन इमारतों के निर्माण में स्थानीय भवनों के अवशेषों, स्थानीय कारीगरों आदि का प्रयोग; खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य अलाई दरवाजा(कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से सल्तनतकालीन इमारतों में महत्वपूर्ण); जमातखाना मस्जिद; सीरी नगर; हौजखास; अलाई दरवाजे में पहली बार वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से गुंबद का निर्माण; अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का काल स्थापत्य के दृष्टिकोण से अत्यधिक महत्व; अलंकरण, मेहराब(घोड़े की नाल की तरह आकृति), गुंबद आदि का निर्माण खूबसूरती से; इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के प्रति झुकाव के बावजूद अलाई दरवाजा के अलंकरण में कमल के झालर जैसी आकृतियाँ बड़ी संख्या में बनाया जाना; अलाउद्दीन खिलजीकालीन स्थापत्य राजनीतिक स्थिरता, आर्थिक समृद्धि एवं शासक के आत्मविश्वास का द्योतक; तुगलक कालीन स्थापत्य तुगलकाबाद; मकबरा; आदिलाबाद; जहाँपनाह नगर; निजामुद्दीन औलिया का मकबरा; तेलंगानी मकबरा; गयासुद्दीन तुगलक एवं मोहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक के समय की इमारतें- परवर्ती की तुलना में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक इमारतों के साक्ष्य; खिलजीकाल की तरह इस्लामिक विशेषताओं की तरफ अत्याधिक झुकाव नहीं; ढलवां दीवारें, सादगीपन तथा हिंदू स्थापत्य का मिश्रण; फिरोजशाह तुगलक काल- बड़ी संख्या में नगरों का निर्माण; पुराने स्थापत्य के पुनरोद्धार के प्रमाण(कुतुबमीनार; हौजखास); धार्मिक कट्टरता के बावजूद इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य की परंपरा जारी; सलामी(ढलवां) दीवारों का प्रचलन बंद; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा के साक्ष्य; इसके पश्चात राजनीतिक-आर्थिक कारणों से तुगलककालीन स्थापत्य का अवसान; सैय्यद एवं लोदी कालीन स्थापत्य मकबरों का काल; प्रमुख स्थापत्य- बड़ा गुंबद; छोटा गुंबद; दादी का गुंबद; मोठ मस्जिद; इस दौर के मकबरों को उद्यानों में बनाया जाने लगना; अष्टकोणीय मकबरा का एक सामान्य विशेषता के रूप में; दोहरे गुंबद का भी प्रचलन; इसी स्थापत्य के क्रम में इस्लामिक स्थापत्य के साथ-साथ भारतीय स्थापत्य से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताओं के मिश्रण से निर्मित इंडो-इस्लामिक स्थापत्य कला का भी विकास हुआ| साथ ही साथ अपनी इमारतों में तुर्कों ने मेहराबों और गुम्बदों का भरपूर प्रयोग किया था| मेहराबों और गुम्बदों के कारण छत को सहारा देने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में स्तंभों की जरूरत नहीं रह गयी थी एक छोर से दूसरे छोर तक दिखाई देने वाले बड़े-बड़े कक्ष बनाए जाने लगें| इन्हीं उपर्युक्त आयामों के अनुसार, सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य कला के महत्व को समझा जा सकता है|
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Describe the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, explain Indian concerns regarding the Agreement on Agriculture? (10 marks/150 Words)
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The approach of the answer: Introduce the answer by giving a brief background on the Agreement on Agriculture. Then, describe the AOA and what is included in it. Highlight, India"s concerns regarding AOA. Conclude accordingly. Answer: After over 7 years of negotiations, the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations were concluded on December 15, 1993, and were formally ratified in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morrocco. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture contains provisions in 3 broad areas of agriculture and trade policy: 1. Market Access 2. Domestic support 3. Export subsidies 1. Market Access- Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required tariff reductions of- 36% average reduction by developed countries, with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 15% over six years. 24% average reduction by developing countries with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in the future. 2. Domestic Support- It includes the classification of agricultural subsidies into ‘boxes’ depending on their effects on production and trade (a) Green Box: It follows under the Permitted subsidies, Minimal Distortion, and typically includes those to research and development (R&D), environmental protection, and animal welfare. Blue box subsidies are also permitted, but on the condition that they must not lead to increased production as the amount spent on government services. The green subsidy allows in terms of support, for example, MSP or subsidies. It includes the payments made directly to farmers that off-limits stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers to restructure the agriculture, direct payment under environmental and regional assistance programs. (b) Blue Box: Production limiting programs that still distort trade. The subsidy is permitted under the blue box, cover certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production called’ Blue Box’ measures, which comprises government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Any support that would normally be in the amber box is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production. For e.g., the Blue box contains aid to livestock or land not linked to prices but to fixed figures for surface and yield. (c) Amber Box: Provides Aid to avoided and reduced, Measures to support prices, subsidies most directly linked to production level and quantities meanwhile, all domestic support considered to distort production and trade (with some exception like except that placed in the Green and Blue Box. It is subject to limits expressed in terms of a "Total Aggregate Measurement of Support" (Total AMS) which combines all supports for specified products, together with supports that are not for specific products, into one single figure. For example- When European Union buys up cereals and dairy products at guaranteed prices from its producers; (Like Indian Minimum Support Prices but AOA didn’t object to Indian MSP programs) it is amber-box aid. 3. Export Subsidies: The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a member’s lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. Indian concerns regarding Agreement on Agriculture: 1. Questions arising towards the food-safety laws (like the National Food Security Act) of India under internal assistance. Emphasis is also being given by developed countries to bring India"s food-safety measures under internal aid. Questions raised by developed countries on India"s minimum domestic support system to ensure food security. India has demanded that MPS should be calculated by using the recent reference period instead of 1986/88 prices, which was factored in at the time of the creation of the WTO. 2. Subsidies deserve to be placed in the green or blue box, rather than the amber box, which is a matter of contention at the WTO. Within the current negotiations, many developing country members have expressed concern over "box-shifting": the movement of subsidies from the amber to the blue box without significant changes in the nature of the subsidy. Issues related to their design under green and blue boxes 3. Concessions are given by developed countries directly / indirectly to agricultural exporters, impacting the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in global markets. 4. Efforts to prevent our products from reaching the market in developed countries by non-tariff provisions (labor laws, sanitation, phytosanitary, etc.) 5. Developed countries have modern biotechnology (seed research, pesticides, etc.) through which the cost of production and prices can be impacted. India does not provide any subsidy on exports of agricultural products like developed countries except for some tax exemptions. Also, in the Indian context, agriculture is not a business but a means of subsistence for the majority population. Therefore, in the context of assistance to poor farmers and food security for the Indian public, India will have to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to its concerns and questions being raised under the agreement on agriculture.
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##Question:Describe the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, explain Indian concerns regarding the Agreement on Agriculture? (10 marks/150 Words)##Answer:The approach of the answer: Introduce the answer by giving a brief background on the Agreement on Agriculture. Then, describe the AOA and what is included in it. Highlight, India"s concerns regarding AOA. Conclude accordingly. Answer: After over 7 years of negotiations, the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations were concluded on December 15, 1993, and were formally ratified in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morrocco. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture contains provisions in 3 broad areas of agriculture and trade policy: 1. Market Access 2. Domestic support 3. Export subsidies 1. Market Access- Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required tariff reductions of- 36% average reduction by developed countries, with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 15% over six years. 24% average reduction by developing countries with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in the future. 2. Domestic Support- It includes the classification of agricultural subsidies into ‘boxes’ depending on their effects on production and trade (a) Green Box: It follows under the Permitted subsidies, Minimal Distortion, and typically includes those to research and development (R&D), environmental protection, and animal welfare. Blue box subsidies are also permitted, but on the condition that they must not lead to increased production as the amount spent on government services. The green subsidy allows in terms of support, for example, MSP or subsidies. It includes the payments made directly to farmers that off-limits stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers to restructure the agriculture, direct payment under environmental and regional assistance programs. (b) Blue Box: Production limiting programs that still distort trade. The subsidy is permitted under the blue box, cover certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production called’ Blue Box’ measures, which comprises government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Any support that would normally be in the amber box is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production. For e.g., the Blue box contains aid to livestock or land not linked to prices but to fixed figures for surface and yield. (c) Amber Box: Provides Aid to avoided and reduced, Measures to support prices, subsidies most directly linked to production level and quantities meanwhile, all domestic support considered to distort production and trade (with some exception like except that placed in the Green and Blue Box. It is subject to limits expressed in terms of a "Total Aggregate Measurement of Support" (Total AMS) which combines all supports for specified products, together with supports that are not for specific products, into one single figure. For example- When European Union buys up cereals and dairy products at guaranteed prices from its producers; (Like Indian Minimum Support Prices but AOA didn’t object to Indian MSP programs) it is amber-box aid. 3. Export Subsidies: The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a member’s lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. Indian concerns regarding Agreement on Agriculture: 1. Questions arising towards the food-safety laws (like the National Food Security Act) of India under internal assistance. Emphasis is also being given by developed countries to bring India"s food-safety measures under internal aid. Questions raised by developed countries on India"s minimum domestic support system to ensure food security. India has demanded that MPS should be calculated by using the recent reference period instead of 1986/88 prices, which was factored in at the time of the creation of the WTO. 2. Subsidies deserve to be placed in the green or blue box, rather than the amber box, which is a matter of contention at the WTO. Within the current negotiations, many developing country members have expressed concern over "box-shifting": the movement of subsidies from the amber to the blue box without significant changes in the nature of the subsidy. Issues related to their design under green and blue boxes 3. Concessions are given by developed countries directly / indirectly to agricultural exporters, impacting the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in global markets. 4. Efforts to prevent our products from reaching the market in developed countries by non-tariff provisions (labor laws, sanitation, phytosanitary, etc.) 5. Developed countries have modern biotechnology (seed research, pesticides, etc.) through which the cost of production and prices can be impacted. India does not provide any subsidy on exports of agricultural products like developed countries except for some tax exemptions. Also, in the Indian context, agriculture is not a business but a means of subsistence for the majority population. Therefore, in the context of assistance to poor farmers and food security for the Indian public, India will have to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to its concerns and questions being raised under the agreement on agriculture.
| 70,295
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Describe the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, explain Indian concerns regarding the Agreement on Agriculture? (10 marks/150 Words)
|
The approach of the answer: Introduce the answer by giving a brief background on the Agreement on Agriculture. Then, describe the AOA and what is included in it. Highlight, India"s concerns regarding AOA. Conclude accordingly. Answer: After over 7 years of negotiations, the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations were concluded on December 15, 1993, and were formally ratified in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morrocco. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture contains provisions in 3 broad areas of agriculture and trade policy: 1. Market Access 2. Domestic support 3. Export subsidies 1. Market Access- Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required tariff reductions of- 36% average reduction by developed countries, with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 15% over six years. 24% average reduction by developing countries with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in the future. 2. Domestic Support- It includes the classification of agricultural subsidies into ‘boxes’ depending on their effects on production and trade (a) Green Box: It follows under the Permitted subsidies, Minimal Distortion, and typically includes those to research and development (R&D), environmental protection, and animal welfare. Blue box subsidies are also permitted, but on the condition that they must not lead to increased production as the amount spent on government services. The green subsidy allows in terms of support, for example, MSP or subsidies. It includes the payments made directly to farmers that off-limits stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers to restructure the agriculture, direct payment under environmental and regional assistance programs. (b) Blue Box: Production limiting programs that still distort trade. The subsidy is permitted under the blue box, cover certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production called’ Blue Box’ measures, which comprises government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Any support that would normally be in the amber box is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production. For e.g., the Blue box contains aid to livestock or land not linked to prices but to fixed figures for surface and yield. (c) Amber Box: Provides Aid to avoided and reduced, Measures to support prices, subsidies most directly linked to production level and quantities meanwhile, all domestic support considered to distort production and trade (with some exception like except that placed in the Green and Blue Box. It is subject to limits expressed in terms of a "Total Aggregate Measurement of Support" (Total AMS) which combines all supports for specified products, together with supports that are not for specific products, into one single figure. For example- When European Union buys up cereals and dairy products at guaranteed prices from its producers; (Like Indian Minimum Support Prices but AOA didn’t object to Indian MSP programs) it is amber-box aid. 3. Export Subsidies- The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a member’s lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. Indian concerns regarding Agreement on Agriculture: 1. Questions arising towards the food-safety laws (like the National Food Security Act) of India under internal assistance. Emphasis is also being given by developed countries to bring India"s food-safety measures under internal aid. Questions raised by developed countries on India"s minimum domestic support system to ensure food security. India has demanded that MPS should be calculated by using the recent reference period instead of 1986/88 prices, which was factored in at the time of the creation of the WTO. 2. Subsidies deserve to be placed in the green or blue box, rather than the amber box, which is a matter of contention at the WTO. Within the current negotiations, many developing country members have expressed concern over "box-shifting": the movement of subsidies from the amber to the blue box without significant changes in the nature of the subsidy. Issues related to their design under green and blue boxes 3. Concessions are given by developed countries directly / indirectly to agricultural exporters, impacting the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in global markets. 4. Efforts to prevent our products from reaching the market in developed countries by non-tariff provisions (labor laws, sanitation, phytosanitary, etc.) 5. Developed countries have modern biotechnology (seed research, pesticides, etc.) through which the cost of production and prices can be impacted. India does not provide any subsidy on exports of agricultural products like developed countries except for some tax exemptions. Also, in the Indian context, agriculture is not a business but a means of subsistence for the majority population. Therefore, in the context of assistance to poor farmers and food security for the Indian public, India will have to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to its concerns and questions being raised under the agreement on agriculture.
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##Question:Describe the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, explain Indian concerns regarding the Agreement on Agriculture? (10 marks/150 Words)##Answer:The approach of the answer: Introduce the answer by giving a brief background on the Agreement on Agriculture. Then, describe the AOA and what is included in it. Highlight, India"s concerns regarding AOA. Conclude accordingly. Answer: After over 7 years of negotiations, the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations were concluded on December 15, 1993, and were formally ratified in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morrocco. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture contains provisions in 3 broad areas of agriculture and trade policy: 1. Market Access 2. Domestic support 3. Export subsidies 1. Market Access- Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required tariff reductions of- 36% average reduction by developed countries, with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 15% over six years. 24% average reduction by developing countries with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in the future. 2. Domestic Support- It includes the classification of agricultural subsidies into ‘boxes’ depending on their effects on production and trade (a) Green Box: It follows under the Permitted subsidies, Minimal Distortion, and typically includes those to research and development (R&D), environmental protection, and animal welfare. Blue box subsidies are also permitted, but on the condition that they must not lead to increased production as the amount spent on government services. The green subsidy allows in terms of support, for example, MSP or subsidies. It includes the payments made directly to farmers that off-limits stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers to restructure the agriculture, direct payment under environmental and regional assistance programs. (b) Blue Box: Production limiting programs that still distort trade. The subsidy is permitted under the blue box, cover certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production called’ Blue Box’ measures, which comprises government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Any support that would normally be in the amber box is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production. For e.g., the Blue box contains aid to livestock or land not linked to prices but to fixed figures for surface and yield. (c) Amber Box: Provides Aid to avoided and reduced, Measures to support prices, subsidies most directly linked to production level and quantities meanwhile, all domestic support considered to distort production and trade (with some exception like except that placed in the Green and Blue Box. It is subject to limits expressed in terms of a "Total Aggregate Measurement of Support" (Total AMS) which combines all supports for specified products, together with supports that are not for specific products, into one single figure. For example- When European Union buys up cereals and dairy products at guaranteed prices from its producers; (Like Indian Minimum Support Prices but AOA didn’t object to Indian MSP programs) it is amber-box aid. 3. Export Subsidies- The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a member’s lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. Indian concerns regarding Agreement on Agriculture: 1. Questions arising towards the food-safety laws (like the National Food Security Act) of India under internal assistance. Emphasis is also being given by developed countries to bring India"s food-safety measures under internal aid. Questions raised by developed countries on India"s minimum domestic support system to ensure food security. India has demanded that MPS should be calculated by using the recent reference period instead of 1986/88 prices, which was factored in at the time of the creation of the WTO. 2. Subsidies deserve to be placed in the green or blue box, rather than the amber box, which is a matter of contention at the WTO. Within the current negotiations, many developing country members have expressed concern over "box-shifting": the movement of subsidies from the amber to the blue box without significant changes in the nature of the subsidy. Issues related to their design under green and blue boxes 3. Concessions are given by developed countries directly / indirectly to agricultural exporters, impacting the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in global markets. 4. Efforts to prevent our products from reaching the market in developed countries by non-tariff provisions (labor laws, sanitation, phytosanitary, etc.) 5. Developed countries have modern biotechnology (seed research, pesticides, etc.) through which the cost of production and prices can be impacted. India does not provide any subsidy on exports of agricultural products like developed countries except for some tax exemptions. Also, in the Indian context, agriculture is not a business but a means of subsistence for the majority population. Therefore, in the context of assistance to poor farmers and food security for the Indian public, India will have to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to its concerns and questions being raised under the agreement on agriculture.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
| 70,328
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
| 70,330
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
| 70,331
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer : The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer : The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
| 70,333
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता होती है परन्तु विविध कारणों से दोनों के मध्य विवाद की स्थिति बनी रहती है| कथन को स्पष्ट करते हुए दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) There is an interdependence between the duties and responsibilities of the minister and the secretary, but due to various reasons, there is a dispute between the two. Explaining the statement, offer some suggestions to make the relationship sweeter between the two. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मंत्री एवं सचिव के पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध को संक्षेप में स्पष्ट कीजिये एवं परस्पर निर्भरता की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में दोनों के मध्य विवाद की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अंतिम में सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| राजनीति एवं लोकसेवकों के बीच का विवाद शासन प्रणाली के उच्चतर स्तर पर अत्यधिक होता है| क्योकि मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता अत्यधिक होती है| मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व की परस्पर निर्भरता विभिन्न आधारों पर व्यक्त की जा सकती है | मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व की परस्पर निर्भरता मंत्री के द्वारा नीति निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रशासनिक एवं तकनीकी सहयोग सचिव द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है जो कि मंत्री को सचिव पर निर्भर बनाता है एवं नीति का परिपालन जो सचिव के द्वारा सुनिश्चित किया जाना है, इसके लिए मंत्री को संसद के प्रति एवं संसद के माध्यम से आम जनता के प्रति उत्तरदायी माना गया है मंत्री के द्वारा बहुल एवं विविध विधायकी/संसदीय दायित्वों का निर्वहन किया जाना होता है जैसे विधेयक के प्रारूप को तैयार करना, संसद में पूछे गए प्रश्नों का उत्तर देना, संसदीय समितियों के समक्ष स्पष्टीकरण देना आदि|इस प्रत्येक दायित्व के प्रभावी निर्वहन हेतु सचिव के सहयोग का होना आवश्यक है| इस सहयोग के बदले मंत्री सचिव को संसद, मीडिया एवं आम जनता के आक्रमण से संरक्षण प्रदान करता है प्रत्येक नीति तथ्य और मूल्यों का कुल योग होती है जो कि क्रमशः सचिव और मंत्री के द्वारा प्रदान किये जाते हैं| मंत्री के द्वारा जन अपेक्षाओं को निर्धारित किया जाता है जबकि सचिव जन अपेक्षाओं के व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित करने में सहायक सिद्ध होता है| शासन प्रणाली के संदर्भ में मंत्री साध्य है तो सचिव साधन है| साध्य और साधन के बीच एक स्पष्ट विभाजन की रेखा को प्राप्त किया जाना संभव नहीं है|क्योंकि दोनों एक दूसरे पर परस्पर रूप से निर्भर हैं मंत्री और सचिव के बीच का परस्पर सम्बन्ध सहजीविता पर आधारित है जिसकी तुलना पति और पत्नी के बीच के सम्बन्ध से की जा सकती है| परन्तु व्यवहारिकता में मंत्री और सचिव के बीच विवाद या मतभेद या संघर्ष को भी देखा जाता है| दोनों के मध्य विवाद उत्पन्न होने के कारण मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव का दृष्टिकोण नीतिगत विषयों पर अधिक व्यापक एवं दीर्घकालिक होता है| मंत्री और सचिव के सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि में अंतर होने के कारण दोनों के दृष्टिकोण की एकरूपता में कमी का होना स्वाभाविक है| सामान्यतः मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव के द्वारा जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में एकरूपता को बनाए रखने पर विशेष बल दिया जाता है|जो कि विवादों को उत्पन्न करता है| नीतिगत विषयों पर मंत्री के द्वारा लोकप्रियता पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है जबकि सचिव के द्वारा तार्किकता या विवेकशीलता पर| मंत्री और सचिव के सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने के लिए सुझाव मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व को औपचारिक तरीके से न तो विभाजित किया जा सकता है और न ही विभाजित किया जाना चाहिए मंत्री को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि सचिव उसका अधीनस्थ नहीं है जबकि सचिव को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि मंत्री उसका उच्चाधिकारी है एक सचिव का व्यवहार मंत्री के प्रति मंत्री के सचिव के रूप में न होकर सरकार के सचिव के रूप में होना चाहिए मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के परस्पर सम्बन्ध को सुचारू बनाने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि दोनों के बीच परस्पर विश्वास, परसपर समझ या सूझबूझ आदि को विकसित किया जाए| दोनों का दृष्टिकोण एक दूसरे की समस्याओं के प्रति सराहनीय होना चाहिए अतः मंत्री और सचिव के पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध को मधुर बनाने की दिशा में एक दूसरे के प्रति नैतिक दायित्व के निर्वहन का होना अपेक्षित है|
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##Question:मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता होती है परन्तु विविध कारणों से दोनों के मध्य विवाद की स्थिति बनी रहती है| कथन को स्पष्ट करते हुए दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) There is an interdependence between the duties and responsibilities of the minister and the secretary, but due to various reasons, there is a dispute between the two. Explaining the statement, offer some suggestions to make the relationship sweeter between the two. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मंत्री एवं सचिव के पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध को संक्षेप में स्पष्ट कीजिये एवं परस्पर निर्भरता की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में दोनों के मध्य विवाद की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अंतिम में सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| राजनीति एवं लोकसेवकों के बीच का विवाद शासन प्रणाली के उच्चतर स्तर पर अत्यधिक होता है| क्योकि मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता अत्यधिक होती है| मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व की परस्पर निर्भरता विभिन्न आधारों पर व्यक्त की जा सकती है | मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व की परस्पर निर्भरता मंत्री के द्वारा नीति निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रशासनिक एवं तकनीकी सहयोग सचिव द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है जो कि मंत्री को सचिव पर निर्भर बनाता है एवं नीति का परिपालन जो सचिव के द्वारा सुनिश्चित किया जाना है, इसके लिए मंत्री को संसद के प्रति एवं संसद के माध्यम से आम जनता के प्रति उत्तरदायी माना गया है मंत्री के द्वारा बहुल एवं विविध विधायकी/संसदीय दायित्वों का निर्वहन किया जाना होता है जैसे विधेयक के प्रारूप को तैयार करना, संसद में पूछे गए प्रश्नों का उत्तर देना, संसदीय समितियों के समक्ष स्पष्टीकरण देना आदि|इस प्रत्येक दायित्व के प्रभावी निर्वहन हेतु सचिव के सहयोग का होना आवश्यक है| इस सहयोग के बदले मंत्री सचिव को संसद, मीडिया एवं आम जनता के आक्रमण से संरक्षण प्रदान करता है प्रत्येक नीति तथ्य और मूल्यों का कुल योग होती है जो कि क्रमशः सचिव और मंत्री के द्वारा प्रदान किये जाते हैं| मंत्री के द्वारा जन अपेक्षाओं को निर्धारित किया जाता है जबकि सचिव जन अपेक्षाओं के व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित करने में सहायक सिद्ध होता है| शासन प्रणाली के संदर्भ में मंत्री साध्य है तो सचिव साधन है| साध्य और साधन के बीच एक स्पष्ट विभाजन की रेखा को प्राप्त किया जाना संभव नहीं है|क्योंकि दोनों एक दूसरे पर परस्पर रूप से निर्भर हैं मंत्री और सचिव के बीच का परस्पर सम्बन्ध सहजीविता पर आधारित है जिसकी तुलना पति और पत्नी के बीच के सम्बन्ध से की जा सकती है| परन्तु व्यवहारिकता में मंत्री और सचिव के बीच विवाद या मतभेद या संघर्ष को भी देखा जाता है| दोनों के मध्य विवाद उत्पन्न होने के कारण मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव का दृष्टिकोण नीतिगत विषयों पर अधिक व्यापक एवं दीर्घकालिक होता है| मंत्री और सचिव के सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि में अंतर होने के कारण दोनों के दृष्टिकोण की एकरूपता में कमी का होना स्वाभाविक है| सामान्यतः मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव के द्वारा जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में एकरूपता को बनाए रखने पर विशेष बल दिया जाता है|जो कि विवादों को उत्पन्न करता है| नीतिगत विषयों पर मंत्री के द्वारा लोकप्रियता पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है जबकि सचिव के द्वारा तार्किकता या विवेकशीलता पर| मंत्री और सचिव के सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने के लिए सुझाव मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व को औपचारिक तरीके से न तो विभाजित किया जा सकता है और न ही विभाजित किया जाना चाहिए मंत्री को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि सचिव उसका अधीनस्थ नहीं है जबकि सचिव को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि मंत्री उसका उच्चाधिकारी है एक सचिव का व्यवहार मंत्री के प्रति मंत्री के सचिव के रूप में न होकर सरकार के सचिव के रूप में होना चाहिए मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के परस्पर सम्बन्ध को सुचारू बनाने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि दोनों के बीच परस्पर विश्वास, परसपर समझ या सूझबूझ आदि को विकसित किया जाए| दोनों का दृष्टिकोण एक दूसरे की समस्याओं के प्रति सराहनीय होना चाहिए अतः मंत्री और सचिव के पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध को मधुर बनाने की दिशा में एक दूसरे के प्रति नैतिक दायित्व के निर्वहन का होना अपेक्षित है|
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मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता होती है परन्तु विविध कारणों से दोनों के मध्य विवाद की स्थिति बनी रहती है| कथन को स्पष्ट करते हुए दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) There is an interdependence between the duties and responsibilities of the minister and the secretary, but due to various reasons, there is a dispute between the two. Explaining the statement, offer some suggestions to make the relationship sweeter between the two. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मंत्री और सचिव के अंतर्संबंध को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में दोनों के मध्य परस्पर निर्भरता को स्पष्ट कीजिये| 3- तीसरे भाग में दोनों के मध्य विवाद और उसके कारणों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| सरकार के प्रत्येक विभाग नीतिगत मुद्दों और सामान्य प्रशासन पर मंत्री को सहायता देने के लिए एक सचिव के प्रभार में कार्य करता है। जहाँ मंत्री विभाग का राजनीतिक प्रमुख होता है वहीँ सचिव प्रशासनिक प्रमुख होता है|राजनीति एवं लोकसेवकों के बीच का विवाद शासन प्रणाली के उच्चतर स्तर पर अत्यधिक होता है| क्योकि मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता अत्यधिक होती है| मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व की परस्पर निर्भरता मंत्री के द्वारा नीति निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रशासनिक एवं तकनीकी सहयोग सचिव द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है जो कि मंत्री को सचिव पर निर्भर बनाता है एवं नीति का परिपालन जो सचिव के द्वारा सुनिश्चित किया जाना है, इसके लिए मंत्री को संसद के प्रति एवं संसद के माध्यम से आम जनता के प्रति उत्तरदायी माना गया है| मंत्री के द्वारा बहुल एवं विविध विधायकी/संसदीय दायित्वों का निर्वहन किया जाना होता है जैसे विधेयक के प्रारूप को तैयार करना, संसद में पूछे गए प्रश्नों का उत्तर देना, संसदीय समितियों के समक्ष स्पष्टीकरण देना आदि| इस प्रत्येक दायित्व के प्रभावी निर्वहन हेतु सचिव के सहयोग का होना आवश्यक है| इस सहयोग के बदले मंत्री सचिव को संसद, मीडिया एवं आम जनता के आक्रमण से संरक्षण प्रदान करता है प्रत्येक नीति तथ्य और मूल्यों का कुल योग होती है जो कि क्रमशः सचिव और मंत्री के द्वारा प्रदान किये जाते हैं| मंत्री के द्वारा जन अपेक्षाओं को निर्धारित किया जाता है जबकि सचिव जन अपेक्षाओं के व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित करने में सहायक सिद्ध होता है| शासन प्रणाली के संदर्भ में मंत्री साध्य है तो सचिव साधन है| साध्य और साधन के बीच एक स्पष्ट विभाजन की रेखा को प्राप्त किया जाना संभव नहीं है|क्योंकि दोनों एक दूसरे पर परस्पर रूप से निर्भर हैं मंत्री और सचिव के बीच का परस्पर सम्बन्ध सहजीविता पर आधारित है जिसकी तुलना पति और पत्नी के बीच के सम्बन्ध से की जा सकती है| दोनों के मध्य विवाद व्यवहारिकता में मंत्री और सचिव के बीच विवाद या मतभेद या संघर्ष को भी देखा जाता है| इसके निम्नलिखित कारण हैं मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव का दृष्टिकोण नीतिगत विषयों पर अधिक व्यापक एवं दीर्घकालिक होता है| मंत्री और सचिव के सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि में अंतर होने के कारण दोनों के दृष्टिकोण की एकरूपता में कमी का होना स्वाभाविक है| सामान्यतः मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव के द्वारा जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में एकरूपता को बनाए रखने पर विशेष बल दिया जाता है|जो कि विवादों को उत्पन्न करता है| नीतिगत विषयों पर मंत्री के द्वारा लोकप्रियता पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है जबकि सचिव के द्वारा तार्किकता या विवेकशीलता पर| मंत्री और सचिव के सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने के लिए सुझाव मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व को औपचारिक तरीके से न तो विभाजित किया जा सकता है और न ही विभाजित किया जाना चाहिए मंत्री को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि सचिव उसका अधीनस्थ नहीं है जबकि सचिव को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि मंत्री उसका उच्चाधिकारी है एक सचिव का व्यवहार मंत्री के प्रति मंत्री के सचिव के रूप में न होकर सरकार के सचिव के रूप में होना चाहिए मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के परस्पर सम्बन्ध को सुचारू बनाने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि दोनों के बीच परस्पर विश्वास, परसपर समझ या सूझबूझ आदि को विकसित किया जाए| दोनों का दृष्टिकोण एक दूसरे की समस्याओं के प्रति सराहनीय होना चाहिए अतः मंत्री और सचिव के पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध को मधुर बनाने की दिशा में एक दूसरे के प्रति नैतिक दायित्व के निर्वहन का होना अपेक्षित है|
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##Question:मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता होती है परन्तु विविध कारणों से दोनों के मध्य विवाद की स्थिति बनी रहती है| कथन को स्पष्ट करते हुए दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) There is an interdependence between the duties and responsibilities of the minister and the secretary, but due to various reasons, there is a dispute between the two. Explaining the statement, offer some suggestions to make the relationship sweeter between the two. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मंत्री और सचिव के अंतर्संबंध को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में दोनों के मध्य परस्पर निर्भरता को स्पष्ट कीजिये| 3- तीसरे भाग में दोनों के मध्य विवाद और उसके कारणों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में दोनों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने हेतु कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| सरकार के प्रत्येक विभाग नीतिगत मुद्दों और सामान्य प्रशासन पर मंत्री को सहायता देने के लिए एक सचिव के प्रभार में कार्य करता है। जहाँ मंत्री विभाग का राजनीतिक प्रमुख होता है वहीँ सचिव प्रशासनिक प्रमुख होता है|राजनीति एवं लोकसेवकों के बीच का विवाद शासन प्रणाली के उच्चतर स्तर पर अत्यधिक होता है| क्योकि मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व के बीच की परस्पर निर्भरता अत्यधिक होती है| मंत्री और सचिव के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व की परस्पर निर्भरता मंत्री के द्वारा नीति निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में प्रशासनिक एवं तकनीकी सहयोग सचिव द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है जो कि मंत्री को सचिव पर निर्भर बनाता है एवं नीति का परिपालन जो सचिव के द्वारा सुनिश्चित किया जाना है, इसके लिए मंत्री को संसद के प्रति एवं संसद के माध्यम से आम जनता के प्रति उत्तरदायी माना गया है| मंत्री के द्वारा बहुल एवं विविध विधायकी/संसदीय दायित्वों का निर्वहन किया जाना होता है जैसे विधेयक के प्रारूप को तैयार करना, संसद में पूछे गए प्रश्नों का उत्तर देना, संसदीय समितियों के समक्ष स्पष्टीकरण देना आदि| इस प्रत्येक दायित्व के प्रभावी निर्वहन हेतु सचिव के सहयोग का होना आवश्यक है| इस सहयोग के बदले मंत्री सचिव को संसद, मीडिया एवं आम जनता के आक्रमण से संरक्षण प्रदान करता है प्रत्येक नीति तथ्य और मूल्यों का कुल योग होती है जो कि क्रमशः सचिव और मंत्री के द्वारा प्रदान किये जाते हैं| मंत्री के द्वारा जन अपेक्षाओं को निर्धारित किया जाता है जबकि सचिव जन अपेक्षाओं के व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित करने में सहायक सिद्ध होता है| शासन प्रणाली के संदर्भ में मंत्री साध्य है तो सचिव साधन है| साध्य और साधन के बीच एक स्पष्ट विभाजन की रेखा को प्राप्त किया जाना संभव नहीं है|क्योंकि दोनों एक दूसरे पर परस्पर रूप से निर्भर हैं मंत्री और सचिव के बीच का परस्पर सम्बन्ध सहजीविता पर आधारित है जिसकी तुलना पति और पत्नी के बीच के सम्बन्ध से की जा सकती है| दोनों के मध्य विवाद व्यवहारिकता में मंत्री और सचिव के बीच विवाद या मतभेद या संघर्ष को भी देखा जाता है| इसके निम्नलिखित कारण हैं मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव का दृष्टिकोण नीतिगत विषयों पर अधिक व्यापक एवं दीर्घकालिक होता है| मंत्री और सचिव के सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि में अंतर होने के कारण दोनों के दृष्टिकोण की एकरूपता में कमी का होना स्वाभाविक है| सामान्यतः मंत्री की तुलना में सचिव के द्वारा जनता के प्रति अपने व्यवहार में एकरूपता को बनाए रखने पर विशेष बल दिया जाता है|जो कि विवादों को उत्पन्न करता है| नीतिगत विषयों पर मंत्री के द्वारा लोकप्रियता पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है जबकि सचिव के द्वारा तार्किकता या विवेकशीलता पर| मंत्री और सचिव के सम्बन्धों को मधुर बनाने के लिए सुझाव मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के कर्तव्य एवं उत्तरदायित्व को औपचारिक तरीके से न तो विभाजित किया जा सकता है और न ही विभाजित किया जाना चाहिए मंत्री को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि सचिव उसका अधीनस्थ नहीं है जबकि सचिव को यह महसूस करना चाहिए कि मंत्री उसका उच्चाधिकारी है एक सचिव का व्यवहार मंत्री के प्रति मंत्री के सचिव के रूप में न होकर सरकार के सचिव के रूप में होना चाहिए मंत्री और सचिव के बीच के परस्पर सम्बन्ध को सुचारू बनाने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि दोनों के बीच परस्पर विश्वास, परसपर समझ या सूझबूझ आदि को विकसित किया जाए| दोनों का दृष्टिकोण एक दूसरे की समस्याओं के प्रति सराहनीय होना चाहिए अतः मंत्री और सचिव के पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध को मधुर बनाने की दिशा में एक दूसरे के प्रति नैतिक दायित्व के निर्वहन का होना अपेक्षित है|
| 70,360
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening in the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbor on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long-term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: spending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long-term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of the north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed against the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large-scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicize the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening in the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbor on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long-term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: spending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long-term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of the north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed against the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large-scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicize the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
| 70,392
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
| 70,393
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons lead to India intervening in the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer : India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long-term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long-term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of the north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed against the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large-scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh"s achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition.
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons lead to India intervening in the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer : India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long-term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long-term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of the north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed against the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large-scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh"s achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition.
| 70,396
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
| 70,397
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
| 70,398
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. Various reasons that lead to India intervening into the war Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included: Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbour on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long term strategic interests. Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long term solution to the problem was needed. North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of north-eastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed on the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large scale crisis. This war was a personal gain for Indira Gandhi. India regained its lost pride and self-respect. It demonstrated the strength of Indian secularism. It was a big blow to the two-nation theory. The refugee problem got resolved to a larger extent. India played a key part in Bangladesh achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicise the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition
| 70,399
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer : Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity : Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer : Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity : Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity : Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity : Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
| 70,434
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer : Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer : Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
| 70,435
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer : Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer : Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
| 70,437
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
| 70,438
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons : The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly, the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule, and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights, etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons : The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly, the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule, and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights, etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
| 70,439
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The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to the Assam Movement in 1979 were the combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. Conclude briefly. Answer: Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam that was the result of cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in Assam. It was a very popular movement that basically aimed against the migrants in Assam. The movement ultimately compelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). Porous borders with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar add to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violations have also been a matter of great concern. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. All the factors mentioned above initiated the Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fighting against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of the State government, the President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, the new Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed on 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
| 70,440
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues. Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported. The various provision and dimensions of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of children in the society Parental counseling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatization of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues. Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported. The various provision and dimensions of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of children in the society Parental counseling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatization of sex education
| 70,468
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,477
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,478
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,479
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,480
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,481
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,482
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Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act has been able to address the issue of child sexual abuse in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly with statistics and about the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act In body discuss the achievement and challenges related to the act Conclude briefly with way forward Answer According to Child Relief and You (CRY) based on NCRB (2016-17), there is a rise of 20% in child issues Also, as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development, child issues are shrouded in secrecy and nearly 53% have faced some sort of sexual abuse; out of this 90% of crime is committed by a known person and only 6% of cases are reported The various provision and dimension of the act POCSO Act and rules include: It is gender-neutral and clearly defines a child ie one who is less than 18 years It defines sexual abuse of all kinds and has special provisions No time limit to file the complaint and mandates investigation to be completed within 60 days, etc Fast Track Special Courts to be established for speedy disposal of cases which is established under National Mission on Safety of Women, etc Two more grounds have been added in aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault It clearly defines child pornography and two more offences have been added ie transmitting, displaying, distributing such material Also, failing to destroy or delete or report pornographic material including a child, etc Mandatory police verification of staff State government to formulate a child protection policy based on zero-tolerance Periodic training with respect to sensitization of all stakeholders regarding child safety and protection Reporting of pornographic material with respect to children is mandatory, etc Challenges with respect to POCSO Act implementation: Poor reporting due to fear of ostracization Lack of awareness among the child with respect to sexual abuse Lack of infrastructure with respect to the skilled police force Overburdened judiciary and hence justice gets delayed Lack of trained prosecutors and adequate compensation for a child victim NCPR, SCPCR, etc have not been able to perform effectively, etc Way forward: Both severity and certainty of the law is the need of the hour Attitudinal change in the society by treating Children as survivors rather than the victims Judicial implementation of POCSO in letter and spirit Responsible and restrained journalism Social rehabilitation and reintegration of the children in the society Parental counselling with respect to sexual abuse Creation of safe places and a value-based education system Destigmatisation of sex education
| 70,483
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Briefly discuss the factors that were responsible for rise of nationalism in India. (10 Marks / 150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduce by throwing a brief light on the nature of Indian nationalism. 2. Mention the major factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism and explain them adequately. 3. Conclude the answer on an optimistic note vis-a-vis the true nature of Indian nationalism. Answer: The task of Indian nationalism during British rule was to promote solidarity and belongingness. It brought in a renaissance on the Indian political landscape and provided a political force to fight to realize the goal of independence. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism: 1. Pre British India had numerous feudal states and they were in a constant state of conflict. The English rule established a centralized authority and brought political and administrative uniformity. This ultimately contributed to growth of Indian nationalism. 2. Western education, especially English education, brought in democratic and progressive thought of the west. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vivekananda, Gokhale, Dadabhai Naroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, etc. all were English educated. English also became a common language of administration. 3. Development of transport and means of communication such as the establishment of railways, construction of roads, canals and postal- system, telegraph and wireless services all over India contributed to consolidating people into a common nation. 4. The development of the press facilitated the exchange of thought on a mass scale. Print media played a decisive role in mobilizing public opinion and awakening national consciousness through political awakening. Further, it played a key role in highlighting the contradictions and exploitative nature of British rule. 5. Since the entry of the East India Company, over time, India became a source of raw materials and dump-yard of finished imported goods. This led to the gradual decline of Indian local industries and the drain of the Indian economy. An economic critic of British rule by Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Iyer, Romesh Chander Dutt, etc. further exposed the exploitative nature of the English rule and help move Indians for a common cause. 6. The discovery of Indian heritage by some western scholars like Max Muller, William Jones, Charles Wilkins, etc. and some Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, H.P. Shastri, etc. helped in gaining self-confidence and infuse patriotism in Indians. 7. The emergence of the middle class found expression in the formation of a number of political groups. Finally, Indian National Congress was founded and it emerged as a platform for giving expression to a pan Indian national movement. 9. Events such as the American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789), the unification of Italy and German, the Industrialisation of Japan and the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904, etc. inspired many Indians and gave them confidence to raise voice for the independence. 10. Overall, in the rise of Indian nationalism, the role of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and various revolutionary leaders such as Bhagat Singh, etc. was indeed phenomenal. They moved the masses by highlighting real issues affecting the peasants and impoverished masses. Rise of the Indian nationalism was gradual and found positive expression in the form a persistent resistance against the very idea of colonialism and imperialism. Just after the independence ideals of the freedom struggle such a democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, etc got its rightful place in the Indian constitution. Presently when there is debate over nationalism in the country, emphasis needs to be put on cherishing these very ideals.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the factors that were responsible for rise of nationalism in India. (10 Marks / 150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce by throwing a brief light on the nature of Indian nationalism. 2. Mention the major factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism and explain them adequately. 3. Conclude the answer on an optimistic note vis-a-vis the true nature of Indian nationalism. Answer: The task of Indian nationalism during British rule was to promote solidarity and belongingness. It brought in a renaissance on the Indian political landscape and provided a political force to fight to realize the goal of independence. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism: 1. Pre British India had numerous feudal states and they were in a constant state of conflict. The English rule established a centralized authority and brought political and administrative uniformity. This ultimately contributed to growth of Indian nationalism. 2. Western education, especially English education, brought in democratic and progressive thought of the west. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vivekananda, Gokhale, Dadabhai Naroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, etc. all were English educated. English also became a common language of administration. 3. Development of transport and means of communication such as the establishment of railways, construction of roads, canals and postal- system, telegraph and wireless services all over India contributed to consolidating people into a common nation. 4. The development of the press facilitated the exchange of thought on a mass scale. Print media played a decisive role in mobilizing public opinion and awakening national consciousness through political awakening. Further, it played a key role in highlighting the contradictions and exploitative nature of British rule. 5. Since the entry of the East India Company, over time, India became a source of raw materials and dump-yard of finished imported goods. This led to the gradual decline of Indian local industries and the drain of the Indian economy. An economic critic of British rule by Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Iyer, Romesh Chander Dutt, etc. further exposed the exploitative nature of the English rule and help move Indians for a common cause. 6. The discovery of Indian heritage by some western scholars like Max Muller, William Jones, Charles Wilkins, etc. and some Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, H.P. Shastri, etc. helped in gaining self-confidence and infuse patriotism in Indians. 7. The emergence of the middle class found expression in the formation of a number of political groups. Finally, Indian National Congress was founded and it emerged as a platform for giving expression to a pan Indian national movement. 9. Events such as the American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789), the unification of Italy and German, the Industrialisation of Japan and the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904, etc. inspired many Indians and gave them confidence to raise voice for the independence. 10. Overall, in the rise of Indian nationalism, the role of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and various revolutionary leaders such as Bhagat Singh, etc. was indeed phenomenal. They moved the masses by highlighting real issues affecting the peasants and impoverished masses. Rise of the Indian nationalism was gradual and found positive expression in the form a persistent resistance against the very idea of colonialism and imperialism. Just after the independence ideals of the freedom struggle such a democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, etc got its rightful place in the Indian constitution. Presently when there is debate over nationalism in the country, emphasis needs to be put on cherishing these very ideals.
| 70,505
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Briefly discuss the factors that were responsible for rise of nationalism in India. (10 Marks / 150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduce by throwing a brief light on the nature of the Indian nationalism. 2. Mention the major factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism and explain them adequately. 3. Conclude the answer on an optimistic note vis-a-vis the true nature of Indian nationalism. Answer: The task of Indian nationalism during British rule was to promote solidarity and belongingness. It brought in a renaissance on the Indian political landscape and provided a political force to fight to realize the goal of independence. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism: 1. Pre British India had numerous feudal states and they were in a constant state of conflict. The English rule established a centralized authority and brought political and administrative uniformity. This ultimately contributed to growth of Indian nationalism. 2. Western education, especially English education, brought in democratic and progressive thought of the west. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vivekananda, Gokhale, Dadabhai Naroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, etc. all were English educated. English also became a common language of administration. 3. Development of transport and means of communication such as the establishment of railways, construction of roads, canals and postal- system, telegraph and wireless services all over India contributed to consolidating people into a common nation. 4. The development of the press facilitated the exchange of thought on a mass scale. Print media played a decisive role in mobilizing public opinion and awakening national consciousness through political awakening. Further, it played a key role in highlighting the contradictions and exploitative nature of British rule. 5. Since the entry of the East India Company, over time, India became a source of raw materials and dump-yard of finished imported goods. This led to the gradual decline of Indian local industries and the drain of the Indian economy. An economic critic of British rule by Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Iyer, Romesh Chander Dutt, etc. further exposed the exploitative nature of the English rule and help move Indians for a common cause. 6. The discovery of Indian heritage by some western scholars like Max Muller, William Jones, Charles Wilkins, etc. and some Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, H.P. Shastri, etc. helped in gaining self-confidence and infuse patriotism in Indians. 7. The emergence of the middle class found expression in the formation of a number of political groups. Finally, Indian National Congress was founded and it emerged as a platform for giving expression to a pan Indian national movement. 9. Events such as the American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789), the unification of Italy and German, the Industrialisation of Japan and the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904, etc. inspired many Indians and gave them confidence to raise voice for the independence. 10. Overall, in the rise of Indian nationalism, the role of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and various revolutionary leaders such as Bhagat Singh, etc. was indeed phenomenal. They moved the masses by highlighting real issues affecting the peasants and impoverished masses. Rise of the Indian nationalism was gradual and found positive expression in the form a persistent resistance against the very idea of colonialism and imperialism. Just after the independence ideals of the freedom struggle such a democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, etc got its rightful place in the Indian constitution. Presently when there is debate over nationalism in the country, emphasis needs to be put on cherishing these very ideals.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the factors that were responsible for rise of nationalism in India. (10 Marks / 150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce by throwing a brief light on the nature of the Indian nationalism. 2. Mention the major factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism and explain them adequately. 3. Conclude the answer on an optimistic note vis-a-vis the true nature of Indian nationalism. Answer: The task of Indian nationalism during British rule was to promote solidarity and belongingness. It brought in a renaissance on the Indian political landscape and provided a political force to fight to realize the goal of independence. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism: 1. Pre British India had numerous feudal states and they were in a constant state of conflict. The English rule established a centralized authority and brought political and administrative uniformity. This ultimately contributed to growth of Indian nationalism. 2. Western education, especially English education, brought in democratic and progressive thought of the west. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vivekananda, Gokhale, Dadabhai Naroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, etc. all were English educated. English also became a common language of administration. 3. Development of transport and means of communication such as the establishment of railways, construction of roads, canals and postal- system, telegraph and wireless services all over India contributed to consolidating people into a common nation. 4. The development of the press facilitated the exchange of thought on a mass scale. Print media played a decisive role in mobilizing public opinion and awakening national consciousness through political awakening. Further, it played a key role in highlighting the contradictions and exploitative nature of British rule. 5. Since the entry of the East India Company, over time, India became a source of raw materials and dump-yard of finished imported goods. This led to the gradual decline of Indian local industries and the drain of the Indian economy. An economic critic of British rule by Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Iyer, Romesh Chander Dutt, etc. further exposed the exploitative nature of the English rule and help move Indians for a common cause. 6. The discovery of Indian heritage by some western scholars like Max Muller, William Jones, Charles Wilkins, etc. and some Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, H.P. Shastri, etc. helped in gaining self-confidence and infuse patriotism in Indians. 7. The emergence of the middle class found expression in the formation of a number of political groups. Finally, Indian National Congress was founded and it emerged as a platform for giving expression to a pan Indian national movement. 9. Events such as the American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789), the unification of Italy and German, the Industrialisation of Japan and the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904, etc. inspired many Indians and gave them confidence to raise voice for the independence. 10. Overall, in the rise of Indian nationalism, the role of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and various revolutionary leaders such as Bhagat Singh, etc. was indeed phenomenal. They moved the masses by highlighting real issues affecting the peasants and impoverished masses. Rise of the Indian nationalism was gradual and found positive expression in the form a persistent resistance against the very idea of colonialism and imperialism. Just after the independence ideals of the freedom struggle such a democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, etc got its rightful place in the Indian constitution. Presently when there is debate over nationalism in the country, emphasis needs to be put on cherishing these very ideals.
| 70,506
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Briefly discuss the factors that were responsible for rise of nationalism in India. (10 Marks / 150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduce by throwing a brief light on the nature of the Indian nationalism. 2. Mention the major factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism and explain them adequately. 3. Conclude the answer on an optimistic note vis-a-vis the true nature of Indian nationalism. Answer: The task of Indian nationalism during British rule was to promote solidarity and belongingness. It brought in a renaissance on the Indian political landscape and provided a political force to fight to realize the goal of independence. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism: 1. Pre British India had numerous feudal states and they were in a constant state of conflict. The English rule established a centralized authority and brought political and administrative uniformity. This ultimately contributed to growth of Indian nationalism. 2. Western education, especially English education, brought in democratic and progressive thought of the west. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vivekananda, Gokhale, Dadabhai Naroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, etc. all were English educated. English also became a common language of administration. 3. Development of transport and means of communication such as the establishment of railways, construction of roads, canals and postal- system, telegraph and wireless services all over India contributed to consolidating people into a common nation. 4. The development of the press facilitated the exchange of thought on a mass scale. Print media played a decisive role in mobilizing public opinion and awakening national consciousness through political awakening. Further, it played a key role in highlighting the contradictions and exploitative nature of British rule. 5. Since the entry of the East India Company, over time, India became a source of raw materials and dump-yard of finished imported goods. This led to the gradual decline of Indian local industries and the drain of the Indian economy. An economic critic of British rule by Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Iyer, Romesh Chander Dutt, etc. further exposed the exploitative nature of the English rule and help move Indians for a common cause. 6. The discovery of Indian heritage by some western scholars like Max Muller, William Jones, Charles Wilkins, etc. and some Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, H.P. Shastri, etc. helped in gaining self-confidence and infuse patriotism in Indians. 7. The emergence of the middle class found expression in the formation of a number of political groups. Finally, Indian National Congress was founded and it emerged as a platform for giving expression to a pan Indian national movement. 9. Events such as the American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789), the unification of Italy and German, the Industrialisation of Japan and the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904, etc. inspired many Indians and gave them confidence to raise voice for the independence. 10. Overall, in the rise of Indian nationalism, the role of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and various revolutionary leaders such as Bhagat Singh, etc. was indeed phenomenal. They moved the masses by highlighting real issues affecting the peasants and impoverished masses. Rise of the Indian nationalism was gradual and found positive expression in the form a persistent resistance against the very idea of colonialism and imperialism. Just after the independence ideals of the freedom struggle such a democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, etc got its rightful place in the Indian constitution. Presently when there is debate over nationalism in the country, emphasis needs to be put on cherishing these very ideals.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the factors that were responsible for rise of nationalism in India. (10 Marks / 150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce by throwing a brief light on the nature of the Indian nationalism. 2. Mention the major factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism and explain them adequately. 3. Conclude the answer on an optimistic note vis-a-vis the true nature of Indian nationalism. Answer: The task of Indian nationalism during British rule was to promote solidarity and belongingness. It brought in a renaissance on the Indian political landscape and provided a political force to fight to realize the goal of independence. Factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism: 1. Pre British India had numerous feudal states and they were in a constant state of conflict. The English rule established a centralized authority and brought political and administrative uniformity. This ultimately contributed to growth of Indian nationalism. 2. Western education, especially English education, brought in democratic and progressive thought of the west. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vivekananda, Gokhale, Dadabhai Naroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, etc. all were English educated. English also became a common language of administration. 3. Development of transport and means of communication such as the establishment of railways, construction of roads, canals and postal- system, telegraph and wireless services all over India contributed to consolidating people into a common nation. 4. The development of the press facilitated the exchange of thought on a mass scale. Print media played a decisive role in mobilizing public opinion and awakening national consciousness through political awakening. Further, it played a key role in highlighting the contradictions and exploitative nature of British rule. 5. Since the entry of the East India Company, over time, India became a source of raw materials and dump-yard of finished imported goods. This led to the gradual decline of Indian local industries and the drain of the Indian economy. An economic critic of British rule by Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Iyer, Romesh Chander Dutt, etc. further exposed the exploitative nature of the English rule and help move Indians for a common cause. 6. The discovery of Indian heritage by some western scholars like Max Muller, William Jones, Charles Wilkins, etc. and some Indian scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, H.P. Shastri, etc. helped in gaining self-confidence and infuse patriotism in Indians. 7. The emergence of the middle class found expression in the formation of a number of political groups. Finally, Indian National Congress was founded and it emerged as a platform for giving expression to a pan Indian national movement. 9. Events such as the American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789), the unification of Italy and German, the Industrialisation of Japan and the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904, etc. inspired many Indians and gave them confidence to raise voice for the independence. 10. Overall, in the rise of Indian nationalism, the role of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and various revolutionary leaders such as Bhagat Singh, etc. was indeed phenomenal. They moved the masses by highlighting real issues affecting the peasants and impoverished masses. Rise of the Indian nationalism was gradual and found positive expression in the form a persistent resistance against the very idea of colonialism and imperialism. Just after the independence ideals of the freedom struggle such a democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, etc got its rightful place in the Indian constitution. Presently when there is debate over nationalism in the country, emphasis needs to be put on cherishing these very ideals.
| 70,507
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Discuss the process of creation of a new state as per the provisions of the constitution in India.(10 Marks/150 words)
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ARTICLE -3: Article 3 deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States Process of creation of new state: First Stage: A bill is only introduced only with the recommendation of the president. Second Stage: Before recommending, the President shall seek the opinion of the state legislature that is going to be affected by the Bill. Third Stage: The state legislature must render the opinion in a stipulated time-opinion rendered by the state legislature is not binding on the President. Fourth Stage: The bill is then introduced in either House and passed by a simple majority. Creation of New State: Pros: Tailor-made solutions to the issues; Better administration; strengthens democracy and faith in constitutional institutions Cons: Rise of regionalism and similar demands from other quarters; Disputes like Inter-water disputes might come up.
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##Question:Discuss the process of creation of a new state as per the provisions of the constitution in India.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:ARTICLE -3: Article 3 deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States Process of creation of new state: First Stage: A bill is only introduced only with the recommendation of the president. Second Stage: Before recommending, the President shall seek the opinion of the state legislature that is going to be affected by the Bill. Third Stage: The state legislature must render the opinion in a stipulated time-opinion rendered by the state legislature is not binding on the President. Fourth Stage: The bill is then introduced in either House and passed by a simple majority. Creation of New State: Pros: Tailor-made solutions to the issues; Better administration; strengthens democracy and faith in constitutional institutions Cons: Rise of regionalism and similar demands from other quarters; Disputes like Inter-water disputes might come up.
| 70,510
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You are posted as a District Collector in one of the districts in India. It has been brought to your notice that a structure has been built by few members of a religious community on the public land without getting due permissions. In keeping with the guidelines of the Supreme Court of India, disallowing the construction of any permanent religious structures on public land, you are contemplating its removal. However, the leaders of the community in question have requested you to permit the structure saying that it is for the period of month long religious festival only. Moreover they say that there is no other religious place nearby where community members can celebrate their festival. Your seniors and the political leader of the area also support their views. However you are skeptical that after the festival is over, it may not be easy to remove the religious structure from the public land due to the involvement of community members at large. (a) Perform an objective and subjective analysis of the case. (b) What will you do in such a situation?(250 words) (20 marks).
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Approach: (a)Objective Analysis: The constitution of India caters to treat everybody as equal before the law irrespective of his religion. Thus, the religious community in the question should not be dealt with any special treatment. As a civil servant, an officer should follow the guidelines of SC as its interpretation is final and binding in India. If he violates the law he has to answer to his superiors for such a violation. The religious community is part of the Indian population. Therefore, their customs and beliefs should be respected. Subjective Analysis: Religion plays an important part in the lives of people in India. If the structure is removed, the action can be given a communal color. Since our model of secularism respect all the religion equally, their sentiment should also be respected. Leadership quality of civil service also demands not to antagonize any community. ( b)My Approach: Community activities can be taken up on government land but proper permission needs to be taken so I will ask that community to take requisite permission in a written manner. Any temporary religious structures on public land have a high chance of becoming permanent structures. And then it will become impossible to demolish them due to the sentiments and emotions attached to them. Hence, religious sentiments also need to be taken into account while giving any course of action, and also there should be swift demolition if needed. We need to understand what is our duty in the said role and also prudential application of mind is needed. I will be firm that no permit shall be granted any public land for a religious grant. If rules permit some public property allocated for this purpose, then permission shall be given for that. As a district officer, it is my responsibility to maintain law and order and peace in the district and I will also to ensure sentiments of the community is not hurt. Therefore to maintain such balance permission will be granted till festive month but after that demolition will be carried out under the municipal act, following proper procedures and discussions with influential and important members of the religious community such that peace would not be disturbed.
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##Question:You are posted as a District Collector in one of the districts in India. It has been brought to your notice that a structure has been built by few members of a religious community on the public land without getting due permissions. In keeping with the guidelines of the Supreme Court of India, disallowing the construction of any permanent religious structures on public land, you are contemplating its removal. However, the leaders of the community in question have requested you to permit the structure saying that it is for the period of month long religious festival only. Moreover they say that there is no other religious place nearby where community members can celebrate their festival. Your seniors and the political leader of the area also support their views. However you are skeptical that after the festival is over, it may not be easy to remove the religious structure from the public land due to the involvement of community members at large. (a) Perform an objective and subjective analysis of the case. (b) What will you do in such a situation?(250 words) (20 marks).##Answer:Approach: (a)Objective Analysis: The constitution of India caters to treat everybody as equal before the law irrespective of his religion. Thus, the religious community in the question should not be dealt with any special treatment. As a civil servant, an officer should follow the guidelines of SC as its interpretation is final and binding in India. If he violates the law he has to answer to his superiors for such a violation. The religious community is part of the Indian population. Therefore, their customs and beliefs should be respected. Subjective Analysis: Religion plays an important part in the lives of people in India. If the structure is removed, the action can be given a communal color. Since our model of secularism respect all the religion equally, their sentiment should also be respected. Leadership quality of civil service also demands not to antagonize any community. ( b)My Approach: Community activities can be taken up on government land but proper permission needs to be taken so I will ask that community to take requisite permission in a written manner. Any temporary religious structures on public land have a high chance of becoming permanent structures. And then it will become impossible to demolish them due to the sentiments and emotions attached to them. Hence, religious sentiments also need to be taken into account while giving any course of action, and also there should be swift demolition if needed. We need to understand what is our duty in the said role and also prudential application of mind is needed. I will be firm that no permit shall be granted any public land for a religious grant. If rules permit some public property allocated for this purpose, then permission shall be given for that. As a district officer, it is my responsibility to maintain law and order and peace in the district and I will also to ensure sentiments of the community is not hurt. Therefore to maintain such balance permission will be granted till festive month but after that demolition will be carried out under the municipal act, following proper procedures and discussions with influential and important members of the religious community such that peace would not be disturbed.
| 70,545
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What do you understand by robotics? Briefly discuss its applications in various fields. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: A brief introduction to robotics. In the main body, applications of robotics in various fields can be discussed. A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: A robot is a programmed machine to execute tasks that makes human life easier. Robotics is the science and technology of robots including their design, manufacture, and application. It is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes electronics, computer science, etc. APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS In agriculture Robots can be used for farming on a large scale. Farming can be done even in rugged and harsh terrain areas. Farming work like plowing, sowing, harvesting, and threshing can be done more efficiently. It can be used in weeding out pests and unwanted hubs. It can be used in preventing attacks on stray animals. Replacement for human labor Hazardous work- coal mines, manual scavenging, chemical, and nuclear waste handling, bomb disposal squad. Monotonous jobs- work in assembly lines can be taken up by robots. Rescue operations- to reach out to dangerous sites like the edge of buildings or fire-affected areas. Space robotics Robots can explore alien terrain, and navigate autonomously. Thus, unmanned missions into areas where it is not possible to send humans robotics play a crucial role. Logistics Warehouse management Delivery of goods Disaster management Surveying of flood-affected areas and delivering food packets Medical sector Robotically assisted surgery. Eg- AIIMS, New Delhi has successfully performed robotic surgery where it removed the thymus gland from a patient suffering from ‘Myasthenia Gravis" There are recent advancements like the Centre of Robotics and Mechatronics IIT Kanpur, Centre for AI and Robotics, Bangalore has developed CHATUR Robot, an intelligent robot with vision sensors that can pick up objects within its visual, etc.
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##Question:What do you understand by robotics? Briefly discuss its applications in various fields. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction to robotics. In the main body, applications of robotics in various fields can be discussed. A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: A robot is a programmed machine to execute tasks that makes human life easier. Robotics is the science and technology of robots including their design, manufacture, and application. It is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes electronics, computer science, etc. APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS In agriculture Robots can be used for farming on a large scale. Farming can be done even in rugged and harsh terrain areas. Farming work like plowing, sowing, harvesting, and threshing can be done more efficiently. It can be used in weeding out pests and unwanted hubs. It can be used in preventing attacks on stray animals. Replacement for human labor Hazardous work- coal mines, manual scavenging, chemical, and nuclear waste handling, bomb disposal squad. Monotonous jobs- work in assembly lines can be taken up by robots. Rescue operations- to reach out to dangerous sites like the edge of buildings or fire-affected areas. Space robotics Robots can explore alien terrain, and navigate autonomously. Thus, unmanned missions into areas where it is not possible to send humans robotics play a crucial role. Logistics Warehouse management Delivery of goods Disaster management Surveying of flood-affected areas and delivering food packets Medical sector Robotically assisted surgery. Eg- AIIMS, New Delhi has successfully performed robotic surgery where it removed the thymus gland from a patient suffering from ‘Myasthenia Gravis" There are recent advancements like the Centre of Robotics and Mechatronics IIT Kanpur, Centre for AI and Robotics, Bangalore has developed CHATUR Robot, an intelligent robot with vision sensors that can pick up objects within its visual, etc.
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