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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
| 71,109
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
| 71,110
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
| 71,111
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
| 71,112
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
|
Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and never as merely `means"." Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer: Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and should not be treated as merely "means" to serve some ends". What do you mean by this statement? Justify with examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer : Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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##Question:"Human beings should always be treated as "ends" in themselves and should not be treated as merely "means" to serve some ends". What do you mean by this statement? Justify with examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly by explaining in breif about Immanuel Kant and his perspective of the quote In the body explain the significance and meaning of the quote with example Conclude briefly Answer : Immanuel Kant’s theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must under all circumstances betreated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many. The philosopher immanuel kant once said “act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves,never as mere means”. The idea here is that other people are valuable not merely in so far as they can serve our purposes;they are also valuable in themselves. Kant said that rational human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else. The fact that we are human has value in itself.If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value doesn’t depend on anything else – it doesn’t depend on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other people’s lives better. We exist, so we have value. This idea applies to us too. We shouldn’t treat ourselves as a means to our own ends; instead we should respect our inherent worth. This can be used as an argument against euthanasia, suicide and other behaviors that damage us. The signnificance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life it provides a maxiim, which can be very useful in making ethical choices.stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.it is very important especially in the present society,which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberlism. Taking the example of slavery where human beings are treated as “means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This lead to inequality in society where one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive. Some people justify the slavery on the premises that it was based on contract between master and slave. But this argument does not hold ground because slave did not accept to slavery on free will and they might not be in their right state of mind thinking rationally and make a decision. In the present society,every human action has been commodified,every person used to charge for his services and those who cannot work like disabled and old age people are considered useless for the society.every human life isnot equal,life of a rich is more important than the poor,poor people are being eexploitation by the rich for their personal benefits.Discrimination,margininnalistion,exploitation and as a result ineaquality is increasing at a faster pace. Another simple example of exam time friendships where one befriends an intelligent student just to take her help to pass exam and then ditch her and go away with old friends after exams. This will hurt the dignity of student as she is just being used as a means to achieve the end. On the other hand they could have been friends for forever enjoying the company of each other and helping each other in times of need. In this case the intrinsic value of intelligent student was respected. Kant philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means, therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between relative importance of means and ends. If we really wnt to reserve these situations and humanity to prosper,we need to implement this phrase in’letter and sprit”in our life.
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: It was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Conclusion : Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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##Question:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: It was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Conclusion : Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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Discuss the emergence of Mahajanapada with special reference to reasons for the rising of Magadha as the most powerful Mahajanapada. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly mention the background of the Mhajanapadas in the introduction. Then discuss the emergence of the Mahajanapadas mentioning 16 Mahajanapadas. Highlight various reasons for the rise of Magadh as the Most Powerful Mahakjanapada. Conclude your answer based on the above point. Answer: After the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization, there was a genesis of multiple economic and political activity-centric urban centers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Indo-Gangetic Plain was fertile, thus agricultural activity flourished, resulting in the formation of Mahajanapadas. The Mahajapadas is a compound term consisting of maha meaning “great”, and janapada meaning” foothold of a people. The emergence of Mahajanapada in the 6th century BC: The Mahajanapadas were a set of sixteen kingdoms that existed in ancient India. It all began when the tribes (Janas) of the late Vedic period decided to form their own territorial communities, which eventually gave rise to new and permanent areas of settlements called ‘states’ or ‘janapadas.’ In the sixth century BC, present-day Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh became centers of political activities as the region was not only fertile but also closer to the iron production centers. The nature of administration was either monarchy, oligarchy, or republics. The Mahajanapada history can be traced with the help of Buddhist and Jainism texts such as The Anguttar Nikaya and Mahavastu (Buddhist text); Bhagwati Sutra (Jain text) 16 Mahajanapadas: Kosala (Shravasthi); Vatsa ( Kausambi); Kashi (Benaras); Malla (Kushinagar); Vajji (Vaishali); Magadh (Rajgriha); Anga (Champa); Chedi ( Suktimati); Kuru (Hastinapur); Panchal (Ahhichatra/ Kampilya); Shurasena (Mathura); Matsya (Viratnagar); Assaamaica (Potana); Taxila (Gandhara); Kamboja (Rajpura); Avanti (Ujjain/ Maheshmati); Initially, Kashi and Kosala were quite powerful but over the period, Magadh became the most powerful Mhajanapada . Rise of Magadh as Most Powerful MahaJanapada Magadh was strategically located. The capital of Magadh Rajgriha was surrounded by five mountains which in turn provided natural safety of capital. Magadh was situated on the confluence of many rivers which in turn promoted trade and commerce through river channels. The Himalayan rivers brought silt and moraine which in turn increased the fertility in the Magadh area. Magadh was heavily forested which was a great source of medicinal plants and very good quality timber. Magadh was the abode of the iron reservoir with which they created very good quality tools and it further facilitated their growth. The society of Magadh was unorthodox and the rulers were enterprising. The era of the Mahajanapadas saw the emergence of India’s first large cities after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization, as well as the rise of Buddhism and Jainism which challenged the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic Period.
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##Question:Discuss the emergence of Mahajanapada with special reference to reasons for the rising of Magadha as the most powerful Mahajanapada. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly mention the background of the Mhajanapadas in the introduction. Then discuss the emergence of the Mahajanapadas mentioning 16 Mahajanapadas. Highlight various reasons for the rise of Magadh as the Most Powerful Mahakjanapada. Conclude your answer based on the above point. Answer: After the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization, there was a genesis of multiple economic and political activity-centric urban centers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Indo-Gangetic Plain was fertile, thus agricultural activity flourished, resulting in the formation of Mahajanapadas. The Mahajapadas is a compound term consisting of maha meaning “great”, and janapada meaning” foothold of a people. The emergence of Mahajanapada in the 6th century BC: The Mahajanapadas were a set of sixteen kingdoms that existed in ancient India. It all began when the tribes (Janas) of the late Vedic period decided to form their own territorial communities, which eventually gave rise to new and permanent areas of settlements called ‘states’ or ‘janapadas.’ In the sixth century BC, present-day Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh became centers of political activities as the region was not only fertile but also closer to the iron production centers. The nature of administration was either monarchy, oligarchy, or republics. The Mahajanapada history can be traced with the help of Buddhist and Jainism texts such as The Anguttar Nikaya and Mahavastu (Buddhist text); Bhagwati Sutra (Jain text) 16 Mahajanapadas: Kosala (Shravasthi); Vatsa ( Kausambi); Kashi (Benaras); Malla (Kushinagar); Vajji (Vaishali); Magadh (Rajgriha); Anga (Champa); Chedi ( Suktimati); Kuru (Hastinapur); Panchal (Ahhichatra/ Kampilya); Shurasena (Mathura); Matsya (Viratnagar); Assaamaica (Potana); Taxila (Gandhara); Kamboja (Rajpura); Avanti (Ujjain/ Maheshmati); Initially, Kashi and Kosala were quite powerful but over the period, Magadh became the most powerful Mhajanapada . Rise of Magadh as Most Powerful MahaJanapada Magadh was strategically located. The capital of Magadh Rajgriha was surrounded by five mountains which in turn provided natural safety of capital. Magadh was situated on the confluence of many rivers which in turn promoted trade and commerce through river channels. The Himalayan rivers brought silt and moraine which in turn increased the fertility in the Magadh area. Magadh was heavily forested which was a great source of medicinal plants and very good quality timber. Magadh was the abode of the iron reservoir with which they created very good quality tools and it further facilitated their growth. The society of Magadh was unorthodox and the rulers were enterprising. The era of the Mahajanapadas saw the emergence of India’s first large cities after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization, as well as the rise of Buddhism and Jainism which challenged the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic Period.
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Explain the relationship between bond price and interest rate at individual and at the level of the economy as a whole. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: In the introduction write a direct relationship between bond price and interest rate. In main body explain speculation briefly Further elaborate upon at personal level and wider econom-level dynamics As a concluding para give final remarks Answer: The Relationship between bond price and interest rate can be cited as: 1) If the interest rate increases this means bond prices will fall, because bonds will become relatively fewer attractive and so holders of bonds will be in loss 2) If the interest rate decreases means bond prices will rise, because bonds will become relatively more attractive, holders of bonds will be in profit Speculation If a person expects: two possibilities: 1) Interest rates to fall, expect the bond price to rise, will hold on to bonds or even buy more bonds with excess money, all excess money will be converted to bonds, excess money is not possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be less 2) Interest rates to increase, expect the bond price to fall, will sell existing bonds or not buy more bonds with excess money, all excess money will be possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be high At economy-wide level: 1) When the interest rate is high at present, more people in the economy expect it to fall in the future, therefore people are willing to buy more bonds therefore overall speculative demand for money will be less 2) When the interest rate is high at present, more people expect it to rise, people are likely to sell their bonds, therefore speculative demand will be high, therefore interest rates is inversely proportional to asset prices, also IR is inversely proportional to speculative demand That is, when r(interest rate) is high MDs will below When r is low MDs will be high, people will maintain excess liquid money over and above transaction demand and not convert it into assets Therefore everybody expects that IR will fall from here and hence asset prices will increase, so nobody holds money so speculative demand (MDs) is zero r (min) is the IR at which everybody expects that IR will not fall from here rather they will only rise Therefore nobody buys an asset as they expect asset prices to fall in the future, hence everybody holds the excess money rather than converting it into assets here MDs is infinite.
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##Question:Explain the relationship between bond price and interest rate at individual and at the level of the economy as a whole. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction write a direct relationship between bond price and interest rate. In main body explain speculation briefly Further elaborate upon at personal level and wider econom-level dynamics As a concluding para give final remarks Answer: The Relationship between bond price and interest rate can be cited as: 1) If the interest rate increases this means bond prices will fall, because bonds will become relatively fewer attractive and so holders of bonds will be in loss 2) If the interest rate decreases means bond prices will rise, because bonds will become relatively more attractive, holders of bonds will be in profit Speculation If a person expects: two possibilities: 1) Interest rates to fall, expect the bond price to rise, will hold on to bonds or even buy more bonds with excess money, all excess money will be converted to bonds, excess money is not possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be less 2) Interest rates to increase, expect the bond price to fall, will sell existing bonds or not buy more bonds with excess money, all excess money will be possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be high At economy-wide level: 1) When the interest rate is high at present, more people in the economy expect it to fall in the future, therefore people are willing to buy more bonds therefore overall speculative demand for money will be less 2) When the interest rate is high at present, more people expect it to rise, people are likely to sell their bonds, therefore speculative demand will be high, therefore interest rates is inversely proportional to asset prices, also IR is inversely proportional to speculative demand That is, when r(interest rate) is high MDs will below When r is low MDs will be high, people will maintain excess liquid money over and above transaction demand and not convert it into assets Therefore everybody expects that IR will fall from here and hence asset prices will increase, so nobody holds money so speculative demand (MDs) is zero r (min) is the IR at which everybody expects that IR will not fall from here rather they will only rise Therefore nobody buys an asset as they expect asset prices to fall in the future, hence everybody holds the excess money rather than converting it into assets here MDs is infinite.
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Discuss the relationship between bond price and interest rate at individual and at the level of economy as a whole (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In the introduction write a direct relationship between bond price and interest rate. In main body explain speculation briefly Further elaborate upon at personal level and wider economy-level dynamics As a concluding para give final remarks Answer: The Relationship between bond price and interest rate can be cited as: 1) If the interest rate increases this means bond prices will fall because bonds will become relatively fewer attractive and so holders of bonds will be in a loss 2) If the interest rate decreases, means bond prices will rise because bonds will become relatively more attractive, holders of bonds will be in profit Speculation If a person expects: two possibilities: 1) Interest rates to fall, expect the bond price to rise, will hold on to bonds or even buy more bonds with excess money, all excess money will be converted to bonds, excess money is not possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be less 2) Interest rates to increase, expect the bond price to fall, will sell existing bonds or not buy more bonds with excess money , all excess money will be possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be high At economy-wide level: 1) When the interest rate is high at present, more people in the economy expect it to fall in the future, therefore people are willing to buy more bonds therefore overall speculative demand for money will be less 2) When the interest rate is high at present, more people expect it to rise, people are likely to sell their bonds, therefore speculative demand will be high, therefore interest rates is inversely proportional to asset prices, also IR is inversely proportional to speculative demand That is, when r(interest rate) is high MDs will below When r is low MDs will be high, people will maintain excess liquid money over and above transaction demand and not convert it into assets Therefore everybody expects that IR will fall from here and hence asset prices will increase, so nobody holds money so speculative demand (MDs) is zero r (min) is the IR at which everybody expects that IR will not fall from here rather they will only rise Therefore, nobody buys an asset as they expect asset prices to fall in the future, hence everybody holds the excess money rather than converting it into assets here MDs is infinite.
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##Question:Discuss the relationship between bond price and interest rate at individual and at the level of economy as a whole (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction write a direct relationship between bond price and interest rate. In main body explain speculation briefly Further elaborate upon at personal level and wider economy-level dynamics As a concluding para give final remarks Answer: The Relationship between bond price and interest rate can be cited as: 1) If the interest rate increases this means bond prices will fall because bonds will become relatively fewer attractive and so holders of bonds will be in a loss 2) If the interest rate decreases, means bond prices will rise because bonds will become relatively more attractive, holders of bonds will be in profit Speculation If a person expects: two possibilities: 1) Interest rates to fall, expect the bond price to rise, will hold on to bonds or even buy more bonds with excess money, all excess money will be converted to bonds, excess money is not possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be less 2) Interest rates to increase, expect the bond price to fall, will sell existing bonds or not buy more bonds with excess money , all excess money will be possessed in liquid form, speculative demand of money will be high At economy-wide level: 1) When the interest rate is high at present, more people in the economy expect it to fall in the future, therefore people are willing to buy more bonds therefore overall speculative demand for money will be less 2) When the interest rate is high at present, more people expect it to rise, people are likely to sell their bonds, therefore speculative demand will be high, therefore interest rates is inversely proportional to asset prices, also IR is inversely proportional to speculative demand That is, when r(interest rate) is high MDs will below When r is low MDs will be high, people will maintain excess liquid money over and above transaction demand and not convert it into assets Therefore everybody expects that IR will fall from here and hence asset prices will increase, so nobody holds money so speculative demand (MDs) is zero r (min) is the IR at which everybody expects that IR will not fall from here rather they will only rise Therefore, nobody buys an asset as they expect asset prices to fall in the future, hence everybody holds the excess money rather than converting it into assets here MDs is infinite.
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एक दोषसिद्ध लुटेरा धर्मार्थ योगदान करने का निर्णय करता है। वह एक अस्पताल को बच्चों की शाखा का निर्माण करने के लिए 1 मिलियन डॉलर से अधिक की पेशकश करता है। वह नई इमारत का नाम अपने नाम पर रखने पर ही योगदान देने की शर्त रखता है। अस्पताल का बोर्ड इस शर्त के साथ उपहार स्वीकार कर लेता है। आपके मतानुसार क्या अस्पताल द्वारा उपहार स्वीकार करना सही था? (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) A convicted mobster decides to make a charitable contribution. He offers more than $1 million to a hospital to build a children’s wing. He will make the contribution if the new pavilion is named after him. The hospital board accepts the gift, with that stipulation. Do you think the hospital was right in accepting the gift? (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: सर्वप्रथम, इस केस में नैतिक दुविधा को पहचानते हुए लिखिए- दोषसिद्ध लुटेरे से आर्थिक सहायता लेने की दुविधा। दिया गया दान धर्मार्थ है और बच्चों की सुविधा के लिए दिया गया है। दिए गए दान के आधार पर बनी इमारत का नाम भी लुटेरे के नाम पर होने से उत्पन्न दुविधा। उसके पश्चात प्रत्येक दुविधा पर अपना मत रखिए, जो निम्न आधारों पर हो सकते हैं- महात्मा गांधी का साध्य और साधन दोनों पवित्र होने का सिद्धांत- लुटेरे के इस प्रकार के दान का साध्य (बच्चों को बेहतर स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं प्राप्त करवाना) तो पवित्र है लेकिन इसका साधन (लूटी हुई राशि) अपवित्र है। उपयोगितावाद का सिद्धांत- यहाँ पर क्योंकि धन तो लूटा जा चुका है अर्थात जो बुरा होना था वह तो हो चुका है लेकिन अब लुटेरा कुछ अच्छा करना चाहता है, जिससे समाज के कमजोर वर्ग को विशेष लाभ मिलेगा। लुटेरे की रॉबिनहुड की छवि की आकांक्षा- लुटेरे का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य समाज में अपनी छवि को अच्छा करना है न कि समाज का भला करना, क्योंकि लुटेरे की शर्त है कि इमारत का नाम उसके नाम पर होना चाहिए। इसलिए लुटेरे का दान देने की इच्छा पवित्र नहीं है। जॉन रोल्स का न्याय का सिद्धांत- समाज के कमजोर वर्ग को विशेष सुविधा देने के लिए इस धन का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। अंत में, उपरोक्त विश्लेषण के आधार पर आप अपना निर्णय दीजिए। यहाँ पर क्योंकि एक विकासशील देश को आर्थिक सहायता की हमेशा आवश्यकता होती है इसलिए इस धन को स्वीकार किया जा सकता है लेकिन इमारत का नाम लुटेरे के नाम पर रखने की शर्त को हटाया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि इससे समाज में अपराध करके छवि सुधारने के लिए दान देने की प्रवृत्ति को प्रोत्साहन मिल सकता है।
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##Question:एक दोषसिद्ध लुटेरा धर्मार्थ योगदान करने का निर्णय करता है। वह एक अस्पताल को बच्चों की शाखा का निर्माण करने के लिए 1 मिलियन डॉलर से अधिक की पेशकश करता है। वह नई इमारत का नाम अपने नाम पर रखने पर ही योगदान देने की शर्त रखता है। अस्पताल का बोर्ड इस शर्त के साथ उपहार स्वीकार कर लेता है। आपके मतानुसार क्या अस्पताल द्वारा उपहार स्वीकार करना सही था? (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) A convicted mobster decides to make a charitable contribution. He offers more than $1 million to a hospital to build a children’s wing. He will make the contribution if the new pavilion is named after him. The hospital board accepts the gift, with that stipulation. Do you think the hospital was right in accepting the gift? (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सर्वप्रथम, इस केस में नैतिक दुविधा को पहचानते हुए लिखिए- दोषसिद्ध लुटेरे से आर्थिक सहायता लेने की दुविधा। दिया गया दान धर्मार्थ है और बच्चों की सुविधा के लिए दिया गया है। दिए गए दान के आधार पर बनी इमारत का नाम भी लुटेरे के नाम पर होने से उत्पन्न दुविधा। उसके पश्चात प्रत्येक दुविधा पर अपना मत रखिए, जो निम्न आधारों पर हो सकते हैं- महात्मा गांधी का साध्य और साधन दोनों पवित्र होने का सिद्धांत- लुटेरे के इस प्रकार के दान का साध्य (बच्चों को बेहतर स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं प्राप्त करवाना) तो पवित्र है लेकिन इसका साधन (लूटी हुई राशि) अपवित्र है। उपयोगितावाद का सिद्धांत- यहाँ पर क्योंकि धन तो लूटा जा चुका है अर्थात जो बुरा होना था वह तो हो चुका है लेकिन अब लुटेरा कुछ अच्छा करना चाहता है, जिससे समाज के कमजोर वर्ग को विशेष लाभ मिलेगा। लुटेरे की रॉबिनहुड की छवि की आकांक्षा- लुटेरे का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य समाज में अपनी छवि को अच्छा करना है न कि समाज का भला करना, क्योंकि लुटेरे की शर्त है कि इमारत का नाम उसके नाम पर होना चाहिए। इसलिए लुटेरे का दान देने की इच्छा पवित्र नहीं है। जॉन रोल्स का न्याय का सिद्धांत- समाज के कमजोर वर्ग को विशेष सुविधा देने के लिए इस धन का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। अंत में, उपरोक्त विश्लेषण के आधार पर आप अपना निर्णय दीजिए। यहाँ पर क्योंकि एक विकासशील देश को आर्थिक सहायता की हमेशा आवश्यकता होती है इसलिए इस धन को स्वीकार किया जा सकता है लेकिन इमारत का नाम लुटेरे के नाम पर रखने की शर्त को हटाया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि इससे समाज में अपराध करके छवि सुधारने के लिए दान देने की प्रवृत्ति को प्रोत्साहन मिल सकता है।
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Giving a brief account of the Mauryan Polity and Administration, discuss why did the Great emperor Ashoka abandon the policy of Bherigosh and adopted Buddhism? (10 marks/150 Marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about Mauryan Period in starting. Highlight some aspects of the Mauryan political system & Administration. Also, discuss how Ashoka changed his policy after the Battle of Kalinga. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the Mauryan Empire dominated ancient India from 322 BCE to 187 BCE. It became one of the largest empires of its time. The capital city of the empire was at Pataliputra (now Patna,) and the empire extended across Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plan towards the east. Mauryan political system & Administration. The Mauryans were the first ones to provide a unified political entity in the country. As described by the Kautilya in the Arthashastra, the administrative organization of the Empire was in sync with the bureaucracy. There were Seven organs/limbs of the Mauryan Administration known as Saptanga. These are 1) Swami or Samrat (Monarch), 2) Amatya (Minister), 3) Bala (Army), 4) Kosha (Treasury), 5) Durg or Janapada (Fort & Neighbourhood), 6) Mitra (Ally), 7) Shatru (Enemy). The entire Mauryan territory was divided into 5 provinces which are as follows: 1) Uttarapantha (Taxila), 2) Dakshinapantha (Suvarnagiri), 3) Kalinga (Toshali), 4) Poorvaprant (Pataliputra), 5) Paschimprant (Ujjaini). Kumara or the royal prince was the chief of the provincial administration. He served as the king’s representative and governed the provinces. The council of ministers and Mahamatyas served as assistants to the kumara. The same organizational structure was seen at the imperial level that consisted of the Emperor and his Council of Ministers or the Mantriparishad. The defense and expansion of the empire is accredited to the army, regarded as the largest army during the Iron Age. Going by Megasthenes, the empire commanded a military of thirty-thousand cavalry, nine thousand war elephants, six lakh infantry, and eight thousand chariots, besides numerous attendants and followers. A vast surveillance system helped in gathering intelligence for both external and internal security. Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire with the help of Chanakya. Chandragupta Maurya’s son Bindusara succeeded him and reigned from 298-272 BCE. Bindusara continued to extend the Mauryan Empire by conquering central India.Bindusara was succeeded by his son Ashoka, who ruled from 272 to 232 BCE. He is recognized as one of the most remarkable and brilliant commanders not only in the history of India but also across the globe. He re-asserted the Empire’s superiority in western and southern India. He was an aggressive as well as an ambitious monarch. The most significant political event of Ashoka’s life was his conquest of Kalinga, which changed his overall policy from military annexation to the path of Buddhism. This is because of the following: It is said that more than 1 lakh people died or were massacred in this battle. The battle was fought at the site of Dhauli and on the banks of the Daya river. When Ashoka saw the blood-red Daya river, he was full of guilt and rumors. Although he was able to expand his empire after a bloody Kalinga war, the bloodshed and sufferings of people forced him to renounce warfare and embrace Buddhism. Thereafter, he decided to rule by ‘Bhamma’ and sent out missionaries to spread the message of peace and non-violence. Ashoka accepted Buddhism and in 250 BC, he convened the 3rd Buddhist council at Patliputra which was presided by Buddhist monk Mogaliputta Tissa. He also sent Buddhist missions to East Asia, Central Asia. He sends his son and daughter, Mahendra and Sanghamitra to Srilanka for the propagation of Buddhism. The principles of ahimsa were implemented by Ashoka by banning violent sports activity and hunting. Though Ashoka renounced warfare, a powerful and large army was maintained by him to ensure peace and authority. Friendly relations were expanded with states across Europe and Asia. Buddhist missions were also sponsored by him. He became one of the most famous monarchs in the history of India with more than half a century"s reign of harmony, peace, and prosperity.
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##Question:Giving a brief account of the Mauryan Polity and Administration, discuss why did the Great emperor Ashoka abandon the policy of Bherigosh and adopted Buddhism? (10 marks/150 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about Mauryan Period in starting. Highlight some aspects of the Mauryan political system & Administration. Also, discuss how Ashoka changed his policy after the Battle of Kalinga. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the Mauryan Empire dominated ancient India from 322 BCE to 187 BCE. It became one of the largest empires of its time. The capital city of the empire was at Pataliputra (now Patna,) and the empire extended across Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plan towards the east. Mauryan political system & Administration. The Mauryans were the first ones to provide a unified political entity in the country. As described by the Kautilya in the Arthashastra, the administrative organization of the Empire was in sync with the bureaucracy. There were Seven organs/limbs of the Mauryan Administration known as Saptanga. These are 1) Swami or Samrat (Monarch), 2) Amatya (Minister), 3) Bala (Army), 4) Kosha (Treasury), 5) Durg or Janapada (Fort & Neighbourhood), 6) Mitra (Ally), 7) Shatru (Enemy). The entire Mauryan territory was divided into 5 provinces which are as follows: 1) Uttarapantha (Taxila), 2) Dakshinapantha (Suvarnagiri), 3) Kalinga (Toshali), 4) Poorvaprant (Pataliputra), 5) Paschimprant (Ujjaini). Kumara or the royal prince was the chief of the provincial administration. He served as the king’s representative and governed the provinces. The council of ministers and Mahamatyas served as assistants to the kumara. The same organizational structure was seen at the imperial level that consisted of the Emperor and his Council of Ministers or the Mantriparishad. The defense and expansion of the empire is accredited to the army, regarded as the largest army during the Iron Age. Going by Megasthenes, the empire commanded a military of thirty-thousand cavalry, nine thousand war elephants, six lakh infantry, and eight thousand chariots, besides numerous attendants and followers. A vast surveillance system helped in gathering intelligence for both external and internal security. Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire with the help of Chanakya. Chandragupta Maurya’s son Bindusara succeeded him and reigned from 298-272 BCE. Bindusara continued to extend the Mauryan Empire by conquering central India.Bindusara was succeeded by his son Ashoka, who ruled from 272 to 232 BCE. He is recognized as one of the most remarkable and brilliant commanders not only in the history of India but also across the globe. He re-asserted the Empire’s superiority in western and southern India. He was an aggressive as well as an ambitious monarch. The most significant political event of Ashoka’s life was his conquest of Kalinga, which changed his overall policy from military annexation to the path of Buddhism. This is because of the following: It is said that more than 1 lakh people died or were massacred in this battle. The battle was fought at the site of Dhauli and on the banks of the Daya river. When Ashoka saw the blood-red Daya river, he was full of guilt and rumors. Although he was able to expand his empire after a bloody Kalinga war, the bloodshed and sufferings of people forced him to renounce warfare and embrace Buddhism. Thereafter, he decided to rule by ‘Bhamma’ and sent out missionaries to spread the message of peace and non-violence. Ashoka accepted Buddhism and in 250 BC, he convened the 3rd Buddhist council at Patliputra which was presided by Buddhist monk Mogaliputta Tissa. He also sent Buddhist missions to East Asia, Central Asia. He sends his son and daughter, Mahendra and Sanghamitra to Srilanka for the propagation of Buddhism. The principles of ahimsa were implemented by Ashoka by banning violent sports activity and hunting. Though Ashoka renounced warfare, a powerful and large army was maintained by him to ensure peace and authority. Friendly relations were expanded with states across Europe and Asia. Buddhist missions were also sponsored by him. He became one of the most famous monarchs in the history of India with more than half a century"s reign of harmony, peace, and prosperity.
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What do you mean by the Bureaucratic theory of organisation? Describe different features of the bureaucratic theory given by Weber. (10 marks, 150 words)
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Approach: Introduction- Brief explanation of bureaucratic attitude Main body- Weber"s thought in terms of bureaucratic attitude Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be given by the student. Answer: Strict adherence to rules and regulations shows a bureaucratic attitude. On the basis of the rules and values adopted by the public servants in the discharge of their responsibilities, the above attitude develops in them. The bureaucratic attitude has been created on the basis of various forms of power. As per Weber, there are 3 types of authorities:- a) Traditional- based on the customs b) Charismatic- based on personal traits. c) Legal rational- based on laws (Bureaucracy is part of this). Weber"s views on bureaucratic attitude According to Weber, strict adherence to rules and regulations exposes the attitude of the bureaucrats but it gives rise to red tape in the functioning of the bureaucracy. Rules and laws are only means, but their strict compliance becomes an end for the bureaucracy and as a result, the real objectives are not possible be achieved by the bureaucracy. Weber gives the following characteristics of bureaucracy: It has rigid functioning It has flexible functioning. It undermines the participation of people Promotes people’s participation It gives importance to centralization. It gives importance to de-centralization. It gives importance to the maintenance of the status quo. It gives importance to change orientation. It gives importance to economic benefit as a source of motivation. It gives importance to economic as well as non-economic benefits. It gives importance to secrecy. It gives importance to transparency. It gives importance to internal accountability Another side of the coin: Weber gives importance to objectivity in the ethical behavior of a bureaucracy. Weber gives importance to the sphere of competence which is meant to prevent the misuse or abuse of discretions by the civil servants. Weber gives importance to the segregation or demarcation between the public/ private resources. Bureaucrats are considered to be the custodian or the guardian of the public resources and therefore, public resources should not be utilized for the sake of private interest. It is one of the pre-requisite conditions for the optimal utilization of the public fund. The perspective of Max Weber gives importance to the dedication on the part of public officials. According to Weber, the bureaucracy should be neutral to the political ideology of the ruling political party. Hence the credit for developing the concept of neutrality goes to Max Weber. To reduce the practical limitations of a bureaucratic-based attitude in neutral public servants, it is very important to have a democratic attitude, especially for fulfilling democratic public expectations, there should also be a sense of dedication in public servants. Bureaucratic attitude is based on centralization of power in governance which is different from democratic attitude because the basic basis of democratic attitude is delegation and decentralization of power.
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##Question:What do you mean by the Bureaucratic theory of organisation? Describe different features of the bureaucratic theory given by Weber. (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Brief explanation of bureaucratic attitude Main body- Weber"s thought in terms of bureaucratic attitude Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be given by the student. Answer: Strict adherence to rules and regulations shows a bureaucratic attitude. On the basis of the rules and values adopted by the public servants in the discharge of their responsibilities, the above attitude develops in them. The bureaucratic attitude has been created on the basis of various forms of power. As per Weber, there are 3 types of authorities:- a) Traditional- based on the customs b) Charismatic- based on personal traits. c) Legal rational- based on laws (Bureaucracy is part of this). Weber"s views on bureaucratic attitude According to Weber, strict adherence to rules and regulations exposes the attitude of the bureaucrats but it gives rise to red tape in the functioning of the bureaucracy. Rules and laws are only means, but their strict compliance becomes an end for the bureaucracy and as a result, the real objectives are not possible be achieved by the bureaucracy. Weber gives the following characteristics of bureaucracy: It has rigid functioning It has flexible functioning. It undermines the participation of people Promotes people’s participation It gives importance to centralization. It gives importance to de-centralization. It gives importance to the maintenance of the status quo. It gives importance to change orientation. It gives importance to economic benefit as a source of motivation. It gives importance to economic as well as non-economic benefits. It gives importance to secrecy. It gives importance to transparency. It gives importance to internal accountability Another side of the coin: Weber gives importance to objectivity in the ethical behavior of a bureaucracy. Weber gives importance to the sphere of competence which is meant to prevent the misuse or abuse of discretions by the civil servants. Weber gives importance to the segregation or demarcation between the public/ private resources. Bureaucrats are considered to be the custodian or the guardian of the public resources and therefore, public resources should not be utilized for the sake of private interest. It is one of the pre-requisite conditions for the optimal utilization of the public fund. The perspective of Max Weber gives importance to the dedication on the part of public officials. According to Weber, the bureaucracy should be neutral to the political ideology of the ruling political party. Hence the credit for developing the concept of neutrality goes to Max Weber. To reduce the practical limitations of a bureaucratic-based attitude in neutral public servants, it is very important to have a democratic attitude, especially for fulfilling democratic public expectations, there should also be a sense of dedication in public servants. Bureaucratic attitude is based on centralization of power in governance which is different from democratic attitude because the basic basis of democratic attitude is delegation and decentralization of power.
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Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]
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Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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##Question:Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]
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Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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##Question:Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]
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Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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##Question:Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]
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Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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##Question:Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]
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Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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##Question:Mention how the classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Answer: Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture, and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance in India. Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th century. The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa). The three main components are- Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation of characters) Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form) Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures). The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder, and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for establishing the characteristics of the dances. classical dance of India enforced within itself, the aspect of Salvation in the following manner in different classical dance: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) : The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. Kathak (North India): Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers. Kathakali (Kerala) : Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical instruments. Kuchipuddi (Andhra-Pradesh) In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit. Mohiniyattam (Kerala) : Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala. Odissi (Odisha) : The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Sattriya (Assam): The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava faith. Manipuri (Manipur) : The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe. The concept of Moksha/Salvation emerges from the concept of purushartha. Purush here refers to the primal man, who is the source of the universe. Scholars believe that this purush is not gender-specific and can include both men and women. Artha means the purpose or aim of life. Therefore purushartha refers to the aims in life. We all must design our lives in such a way that we fulfill our purushartha. The better we fulfill our aims of life, the higher are the chances of attaining moksha. Ashim Bandhu Bhattacharya is a name to reckon with in the field of Kathak in Kolkata. He said, As for me, my salvation is through dance. My only aim is to spend my entire life with dance
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status : It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status : It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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##Question:Critically analyse to what extent the Socio-economic Caste Census (SECC) will help in the identification and alleviation of poverty? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction to the census 2. Brief explanation of Socio-Economic Caste census and mention how SECC is helpful in the identification and alleviation of poverty and also highlight its limitations as the question has asked for the critical analysis. 3. Add some suggestions 4. Conclusion: The answer can be concluded by giving some suggestions Answer: The practice of conducting a Census originated in 1881. The Census of India enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population. However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society. In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011 SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their: 1. Economic status: It allows Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person. 2. Caste-specific information: It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. Due to these specialized features of SECC, it is considered to have the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level. This identification will help policymakers in targeting these people and as a result, alleviate poverty. Associated Concerns With SECC: 1. Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census. There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts. 2. Caste Is Context-specific: Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example, People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate. They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure. Marriage to a well-educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country. Way Forward: 1. Utilizing Existing Data: As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, and nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis. 2. Digital Alternatives: Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective. However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected. Conclusion While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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Against the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, the majority of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. Conclusion: As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:Against the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, the majority of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. Conclusion: As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
| 71,252
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction on the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in Rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 percent while the rest 20 percent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 percent of the hospitals and 81 percent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 wheras In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. Private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as Fundamental right. In order to ensure greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percent of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction on the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in Rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 percent while the rest 20 percent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 percent of the hospitals and 81 percent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 wheras In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. Private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as Fundamental right. In order to ensure greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percent of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
| 71,255
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
| 71,256
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Indian Healthcare System and suggested measures so as to ensure its readiness for future challenges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges And Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of the Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: (a) perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) (b) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) 3. Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while the major chunk 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. 4. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most of the doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. 5. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector to healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work with a profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. 6. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. 7. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, No of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added to this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government toward health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget on health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: It was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Conclusion : Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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##Question:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: It was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Conclusion : Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
| 71,288
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. -It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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##Question:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. -It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. -It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language due to the large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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##Question:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. -It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language due to the large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. -It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language due to the large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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##Question:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. -It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language due to the large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer : Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: It was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Conclusion : Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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##Question:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:To what extent is the linguistic reorganisation of states have contributed to Indian unity? Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer : Ever since independence, there have been demands for the re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneity has been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of both culture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addressed until the bifurcation of Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitated the administration of the new states. It eased out the stresses created in different parts of the country and paved the way for a focus on developmental issues. It releases the pent-up steam of agitation which was seen in different states. With such a reorganisation it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, the national unity is not definite because of certain challenges: It was not possible to have one state for one language due to a large number of languages in the country. Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Conclusion : Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
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Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Approach : Introduce the answer by linking the evolution of dances to mythology. Discuss the evolution of the classical dances in India. Highlight features of Bharat Natyam. Answer : The evolution of Indian classical dances has its roots in the ancient period and is closely linked to mythology in many ways. Evolution of the classical dances- The Earliest treatise on Dance, Drama, and Music is Bharatmunis Natyashastra As per the story in Natyashastra Lord Brahma instructed Bharat Muni to create a past time by incorporating the elements from the existing Vedas. As such following elements were incorporated like- Pathya (Words taken from Rig Veda), Abhinaya (Expression taken from Yajurveda, Geet (Music taken from Samaveda, Rasa (Emotions taken from Atharveda). Samveda is Considered as Veda of Music. It mentions near about 16000 Raga and Ragini. The Later part of Samveda is known as Gandharva Veda which is a rule book or grammar of music. As per Natya shastra, there are 2 aspects of Dance which are- 1) Lasya- It is considered as a feminine aspect of dance which is characterized by soft and beautiful movement, strong expression, and grace. One of the initial mythological examples of Lasya is Goddess Parvati"s Dance on the occasion of her marriage to Lord shiva. 2) Tandav- It is considered a masculine aspect of dance. The masculine aspect of dance is characterized by aggression, strength, determination, and fast movement. The first Mythological example of Tandava was Lord shiva Tandava which has two parts- Bhairav tandava is a dance of destruction and Ananda Tandava is a Dance of reconstruction. The second Mythological example of Tandava is Lord Krishna"s Tandava on the head of Kaliya nag. Acharya Nandikeshawara’s ‘Abhinaya Darpan’ and Sharangdev’s ‘Sangeeth Ratnakar’ (Nartanadhyaya) are other treatises that evolved the technical aspects of classical dances. Various evidence of dance and dance forms are available-drawings of prehistoric caves like Bhimbetika and the bronze statue of the Dancing girl from Harappan times. From these premises, dance forms developed in different regions, being inspired by different religions, cultures and patronized by various rulers. Features of Bharatnatyam : It is one of the oldest dance forms of India. It developed in Tamil Nadu with the temple tradition of a devadasi. Carnatic music is associated with this dance form. Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime aspect of dance – the nritya, where the dancer expresses the Sahitya through movement and mime. It is practiced by male and female dancers. Rukmini Devi Arundale, Mallika Sarabhai, Yamini Krishnamurthy are famous Bharat Natyam dancers.
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##Question:Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by linking the evolution of dances to mythology. Discuss the evolution of the classical dances in India. Highlight features of Bharat Natyam. Answer : The evolution of Indian classical dances has its roots in the ancient period and is closely linked to mythology in many ways. Evolution of the classical dances- The Earliest treatise on Dance, Drama, and Music is Bharatmunis Natyashastra As per the story in Natyashastra Lord Brahma instructed Bharat Muni to create a past time by incorporating the elements from the existing Vedas. As such following elements were incorporated like- Pathya (Words taken from Rig Veda), Abhinaya (Expression taken from Yajurveda, Geet (Music taken from Samaveda, Rasa (Emotions taken from Atharveda). Samveda is Considered as Veda of Music. It mentions near about 16000 Raga and Ragini. The Later part of Samveda is known as Gandharva Veda which is a rule book or grammar of music. As per Natya shastra, there are 2 aspects of Dance which are- 1) Lasya- It is considered as a feminine aspect of dance which is characterized by soft and beautiful movement, strong expression, and grace. One of the initial mythological examples of Lasya is Goddess Parvati"s Dance on the occasion of her marriage to Lord shiva. 2) Tandav- It is considered a masculine aspect of dance. The masculine aspect of dance is characterized by aggression, strength, determination, and fast movement. The first Mythological example of Tandava was Lord shiva Tandava which has two parts- Bhairav tandava is a dance of destruction and Ananda Tandava is a Dance of reconstruction. The second Mythological example of Tandava is Lord Krishna"s Tandava on the head of Kaliya nag. Acharya Nandikeshawara’s ‘Abhinaya Darpan’ and Sharangdev’s ‘Sangeeth Ratnakar’ (Nartanadhyaya) are other treatises that evolved the technical aspects of classical dances. Various evidence of dance and dance forms are available-drawings of prehistoric caves like Bhimbetika and the bronze statue of the Dancing girl from Harappan times. From these premises, dance forms developed in different regions, being inspired by different religions, cultures and patronized by various rulers. Features of Bharatnatyam : It is one of the oldest dance forms of India. It developed in Tamil Nadu with the temple tradition of a devadasi. Carnatic music is associated with this dance form. Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime aspect of dance – the nritya, where the dancer expresses the Sahitya through movement and mime. It is practiced by male and female dancers. Rukmini Devi Arundale, Mallika Sarabhai, Yamini Krishnamurthy are famous Bharat Natyam dancers.
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Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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##Question:Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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##Question:Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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##Question:Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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##Question:Elaborate how classical dances evolved in India. Also discuss the features of Bharat Natyam. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Answer: Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world. Most of the development of Indian dance is linked to the 2nd century B.C. treatise. This treatise, Bharata’s Natyashastra, is the most important source for establishing the characteristics of Indian dance and drama. In India, most classical dances evolved as a temple art. Many Indian dynasties from the 6th century onwards have contributed to this art form. This interest in temple art was brought about by spurts of building temples in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Devadasis (servants of God) performed dance at the temples. In the early 19th century, four brothers known as the Tanjore Quartet defined dance tradition. Dance was one of the mediums of worship. The dancer performed facing the idol of the God. This is the reason Indian classical dance is primarily a solo based art. The mission of temple dancing was to take art to the people. Temples vied with one another in having the best dancers and musicians in their services. Thereafter, temple dancing was institutionalized and kings patronized the dancersIt is only now that ballets or group dances are in vogue. But still, true classical Indian dance remains as a solo performing art. The fundamental attributes of Indian classical dance forms have risen from religious beliefs of people and the mythological lore of the Hindu religion. India offers a number of classical dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each dance form represents the culture of a particular region or group of people. The most famous classical dance forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamilnadu. Features of Bharat Natyam: The three important features of Bharatanatyam are Nritta, Natya and Nritya. For more on this, and the different styles of Bharatanatyam, click on the linked article. This dance form is performed by both men and women. The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and men wear dhotis. There is a lot of make-up and bright ornaments used, which accentuate the facial expressions and gestures of the performers. The music used in Carnatic classical music, accompanied by instruments such as flute, violin and the Mridangam. There are generally two vocalists, one to sing the song, and the other (generally the Guru of the performer), to recite the rhythmic patterns (Nattuvangam). Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras. There is a lot of symbolism in this dance form. The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga. Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas. Ekaharya – solo artist in Bharatanatyam A traditional Bharatanatyam recital involves a series of presentations, and the whole set is called a Margam. Bharatanatyam is now very popular all over the world. Many children in India learn this art form, and dance schools thrive in every part of the country. A few of the most popular contemporary Bharatanatyam artists are Mrinalini Sarabhai,Shobhana,Yamini Krishnamurthy,Padma Subrahmanyam,Chithra Vishveshwaran, etc.
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What is soil erosion? Briefly explain the various methods of soil conservation. (150 words/10 Marks)
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What is soil erosion? Briefly explain the various methods of soil conservation. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Briefly introduce the concept of Soil Erosion Mention the reason behind the factors behind Soil Erosion Explain the Mechanical, Biological and Agronomic methods of Soil Erosion SOIL EROSION Removal of the top layer of the soil due to exogenic factors (winds, running water, ice) is called Soil Erosion Types of Soil Erosion Sheet Erosion: Erosion, in the form of a sheet. Rill Erosion: It is the entrenchment made by the running water. Gully Erosion: If the Rill gets enlarged called Gully Erosion. Ravine Erosion: Gully further gets enlarged to form Ravine. When land is full of Gully and ravines called Badland e.g. Malwa Plateau Factors behind Erosion Anthropogenic Factors Faulty agriculture Overgrazing Deforestation Splash erosion: erosion due to water drops of rain; intensified due to anthropogenic factors Conservation of Soil Erosion A. Mechanical Conservation: Contour Ploughing; Contour Bunding; Terracing B.Biological Conservation: Afforestation; Reforestation; Biological Windbreakers C. Agronomical Conservation: Stubling; Mulching; Relay Cropping; Strip Cropping A. Mechanical Conservation along the slopes of the mountains Contour Ploughing plowing the land perpendicular to the slope of the land in order to make water to move slowly thereby arresting soil erosion Terracing Terracing is a method of farming consisting of building a platform along a slope. Contour Bunding Construction of small elevated obstacles along the slopes of the land so that the water cannot run quickly. B.Biological Conservation Afforestation: Foresting in a small patch of the land e.g. Miyawaki Forestry; forestry on unused lands, community lands. Reforestation: replanting again once trees fall of. Biological windbreakers: planting/growing large trees along the coast in 5-6 rows. Fencing is done in initial rows; tall trees act as speed breakers of fast-blowing winds. C. Agronomical Conservation Stumbling: to cut the straw as it is to prevent soil erosion. Mulching: the soil is covered by the straw is called Mulching Relay Cropping: Before harvesting, another crop is grown in between so that soil is not exposed called Relay cropping Strip Cropping: growing crops in a series of strips
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##Question:What is soil erosion? Briefly explain the various methods of soil conservation. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:What is soil erosion? Briefly explain the various methods of soil conservation. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Briefly introduce the concept of Soil Erosion Mention the reason behind the factors behind Soil Erosion Explain the Mechanical, Biological and Agronomic methods of Soil Erosion SOIL EROSION Removal of the top layer of the soil due to exogenic factors (winds, running water, ice) is called Soil Erosion Types of Soil Erosion Sheet Erosion: Erosion, in the form of a sheet. Rill Erosion: It is the entrenchment made by the running water. Gully Erosion: If the Rill gets enlarged called Gully Erosion. Ravine Erosion: Gully further gets enlarged to form Ravine. When land is full of Gully and ravines called Badland e.g. Malwa Plateau Factors behind Erosion Anthropogenic Factors Faulty agriculture Overgrazing Deforestation Splash erosion: erosion due to water drops of rain; intensified due to anthropogenic factors Conservation of Soil Erosion A. Mechanical Conservation: Contour Ploughing; Contour Bunding; Terracing B.Biological Conservation: Afforestation; Reforestation; Biological Windbreakers C. Agronomical Conservation: Stubling; Mulching; Relay Cropping; Strip Cropping A. Mechanical Conservation along the slopes of the mountains Contour Ploughing plowing the land perpendicular to the slope of the land in order to make water to move slowly thereby arresting soil erosion Terracing Terracing is a method of farming consisting of building a platform along a slope. Contour Bunding Construction of small elevated obstacles along the slopes of the land so that the water cannot run quickly. B.Biological Conservation Afforestation: Foresting in a small patch of the land e.g. Miyawaki Forestry; forestry on unused lands, community lands. Reforestation: replanting again once trees fall of. Biological windbreakers: planting/growing large trees along the coast in 5-6 rows. Fencing is done in initial rows; tall trees act as speed breakers of fast-blowing winds. C. Agronomical Conservation Stumbling: to cut the straw as it is to prevent soil erosion. Mulching: the soil is covered by the straw is called Mulching Relay Cropping: Before harvesting, another crop is grown in between so that soil is not exposed called Relay cropping Strip Cropping: growing crops in a series of strips
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What is meant by water stress? Mention water stress in different regions of India along with the reasons for the same. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduce the answer by defining water stress and by showcasing water scarcity in India. Mention water stress in a different part of India. Mention reasons for water stress and scarcity in various parts of India. conclude accordingly. Answer: Water stress is defined as the availability of water per person. Falken mark index gives the status of water stress from different countries. It measures water stress in terms of water/person/year. If a country"s water availability is less than 1700 m3/person/year then it is a water-stress country. If a country reaches a level of less than 1000 m3/person/year then it becomes a water scare country. India is the 13th most water scare county in the world and 54% of India faces high to extremely high water stress. India"s water availability was 1500 m3/person/year in 2011. Water stress and scarcity in different parts of India: In the northern parts of India : It includes Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, J&K, Punjab, Haryana, and Ladakh. Reasons: Deforestation, pollution. Faulty irrigation practice and water-intensive crops. High population and high demand from urban areas In the Western parts of India : it Includes Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, the western part of Madhya Pradesh. Reasons : Rajasthan and Gujarat: mainly geographical conditions. western Madhya Pradesh: increase in deforestation and shadow effect of western ghats. Maharashtra: faulty irrigation practices. In the Southern parts of India : It includes Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Reasons : Rainshadow effect. Plateau region: less percolation of water and no major river available. Rapid urbanization like in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, etc. In the Eastern part of India : It includes Bihar, West Bengal, eastern UP, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Reasons: High population density. Pollution: mining and industries. In Northeast India: No water scarcity till now but may happen in the future. There is high rainfall and river water availability. However, deforestation and less percolation of water due to high slopes may lead to water scarcity. There is an urgent need to address water scarcity in various parts of India through methods like rainwater harvesting, watershed management, wastewater management, high water use efficiency in order to ensure sustainable water resources in the country.
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##Question:What is meant by water stress? Mention water stress in different regions of India along with the reasons for the same. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by defining water stress and by showcasing water scarcity in India. Mention water stress in a different part of India. Mention reasons for water stress and scarcity in various parts of India. conclude accordingly. Answer: Water stress is defined as the availability of water per person. Falken mark index gives the status of water stress from different countries. It measures water stress in terms of water/person/year. If a country"s water availability is less than 1700 m3/person/year then it is a water-stress country. If a country reaches a level of less than 1000 m3/person/year then it becomes a water scare country. India is the 13th most water scare county in the world and 54% of India faces high to extremely high water stress. India"s water availability was 1500 m3/person/year in 2011. Water stress and scarcity in different parts of India: In the northern parts of India : It includes Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, J&K, Punjab, Haryana, and Ladakh. Reasons: Deforestation, pollution. Faulty irrigation practice and water-intensive crops. High population and high demand from urban areas In the Western parts of India : it Includes Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, the western part of Madhya Pradesh. Reasons : Rajasthan and Gujarat: mainly geographical conditions. western Madhya Pradesh: increase in deforestation and shadow effect of western ghats. Maharashtra: faulty irrigation practices. In the Southern parts of India : It includes Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Reasons : Rainshadow effect. Plateau region: less percolation of water and no major river available. Rapid urbanization like in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, etc. In the Eastern part of India : It includes Bihar, West Bengal, eastern UP, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Reasons: High population density. Pollution: mining and industries. In Northeast India: No water scarcity till now but may happen in the future. There is high rainfall and river water availability. However, deforestation and less percolation of water due to high slopes may lead to water scarcity. There is an urgent need to address water scarcity in various parts of India through methods like rainwater harvesting, watershed management, wastewater management, high water use efficiency in order to ensure sustainable water resources in the country.
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Representation of the People Acts are of special significance to the smooth functioning of Indian democracy. In this regard, discuss the major features of RPA 1950 & 1951. (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach - Explain RPA enactment by Parliament using powers u/a 324 - 326. Features of RPA 1950. Features of RPA 1951. Conclusion. Answer - Article 324 to 329 of Part XV of the Constitution deals with the electoral system in India. Constitution allows Parliament to make provisions in all matters relating to elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. In exercise of this power, the Parliament has enacted laws like Representation of the People Act 1950 (RPA Act 1950), Representation of the People Act 1951 (RPA Act 1951), and Delimitation Commission Act of 1952. Some major features of RPA 1950 are the following - The act provides for direct elections for filling seats in every constituency. The delimitation commission will determine the extent of the constituency of each state and UT (except Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh). The ECI shall identify constituencies reserved for STs in Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, and Nagaland. The President of India has the power to alter constituency after consulting ECI. Allocation of seats in the house of people, andthe legislative council. Office of CEO, DEO, ERO, and AERO were mentioned under RPA 1950 for the first time. Electoral rolls will be prepared for every constituency. No person shall be enrolled for more than one constituency and may be disqualified if he/she is not a citizen of India. Some major features of RPA 1951 are the following - Only a qualified voter can contest elections of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On seats reserved for SC/ST, only people belonging to these categories can contest. Disqualification of MPs and MLAs - If engaged in corrupt practices or excluded for related government contracts. Disqualification from voting is also dealt with under this act. Every political party must report donations of more than rs 20000 received from any person or company. Registration of political parties and recognition of political parties as national or state parties. Under this act, ECI has the powers of a civil court to summon and enforce any person or any evidence. Provisions related to By-elections are also dealt with under RPA 1951. The returning officer is designated to receive nomination papers and is solely responsible for the declaration of results. The chief electoral officer is the overall head of the entire electoral process of the state. RPA act is of special significance to the smooth functioning of Indian democracy, as it checks the entry of persons with criminal backgrounds into the representative bodies. It has been amended many times in 1966, 1988, and 2002.
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##Question:Representation of the People Acts are of special significance to the smooth functioning of Indian democracy. In this regard, discuss the major features of RPA 1950 & 1951. (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Explain RPA enactment by Parliament using powers u/a 324 - 326. Features of RPA 1950. Features of RPA 1951. Conclusion. Answer - Article 324 to 329 of Part XV of the Constitution deals with the electoral system in India. Constitution allows Parliament to make provisions in all matters relating to elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. In exercise of this power, the Parliament has enacted laws like Representation of the People Act 1950 (RPA Act 1950), Representation of the People Act 1951 (RPA Act 1951), and Delimitation Commission Act of 1952. Some major features of RPA 1950 are the following - The act provides for direct elections for filling seats in every constituency. The delimitation commission will determine the extent of the constituency of each state and UT (except Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh). The ECI shall identify constituencies reserved for STs in Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, and Nagaland. The President of India has the power to alter constituency after consulting ECI. Allocation of seats in the house of people, andthe legislative council. Office of CEO, DEO, ERO, and AERO were mentioned under RPA 1950 for the first time. Electoral rolls will be prepared for every constituency. No person shall be enrolled for more than one constituency and may be disqualified if he/she is not a citizen of India. Some major features of RPA 1951 are the following - Only a qualified voter can contest elections of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On seats reserved for SC/ST, only people belonging to these categories can contest. Disqualification of MPs and MLAs - If engaged in corrupt practices or excluded for related government contracts. Disqualification from voting is also dealt with under this act. Every political party must report donations of more than rs 20000 received from any person or company. Registration of political parties and recognition of political parties as national or state parties. Under this act, ECI has the powers of a civil court to summon and enforce any person or any evidence. Provisions related to By-elections are also dealt with under RPA 1951. The returning officer is designated to receive nomination papers and is solely responsible for the declaration of results. The chief electoral officer is the overall head of the entire electoral process of the state. RPA act is of special significance to the smooth functioning of Indian democracy, as it checks the entry of persons with criminal backgrounds into the representative bodies. It has been amended many times in 1966, 1988, and 2002.
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भारत में प्रदूषण नियंत्रण से संबंधित प्रमुख कानूनों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक - 10 ) Briefly discuss the major laws related to pollution control in India. ( 150-200 words, marks - 10 )
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दृष्टिकोण : प्रदूषण को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . प्रदूषण नियंत्रण में क़ानूनी प्रावधानों की भूमिका व महत्व को बताइए . भारत में प्रदूषण नियंत्रण से संबंधित प्रमुख कानूनों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में अवांछनीय पदार्थों के प्रवेश के कारण पर्यावरण के गुण-धर्म में होने वाला परिवर्तन जो प्राकृतिक असंतुलन पैदा करता है , प्रदूषण कहलाता है . प्रदूषण से वायु, जल, मिट्टी आदि में अवांछित पदार्थों का प्रविष्ट होता है, जिसका सजीवों पर प्रत्यक्ष रूप से नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ता है तथा पारिस्थितिक तंत्र का संतुलन बिगड़ता है . प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के लिए कई वैधानिक व विधानेत्तर उपाय किये जाते हैं . विधानेतर उपायों में शिक्षा , जन जागरूकता तथा विभिन्न गैर सरकारी संस्थाओं के प्रयासों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती हैतथापि वैधानिक या कानूनी उपायों के माध्यम से एक प्रभावी दबाव उत्पन्न किया जाता है और यह कानूनी रूप से जिम्मेदारियों को तय करती है तथा जिम्मेदारियों को पूरा नहीं करने पर दंड का भी प्रावधान होता है , जो बहुत हद तक एक सकारात्मक प्रभाव उत्पन्न करता है . भारत में प्रदूषण नियंत्रण हेतु पर्यावरणीय क़ानून : प्रदूषण नियंत्रण हेतु समय- समय पर भारतीय संसद द्वारा विभिन्न विधियों का निर्माण किया गया है . इनमें प्रमुख विधियों को हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं : 1.पर्यावरण सुरक्षा अधिनियम , 1986 : यह एक अम्ब्रेला क़ानून है , जो पर्यावरण संरक्षण व प्रदूषण नियंत्रण हेतु सरकार को वृहद् अधिकार प्रदान करता है . इसकी धारा 3 के तहत केंद्र सरकार को विशेष अधिकार प्रदान किया गया है . जिसके द्वारा केंद्र सरकार द्वारा पर्यावरण सुरक्षा के लिए दिशा-निर्देश , नियमों की अधिसूचना एवं वैधानिक संस्थाएं बनाया जाना . पर्यावरण सुरक्षा संबंधित दिशा निर्देश का अनुपालन एवं नियमों का पालन नहीं होने पर दंड का प्रावधान . नागरिक मुकदमा दायर करने का प्रावधान . 2.वायु प्रदूषण ( रोकथाम एवं नियंत्रण अधिनियम ) ,1981 : CPCB एवं SPCB को वायु प्रदूषण के रोकथाम एवं नियंत्रण के लिए विशेष अधिकार दिया गया है . वायु की गुणवत्ता संबंधित मानक / मापदंड CPCB द्वारा किया जाना एवं प्रकाशित किया जाना . वायु की गुणवत्ता का समय-समय पर निगरानी एवं डाटा इकठ्ठा CPCB द्वारा किया जाना एवं प्रकाशित किया जाना . राष्ट्रीय वायु गुणवत्ता कार्यक्रम , वाहन इंधन नीति , वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक आदि , AQI . ध्वनि प्रदूषण नियंत्रण का प्रावधान . कल-कारखाना / औद्योगिक इकाई का वायु प्रदूषण संबंधित मानदंड CPCB द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाना एवं उल्लंघन पर SPCB द्वारा नोटिस जारी करना तथा कार्यवाई करना . 3.जल प्रदूषण ( रोकथाम एवं नियंत्रण ) अधिनियम , 1974 : केन्द्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड ( CPCB ) एवं राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड ( SPCB ) की स्थापना इस अधिनियम के अंतर्गत किया गया . जल प्रदूषण के रोथाम संबंधित दिशा निर्देश . CPCB एवं SPCB द्वारा समय-समय पर कुआं , झरना , झील , नदी इत्यादि से जल के नमूने का जांच प्रयोगशाला में किया जाना . कल-कारखाना / औद्योगिक इकाइयों के लिए मानक तैयार करना . ऐसे कल-कारखाना / औद्योगिक इकाई जिसके द्वारा मानकों को पूरा नहीं किया जाना उसके खिलाफ़ दंड का प्रावधान एवं SPCB / CPCB द्वारा बंद किया जाना . इसके अतिरिक्त वैधानिक संस्था के रूप में राष्ट्रीय हरित न्यायाधिकरण ( NGT ) की स्थापना भी इस दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम रहा है .
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##Question:भारत में प्रदूषण नियंत्रण से संबंधित प्रमुख कानूनों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक - 10 ) Briefly discuss the major laws related to pollution control in India. ( 150-200 words, marks - 10 )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : प्रदूषण को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . प्रदूषण नियंत्रण में क़ानूनी प्रावधानों की भूमिका व महत्व को बताइए . भारत में प्रदूषण नियंत्रण से संबंधित प्रमुख कानूनों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में अवांछनीय पदार्थों के प्रवेश के कारण पर्यावरण के गुण-धर्म में होने वाला परिवर्तन जो प्राकृतिक असंतुलन पैदा करता है , प्रदूषण कहलाता है . प्रदूषण से वायु, जल, मिट्टी आदि में अवांछित पदार्थों का प्रविष्ट होता है, जिसका सजीवों पर प्रत्यक्ष रूप से नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ता है तथा पारिस्थितिक तंत्र का संतुलन बिगड़ता है . प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के लिए कई वैधानिक व विधानेत्तर उपाय किये जाते हैं . विधानेतर उपायों में शिक्षा , जन जागरूकता तथा विभिन्न गैर सरकारी संस्थाओं के प्रयासों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती हैतथापि वैधानिक या कानूनी उपायों के माध्यम से एक प्रभावी दबाव उत्पन्न किया जाता है और यह कानूनी रूप से जिम्मेदारियों को तय करती है तथा जिम्मेदारियों को पूरा नहीं करने पर दंड का भी प्रावधान होता है , जो बहुत हद तक एक सकारात्मक प्रभाव उत्पन्न करता है . भारत में प्रदूषण नियंत्रण हेतु पर्यावरणीय क़ानून : प्रदूषण नियंत्रण हेतु समय- समय पर भारतीय संसद द्वारा विभिन्न विधियों का निर्माण किया गया है . इनमें प्रमुख विधियों को हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं : 1.पर्यावरण सुरक्षा अधिनियम , 1986 : यह एक अम्ब्रेला क़ानून है , जो पर्यावरण संरक्षण व प्रदूषण नियंत्रण हेतु सरकार को वृहद् अधिकार प्रदान करता है . इसकी धारा 3 के तहत केंद्र सरकार को विशेष अधिकार प्रदान किया गया है . जिसके द्वारा केंद्र सरकार द्वारा पर्यावरण सुरक्षा के लिए दिशा-निर्देश , नियमों की अधिसूचना एवं वैधानिक संस्थाएं बनाया जाना . पर्यावरण सुरक्षा संबंधित दिशा निर्देश का अनुपालन एवं नियमों का पालन नहीं होने पर दंड का प्रावधान . नागरिक मुकदमा दायर करने का प्रावधान . 2.वायु प्रदूषण ( रोकथाम एवं नियंत्रण अधिनियम ) ,1981 : CPCB एवं SPCB को वायु प्रदूषण के रोकथाम एवं नियंत्रण के लिए विशेष अधिकार दिया गया है . वायु की गुणवत्ता संबंधित मानक / मापदंड CPCB द्वारा किया जाना एवं प्रकाशित किया जाना . वायु की गुणवत्ता का समय-समय पर निगरानी एवं डाटा इकठ्ठा CPCB द्वारा किया जाना एवं प्रकाशित किया जाना . राष्ट्रीय वायु गुणवत्ता कार्यक्रम , वाहन इंधन नीति , वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक आदि , AQI . ध्वनि प्रदूषण नियंत्रण का प्रावधान . कल-कारखाना / औद्योगिक इकाई का वायु प्रदूषण संबंधित मानदंड CPCB द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाना एवं उल्लंघन पर SPCB द्वारा नोटिस जारी करना तथा कार्यवाई करना . 3.जल प्रदूषण ( रोकथाम एवं नियंत्रण ) अधिनियम , 1974 : केन्द्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड ( CPCB ) एवं राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड ( SPCB ) की स्थापना इस अधिनियम के अंतर्गत किया गया . जल प्रदूषण के रोथाम संबंधित दिशा निर्देश . CPCB एवं SPCB द्वारा समय-समय पर कुआं , झरना , झील , नदी इत्यादि से जल के नमूने का जांच प्रयोगशाला में किया जाना . कल-कारखाना / औद्योगिक इकाइयों के लिए मानक तैयार करना . ऐसे कल-कारखाना / औद्योगिक इकाई जिसके द्वारा मानकों को पूरा नहीं किया जाना उसके खिलाफ़ दंड का प्रावधान एवं SPCB / CPCB द्वारा बंद किया जाना . इसके अतिरिक्त वैधानिक संस्था के रूप में राष्ट्रीय हरित न्यायाधिकरण ( NGT ) की स्थापना भी इस दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम रहा है .
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Hunger has been a persistent challenge for Indian governance since independence. analyze the factors responsible for the failure of government efforts to address the challenge of hunger.(150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: The introduction provides a brief background about hunger in India. Mention various factors responsible for the failure of government efforts to address hunger. Conclude by proving the Way forward to address the challenge of hunger. Answer: The global hunger index Published jointly published by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe ranks India at 94th out of the 107 countries. Aso to the Global nutrition report Indiais among 88 countries that are to miss the global nutrition target by 2025. India is also identified as having the highest rate of inequality in nutrition. The various reasons for the failure of government efforts to curb hunger are: low agriculture productivity. Fragmented landholding. Poor identification of beneficiaries. Food wastage remains high. Social pathogens like caste barriers. Monsoon-dependent agriculture is 65% rainfed agriculture. Climate change and conflict. Unemployment remains high and persistent. Lack of nutritious food as lack of absorption of nutrition by the body. i.e. hidden hunger. Lack of diversified food. McDonaldization of food habits with high junk food culture. Adulteration of food habits. Misleading advertisement. Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides spoil food quality. Lack of awareness concerning nutrition especially at the school level. Lack of women as an agent of change. The way forward to address these challenges: Building the resilience of the vulnerable population with context-specific adaptation strategies. Disaster prevention and Mitigate climate change. Promote a sustainable production system. Poverty alleviation. Attitudinal change. Motivate and incentivize toward healthy food. Prevent adulteration of food. Promote the labelling of food. Integrated approach: both vertical(national, state, and local) and horizontal(multi-sector level including health, education, sanitation, etc)level in the policy. Promote gender equality and women as the agency of change. Fortification and bio-fortification of food. Conclusion There is a need to tackle hunger in mission mode, recent initiatives like the National Nutrition Mission are a step in the right direction that ensures a targeted approach with convergence at various levels and is key to achieving SDG of zero hunger by 2030.
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##Question:Hunger has been a persistent challenge for Indian governance since independence. analyze the factors responsible for the failure of government efforts to address the challenge of hunger.(150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: The introduction provides a brief background about hunger in India. Mention various factors responsible for the failure of government efforts to address hunger. Conclude by proving the Way forward to address the challenge of hunger. Answer: The global hunger index Published jointly published by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe ranks India at 94th out of the 107 countries. Aso to the Global nutrition report Indiais among 88 countries that are to miss the global nutrition target by 2025. India is also identified as having the highest rate of inequality in nutrition. The various reasons for the failure of government efforts to curb hunger are: low agriculture productivity. Fragmented landholding. Poor identification of beneficiaries. Food wastage remains high. Social pathogens like caste barriers. Monsoon-dependent agriculture is 65% rainfed agriculture. Climate change and conflict. Unemployment remains high and persistent. Lack of nutritious food as lack of absorption of nutrition by the body. i.e. hidden hunger. Lack of diversified food. McDonaldization of food habits with high junk food culture. Adulteration of food habits. Misleading advertisement. Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides spoil food quality. Lack of awareness concerning nutrition especially at the school level. Lack of women as an agent of change. The way forward to address these challenges: Building the resilience of the vulnerable population with context-specific adaptation strategies. Disaster prevention and Mitigate climate change. Promote a sustainable production system. Poverty alleviation. Attitudinal change. Motivate and incentivize toward healthy food. Prevent adulteration of food. Promote the labelling of food. Integrated approach: both vertical(national, state, and local) and horizontal(multi-sector level including health, education, sanitation, etc)level in the policy. Promote gender equality and women as the agency of change. Fortification and bio-fortification of food. Conclusion There is a need to tackle hunger in mission mode, recent initiatives like the National Nutrition Mission are a step in the right direction that ensures a targeted approach with convergence at various levels and is key to achieving SDG of zero hunger by 2030.
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What do you understand by the term "good"? Discuss various types of goods. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: the term "good" can be defined. Main body: Various types of goods are to be discussed (a better approach would be to give examples). Conclusion: It can be avoided in this question. Answer: The term "good" refers to anything which occupies space and is tangible. Goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility. Types of goods a) On the basis of ownership Public goods- they are those goods that are non-competitive and have no excludability. That means they are for all. Eg- Solar lights, parks, roads, etc. For these public goods often responsibilities are with the government. Private goods- anything which is having competition and excludability is a private good. Eg-cinema etc. Club goods- they are those goods that are characterized by excludability but do not have competition.Eg- the Gymkhana club b) On the basis of usage Consumer goods- those goods which we are consuming directly. Eg- car etc. They are of 2 types- Consumer durables- are those goods that are for a longer period (more than 3 years on an average and have a resale value). White goods- TV, AC, etc Non-durable goods- they are for a short period of time and do not have any resale value. Eg- grocery. Capital good- the machines which are making consumer goods would be capital goods. If demand increases, then more economic activities are done. Intermediate goods- it is something in between. They are not yet ready to consume. Eg- flour is needed for making a cake. Inventory- They are semi-finished goods, not yet sold. c) On the basis of price and demand Griffin goods- those essential goods whose prices go up, their demand increase. Eg- salt. Veblen goods- they are luxury items. If their prices decrease, people won’t purchase. Eg- iPhone Both Griffin and Veblen goods are exceptions to the law of demand. Inferior goods- they are low-quality goods. If the income of people increases, they switch to better goods. d) Others: Pigovian goods- it refers to those sin items which are injurious to health. Eg- alcohol, tobacco, etc. Complementary goods- which complement each other. Eg- iPad and pencil Price of one good influences the other. Alternative goods- which can be used in place of each other. Eg- tea and coffee, sugar and jaggery.
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##Question:What do you understand by the term "good"? Discuss various types of goods. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: the term "good" can be defined. Main body: Various types of goods are to be discussed (a better approach would be to give examples). Conclusion: It can be avoided in this question. Answer: The term "good" refers to anything which occupies space and is tangible. Goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility. Types of goods a) On the basis of ownership Public goods- they are those goods that are non-competitive and have no excludability. That means they are for all. Eg- Solar lights, parks, roads, etc. For these public goods often responsibilities are with the government. Private goods- anything which is having competition and excludability is a private good. Eg-cinema etc. Club goods- they are those goods that are characterized by excludability but do not have competition.Eg- the Gymkhana club b) On the basis of usage Consumer goods- those goods which we are consuming directly. Eg- car etc. They are of 2 types- Consumer durables- are those goods that are for a longer period (more than 3 years on an average and have a resale value). White goods- TV, AC, etc Non-durable goods- they are for a short period of time and do not have any resale value. Eg- grocery. Capital good- the machines which are making consumer goods would be capital goods. If demand increases, then more economic activities are done. Intermediate goods- it is something in between. They are not yet ready to consume. Eg- flour is needed for making a cake. Inventory- They are semi-finished goods, not yet sold. c) On the basis of price and demand Griffin goods- those essential goods whose prices go up, their demand increase. Eg- salt. Veblen goods- they are luxury items. If their prices decrease, people won’t purchase. Eg- iPhone Both Griffin and Veblen goods are exceptions to the law of demand. Inferior goods- they are low-quality goods. If the income of people increases, they switch to better goods. d) Others: Pigovian goods- it refers to those sin items which are injurious to health. Eg- alcohol, tobacco, etc. Complementary goods- which complement each other. Eg- iPad and pencil Price of one good influences the other. Alternative goods- which can be used in place of each other. Eg- tea and coffee, sugar and jaggery.
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What do you understand by factors of production? Discuss various factors of production. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Definition of factors of production should be given. Main body- Discussion of various factors of production. Conclusion- Conclude briefly. Answer: Factors of production refer to all those factors which are required for the production of goods and services. They are building blocks of the economy. They are comprised largely of the following 4 components: Land- it is a geographical piece of land and sometimes even associated infrastructure. In the service sector, a geographical piece of land is not required. Sometimes, they are called a footloose industry. This includes not just land, but anything that comes from the land. Some common land or natural resources are water, oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests. Land resources are the raw materials in the production process. These resources can be renewable, such as forests, or nonrenewables such as oil or natural gas. The income earned is called rent. Labor- refers to that potential energy sources with skills and consists of the following 3 components: Willingness to work Skilled enough to work Capable to work The income earned by labor resources is called wages. Capital- it refers to anything which is a source of income and itself is produced and could be of 3 types: Physical- eg: gold, etc. Human- refers to the skills and strength of labor forces. Social- formation of capital by mutual trust between members of society which further generates their sources of income. Eg- the self-help group Examples of capital- are machinery, tools, and buildings humans use to produce goods and services. The income earned is called interest. Enterprise- it refers to R&D, innovation, and risk-taking capabilities that increase efficiency and productivity. The payment to entrepreneurship is profit. These are the various factors by mean any resource is transformed into a more useful commodity or service.
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##Question:What do you understand by factors of production? Discuss various factors of production. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Definition of factors of production should be given. Main body- Discussion of various factors of production. Conclusion- Conclude briefly. Answer: Factors of production refer to all those factors which are required for the production of goods and services. They are building blocks of the economy. They are comprised largely of the following 4 components: Land- it is a geographical piece of land and sometimes even associated infrastructure. In the service sector, a geographical piece of land is not required. Sometimes, they are called a footloose industry. This includes not just land, but anything that comes from the land. Some common land or natural resources are water, oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests. Land resources are the raw materials in the production process. These resources can be renewable, such as forests, or nonrenewables such as oil or natural gas. The income earned is called rent. Labor- refers to that potential energy sources with skills and consists of the following 3 components: Willingness to work Skilled enough to work Capable to work The income earned by labor resources is called wages. Capital- it refers to anything which is a source of income and itself is produced and could be of 3 types: Physical- eg: gold, etc. Human- refers to the skills and strength of labor forces. Social- formation of capital by mutual trust between members of society which further generates their sources of income. Eg- the self-help group Examples of capital- are machinery, tools, and buildings humans use to produce goods and services. The income earned is called interest. Enterprise- it refers to R&D, innovation, and risk-taking capabilities that increase efficiency and productivity. The payment to entrepreneurship is profit. These are the various factors by mean any resource is transformed into a more useful commodity or service.
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Discuss Raman spectroscopy and its advantages in detail.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction-Write a brief about Dr. Raman and Explain Raman Spectroscopy Main Body-Detailed explanation of Advantages ad disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy Conclusion-Give a positive side of the Raman spectroscopy technique Answer- Dr. Raman is known for a very powerful spectroscopic technique named after him that is Raman spectroscopy It is a technique based on the inelastic scattering of light particles from a molecular sample Inelastic scattering means that the frequency/energy of the incident photon will be different from than scattered photon frequency of scattered photon can be either more or else than the original photon. It is a non-destructive chemical analysis technique that provides detailed information about chemical structure, phase and polymorphy, crystallinity, and molecular interactions. It is based upon the interaction of light with the chemical bonds within a material. Advantages of Raman Spectroscopy many organic and inorganic materials are suitable for Raman analysis. These can be solids, liquids, polymers or vapors. no sample preparation is needed. not interfered with by water. non-destructive. highly specific like a chemical fingerprint of a material. Raman spectra are acquired quickly within seconds. samples can be analyzed through glass or polymer packaging. laser light and Raman scattered light can be transmitted by optical fibers over long distances for remote analysis. in Raman spectroscopy, the region from 4000 cm-1 to 50 cm-1 can be covered by a single recording. Raman spectra can be collected from a very small volume (< 1 μm in diameter). inorganic materials are easily analyzable with Raman spectroscopy. Disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy can not be used for metals or alloys. the Raman effect is very weak. The detection needs sensitive and highly optimized instrumentation. fluorescence of impurities or of the sample itself can hide the Raman spectrum. Some compounds fluoresce when irradiated by the laser beam. sample heating through the intense laser radiation can destroy the sample or cover the Raman spectrum. Typically a Raman spectrum is a distinct chemical fingerprint for a particular molecule or material and can be used to very quickly identify the material, or distinguish it from others.
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##Question:Discuss Raman spectroscopy and its advantages in detail.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Write a brief about Dr. Raman and Explain Raman Spectroscopy Main Body-Detailed explanation of Advantages ad disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy Conclusion-Give a positive side of the Raman spectroscopy technique Answer- Dr. Raman is known for a very powerful spectroscopic technique named after him that is Raman spectroscopy It is a technique based on the inelastic scattering of light particles from a molecular sample Inelastic scattering means that the frequency/energy of the incident photon will be different from than scattered photon frequency of scattered photon can be either more or else than the original photon. It is a non-destructive chemical analysis technique that provides detailed information about chemical structure, phase and polymorphy, crystallinity, and molecular interactions. It is based upon the interaction of light with the chemical bonds within a material. Advantages of Raman Spectroscopy many organic and inorganic materials are suitable for Raman analysis. These can be solids, liquids, polymers or vapors. no sample preparation is needed. not interfered with by water. non-destructive. highly specific like a chemical fingerprint of a material. Raman spectra are acquired quickly within seconds. samples can be analyzed through glass or polymer packaging. laser light and Raman scattered light can be transmitted by optical fibers over long distances for remote analysis. in Raman spectroscopy, the region from 4000 cm-1 to 50 cm-1 can be covered by a single recording. Raman spectra can be collected from a very small volume (< 1 μm in diameter). inorganic materials are easily analyzable with Raman spectroscopy. Disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy can not be used for metals or alloys. the Raman effect is very weak. The detection needs sensitive and highly optimized instrumentation. fluorescence of impurities or of the sample itself can hide the Raman spectrum. Some compounds fluoresce when irradiated by the laser beam. sample heating through the intense laser radiation can destroy the sample or cover the Raman spectrum. Typically a Raman spectrum is a distinct chemical fingerprint for a particular molecule or material and can be used to very quickly identify the material, or distinguish it from others.
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What is the basis of regionalism? Is economic inequality/differences most important factor behind emergence of regionalism.(150 words/10 Marks)
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BRIEF APPROACH: -I NTRODUCTION- What Is Regionalism? - WHAT IS THE BASIS OF REGIONALISM - one-one example each. - CONCLUSION : Give a conclusion stating that economic inequality is indeed the most important factor behind the emergence of regionalism. ANSWER: A region is a homogenous area that is culturally and physically distinct from the neighboring areas. People have an awareness that they are similar but distinct from the others. Based on this idea, they develop an identity and based on this identity, they start professing their political loyalties towards the region rather than to the state or the nation to which they belong to. Regionalism is rooted in India"s diversity wrt caste, religion, language, class, etc. When all these factors get geographically concentrated, along with the feeling of relative deprivation, it is referred to as regionalism. BASIS FOR REGIONALISM: 1) HISTORICAL FACTORS: For example, wrt Dravidanadu/ Dravidistan- The demand was supported by the theory that the Dravidian-speaking area once had non-Brahminical polity, which was destroyed by Aryan conquest and Brahminical hegemony. Likewise, the idea of Tamil nationalism was based on the idealization of ancient Tamil history. 2) GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS: 2.1) PRESENCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES 2.2) CLIMATIC FACTORS 2.3) LANDFORMS- For example, the plain areas are often more developed than the hilly areas. 2.4) BORDERS- For example, in the North East (NE) India- 99% of its borders are international leading to the issues of illegal migration, drug trafficking, etc. 2.5) CONNECTIVITY WITH THE MAIN-LAND INDIA- For example, NE connects with mainland India only through the narrow Siliguri Corridor, leading to the building of regionalism there instead of nationalism (belongingness to the region rather than the nation). 2.6) BUFFER AREAS- For Example- The Bundelkhand area belongs to both Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh- No one wants to give up control nor do they take up the responsibility to develop it. 3) CULTURAL FACTORS: 3.1) LANGUAGE- The examples are the linguistic re-organization of states, official language, Gorkha land issues, and the recent decision that Urdu will replace Sanskrit in Uttarakhand. 3.2) CASTE- The demand for a separate state of Tamil Nadu is a manifestation of such regionalism. Also, the anti-caste movement provided a strong impetus to linguistic regionalism. 3.3) RELIGION- Since any demand on the basis of caste and religion would act as a threat to the essence of secularism, it was always presented in the garb of either language or under-development. 4) POLITICAL FACTORS: Politics does not create regionalism. It only accentuates it. They take advantage of the situation of regional discontent and convert it in their favor, so as to strengthen their vote bank 4.1) For example- NSCN, AIADMK parties, etc. 4.2) The crux of regional politics is based on limited resources and disproportionate demands. 4.3) The economic policies of the government have been such that it has aggravated the regional imbalances and economic disparities- It is due to the unequal distribution of developmental benefits that the demand for new states has emerged. 4.4) For example, the Telangana movement- did all the work but the profit was reaped by the zamindars. As per the tripartite agreement- Mulki or Gentleman’s Agreement- it was said that the Andhra government will make special provisions in higher education and government jobs for the people from Telangana. The youth of Andhra was thus unhappy, and this agreement was not respected. Slowly, an antagonistic feeling started getting carved up. And finally, the division of states happened. So, the economic reality was there- But when the politicians started to appease them, a separate state was carved out. Therefore, the factors are always there- but where third forces are present, the feeling is very strong. If third forces are missing (which channelizes and mobilizes the people), then the demands are not so strong. For example, in Vidarbha- there is a recurrent farmer suicide problem. However, demand for a separate state was only there when a particular political party was pitching in for the same. As soon as the party came to power, there was no talk about a separate state, despite the region still facing farmer suicides. Thus, economic inequality/differences are one of the most important factors behind the emergence of regionalism aggravated by political factors.
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##Question:What is the basis of regionalism? Is economic inequality/differences most important factor behind emergence of regionalism.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: -I NTRODUCTION- What Is Regionalism? - WHAT IS THE BASIS OF REGIONALISM - one-one example each. - CONCLUSION : Give a conclusion stating that economic inequality is indeed the most important factor behind the emergence of regionalism. ANSWER: A region is a homogenous area that is culturally and physically distinct from the neighboring areas. People have an awareness that they are similar but distinct from the others. Based on this idea, they develop an identity and based on this identity, they start professing their political loyalties towards the region rather than to the state or the nation to which they belong to. Regionalism is rooted in India"s diversity wrt caste, religion, language, class, etc. When all these factors get geographically concentrated, along with the feeling of relative deprivation, it is referred to as regionalism. BASIS FOR REGIONALISM: 1) HISTORICAL FACTORS: For example, wrt Dravidanadu/ Dravidistan- The demand was supported by the theory that the Dravidian-speaking area once had non-Brahminical polity, which was destroyed by Aryan conquest and Brahminical hegemony. Likewise, the idea of Tamil nationalism was based on the idealization of ancient Tamil history. 2) GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS: 2.1) PRESENCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES 2.2) CLIMATIC FACTORS 2.3) LANDFORMS- For example, the plain areas are often more developed than the hilly areas. 2.4) BORDERS- For example, in the North East (NE) India- 99% of its borders are international leading to the issues of illegal migration, drug trafficking, etc. 2.5) CONNECTIVITY WITH THE MAIN-LAND INDIA- For example, NE connects with mainland India only through the narrow Siliguri Corridor, leading to the building of regionalism there instead of nationalism (belongingness to the region rather than the nation). 2.6) BUFFER AREAS- For Example- The Bundelkhand area belongs to both Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh- No one wants to give up control nor do they take up the responsibility to develop it. 3) CULTURAL FACTORS: 3.1) LANGUAGE- The examples are the linguistic re-organization of states, official language, Gorkha land issues, and the recent decision that Urdu will replace Sanskrit in Uttarakhand. 3.2) CASTE- The demand for a separate state of Tamil Nadu is a manifestation of such regionalism. Also, the anti-caste movement provided a strong impetus to linguistic regionalism. 3.3) RELIGION- Since any demand on the basis of caste and religion would act as a threat to the essence of secularism, it was always presented in the garb of either language or under-development. 4) POLITICAL FACTORS: Politics does not create regionalism. It only accentuates it. They take advantage of the situation of regional discontent and convert it in their favor, so as to strengthen their vote bank 4.1) For example- NSCN, AIADMK parties, etc. 4.2) The crux of regional politics is based on limited resources and disproportionate demands. 4.3) The economic policies of the government have been such that it has aggravated the regional imbalances and economic disparities- It is due to the unequal distribution of developmental benefits that the demand for new states has emerged. 4.4) For example, the Telangana movement- did all the work but the profit was reaped by the zamindars. As per the tripartite agreement- Mulki or Gentleman’s Agreement- it was said that the Andhra government will make special provisions in higher education and government jobs for the people from Telangana. The youth of Andhra was thus unhappy, and this agreement was not respected. Slowly, an antagonistic feeling started getting carved up. And finally, the division of states happened. So, the economic reality was there- But when the politicians started to appease them, a separate state was carved out. Therefore, the factors are always there- but where third forces are present, the feeling is very strong. If third forces are missing (which channelizes and mobilizes the people), then the demands are not so strong. For example, in Vidarbha- there is a recurrent farmer suicide problem. However, demand for a separate state was only there when a particular political party was pitching in for the same. As soon as the party came to power, there was no talk about a separate state, despite the region still facing farmer suicides. Thus, economic inequality/differences are one of the most important factors behind the emergence of regionalism aggravated by political factors.
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How is India model of secularism different from the West? (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly define Secularism In the first part of the answer, explain the Western Model and Indian Model Briefly In the second part of the answer, explain the difference between the Western and Indian Model of Secularism Conclude briefly. Introduction: Secularism is defined as the principle of separation of State and persons who are mandated to represent the state, from religious institutions and dignitaries. It is devoid of both inter and intra religious domination. Secularism promotes- Freedom within religion, Equality in between and within religion, and Separation of state from Religion. The nature and extent of separation depend upon the values it tends to promote. Hence, Secularism connotes different ideologies for the west and for India Western Model of secularism: In the western model, the main sense of secular and secularism has to do with the separation of church and state. The state has no role in the religion, it does not intervene in religious matters nor does it protect any religion. The Indian concept of secularism: The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, Secularism in India ensures that all religions are equally protected by the State. Difference between Western models of secularism and Indian model of secularism: In the U.S.A. there is a separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularization in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. Indian secularism differs from secularism as practised in the West. Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in western secularism, in Indian secularism, the State can intervene in religious affairs. The objective of this unique model of secularism in India is to prevent the dominance of one religious community over another. Complete separation between state and religion in India is not possible due to the diversity of communities. Social realities also make complete secularism not possible. For eg - the subsidiary status of women has sanctions from religious ideologies, which can be addressed only through optimal interference by the state in the religious arena. eg - recent case of Triple talaq. In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Hence, Secularism in India is unique, a sui generis model that has emerged due to the conditions prevailing in India when it got independence.
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##Question:How is India model of secularism different from the West? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define Secularism In the first part of the answer, explain the Western Model and Indian Model Briefly In the second part of the answer, explain the difference between the Western and Indian Model of Secularism Conclude briefly. Introduction: Secularism is defined as the principle of separation of State and persons who are mandated to represent the state, from religious institutions and dignitaries. It is devoid of both inter and intra religious domination. Secularism promotes- Freedom within religion, Equality in between and within religion, and Separation of state from Religion. The nature and extent of separation depend upon the values it tends to promote. Hence, Secularism connotes different ideologies for the west and for India Western Model of secularism: In the western model, the main sense of secular and secularism has to do with the separation of church and state. The state has no role in the religion, it does not intervene in religious matters nor does it protect any religion. The Indian concept of secularism: The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, Secularism in India ensures that all religions are equally protected by the State. Difference between Western models of secularism and Indian model of secularism: In the U.S.A. there is a separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularization in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. Indian secularism differs from secularism as practised in the West. Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in western secularism, in Indian secularism, the State can intervene in religious affairs. The objective of this unique model of secularism in India is to prevent the dominance of one religious community over another. Complete separation between state and religion in India is not possible due to the diversity of communities. Social realities also make complete secularism not possible. For eg - the subsidiary status of women has sanctions from religious ideologies, which can be addressed only through optimal interference by the state in the religious arena. eg - recent case of Triple talaq. In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Hence, Secularism in India is unique, a sui generis model that has emerged due to the conditions prevailing in India when it got independence.
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आप एक जिले में DM के रूप में पदस्थापित हैं| आपको पता चलता है कि एक नवनियुक्त BDO द्वारा विकास संबंधी कार्यों में कमीशन लिया जा रहा है| कार्रवाई करने से पूर्व आप उसकी पृष्ठभूमि की कुछ जांच कराने की योजना बनाते हैं और आपको पता चलता है कि वह BDO बहुत निर्धन पृष्ठभूमि से है और उसके संबंधी उसपर आश्रित हैं| इसके अतिरिक्त, वह उनके बच्चों की शिक्षा का खर्च उठा रहा है| आपको यह भी पता चलता है कि यह BDO निर्धनों का हितैषी है और जहाँ भी इसकी तैनाती हुई है, वहां इसने सभी BPL योजनाओं को कुशलतापूर्वक लागू किया है| इन तथ्यों को ध्यान में रखते हुए आपकी क्या कार्रवाई होगी? (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You are posted as a DM in a district. You come to know that a newly appointed BDO is making commissions from developmental activities being carried out. Before taking action, you plan to do some background check and come to know that this BDO is from a very humble background and his relations are dependent on him. Moreover, he is funding the education of their children. You also come to know that this BDO is pro-poor and has implemented all BPL schemes with efficiency, wherever posted. Keeping these facts in mind, what would be your course of action? (250 Words; 20 Marks)
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एप्रोच ---> प्रस्तुत परिस्थिति में मानवीय आचरण की अनुचितता तथा आचरण की गुणत, लोकसेवक में भ्रष्टाचार की समस्या आदि के मुद्दे विद्यमान हैं तथा प्रसंग में दिए गए एक डी.एम. के भूमिका के अनुरूप इस परिस्थिति में मेरी कार्रवाई निम्नलिखित आयामों के अनुसार निर्धारित होगी ---> इस प्रकरण में BDO के द्वारा जो कमीशन लेने की बात की गई है, वह मानवीय आचरण अपने आप में विषयवस्तु के आधार पर अनुचित है| जो परिस्थिति के आधार पर अधिक अनुचित या कम अनुचित तो हो सकती है, परंतु कभी भी उचित होने की संज्ञा को प्राप्त नहीं कर सकता है| मैं प्रखंड विकास पदाधिकारी के विरुद्ध किसी भी कार्यवाही को संपन्न करने के पूर्व एक विस्तृत जांच-पड़ताल करवाउंगा एवं कमीशन के आरोपों की पुष्टि होने पर भ्रष्टाचार निवारक अधिनियम के प्रावधानों के अंतर्गत उचित कार्यवाही करूंगा| जांच-पड़ताल को अधिक निष्पक्ष बनाने हेतु हम BDO को सस्पेंड करवाएंगे| कमीशन लेना विधिक और नैतिक दोनों प्रकारों से अनुचित है , विशेषकर जब एक निर्धन पृष्ठभूमि का व्यक्ति उस परिस्थिति से गुजर चूका हो एवं गरीबों से संबंधित योजनाओं को लागू करने में कमीशन को प्राप्त करता हो| इसका प्रतिकूल प्रभाव विकासीय योजनाओं के गुणवत्ता पर पड़ना स्वाभाविक है, अतः ऐसी स्थिति में योजनाओं को कुशलतापूर्वक प्रभावी तरीके से लागू किया जाना भी संभव नहीं हो सकता है| प्रखंड विकास पदाधिकारी को अधिक सहानुभूति का परिचय देना चाहिए एवं व्यक्तिगत दायित्वों के निर्वहन हेतु लोकनिधि का दुरूपयोग किया जाना एवं भ्रष्टाचार को बढ़ावा दिया जाना किसी भी परिस्थिति में स्वीकृत नहीं होगा या इसका समर्थन नहीं किया जा सकता| मैं इस बात की अपेक्षा करूंगा कि BDO के विरुद्ध ऐसी कार्यवाही की जाए जोकि अन्य अधिकारियों के लिए एक उदाहरण बन सके क्योंकि भ्रष्टाचार का होना लोक अधिकारियों के सत्यनिष्ठा की कमी का एक महत्वपूर्ण आयाम है| मौजूदा समय में सरकार के द्वारा बच्चों के निःशुल्क एवं अनिवार्य शिक्षा पर बल दिया जा रहा है, अतः बच्चों के शिक्षा हेतु खर्च का वहन करने के लिए कमीशन का प्रयोग किया जाना अनुचित है|
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##Question:आप एक जिले में DM के रूप में पदस्थापित हैं| आपको पता चलता है कि एक नवनियुक्त BDO द्वारा विकास संबंधी कार्यों में कमीशन लिया जा रहा है| कार्रवाई करने से पूर्व आप उसकी पृष्ठभूमि की कुछ जांच कराने की योजना बनाते हैं और आपको पता चलता है कि वह BDO बहुत निर्धन पृष्ठभूमि से है और उसके संबंधी उसपर आश्रित हैं| इसके अतिरिक्त, वह उनके बच्चों की शिक्षा का खर्च उठा रहा है| आपको यह भी पता चलता है कि यह BDO निर्धनों का हितैषी है और जहाँ भी इसकी तैनाती हुई है, वहां इसने सभी BPL योजनाओं को कुशलतापूर्वक लागू किया है| इन तथ्यों को ध्यान में रखते हुए आपकी क्या कार्रवाई होगी? (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You are posted as a DM in a district. You come to know that a newly appointed BDO is making commissions from developmental activities being carried out. Before taking action, you plan to do some background check and come to know that this BDO is from a very humble background and his relations are dependent on him. Moreover, he is funding the education of their children. You also come to know that this BDO is pro-poor and has implemented all BPL schemes with efficiency, wherever posted. Keeping these facts in mind, what would be your course of action? (250 Words; 20 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच ---> प्रस्तुत परिस्थिति में मानवीय आचरण की अनुचितता तथा आचरण की गुणत, लोकसेवक में भ्रष्टाचार की समस्या आदि के मुद्दे विद्यमान हैं तथा प्रसंग में दिए गए एक डी.एम. के भूमिका के अनुरूप इस परिस्थिति में मेरी कार्रवाई निम्नलिखित आयामों के अनुसार निर्धारित होगी ---> इस प्रकरण में BDO के द्वारा जो कमीशन लेने की बात की गई है, वह मानवीय आचरण अपने आप में विषयवस्तु के आधार पर अनुचित है| जो परिस्थिति के आधार पर अधिक अनुचित या कम अनुचित तो हो सकती है, परंतु कभी भी उचित होने की संज्ञा को प्राप्त नहीं कर सकता है| मैं प्रखंड विकास पदाधिकारी के विरुद्ध किसी भी कार्यवाही को संपन्न करने के पूर्व एक विस्तृत जांच-पड़ताल करवाउंगा एवं कमीशन के आरोपों की पुष्टि होने पर भ्रष्टाचार निवारक अधिनियम के प्रावधानों के अंतर्गत उचित कार्यवाही करूंगा| जांच-पड़ताल को अधिक निष्पक्ष बनाने हेतु हम BDO को सस्पेंड करवाएंगे| कमीशन लेना विधिक और नैतिक दोनों प्रकारों से अनुचित है , विशेषकर जब एक निर्धन पृष्ठभूमि का व्यक्ति उस परिस्थिति से गुजर चूका हो एवं गरीबों से संबंधित योजनाओं को लागू करने में कमीशन को प्राप्त करता हो| इसका प्रतिकूल प्रभाव विकासीय योजनाओं के गुणवत्ता पर पड़ना स्वाभाविक है, अतः ऐसी स्थिति में योजनाओं को कुशलतापूर्वक प्रभावी तरीके से लागू किया जाना भी संभव नहीं हो सकता है| प्रखंड विकास पदाधिकारी को अधिक सहानुभूति का परिचय देना चाहिए एवं व्यक्तिगत दायित्वों के निर्वहन हेतु लोकनिधि का दुरूपयोग किया जाना एवं भ्रष्टाचार को बढ़ावा दिया जाना किसी भी परिस्थिति में स्वीकृत नहीं होगा या इसका समर्थन नहीं किया जा सकता| मैं इस बात की अपेक्षा करूंगा कि BDO के विरुद्ध ऐसी कार्यवाही की जाए जोकि अन्य अधिकारियों के लिए एक उदाहरण बन सके क्योंकि भ्रष्टाचार का होना लोक अधिकारियों के सत्यनिष्ठा की कमी का एक महत्वपूर्ण आयाम है| मौजूदा समय में सरकार के द्वारा बच्चों के निःशुल्क एवं अनिवार्य शिक्षा पर बल दिया जा रहा है, अतः बच्चों के शिक्षा हेतु खर्च का वहन करने के लिए कमीशन का प्रयोग किया जाना अनुचित है|
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गजेन्द्र, एक संघर्षरत फिल्म अभिनेता था, पहले तो उसे अभियुक्त बनाया गया और फिर बाद में उसे बलात्कार के आरोपों से दोषमुक्त कर दिया गया, इन आरोपों को न्यायिक पीठ ने दुर्भावना से अभिप्रेरित और झूठा पाया। इस स्थिति का सामना न कर पाने के कारण उसने अपने पेशे में परिवर्तन करते हुए आगे का जीवन निर्वाह किया। तीस वर्ष पश्चात्, हालांकि उसके घनिष्ठतम मित्रों को इस घटना के बारे में पता है किन्तु उसके सहकर्मी इस बात को नहीं जानते हैं। एक दिन उत्सुकतावश वह इंटरनेट पर अपने नाम की खोज करता है और आश्चर्यजनक रूप से यह पाता है दृष्टिगत तीसरी प्रविष्टि एक स्थानीय समाचारपत्र में उसके द्वारा सामना किए गए बलात्कार के आरोपों के बारे में एक पुरानी रिपोर्ट की है। गजेन्द्र परेशान है; इतने वर्षों के बाद, वह इस घटना को केवल अपनी पसंद के लोगों के समक्ष ही प्रकट करना चाहता है। उसने यूरोपीय न्यायालय के उस निर्णय के बारे में सुना है, जो व्यक्तियों को अपने नाम से की जाने वाली खोज संबंधी कुछ परिणामों को हटाए जाने हेतु सर्च इंजन को निवेदन प्रस्तुत करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है, और उसी का उद्धरण देते हुए वह सर्च इंजन और मीडिया आउटलेट को परिणामों को हटाए जाने हेतु निवेदन करता है। क्या भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकार बनाने हेतु वैध तर्क दिए जा सकते हैं? वे तर्क क्या हो सकते हैं? यदि उनकी कोई सीमाएं हैं तो वे सीमाएं क्या होंगी? ऊपर उल्लिखित प्रकरण की भांति अन्य अप्रासंगिक प्रकरणों के संबंध में क्या सर्च इंजनों का कोई दायित्व होना चाहिए? (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) Gajendra, once a struggling film actor, was accused and later exonerated of rape charges, which the jury found out to be motivated and fake. Not able to cope up with the situation, he changed profession and moved on. Thirty years later, while his closest friends know about the incident but his co-workers do not. One day, out of curiosity, he searches for his name on the internet, and to his surprise, finds that the third entry that comes up is an old report in a local newspaper about the rape charges he faced. Gajendra is upset; after all these years, he would like to be able to disclose the event only to whomever he wants. He has heard about the decision of European Court of Justice which allows individuals to submit requests to a search engine to remove certain results from searches on their names, and citing the same, requests the search engine and media outlet to remove the results. Valid arguments can be advanced for making the Right to be Forgotten a fundamental right? What those arguments could be? What limitations, if any, can it be subjected to? Should there be any obligations on the search engines regarding cases, which are no longer relevant, as the one mentioned above? (250 Words; 20 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- सर्वप्रथम प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दों को रेखांकित कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को व्याख्यायित करते हुए, इसे एक मौलिक अधिकार बनाए जाने के पक्ष में तर्क प्रस्तुत कीजिये| 3- दूसरे भाग में उपरोक्त तर्कों की सीमाओं का उल्लेख कीजिये 4 अंतिम में सर्च इंजनों के उत्तरदायित्व को सपष्ट करते हुए निष्कर्ष दीजिये उत्तर- यह प्रकरण गोपनीयता, पारदर्शिता एवं भावनात्मक समझ जैसे मूल्यों पर केन्द्रित है| भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार की मान्यता मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में दिया जाना उचित एवं प्रासंगिक है इसके समर्थन में निम्नांकित तर्कों को प्रस्तुत किया जा सकता है 1- जीवन जीने का अधिकार स्वतः अपने आप में गरिमापूर्ण जीवन व्यतीत करने पर बल देता है जिसके लिए भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार का विशेष महत्त्व है| 2- इसे मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में शामिल किया जाना स्वतः अन्य अभिकरणों को ऐसा करने से रोकेगा कि किसी व्यक्ति के प्रतिष्ठा और सम्मान से सम्बन्धित पहलुओं पर विशेष बल दिया जाए एवं इसे संरक्षित करने हेतु विभिन्न उपायों को लागू किया जाए 3- भुला दिए जाने का अधिकार स्वतः अपने आप में निजता के अधिकार का विस्तारीकरण है अतः इस उद्देश्य से भी यह आवश्यक है कि निजता के अधिकार को अधिक सुदृढ़ बनाने हेतु भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में स्वीकार किया जाए 4- यूरोपियन न्यायालय के द्वारा भी इस अधिकार का समर्थन किया गया अतः इसकी मान्यता को विशिष्ट रूप से लागू करने हेतु इसे मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में अपनाया जाना चाहिए| भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में स्वीकार करने पर इसकी व्यावहारिक समस्याओं को भी देखा जा सकता है| जो निम्नलिखित हैं- 1- ऐसा होने पर इसके विश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया में न्यायालय का कार्यभार और अधिक अत्यधिक होगा अतः इसके अनुप्रयोग को त्वरित आधार पर सुनिश्चित किया जाना संभव नहीं हो पायेगा| 2- वर्तमान समय में सोशल मीडिया को नियंत्रित करना अपने आप में एक चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य है| और बिना सोशल मीडिया को नियंत्रित किये भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार की व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित किया जाना संभव नहीं है| सर्च इंजनों का यह नैतिक और कुछ हद तक विधिक दायित्व है कि ऐसे प्रकरण की पुनरावृत्ति को रोका जाए| सर्च इंजन के दायित्वों के निर्वहन हेतु अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर एक आम सहमति का होना आवश्यक है क्योंकि इस पर नियंत्रण किया जाना किसी भी एक देश के विधिक क्षेत्राधिकार से बाहर है|
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##Question:गजेन्द्र, एक संघर्षरत फिल्म अभिनेता था, पहले तो उसे अभियुक्त बनाया गया और फिर बाद में उसे बलात्कार के आरोपों से दोषमुक्त कर दिया गया, इन आरोपों को न्यायिक पीठ ने दुर्भावना से अभिप्रेरित और झूठा पाया। इस स्थिति का सामना न कर पाने के कारण उसने अपने पेशे में परिवर्तन करते हुए आगे का जीवन निर्वाह किया। तीस वर्ष पश्चात्, हालांकि उसके घनिष्ठतम मित्रों को इस घटना के बारे में पता है किन्तु उसके सहकर्मी इस बात को नहीं जानते हैं। एक दिन उत्सुकतावश वह इंटरनेट पर अपने नाम की खोज करता है और आश्चर्यजनक रूप से यह पाता है दृष्टिगत तीसरी प्रविष्टि एक स्थानीय समाचारपत्र में उसके द्वारा सामना किए गए बलात्कार के आरोपों के बारे में एक पुरानी रिपोर्ट की है। गजेन्द्र परेशान है; इतने वर्षों के बाद, वह इस घटना को केवल अपनी पसंद के लोगों के समक्ष ही प्रकट करना चाहता है। उसने यूरोपीय न्यायालय के उस निर्णय के बारे में सुना है, जो व्यक्तियों को अपने नाम से की जाने वाली खोज संबंधी कुछ परिणामों को हटाए जाने हेतु सर्च इंजन को निवेदन प्रस्तुत करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है, और उसी का उद्धरण देते हुए वह सर्च इंजन और मीडिया आउटलेट को परिणामों को हटाए जाने हेतु निवेदन करता है। क्या भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकार बनाने हेतु वैध तर्क दिए जा सकते हैं? वे तर्क क्या हो सकते हैं? यदि उनकी कोई सीमाएं हैं तो वे सीमाएं क्या होंगी? ऊपर उल्लिखित प्रकरण की भांति अन्य अप्रासंगिक प्रकरणों के संबंध में क्या सर्च इंजनों का कोई दायित्व होना चाहिए? (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) Gajendra, once a struggling film actor, was accused and later exonerated of rape charges, which the jury found out to be motivated and fake. Not able to cope up with the situation, he changed profession and moved on. Thirty years later, while his closest friends know about the incident but his co-workers do not. One day, out of curiosity, he searches for his name on the internet, and to his surprise, finds that the third entry that comes up is an old report in a local newspaper about the rape charges he faced. Gajendra is upset; after all these years, he would like to be able to disclose the event only to whomever he wants. He has heard about the decision of European Court of Justice which allows individuals to submit requests to a search engine to remove certain results from searches on their names, and citing the same, requests the search engine and media outlet to remove the results. Valid arguments can be advanced for making the Right to be Forgotten a fundamental right? What those arguments could be? What limitations, if any, can it be subjected to? Should there be any obligations on the search engines regarding cases, which are no longer relevant, as the one mentioned above? (250 Words; 20 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- सर्वप्रथम प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दों को रेखांकित कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को व्याख्यायित करते हुए, इसे एक मौलिक अधिकार बनाए जाने के पक्ष में तर्क प्रस्तुत कीजिये| 3- दूसरे भाग में उपरोक्त तर्कों की सीमाओं का उल्लेख कीजिये 4 अंतिम में सर्च इंजनों के उत्तरदायित्व को सपष्ट करते हुए निष्कर्ष दीजिये उत्तर- यह प्रकरण गोपनीयता, पारदर्शिता एवं भावनात्मक समझ जैसे मूल्यों पर केन्द्रित है| भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार की मान्यता मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में दिया जाना उचित एवं प्रासंगिक है इसके समर्थन में निम्नांकित तर्कों को प्रस्तुत किया जा सकता है 1- जीवन जीने का अधिकार स्वतः अपने आप में गरिमापूर्ण जीवन व्यतीत करने पर बल देता है जिसके लिए भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार का विशेष महत्त्व है| 2- इसे मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में शामिल किया जाना स्वतः अन्य अभिकरणों को ऐसा करने से रोकेगा कि किसी व्यक्ति के प्रतिष्ठा और सम्मान से सम्बन्धित पहलुओं पर विशेष बल दिया जाए एवं इसे संरक्षित करने हेतु विभिन्न उपायों को लागू किया जाए 3- भुला दिए जाने का अधिकार स्वतः अपने आप में निजता के अधिकार का विस्तारीकरण है अतः इस उद्देश्य से भी यह आवश्यक है कि निजता के अधिकार को अधिक सुदृढ़ बनाने हेतु भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में स्वीकार किया जाए 4- यूरोपियन न्यायालय के द्वारा भी इस अधिकार का समर्थन किया गया अतः इसकी मान्यता को विशिष्ट रूप से लागू करने हेतु इसे मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में अपनाया जाना चाहिए| भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकार के रूप में स्वीकार करने पर इसकी व्यावहारिक समस्याओं को भी देखा जा सकता है| जो निम्नलिखित हैं- 1- ऐसा होने पर इसके विश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया में न्यायालय का कार्यभार और अधिक अत्यधिक होगा अतः इसके अनुप्रयोग को त्वरित आधार पर सुनिश्चित किया जाना संभव नहीं हो पायेगा| 2- वर्तमान समय में सोशल मीडिया को नियंत्रित करना अपने आप में एक चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य है| और बिना सोशल मीडिया को नियंत्रित किये भुला दिए जाने के अधिकार की व्यवहारिकता को सुनिश्चित किया जाना संभव नहीं है| सर्च इंजनों का यह नैतिक और कुछ हद तक विधिक दायित्व है कि ऐसे प्रकरण की पुनरावृत्ति को रोका जाए| सर्च इंजन के दायित्वों के निर्वहन हेतु अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर एक आम सहमति का होना आवश्यक है क्योंकि इस पर नियंत्रण किया जाना किसी भी एक देश के विधिक क्षेत्राधिकार से बाहर है|
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Why did India shift from primary sector to services sector and not secondary sector? (150 words/10Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Start with the definition of Primary and Secondary Sector Main Body: Define the reasons of Why did India shift from the primary sector to the services sector and not the secondary sector. Conclusion: Conclude your answer with good examples. Answer: Primary Sector: In the Primary sector of the economy, activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy, etc. are some examples of this sector. Secondary Sector: It includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector. Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugar cane production, etc. activities come under this sector. Reasons: - The natural economic movement of a country goes from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy to a service economy but India has leapfrogged from an agrarian economy to a service economy. - One remarkable feature of India’s recent growth is diversification into services, with the services sector dominating GDP. - India’s success in software and IT-enables serviced (ITeS) exports, has made it a significant services exporter with its share in world services exports rising from 0.6 per cent in 1990 to 3.3 per cent in 2013. - Well-educated and immense human resources, Fluency in English and availability of cheap labour are other reasons for rapid growth of service sector in the country. On the other hand low growth in Secondary sector can be attributed to: * The license Raj * Restrictions on foreign investment * Lack of measures to promote private industry * Power Deficit * Stringent Labour laws * Lack of skilled labour * Delays in Land Acquisition and environmental clearances * Import of cheap manufactured goods etc. Conclusion: Though India ranks low in terms of per capita income, its share of services in GDP is approaching the global average. Interestingly, however, the contribution of services to employment was significantly lower than the world average. The manufacturing sector tends to be labour-intensive, hence the renewed emphasis on manufacturing through programmes like ‘Make in India’ will serve to correct this anomaly and raise employment in proportion with growth in GDP.
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##Question:Why did India shift from primary sector to services sector and not secondary sector? (150 words/10Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Start with the definition of Primary and Secondary Sector Main Body: Define the reasons of Why did India shift from the primary sector to the services sector and not the secondary sector. Conclusion: Conclude your answer with good examples. Answer: Primary Sector: In the Primary sector of the economy, activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy, etc. are some examples of this sector. Secondary Sector: It includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector. Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugar cane production, etc. activities come under this sector. Reasons: - The natural economic movement of a country goes from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy to a service economy but India has leapfrogged from an agrarian economy to a service economy. - One remarkable feature of India’s recent growth is diversification into services, with the services sector dominating GDP. - India’s success in software and IT-enables serviced (ITeS) exports, has made it a significant services exporter with its share in world services exports rising from 0.6 per cent in 1990 to 3.3 per cent in 2013. - Well-educated and immense human resources, Fluency in English and availability of cheap labour are other reasons for rapid growth of service sector in the country. On the other hand low growth in Secondary sector can be attributed to: * The license Raj * Restrictions on foreign investment * Lack of measures to promote private industry * Power Deficit * Stringent Labour laws * Lack of skilled labour * Delays in Land Acquisition and environmental clearances * Import of cheap manufactured goods etc. Conclusion: Though India ranks low in terms of per capita income, its share of services in GDP is approaching the global average. Interestingly, however, the contribution of services to employment was significantly lower than the world average. The manufacturing sector tends to be labour-intensive, hence the renewed emphasis on manufacturing through programmes like ‘Make in India’ will serve to correct this anomaly and raise employment in proportion with growth in GDP.
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In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach: Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals : Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion: In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?##Answer:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach: Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals : Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a Fundamental Right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion: In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel : In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure : In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?##Answer:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel : In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure : In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?##Answer:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly Answer The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 Measures required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need to improvise the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals: Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are Significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health. As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?
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In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals : Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health.As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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##Question:In the backdrop of Covid Pandemic ,discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also suggest measures to overcome those challenges?##Answer:In the backdrop of the Covid Pandemic, discuss the challenges confronted by the Health Care System in India. Also, suggest measures to overcome those challenges? Approach Introduction: Introduce your Answer with a general introduction to the Health care system in India Body: Discuss the challenges and suggest some measures to overcome the challenges Conclude your answer Accordingly The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of the Healthcare system in a country and its key linkages to other sectors. It has clearly highlighted that a healthcare crisis can transform into an economic and social crisis. Having recognized this important linkage, in the Union Budget 2021-22, the Finance Minister has substantially increased the healthcare expenditure by almost 137% in comparison to the previous financial year. A new centrally sponsored scheme known as “PM Aatma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana” has also been launched. Challenges: Lower Expenditure on Health: The Combined expenditure of Centre and States on Health is around 1.5% of India’s GDP, which translates into Rs 3 per person per day. It is much below the target of 2.5% as set under the National Health Policy, 2017. Countries such as Bhutan (2.5%) and Sri Lanka (1.6%) spend more money on health as compared to us. Low Insurance Penetration: 86% of people in rural areas and 82% in urban areas do not have access to insurance coverage. Problems- Forced to use their meagre savings, borrow money, or delay the treatment. Implications: Perpetuate vicious cycle of poverty (poor people remain poor due to higher health costs) Push the above poverty line people back to BPL. (Drives 55 million Indians into poverty, more than the population of South Korea (51.1 million)) Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health: In the case of India, Government spends only 35% of healthcare expenditure, while a major chunk of 65% of expenditure is incurred by people themselves. At the global level, the average out-of-pocket expenditure is hardly around 18%. Lack of Accessibility: Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals are located in Tier-1 and Tier-2 Cities. Similarly, most doctors are unwilling to practice in rural areas. Lack of Affordability: The contribution of the private sector in healthcare expenditure in India is around 80 per cent while the rest 20 per cent is contributed by Public Sector. The private sector also provides for 58 per cent of the hospitals and 81 per cent of the doctors in India. However, since the private sector hospitals work on the profit motive and charge high fees, the private sector hospitals do not address the needs of the poor patients. Shortage of Medical Personnel: In India, it is 3.4 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People whereas in China It is 18 No. of Qualified doctors per 1000 People. In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other staff in the health sector. As per a report laid down by a minister in Parliament, there is a shortage of 600,000 doctors in India. Poor Healthcare Infrastructure: In India, The number of Hospitals beds/ 1 lakh is 70 whereas In China it is 420 What measures are required in the sector: Improving infrastructure: There is a need of improvising the infrastructure of public hospitals which have a lot of burden due to the high population in India. Focus on private hospitals : Private hospitals must be encouraged by the government because their contribution is important. The private sector also needs to participate because the challenges are significant and these cannot be resolved only by the government alone. Efficiency enhancement: More medical personnel must be recruited to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of the sector. Technology utilisation: Technologies must be used to connect the dots in the health system. Medical devices in hospitals/ clinics, mobile care applications, wearables, and sensors are some forms of technology that should be added in this sector. Awareness: People should be made aware of early detection and preventive care. It would help them in saving pocket expenditure also. Declaration of Right to Health as Fundamental Right: Presently, the Right to health is not explicitly included under the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. In order to ensure the greater commitment of the government towards health, there is a need to include health as a constitutional and fundamental right as provided under the Brazilian constitution. Conclusion In the case of India, there is a need to take the states and local bodies on board to ensure the success of health care interventions. The states and local bodies must be required to spend a certain percentage of their total budget towards health.As we get ready to face a future that is full of possibility and uncertainty in equal measure, let us recognize these and other challenges and prepare to meet them, remembering that the fight against ill-health is the fight against all that is harmful to humanity.
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आप एक इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज के डीन हैं। आपको निचली जातियों के छात्रों के विरुद्ध कुछ वरिष्ठ प्रोफेसरों के पूर्वाग्रह के संबंध में एक शिकायत प्राप्त हुई है। इन प्रोफेसरों ने विश्वविद्यालय में शैक्षणिक दृष्टि से अत्यधिक योगदान किया है। हालांकि, इस विशेष घटना ने परिसर में शांति और सद्भाव के वातावरण को अशांत कर दिया है। (a) कुछ छात्रों के बीच बढ़ते असंतोष को शांत करने के लिए आप तत्काल क्या कदम उठाएंगे, चर्चा कीजिए। (b) प्रोफेसरों के दोषी पाये जाने की स्थिति में उठाए जाने वाले कदमों की चर्चा कीजिए। साथ ही, यदि यह प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध झूठा मामला सिद्ध होता है तो उसके बाद उठाए जाने वाले कदमों का भी मूल्यांकन कीजिए। (c) परिसर में सकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण निर्मित करने हेतु प्रोफ़ेसरों और छात्रों की क्या जिम्मेदारियाँ होनी चाहिए?(250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You are the dean of an engineering college. You have received a complaint regarding prejudice against students from lower castes by some senior professors. These professors have contributed a lot academically to the university. However, this particular instance has disturbed peace and harmony in the campus. (a) Discuss the immediate steps you would take to contain growing discontent among some students. (b) Discuss the action to be taken if the professors are found to be guilty and also evaluate the steps if it comes out to be a false case against the professors. (c) What should be the responsibilities of professors and students to create positive social ambience in the campus? (250 words, 10 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- सर्वप्रथम प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दों और अपनी स्थिति की चर्चा कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में केस स्टडी में दिए गए प्रश्नों का समाधान प्रस्तुत कीजिये उत्तर- यह परिस्थिति पेशेवर दक्षता एवं पेशेवर मूल्यों के साथ साथ निष्पक्षता, भेदभाव रहित जैसे नैतिक मुद्दों पर विशेष बल देती है| इस प्रकरण में मेरी भूमिका एक प्रशासक के रूप में है| अतः मेरा यह दायित्व है कि छात्रों की शिकायतों पर गंभीरता से विचार किया जाए एवं छात्रों की शिकायतों को दूर करने हेतु प्रोफेसरों के सहयोग एवं समर्थन को प्राप्त किया जाए (A)कुछ छात्रों के बीच बढ़ते असंतोष को शांत करने के लिए आप तत्काल क्या कदम उठाएंगे, चर्चा कीजिए। इस संदर्भ में छात्रों के बीच बढ़ते असंतोष को शांत करने के लिए मैं छात्र संघ के नेताओं एवं प्रोफेसरों के माध्यम से एक जांच पड़ताल समिति का गठन करूंगा ताकि इसके माध्यम से मेरे द्वारा की जाने वाली कार्यवाही पर छात्र एवं प्रोफ़ेसर दोनों के विश्वास को प्राप्त किया जा सके जांच पड़ताल समिति के निष्कर्षों के आधार पर मेरे द्वारा उठाये गए कदमों में अधिक वस्तुनिष्ठता होगी छात्रों के असंतोष को दूर करने हेतु मैं असंतुष्ट छात्रों को यह विश्वास दिलाऊँगा की मेरे द्वारा इस समस्या के समाधान हेतु एक न्यायपूर्ण कार्यवाही की जायेगी| (B )प्रोफेसरों के दोषी पाये जाने की स्थिति में उठाए जाने वाले कदमों की चर्चा कीजिए। साथ ही, यदि यह प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध झूठा मामला सिद्ध होता है तो उसके बाद उठाए जाने वाले कदमों का भी मूल्यांकन कीजिए। जांच पड़ताल समिति के निष्कर्षों के आधार पर दो संभावनाओं को व्यक्त किया जा सकता है| यथा 1- प्रोफेसरों को आरोपों के लिए दोषी माना जाए 2- प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध आरोप गलत साबित हो अगर प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध लगाए गए आरोप सही साबित होते हैं तो मैं इस बात की जानकारी कॉलेज के प्रमुख को प्रेषित करूंगा ताकि प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध अनुशासनहीनता की कार्यवाही की जा सके| प्रोफेसरों के द्वारा ऐसा किया जाना यह कॉलेज के आचरण संहिता के प्रावधानों के अनुरूप नहीं है| इसके साथ साथ जाति सूचक व्यवहार का होना विधिक रूप से भी एक दंडनीय अपराध है| अतः मैं प्रोफ़ेसरों के विरुद्ध कानूनी कार्यवाही को भी प्रस्तावित करूंगा ताकि प्रोफेसरों को उनके द्वारा किये गए अपराध की उचित सजा मिले| अगर जांच पड़ताल समिति के द्वारा प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध लगाए गए आरोप गलत साबित होते हैं तो मैं उन छात्रों को चेतावनी देते हुए इस बात के लिए सचेत करूंगा कि अगर उनके द्वारा इस प्रकार की गलती दुबारा की गयी तो मैं उन्हें कॉलेज से सस्पेंड या निलंबित कर दूंगा उन छात्रों के द्वारा किये गए गलत कृत्यों के लिए उन्हें मैं प्रोफ़ेसर से सबके सामने माफ़ी मांग कर अपनी गलती को स्वीकार करने के लिए कहूंगा| मैं उन छात्रों को यह महसूस करने के लिए बाध्य करूंगा कि उनके द्वारा किया गया कृत्य शैक्षणिक जगत के मूल्यों एवं परम्पराओं का उल्लंघन करते हैं| किसी भी शैक्षणिक संस्थान में छात्र और प्रोफ़ेसर का सम्बन्ध ऐसा होना चाहिए जो कि छात्रों के सर्वोत्तम हित में हो और छात्रों का हित ही प्रोफेसरों का हित होता है (C)परिसर में सकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण निर्मित करने हेतु प्रोफ़ेसरों और छात्रों की क्या जिम्मेदारियाँ होनी चाहिए? एक सकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण को प्राप्त करने की दिशा में प्रोफेसरों और छात्रों का एक दूसरे के प्रति परस्पर दायित्व है| इसके लिए छात्रों को अपने कर्तव्यों का बोध कराया जाना चाहिए एवं प्रोफेसरों को यह एहसास होना चाहिए कि छात्रों के भविष्य निर्माण में उनका महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है| प्रोफेसर, छात्रों के व्यक्तित्व एवं राष्ट्र के निर्माण में एक अहम भूमिका अदा करते हैं परन्तु प्रोफेसरों के द्वारा इस भूमिका का निर्वहन प्रभावी तरीके से किये जाने हेतु छात्रों के सक्रिय सहयोग एवं भूमिका का होना अपेक्षित है| एक अनुकूल सामाजिक वातावरण को उत्पन करने हेतु मैं प्रोफेसरों और छात्रों के बीच अधिक से अधिक अनौपचारिक परस्पर तालमेल को सुनिश्चित करने का प्रयास करूंगा ताकि दोनों के दृष्टिकोण में अधिक एकरूपता को प्राप्त किया जा सके|
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##Question:आप एक इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज के डीन हैं। आपको निचली जातियों के छात्रों के विरुद्ध कुछ वरिष्ठ प्रोफेसरों के पूर्वाग्रह के संबंध में एक शिकायत प्राप्त हुई है। इन प्रोफेसरों ने विश्वविद्यालय में शैक्षणिक दृष्टि से अत्यधिक योगदान किया है। हालांकि, इस विशेष घटना ने परिसर में शांति और सद्भाव के वातावरण को अशांत कर दिया है। (a) कुछ छात्रों के बीच बढ़ते असंतोष को शांत करने के लिए आप तत्काल क्या कदम उठाएंगे, चर्चा कीजिए। (b) प्रोफेसरों के दोषी पाये जाने की स्थिति में उठाए जाने वाले कदमों की चर्चा कीजिए। साथ ही, यदि यह प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध झूठा मामला सिद्ध होता है तो उसके बाद उठाए जाने वाले कदमों का भी मूल्यांकन कीजिए। (c) परिसर में सकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण निर्मित करने हेतु प्रोफ़ेसरों और छात्रों की क्या जिम्मेदारियाँ होनी चाहिए?(250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You are the dean of an engineering college. You have received a complaint regarding prejudice against students from lower castes by some senior professors. These professors have contributed a lot academically to the university. However, this particular instance has disturbed peace and harmony in the campus. (a) Discuss the immediate steps you would take to contain growing discontent among some students. (b) Discuss the action to be taken if the professors are found to be guilty and also evaluate the steps if it comes out to be a false case against the professors. (c) What should be the responsibilities of professors and students to create positive social ambience in the campus? (250 words, 10 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- सर्वप्रथम प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दों और अपनी स्थिति की चर्चा कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में केस स्टडी में दिए गए प्रश्नों का समाधान प्रस्तुत कीजिये उत्तर- यह परिस्थिति पेशेवर दक्षता एवं पेशेवर मूल्यों के साथ साथ निष्पक्षता, भेदभाव रहित जैसे नैतिक मुद्दों पर विशेष बल देती है| इस प्रकरण में मेरी भूमिका एक प्रशासक के रूप में है| अतः मेरा यह दायित्व है कि छात्रों की शिकायतों पर गंभीरता से विचार किया जाए एवं छात्रों की शिकायतों को दूर करने हेतु प्रोफेसरों के सहयोग एवं समर्थन को प्राप्त किया जाए (A)कुछ छात्रों के बीच बढ़ते असंतोष को शांत करने के लिए आप तत्काल क्या कदम उठाएंगे, चर्चा कीजिए। इस संदर्भ में छात्रों के बीच बढ़ते असंतोष को शांत करने के लिए मैं छात्र संघ के नेताओं एवं प्रोफेसरों के माध्यम से एक जांच पड़ताल समिति का गठन करूंगा ताकि इसके माध्यम से मेरे द्वारा की जाने वाली कार्यवाही पर छात्र एवं प्रोफ़ेसर दोनों के विश्वास को प्राप्त किया जा सके जांच पड़ताल समिति के निष्कर्षों के आधार पर मेरे द्वारा उठाये गए कदमों में अधिक वस्तुनिष्ठता होगी छात्रों के असंतोष को दूर करने हेतु मैं असंतुष्ट छात्रों को यह विश्वास दिलाऊँगा की मेरे द्वारा इस समस्या के समाधान हेतु एक न्यायपूर्ण कार्यवाही की जायेगी| (B )प्रोफेसरों के दोषी पाये जाने की स्थिति में उठाए जाने वाले कदमों की चर्चा कीजिए। साथ ही, यदि यह प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध झूठा मामला सिद्ध होता है तो उसके बाद उठाए जाने वाले कदमों का भी मूल्यांकन कीजिए। जांच पड़ताल समिति के निष्कर्षों के आधार पर दो संभावनाओं को व्यक्त किया जा सकता है| यथा 1- प्रोफेसरों को आरोपों के लिए दोषी माना जाए 2- प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध आरोप गलत साबित हो अगर प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध लगाए गए आरोप सही साबित होते हैं तो मैं इस बात की जानकारी कॉलेज के प्रमुख को प्रेषित करूंगा ताकि प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध अनुशासनहीनता की कार्यवाही की जा सके| प्रोफेसरों के द्वारा ऐसा किया जाना यह कॉलेज के आचरण संहिता के प्रावधानों के अनुरूप नहीं है| इसके साथ साथ जाति सूचक व्यवहार का होना विधिक रूप से भी एक दंडनीय अपराध है| अतः मैं प्रोफ़ेसरों के विरुद्ध कानूनी कार्यवाही को भी प्रस्तावित करूंगा ताकि प्रोफेसरों को उनके द्वारा किये गए अपराध की उचित सजा मिले| अगर जांच पड़ताल समिति के द्वारा प्रोफेसरों के विरुद्ध लगाए गए आरोप गलत साबित होते हैं तो मैं उन छात्रों को चेतावनी देते हुए इस बात के लिए सचेत करूंगा कि अगर उनके द्वारा इस प्रकार की गलती दुबारा की गयी तो मैं उन्हें कॉलेज से सस्पेंड या निलंबित कर दूंगा उन छात्रों के द्वारा किये गए गलत कृत्यों के लिए उन्हें मैं प्रोफ़ेसर से सबके सामने माफ़ी मांग कर अपनी गलती को स्वीकार करने के लिए कहूंगा| मैं उन छात्रों को यह महसूस करने के लिए बाध्य करूंगा कि उनके द्वारा किया गया कृत्य शैक्षणिक जगत के मूल्यों एवं परम्पराओं का उल्लंघन करते हैं| किसी भी शैक्षणिक संस्थान में छात्र और प्रोफ़ेसर का सम्बन्ध ऐसा होना चाहिए जो कि छात्रों के सर्वोत्तम हित में हो और छात्रों का हित ही प्रोफेसरों का हित होता है (C)परिसर में सकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण निर्मित करने हेतु प्रोफ़ेसरों और छात्रों की क्या जिम्मेदारियाँ होनी चाहिए? एक सकारात्मक सामाजिक वातावरण को प्राप्त करने की दिशा में प्रोफेसरों और छात्रों का एक दूसरे के प्रति परस्पर दायित्व है| इसके लिए छात्रों को अपने कर्तव्यों का बोध कराया जाना चाहिए एवं प्रोफेसरों को यह एहसास होना चाहिए कि छात्रों के भविष्य निर्माण में उनका महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है| प्रोफेसर, छात्रों के व्यक्तित्व एवं राष्ट्र के निर्माण में एक अहम भूमिका अदा करते हैं परन्तु प्रोफेसरों के द्वारा इस भूमिका का निर्वहन प्रभावी तरीके से किये जाने हेतु छात्रों के सक्रिय सहयोग एवं भूमिका का होना अपेक्षित है| एक अनुकूल सामाजिक वातावरण को उत्पन करने हेतु मैं प्रोफेसरों और छात्रों के बीच अधिक से अधिक अनौपचारिक परस्पर तालमेल को सुनिश्चित करने का प्रयास करूंगा ताकि दोनों के दृष्टिकोण में अधिक एकरूपता को प्राप्त किया जा सके|
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“An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: The answer should include different dimensions of deprivation have to be mentioned. Along with how each of these deprivations is leading to poverty has to be explained. Suitable examples have to be given in each of these cases. The conclusion should finally affirm that the removal of deprivations is essential for the eradication of poverty. Answer: Poverty is a social construct which has been created by the failure of the development to reach everyone. It is mainly perceived as an economic pursuit but there are certain deprivations being faced by the people which lead to the perpetuation of poverty. The different aspects of deprivation are: Economic dimension- I f one is economically deprived of resources, then being poor is inevitable. Access to job opportunities, access to equal pay and safe working conditions are required. This is the only means through which a person can change his economic status. Along with this, the conditions should not limit him to sustain and maintain it. Example- Suppose we provide a job to a person, but the working conditions are not safe. He is thus spending most of the money earned to treat the diseases and accidents he encounters. As a result his poverty status does not change due to economic deprivation. Social dimension- The society and the social sector benefits should be available to everyone equally to control the disparity in economic status. Access to healthcare, education and skill development is the basic premise of the same. Example, if a certain caste is not allowed to study and get any education, the people of that caste group will not be able to come out of poverty. As they will be limited to the kind of work they are already engaging in, which is actually responsible for poverty. Social deprivations, in this case, prevent the eradication of poverty. Political dimension- I n a democracy, decision making is an activity of consensus. Lack of freedom of speech, association and participation in political decision making can be deprivation for poverty eradication. Example- if a certain community of poor people are not able to participate in an election, then the issues and challenges they are facing will not be highlighted. This lack of voice will mean that they will continue to stay in the conditions of poverty struggling with political deprivation. Cultural dimension- Every person or community should be able to preserve their cultural identity. The way of life is closely related to the opportunities he/she can access. The culture one wants to follow should not become an impediment in his way. Example- Tribals have a cultural difference with the others but this should be taken as a lag which is causing them to lead a life of poverty. Thus eradication of poverty should come after the eradication of the basic deprivations which are preventing the same from happening.
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##Question:“An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: The answer should include different dimensions of deprivation have to be mentioned. Along with how each of these deprivations is leading to poverty has to be explained. Suitable examples have to be given in each of these cases. The conclusion should finally affirm that the removal of deprivations is essential for the eradication of poverty. Answer: Poverty is a social construct which has been created by the failure of the development to reach everyone. It is mainly perceived as an economic pursuit but there are certain deprivations being faced by the people which lead to the perpetuation of poverty. The different aspects of deprivation are: Economic dimension- I f one is economically deprived of resources, then being poor is inevitable. Access to job opportunities, access to equal pay and safe working conditions are required. This is the only means through which a person can change his economic status. Along with this, the conditions should not limit him to sustain and maintain it. Example- Suppose we provide a job to a person, but the working conditions are not safe. He is thus spending most of the money earned to treat the diseases and accidents he encounters. As a result his poverty status does not change due to economic deprivation. Social dimension- The society and the social sector benefits should be available to everyone equally to control the disparity in economic status. Access to healthcare, education and skill development is the basic premise of the same. Example, if a certain caste is not allowed to study and get any education, the people of that caste group will not be able to come out of poverty. As they will be limited to the kind of work they are already engaging in, which is actually responsible for poverty. Social deprivations, in this case, prevent the eradication of poverty. Political dimension- I n a democracy, decision making is an activity of consensus. Lack of freedom of speech, association and participation in political decision making can be deprivation for poverty eradication. Example- if a certain community of poor people are not able to participate in an election, then the issues and challenges they are facing will not be highlighted. This lack of voice will mean that they will continue to stay in the conditions of poverty struggling with political deprivation. Cultural dimension- Every person or community should be able to preserve their cultural identity. The way of life is closely related to the opportunities he/she can access. The culture one wants to follow should not become an impediment in his way. Example- Tribals have a cultural difference with the others but this should be taken as a lag which is causing them to lead a life of poverty. Thus eradication of poverty should come after the eradication of the basic deprivations which are preventing the same from happening.
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आप सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के एक उपक्रम (पी. एस. यू.) से वित्त प्रबंधक के रूप में सेवानिवृत्त हुए हैं। सेवानिवृत्ति के पश्चात् आपको एक निजी कंपनी में वित्त प्रमुख के पद पर नौकरी का प्रस्ताव आता है और आपने इसे स्वीकार भी कर लिया है। जिस पी.एस.यू. में आप कार्यरत थे, उसके साथ इस कंपनी का सरकारी खरीद हेतु अनुबंध है।अब चूँकि उस अनुबंध का प्रतिस्पर्द्धात्मक रूप से बोली लगा कर पुनर्नवीकरण किया जाना है,आपको उस टीम का नेतृत्व करने को कहा गया है जिसे इस अनुबंध के लिए बोली लगाने का उत्तरदायित्व सौंपा गया है।पी.एस.यू. में काम करने के दौरान आपको उन विषयों पर कार्य करने का अवसर प्राप्त हुआ जो वित्तीय लेखांकन, सरकारी अधिप्राप्ति, अनुबंधों और बोलियों से सम्बंधित है। आपको इस बात की चिंता है कि यदि आप वर्तमान कंपनी में इस नियत कार्य को स्वीकार करते हैं तो हो सकता है आप गोपनीयता भंग करें। आपको इस बात का भी संदेह है कि सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र में कार्य करने के सम्बन्ध में आपके ज्ञान एवं अनुभव को वर्तमान कंपनी में उक्त पद पर आपकी नियुक्ति के सकारात्मक कारण के रूप में लिया गया था।इतने बड़े अनुबंध का न मिलना कंपनी के वित्तीय प्रदर्शन पर महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव डालेगा। नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से प्रत्येक के गुण एवं दोषों का मूल्यांकन कीजिए और अंततः पर्याप्त कारण बताते हुए सुझाव दीजिए कि आप कौन-सी कार्रवाई का चयन करेंगे? (a) इस नियत कार्य को स्वीकार नहीं करेंगे चूँकि इससे गोपनीयता भंग होती है। (b) टीम का नेतृत्व नहीं करेंगे किन्तु इसे बाहर से मार्ग-दर्शन प्रदान करेंगे। (c) टीम का नेतृत्व स्वीकार करेंगे और अनुबंध के लिए बोली लगाने हेतु अपनी विशेषज्ञता का उपयोग करेंगे। (d) नौकरी से त्यागपत्र दे देंगे। अन्य संभावित विकल्प/विकल्पों का सुझाव दीजिए। उनमें से सभी का मूल्यांकन कीजिए और कारण बताते हुए सर्वोत्तम कार्रवाई का सुझाव दीजिए। (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You retired as a finance manager from a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU). After retirement you are offered a job in a private company as its finance head and you have accepted it. The company has a procurement contract with the PSU which you worked for. Now that contract is up for renewal through competitive bidding. You have been asked to lead the team responsible for bidding of this contract.While working in the PSU, you had an opportunity to work on areas relating to financial accounting, procurement, contracts and bids. You are concerned that you might breach the confidentiality if you accept the assignment in the present company. You also suspect that your knowledge and experience of working in the PSU were seen as good reasons for appointing you to the position in the present company. The loss of such a major contract would have a significant effect on the financial performance of Company. Evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options given below and finally suggest what course of action you would like to take, providing adequate reasons. (a) Do not accept the assignment as it will lead to breach of confidentiality. (b) Do not lead the team but guide them from outside. (c) Accept to lead the team and use your expertise in bidding for the contract. (d) Resign from the job. Suggest any other possible option(s). Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for it. (250 Words; 20 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- आरम्भ में पृष्ठभूमि और नैतिक मुद्दों को रेखांकित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में विकल्पों के गुण दोषों का मूल्यांकन कीजिये 3- अंतिम मे संभावित विकल्प की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये पृष्ठभूमि और नैतिक मुद्दे लोकसेवकों के लिए प्रस्तावित आचरण संहिता का प्रभाव उसकी सेवा निवृत्ति के उपरान्त भी नैतिक आधार पर लागू होता है लोकसेवक रहते हुए उसे जो भी सूचना या जानकारी प्राप्त है उसका उपयोग निजी हितों के लिए या सरकार के विरुद्ध किया जाना उचित नहीं है| अतः यह परिस्थिति पेशेवर मूल्यों के साथ साथ गोपनीयता और पारदर्शिता के नैतिक मुद्दों पर बल देती है| विकल्प A नियत कार्य को स्वीकार न किया जाना उस PSU के प्रति मेरी वफादारी और सत्यनिष्ठा को दर्शाती है जिसका मैं अभिन्न अंग रहा हूँ| परन्तु इस कार्य को स्वीकार न किया जाना मेरे अनुभव और दक्षता के उचित प्रयोग को नहीं दर्शाता है| विकल्प B ऐसा किया जाना कहीं न कहीं मेरी सत्यनिष्ठा को दर्शाता है एवं बाहर से दिए गए मार्गदर्शन के आधार पर जो निर्णय टीम प्राप्त करेगा उसके लिए मैं प्रत्यक्ष रूप से उत्तरदायी नहीं होउंगा परन्तु यह मौजूदा दायित्वों से अपने आप को दूर रखने का प्रयास होगा जो कि एक सत्यनिष्ठ कर्मचारी के लिए उस निश्चित वातावरण में उचित नहीं होगा विकल्प C यह मेरा वर्तमान दायित्व है| ऐसा किया जाना मुझसे अपेक्षित है| क्योंकि मैं मौजूदा संगठन में कार्यरत हूँ| इसके माध्यम से वर्तमान कम्पनी में मैं अपनी उपयोगिता और प्रासंगिकता को साबित कर सकता हूँ परन्तु ऐसा किया जाना मेरे पूर्व लोकसेवक होने के मानकों या मूल्यों के अनुरूप नहीं होगा| विकल्प D नौकरी से त्यागपत्र देना मेरी नैतिक दुविधा को दूर कर देगा जो कि मानसिक सुखद स्थिति का एहसास कराएगा| परन्तु त्यागपत्र किसी भी समस्या का समाधान न होकर कई अवसरों पर यह समस्या को किसी अन्य रूप में अधिक जटिल और चुनौतीपूर्ण बनाता है इसके साथ साथ त्यागपत्र दिया जाना इस बात को दर्शाता है कि मुझमें परिस्थिति का सामना करने हेतु कार्यदक्षता के साथ साथ कार्य के प्रति इच्छाशक्ति का भी अभाव है| अन्य संभावित विकल्प मैं इस उत्तरदायित्व को स्वीकार करूंगा एवं बिना प्राप्त सरकारी सूचनाओं का दुरूपयोग किये मैं निष्पक्ष आधार पर अनुबंध की प्रक्रिया में बोली लगाउंगा| मेरी कार्यवाही कंपनी के हितों पर केन्द्रित होगी परन्तु मैं PSU के कार्य करने के कारण उसके हितो की अवहेलना अपने व्यक्तिगत हित या स्वार्थ के लिए नहीं करूंगा
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##Question:आप सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के एक उपक्रम (पी. एस. यू.) से वित्त प्रबंधक के रूप में सेवानिवृत्त हुए हैं। सेवानिवृत्ति के पश्चात् आपको एक निजी कंपनी में वित्त प्रमुख के पद पर नौकरी का प्रस्ताव आता है और आपने इसे स्वीकार भी कर लिया है। जिस पी.एस.यू. में आप कार्यरत थे, उसके साथ इस कंपनी का सरकारी खरीद हेतु अनुबंध है।अब चूँकि उस अनुबंध का प्रतिस्पर्द्धात्मक रूप से बोली लगा कर पुनर्नवीकरण किया जाना है,आपको उस टीम का नेतृत्व करने को कहा गया है जिसे इस अनुबंध के लिए बोली लगाने का उत्तरदायित्व सौंपा गया है।पी.एस.यू. में काम करने के दौरान आपको उन विषयों पर कार्य करने का अवसर प्राप्त हुआ जो वित्तीय लेखांकन, सरकारी अधिप्राप्ति, अनुबंधों और बोलियों से सम्बंधित है। आपको इस बात की चिंता है कि यदि आप वर्तमान कंपनी में इस नियत कार्य को स्वीकार करते हैं तो हो सकता है आप गोपनीयता भंग करें। आपको इस बात का भी संदेह है कि सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र में कार्य करने के सम्बन्ध में आपके ज्ञान एवं अनुभव को वर्तमान कंपनी में उक्त पद पर आपकी नियुक्ति के सकारात्मक कारण के रूप में लिया गया था।इतने बड़े अनुबंध का न मिलना कंपनी के वित्तीय प्रदर्शन पर महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव डालेगा। नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से प्रत्येक के गुण एवं दोषों का मूल्यांकन कीजिए और अंततः पर्याप्त कारण बताते हुए सुझाव दीजिए कि आप कौन-सी कार्रवाई का चयन करेंगे? (a) इस नियत कार्य को स्वीकार नहीं करेंगे चूँकि इससे गोपनीयता भंग होती है। (b) टीम का नेतृत्व नहीं करेंगे किन्तु इसे बाहर से मार्ग-दर्शन प्रदान करेंगे। (c) टीम का नेतृत्व स्वीकार करेंगे और अनुबंध के लिए बोली लगाने हेतु अपनी विशेषज्ञता का उपयोग करेंगे। (d) नौकरी से त्यागपत्र दे देंगे। अन्य संभावित विकल्प/विकल्पों का सुझाव दीजिए। उनमें से सभी का मूल्यांकन कीजिए और कारण बताते हुए सर्वोत्तम कार्रवाई का सुझाव दीजिए। (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You retired as a finance manager from a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU). After retirement you are offered a job in a private company as its finance head and you have accepted it. The company has a procurement contract with the PSU which you worked for. Now that contract is up for renewal through competitive bidding. You have been asked to lead the team responsible for bidding of this contract.While working in the PSU, you had an opportunity to work on areas relating to financial accounting, procurement, contracts and bids. You are concerned that you might breach the confidentiality if you accept the assignment in the present company. You also suspect that your knowledge and experience of working in the PSU were seen as good reasons for appointing you to the position in the present company. The loss of such a major contract would have a significant effect on the financial performance of Company. Evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options given below and finally suggest what course of action you would like to take, providing adequate reasons. (a) Do not accept the assignment as it will lead to breach of confidentiality. (b) Do not lead the team but guide them from outside. (c) Accept to lead the team and use your expertise in bidding for the contract. (d) Resign from the job. Suggest any other possible option(s). Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for it. (250 Words; 20 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- आरम्भ में पृष्ठभूमि और नैतिक मुद्दों को रेखांकित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में विकल्पों के गुण दोषों का मूल्यांकन कीजिये 3- अंतिम मे संभावित विकल्प की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये पृष्ठभूमि और नैतिक मुद्दे लोकसेवकों के लिए प्रस्तावित आचरण संहिता का प्रभाव उसकी सेवा निवृत्ति के उपरान्त भी नैतिक आधार पर लागू होता है लोकसेवक रहते हुए उसे जो भी सूचना या जानकारी प्राप्त है उसका उपयोग निजी हितों के लिए या सरकार के विरुद्ध किया जाना उचित नहीं है| अतः यह परिस्थिति पेशेवर मूल्यों के साथ साथ गोपनीयता और पारदर्शिता के नैतिक मुद्दों पर बल देती है| विकल्प A नियत कार्य को स्वीकार न किया जाना उस PSU के प्रति मेरी वफादारी और सत्यनिष्ठा को दर्शाती है जिसका मैं अभिन्न अंग रहा हूँ| परन्तु इस कार्य को स्वीकार न किया जाना मेरे अनुभव और दक्षता के उचित प्रयोग को नहीं दर्शाता है| विकल्प B ऐसा किया जाना कहीं न कहीं मेरी सत्यनिष्ठा को दर्शाता है एवं बाहर से दिए गए मार्गदर्शन के आधार पर जो निर्णय टीम प्राप्त करेगा उसके लिए मैं प्रत्यक्ष रूप से उत्तरदायी नहीं होउंगा परन्तु यह मौजूदा दायित्वों से अपने आप को दूर रखने का प्रयास होगा जो कि एक सत्यनिष्ठ कर्मचारी के लिए उस निश्चित वातावरण में उचित नहीं होगा विकल्प C यह मेरा वर्तमान दायित्व है| ऐसा किया जाना मुझसे अपेक्षित है| क्योंकि मैं मौजूदा संगठन में कार्यरत हूँ| इसके माध्यम से वर्तमान कम्पनी में मैं अपनी उपयोगिता और प्रासंगिकता को साबित कर सकता हूँ परन्तु ऐसा किया जाना मेरे पूर्व लोकसेवक होने के मानकों या मूल्यों के अनुरूप नहीं होगा| विकल्प D नौकरी से त्यागपत्र देना मेरी नैतिक दुविधा को दूर कर देगा जो कि मानसिक सुखद स्थिति का एहसास कराएगा| परन्तु त्यागपत्र किसी भी समस्या का समाधान न होकर कई अवसरों पर यह समस्या को किसी अन्य रूप में अधिक जटिल और चुनौतीपूर्ण बनाता है इसके साथ साथ त्यागपत्र दिया जाना इस बात को दर्शाता है कि मुझमें परिस्थिति का सामना करने हेतु कार्यदक्षता के साथ साथ कार्य के प्रति इच्छाशक्ति का भी अभाव है| अन्य संभावित विकल्प मैं इस उत्तरदायित्व को स्वीकार करूंगा एवं बिना प्राप्त सरकारी सूचनाओं का दुरूपयोग किये मैं निष्पक्ष आधार पर अनुबंध की प्रक्रिया में बोली लगाउंगा| मेरी कार्यवाही कंपनी के हितों पर केन्द्रित होगी परन्तु मैं PSU के कार्य करने के कारण उसके हितो की अवहेलना अपने व्यक्तिगत हित या स्वार्थ के लिए नहीं करूंगा
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Discuss the various branches of the South-West Monsoon in India with diagrams? (10 marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction of monsoon 2. Discuss various branches and the associated with the monsoon. 3. Conclude briefly Answer: The word ‘monsoon’ has been derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausim’ which means ‘season’. The monsoon in the Indian peninsula does not come in a single branch but in multiple branches due to different physiographic features of the sub-continent. The onset of the monsoon is around 1 June when southwest monsoon winds hit the Kerala coast. The monsoon progresses northward due to low pressure around the Tibetan plateau and in this process due to the varied topography and physiographic structure the southwest winds split into major branches - the Arabian Sea branch, Bay of Bengal Branch and Northeast Monsoonal winds. 1. Arabian sea branch 1. The winds blow perpendicular to the Western Ghats raises along the slopes of the Western Ghats to give intense precipitation. The winds after crossing the W-Ghats are draining along and gets heated up to create a rainshadow region over the Deccan plateau. 2. This branch strikes the coast of Konkan, the winds then move along Konkan and then moves into Tapti valleys and causes extensive rainfall in central India. This is the reason MP is blessed with the greatest forest region in India, also important biospheres like the Panna biosphere reserve, Pnachmari biosphere reserve are located above. 3. It strikes the Kathiawar peninsula and the Kutch region. It then enters Rajasthan and moves along Aravalis. It causes only a scanty rainfall as Aravllis are parallel located. This branch merges with the Bay of Bengal branch over Punjab and Harayana plains and causes rainfall in the western Himalayas. Bay of Bengal Branch 1.The winds blow parallel to the coast of TN, so TN does not have any rainfall during SW monsoon season. To the north, the winds move towards the Gangetic plains through the east coast of AP, Orissa and Bengal after giving sufficient rainfall in these areas. 2. The majority of BOB winds hits perpendicularly to N-E mountains especially the funnel-shaped Meghalaya plateau. The winds raised along the slopes of Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills to give heavy rainfall and make the land one of the wettest places on the earth. 3. The places like Mawsynrum and Chiraapunji receives the highest average annual rainfall in the world. The winds then deflect towards the western side to blow over the Gangetic plains along with WB, Bihar, Eastern UP and western UP. 4. The rainfall in the great northern plains continuously decreases from east to west. This branch meets the Arabian sea branch along the plains of Punjab and Haryana. Northeast Monsoon 1. The months of October to December are called as the retrieval monsoonal months or northeast monsoonal seasons. With the apparent shift of the Sun rays from NH to SH in the month of September the pressure conditions interchange and the winds blow from NH HP region to the SH LP region. 2. The retrieval monsoon is marked with High temperatures and clear skies but the soil is still moist. 3. The winds which are pilled along the plains of Punjab, Haryana, starts retrieving in the same path but in opposite direction. 4. The winds blow along with the Rajasthan, parallel to Arravalis enters Gujrat, Giving no rainfall in this region due to lack of moisture. 5. On the other hand, the winds that blow over the greater Northern plains strikes the N-E mountains and then deflected to the south to pick up moisture in the BOB to give rainfall in TN. Thus in this way Monsoon, various branches of the S-W monsoon brings in rainfall in India and helps in providing food security to the country. Note: Faculty has discussed related diagrams for each of the types in the class.
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##Question:Discuss the various branches of the South-West Monsoon in India with diagrams? (10 marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction of monsoon 2. Discuss various branches and the associated with the monsoon. 3. Conclude briefly Answer: The word ‘monsoon’ has been derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausim’ which means ‘season’. The monsoon in the Indian peninsula does not come in a single branch but in multiple branches due to different physiographic features of the sub-continent. The onset of the monsoon is around 1 June when southwest monsoon winds hit the Kerala coast. The monsoon progresses northward due to low pressure around the Tibetan plateau and in this process due to the varied topography and physiographic structure the southwest winds split into major branches - the Arabian Sea branch, Bay of Bengal Branch and Northeast Monsoonal winds. 1. Arabian sea branch 1. The winds blow perpendicular to the Western Ghats raises along the slopes of the Western Ghats to give intense precipitation. The winds after crossing the W-Ghats are draining along and gets heated up to create a rainshadow region over the Deccan plateau. 2. This branch strikes the coast of Konkan, the winds then move along Konkan and then moves into Tapti valleys and causes extensive rainfall in central India. This is the reason MP is blessed with the greatest forest region in India, also important biospheres like the Panna biosphere reserve, Pnachmari biosphere reserve are located above. 3. It strikes the Kathiawar peninsula and the Kutch region. It then enters Rajasthan and moves along Aravalis. It causes only a scanty rainfall as Aravllis are parallel located. This branch merges with the Bay of Bengal branch over Punjab and Harayana plains and causes rainfall in the western Himalayas. Bay of Bengal Branch 1.The winds blow parallel to the coast of TN, so TN does not have any rainfall during SW monsoon season. To the north, the winds move towards the Gangetic plains through the east coast of AP, Orissa and Bengal after giving sufficient rainfall in these areas. 2. The majority of BOB winds hits perpendicularly to N-E mountains especially the funnel-shaped Meghalaya plateau. The winds raised along the slopes of Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills to give heavy rainfall and make the land one of the wettest places on the earth. 3. The places like Mawsynrum and Chiraapunji receives the highest average annual rainfall in the world. The winds then deflect towards the western side to blow over the Gangetic plains along with WB, Bihar, Eastern UP and western UP. 4. The rainfall in the great northern plains continuously decreases from east to west. This branch meets the Arabian sea branch along the plains of Punjab and Haryana. Northeast Monsoon 1. The months of October to December are called as the retrieval monsoonal months or northeast monsoonal seasons. With the apparent shift of the Sun rays from NH to SH in the month of September the pressure conditions interchange and the winds blow from NH HP region to the SH LP region. 2. The retrieval monsoon is marked with High temperatures and clear skies but the soil is still moist. 3. The winds which are pilled along the plains of Punjab, Haryana, starts retrieving in the same path but in opposite direction. 4. The winds blow along with the Rajasthan, parallel to Arravalis enters Gujrat, Giving no rainfall in this region due to lack of moisture. 5. On the other hand, the winds that blow over the greater Northern plains strikes the N-E mountains and then deflected to the south to pick up moisture in the BOB to give rainfall in TN. Thus in this way Monsoon, various branches of the S-W monsoon brings in rainfall in India and helps in providing food security to the country. Note: Faculty has discussed related diagrams for each of the types in the class.
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What do understand by Subsistence Agriculture? Explain the types of subsistence agriculture. (150words/10marks)
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Approach- 1. Define subsistence Agriculture. 2. Mention the types of subsistence Agricculture Answer : Subsistence agriculture is one in which farming is done for personal consumption by the farmer"s family. The farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped into two categories — Primitive Subsistence Agriculture and Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. 1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the tropics, especially in Africa, south and central America and south-east Asia The vegetation is usually cleared by fire, and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil. Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture. The cultivated patches are very small and cultivation is done with very primitive tools such as sticks and hoes. After some time (3 to 5 years) the soil loses its fertility and the farmer shifts to other parts and clears other patches of the forest for cultivation. The farmer may return to the earlier patch after some time. One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of Jhum becomes less and less due to the loss of fertility in different parcels. It is prevalent in the tropical region in different names, e.g. Jhuming in Northeastern states of India, Milpa in central America and Mexico andLadang in Indonesia and Malaysia. Find out other areas and the names with which shifting cultivation is done. 2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture. (i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation: This type of agriculture is characterised by the dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour. Farmyard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is low. (ii) Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy: Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia. Wheat, soybean, barley and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and northern Japan. In India, wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India. Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used.
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##Question:What do understand by Subsistence Agriculture? Explain the types of subsistence agriculture. (150words/10marks)##Answer:Approach- 1. Define subsistence Agriculture. 2. Mention the types of subsistence Agricculture Answer : Subsistence agriculture is one in which farming is done for personal consumption by the farmer"s family. The farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped into two categories — Primitive Subsistence Agriculture and Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. 1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the tropics, especially in Africa, south and central America and south-east Asia The vegetation is usually cleared by fire, and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil. Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture. The cultivated patches are very small and cultivation is done with very primitive tools such as sticks and hoes. After some time (3 to 5 years) the soil loses its fertility and the farmer shifts to other parts and clears other patches of the forest for cultivation. The farmer may return to the earlier patch after some time. One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of Jhum becomes less and less due to the loss of fertility in different parcels. It is prevalent in the tropical region in different names, e.g. Jhuming in Northeastern states of India, Milpa in central America and Mexico andLadang in Indonesia and Malaysia. Find out other areas and the names with which shifting cultivation is done. 2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture. (i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation: This type of agriculture is characterised by the dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour. Farmyard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is low. (ii) Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy: Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia. Wheat, soybean, barley and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and northern Japan. In India, wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India. Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used.
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Explain the significance of the measurement of Poverty in India with suitable examples.(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Define the concept of poverty. 2. Body: Briefly discuss the significance of poverty measurement in India with examples. Model Answer: Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Poverty means that the income level from employment is so low that basic human needs can"t be met. Each nation may have its own criteria for determining how many of its people are living in poverty. The need/significance to measure poverty In India is two-fold : 1. To identify the poor so that they can be provided with benefits of government schemes meant for poverty reduction : For the purpose of identification of the poor, it is pertinent that the criteria to identify the poor should be easy i.e, the criteria should be such that no deserving person be left out as a beneficiary of the anti-poverty programs like PDS, MGNREGA, LPG Subsidies, etc. What is important is that the coverage of such programs must be expansive, therefore it should be easy to comply with and thus, no deserving person is left out. 2 . To estimate the incidence of poverty so that progress on poverty alleviation can be assessed: For the estimation of poverty, the criteria can be strict i.e, poverty should be estimated more strictly. For this purpose, the criteria are laid down in such a manner that anybody who is poor is counted and anybody who is not counted. There is no identification of an individual and therefore laying down strict criteria is not inimical to any anti-poverty program as it has no role in ascribing the status of an eligible beneficiary to any person. Every scheme has its own criteria to identify beneficiaries. Most of the time, the beneficiaries of the anti-poverty programs overlap. However, since each scheme has its own criteria, it becomes difficult to prove eligibility every time despite the criteria for eligibility being easy. In order to overcome this issue of repetitive identification, the government has set up the N C Saxena committee in 2010 to identify BPL HouseholdsThe purpose was to lay down common and easy criteria(Poverty Line) to identify beneficiaries of anti-poverty programs. After some time, the government started carrying out SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census).
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##Question:Explain the significance of the measurement of Poverty in India with suitable examples.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Define the concept of poverty. 2. Body: Briefly discuss the significance of poverty measurement in India with examples. Model Answer: Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Poverty means that the income level from employment is so low that basic human needs can"t be met. Each nation may have its own criteria for determining how many of its people are living in poverty. The need/significance to measure poverty In India is two-fold : 1. To identify the poor so that they can be provided with benefits of government schemes meant for poverty reduction : For the purpose of identification of the poor, it is pertinent that the criteria to identify the poor should be easy i.e, the criteria should be such that no deserving person be left out as a beneficiary of the anti-poverty programs like PDS, MGNREGA, LPG Subsidies, etc. What is important is that the coverage of such programs must be expansive, therefore it should be easy to comply with and thus, no deserving person is left out. 2 . To estimate the incidence of poverty so that progress on poverty alleviation can be assessed: For the estimation of poverty, the criteria can be strict i.e, poverty should be estimated more strictly. For this purpose, the criteria are laid down in such a manner that anybody who is poor is counted and anybody who is not counted. There is no identification of an individual and therefore laying down strict criteria is not inimical to any anti-poverty program as it has no role in ascribing the status of an eligible beneficiary to any person. Every scheme has its own criteria to identify beneficiaries. Most of the time, the beneficiaries of the anti-poverty programs overlap. However, since each scheme has its own criteria, it becomes difficult to prove eligibility every time despite the criteria for eligibility being easy. In order to overcome this issue of repetitive identification, the government has set up the N C Saxena committee in 2010 to identify BPL HouseholdsThe purpose was to lay down common and easy criteria(Poverty Line) to identify beneficiaries of anti-poverty programs. After some time, the government started carrying out SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census).
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भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के विकास, महत्व व इससे संबंधित चुनौतियों पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिए। ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Briefly comment on the development, importance and challenges of corporate governance in India. (150-200 words, marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के विकासक्रम की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के महत्व की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस से संबंधित विभिन्न चुनौतियों को बताइए . कुछ सुझावों के साथ उत्तर को पूरा कीजिए . उत्तर : निगम शासन या कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस की संकल्पना सार्वजनिक व निजी संगठनों को नैतिकता के मानकों के आधार पर संचालित करने से संबंधित है . इसके तहत संगठन अपने हितों के साथ-साथ विभिन्न हितधारकों के हितों का भी ध्यान रखता है और अपने कर्मचारियों, ग्राहकों, शेयरधारकों तथा समाज के प्रति अपने जबावदेही को समझता है और नैतिक मानकों के आधार पर कार्यों को संचालित करता है . भारत में कार्पोरेट गवर्नेंस की प्रारंभिक स्थिति : भारत में लगभग पहले 4 दशकों तक कॉरपोरेट्स को संचालित करने के लिए पर्याप्त कानूनों , विनियामक प्रणालियों और प्रवर्तन क्षमता को पूरी तरह विकसित नहीं किया जा सका था .भारतीय कॉरपोरेट्स में पारदर्शिता की कमी होने के कारण प्रकटीकरण मानदंडों में हेर-फेर किया जाता था , जिससे न तो कार्पोरेट के वास्तविक मुनाफे का आकलन संभव हो पाता था और न ही राज्य को अपेक्षित कर प्राप्त हो पाता था . उपरोक्त परिस्थितियों को देखते हुए भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस को विकसित किया गया : भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस का विकास : वर्ष 1988 में सेबी का गठन कर कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस में पहला सुधारात्मक कदम उठाया गया . सेबी को यह जिम्मेदारी सौपीं गयी कि वह कुछ मानक निर्धारित करे , जिन्हें आधार बनाकर ही एक कंपनी अपने पब्लिक इश्यूज ( शेयर ) जारी कर सके . वर्ष 1990 के दशक में भारत द्वारा अपनायी गयी LPG प्रणाली ने कॉर्पोरेट जगत को व्यवस्थित करने की मांग की ताकि पूंजी और तकनीकी निवेश को बढ़ाया जा सके और भारतीय कंपनियों को वैश्विक प्रतिस्पर्धा के लिए सक्षम बनाया जा सके . वर्ष 1992 में हुए हर्षद मेहता कांड ने भारतीय कॉर्पोरेट जगत की अनियमितता को स्पष्ट कर दिया . LPG की मांग और अव्यवस्थित भारतीय कॉर्पोरेट को देखते हुए सेबी को वैधानिक दर्जा प्रदान किया गया , अर्थात संसद ने सेबी अधिनियम 1992 पारित किया . इस अधिनियम ने सेबी को वैधानिक दर्जा प्रदान किया और इसमें दंडात्मक एवं बाध्यकारी शक्तियां प्रदान की . आगे चलकर वर्ष 2003 में नारायण मूर्ति समिति का गठन किया गया , जिसने कॉर्पोरेट सुधारों के लिए अनेक सिफारिशें की .उदाहरण के लिए - स्वतंत्र निदेशकों की संख्या में वृद्धि की जानी चाहिए , लेखा जांच के लिए एक ओडिट बोर्ड गठित होना चाहिए तथा व्हिसल ब्लोअर नीति को कॉर्पोरेट जगत में अपनाया जाना चाहिए . वर्ष 2009 में वैश्विक वित्तीय संकट एवं बड़ी-बड़ी कंपनियों की असफलता को देखते हुए कॉर्पोरेट कार्य मंत्रालय ने कोर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस स्वैच्छिक दिशा निर्देश निर्धारित किये जिनका उद्देश्य कॉर्पोरेट में पारदर्शिता , नैतिकता और उत्तरदायित्व का निर्माण करना है . वर्ष 2017 में कॉर्पोरेट जगत को और अधिक उन्नतिशील बनाने के उद्देश्य से उदय कोटक समिति का गठन किया गया , जिसने कोर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के मानकों को सुधारने के लिए अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत किये . कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस का महत्व : कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के आधार पर चलने वाली कॉर्पोरेट में जोखिम शमन करने की क्षमता अपेक्षाकृत अधिक होती है क्योंकि वह स्वाभाविक रूप से कुशलतापूर्वक काम करता है और विधि संगत होने के कारण अव्यवस्थाएं उत्पन्न नहीं हो पाती है . इससे शेयरों की कीमत में वृद्धि होती है , जो शेयरधारकों के संतुष्टिस्तर को बढाता है . सामान्यतः आर्थिक मंदी के दौरान बैंकिंग धोखाधड़ी में वृद्धि हो जाती है , किन्तु कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस ऐसी धोखाधडियों से मंदी के दौरान भी सफलतापूर्वक कॉर्पोरेट का संचालन करने में सक्षम होता है . कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस पर आधारित कंपनी के अंदर संगठनात्मक दक्षता बेहतर होती है . ऐसा गवर्नेंस विलय और अधिग्रहण के दौरान महतवपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस की चुनौतियां : अनेक सुधारों और परिवर्तनों के बावजूद भारत में कॉर्पोरेट धोखाधड़ी को पूरी तरह समाप्त नहीं किया जा सका है . अनेक उजागर हुए घोटाले आर्थिक अनियमितता को अंजाम देकर अपराधियों का देश से बाहर चले जाना इसका प्रमाण है . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट जगत के प्रति विश्वसनीयता की कमी है , जिस कारण निवेशक आकर्षित नहीं हो पाते . भारतीय कॉरपोरेट्स में बड़े शेयर धारकों का वर्चस्व होने के कारण वे कॉर्पोरेट की नीतियों व नियमों का निर्धारण करते समय छोटे शेयर धारकों के हितों को नजरअंदाज करते हैं . भारत में रिश्वतखोरी और भ्रष्टाचार के प्रति व्यापक सहनशीलता है , यहाँ कॉर्पोरेट में हुए गमन के विरूद्ध आंदोलनों को सक्रिय नहीं किया जाता है . कॉर्पोरेट में मानवीय मूल्यों के प्रति उत्तरदायित्व की कमी है . उपरोक्त चुनौतियों को देखते हुए कारपोरेट गवर्नेंस में सुधार हेतु निम्नलिखित सुझाव अपेक्षित : कॉर्पोरेट धोखाधड़ी को रोकने के लिए भगोड़ा आर्थिक अधिनियम या पर्क्रामय लिखित अधिनियम जैसे कानून सक्रीय करने की आवश्यकता है . निवेशकों के अंदर विश्वास बढाने के लिए कॉर्पोरेट जगत में सुशासन को प्रभावी बनाया जाना चाहिए . शेयरधारकों के लिए कानूनों और नियमों में समानता लानी चाहिए ताकि किसी कॉर्पोरेट में बड़े शेयरधारकों के वर्चस्व को नियंत्रित किया जा सके और छोटे शेयर धारकों के हितों की रक्षा की जा सके . भ्रष्टाचार के नियंत्रण हेतु सशक्त कानून बनाए जाने चाहिए . व्हिसल ब्लोइंग को कॉर्पोरेट जगत में प्रभावी बनाने की आवश्यकता है .
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##Question:भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के विकास, महत्व व इससे संबंधित चुनौतियों पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिए। ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Briefly comment on the development, importance and challenges of corporate governance in India. (150-200 words, marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के विकासक्रम की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के महत्व की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस से संबंधित विभिन्न चुनौतियों को बताइए . कुछ सुझावों के साथ उत्तर को पूरा कीजिए . उत्तर : निगम शासन या कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस की संकल्पना सार्वजनिक व निजी संगठनों को नैतिकता के मानकों के आधार पर संचालित करने से संबंधित है . इसके तहत संगठन अपने हितों के साथ-साथ विभिन्न हितधारकों के हितों का भी ध्यान रखता है और अपने कर्मचारियों, ग्राहकों, शेयरधारकों तथा समाज के प्रति अपने जबावदेही को समझता है और नैतिक मानकों के आधार पर कार्यों को संचालित करता है . भारत में कार्पोरेट गवर्नेंस की प्रारंभिक स्थिति : भारत में लगभग पहले 4 दशकों तक कॉरपोरेट्स को संचालित करने के लिए पर्याप्त कानूनों , विनियामक प्रणालियों और प्रवर्तन क्षमता को पूरी तरह विकसित नहीं किया जा सका था .भारतीय कॉरपोरेट्स में पारदर्शिता की कमी होने के कारण प्रकटीकरण मानदंडों में हेर-फेर किया जाता था , जिससे न तो कार्पोरेट के वास्तविक मुनाफे का आकलन संभव हो पाता था और न ही राज्य को अपेक्षित कर प्राप्त हो पाता था . उपरोक्त परिस्थितियों को देखते हुए भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस को विकसित किया गया : भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस का विकास : वर्ष 1988 में सेबी का गठन कर कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस में पहला सुधारात्मक कदम उठाया गया . सेबी को यह जिम्मेदारी सौपीं गयी कि वह कुछ मानक निर्धारित करे , जिन्हें आधार बनाकर ही एक कंपनी अपने पब्लिक इश्यूज ( शेयर ) जारी कर सके . वर्ष 1990 के दशक में भारत द्वारा अपनायी गयी LPG प्रणाली ने कॉर्पोरेट जगत को व्यवस्थित करने की मांग की ताकि पूंजी और तकनीकी निवेश को बढ़ाया जा सके और भारतीय कंपनियों को वैश्विक प्रतिस्पर्धा के लिए सक्षम बनाया जा सके . वर्ष 1992 में हुए हर्षद मेहता कांड ने भारतीय कॉर्पोरेट जगत की अनियमितता को स्पष्ट कर दिया . LPG की मांग और अव्यवस्थित भारतीय कॉर्पोरेट को देखते हुए सेबी को वैधानिक दर्जा प्रदान किया गया , अर्थात संसद ने सेबी अधिनियम 1992 पारित किया . इस अधिनियम ने सेबी को वैधानिक दर्जा प्रदान किया और इसमें दंडात्मक एवं बाध्यकारी शक्तियां प्रदान की . आगे चलकर वर्ष 2003 में नारायण मूर्ति समिति का गठन किया गया , जिसने कॉर्पोरेट सुधारों के लिए अनेक सिफारिशें की .उदाहरण के लिए - स्वतंत्र निदेशकों की संख्या में वृद्धि की जानी चाहिए , लेखा जांच के लिए एक ओडिट बोर्ड गठित होना चाहिए तथा व्हिसल ब्लोअर नीति को कॉर्पोरेट जगत में अपनाया जाना चाहिए . वर्ष 2009 में वैश्विक वित्तीय संकट एवं बड़ी-बड़ी कंपनियों की असफलता को देखते हुए कॉर्पोरेट कार्य मंत्रालय ने कोर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस स्वैच्छिक दिशा निर्देश निर्धारित किये जिनका उद्देश्य कॉर्पोरेट में पारदर्शिता , नैतिकता और उत्तरदायित्व का निर्माण करना है . वर्ष 2017 में कॉर्पोरेट जगत को और अधिक उन्नतिशील बनाने के उद्देश्य से उदय कोटक समिति का गठन किया गया , जिसने कोर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के मानकों को सुधारने के लिए अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत किये . कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस का महत्व : कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस के आधार पर चलने वाली कॉर्पोरेट में जोखिम शमन करने की क्षमता अपेक्षाकृत अधिक होती है क्योंकि वह स्वाभाविक रूप से कुशलतापूर्वक काम करता है और विधि संगत होने के कारण अव्यवस्थाएं उत्पन्न नहीं हो पाती है . इससे शेयरों की कीमत में वृद्धि होती है , जो शेयरधारकों के संतुष्टिस्तर को बढाता है . सामान्यतः आर्थिक मंदी के दौरान बैंकिंग धोखाधड़ी में वृद्धि हो जाती है , किन्तु कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस ऐसी धोखाधडियों से मंदी के दौरान भी सफलतापूर्वक कॉर्पोरेट का संचालन करने में सक्षम होता है . कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस पर आधारित कंपनी के अंदर संगठनात्मक दक्षता बेहतर होती है . ऐसा गवर्नेंस विलय और अधिग्रहण के दौरान महतवपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस की चुनौतियां : अनेक सुधारों और परिवर्तनों के बावजूद भारत में कॉर्पोरेट धोखाधड़ी को पूरी तरह समाप्त नहीं किया जा सका है . अनेक उजागर हुए घोटाले आर्थिक अनियमितता को अंजाम देकर अपराधियों का देश से बाहर चले जाना इसका प्रमाण है . भारत में कॉर्पोरेट जगत के प्रति विश्वसनीयता की कमी है , जिस कारण निवेशक आकर्षित नहीं हो पाते . भारतीय कॉरपोरेट्स में बड़े शेयर धारकों का वर्चस्व होने के कारण वे कॉर्पोरेट की नीतियों व नियमों का निर्धारण करते समय छोटे शेयर धारकों के हितों को नजरअंदाज करते हैं . भारत में रिश्वतखोरी और भ्रष्टाचार के प्रति व्यापक सहनशीलता है , यहाँ कॉर्पोरेट में हुए गमन के विरूद्ध आंदोलनों को सक्रिय नहीं किया जाता है . कॉर्पोरेट में मानवीय मूल्यों के प्रति उत्तरदायित्व की कमी है . उपरोक्त चुनौतियों को देखते हुए कारपोरेट गवर्नेंस में सुधार हेतु निम्नलिखित सुझाव अपेक्षित : कॉर्पोरेट धोखाधड़ी को रोकने के लिए भगोड़ा आर्थिक अधिनियम या पर्क्रामय लिखित अधिनियम जैसे कानून सक्रीय करने की आवश्यकता है . निवेशकों के अंदर विश्वास बढाने के लिए कॉर्पोरेट जगत में सुशासन को प्रभावी बनाया जाना चाहिए . शेयरधारकों के लिए कानूनों और नियमों में समानता लानी चाहिए ताकि किसी कॉर्पोरेट में बड़े शेयरधारकों के वर्चस्व को नियंत्रित किया जा सके और छोटे शेयर धारकों के हितों की रक्षा की जा सके . भ्रष्टाचार के नियंत्रण हेतु सशक्त कानून बनाए जाने चाहिए . व्हिसल ब्लोइंग को कॉर्पोरेट जगत में प्रभावी बनाने की आवश्यकता है .
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पश्चिमी अफ्रीका में एक भयानक महामारी फैली है जिसने अल्पावधि में हजारों लोगों की जान ले ली है और बहुतों को संक्रमित कर दिया है। बीमारी के उपचार हेतु कोई दवा या टीका उपलब्ध नहीं है। आप एक ऐसे देश के स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुख हैं जिसे इस महामारी ने बुरी प्रकार प्रभावित किया है। चूंकि इस बीमारी हेतु वर्तमान में कोई उपचार उपलब्ध नहीं है, लेकिन कुछ अन्य देशों में एक प्रयोगात्मक दवा का उपयोग किया जा रहा है। इस दवा के सकारात्मक परिणाम देखने को मिले हैं और जिसके फलस्वरूप कुछ मरीज इस बीमारी से उबरने में सफल रहे हैं। हालांकि अब तक यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि राहत अकेले दवा से मिली है या किसी अन्य प्रकार से। बीमारी की उच्च मृत्यु दर एवं त्वरित प्रसार को देखते हुए अन्य देशों ने इस प्रयोगिक दवा के बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादन की अनुमति दे दी है। लेकिन कुछ स्वास्थ्य विशेषज्ञ दवा के प्रभाव को लेकर संशकित हैं और उन्होंने इसके उपयोग के विरुद्ध चेतावनी भी जारी की है। उनका कहना है कि इसके जानलेवा साइड इफेक्ट्स; दुष्प्रभाव हो सकते हैं। (a) उपर्युक्त प्रकरण में नैतिक मुद्दों की पहचान कीजिए एवं उन पर चर्चा कीजिए। (b) उपर्युक्त स्थिति में आप क्या करेंगे? कारण बताइए। (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) A deadly epidemic has broken out in West Africa killing thousands of people in a short span of time and infecting many others. There is no vaccine or treatment available to cure the disease. You are the head of the health department of one of the countries that have been severely hit by the epidemic. While there is no treatment currently available for the disease, an experimental drug is being used in some other country. This drug has shown positive results and consequently some of the patients have also managed to recover from the disease. However, it is not yet clear whether the relief came due to the drug alone, or otherwise. Given the high mortality rate of the disease and its rapid spread, other countries affected by this disease have already given a go-ahead for the mass production of this experimental drug. But some health experts are skeptical about the efficacy of the drug and have even warned against its use as it may result in some deadly side-effects. (a) Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case. (b) What would you do in the above situation? Give reasons.(250 Words; 20 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- प्रथम भाग में प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दों की पहचान कीजिये 2- दूसरे भाग में कारण सहित अपनी कार्यवाही को स्पष्ट कीजिये उत्तर प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दे नीतिशास्त्र व्यक्ति के जीवन के संरक्षण को सर्वोच्च मान्यता देता है| इस प्रकरण में कई व्यक्तियों की जान जा चुकी है एवं अन्य व्यक्तियों की जान जाने की संभावना बनी हुई है| अतः स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुख होने के नाते मेरा यह प्राथमिक दायित्व है कि इस समस्या के समाधान में किस प्रकार से प्रभावी योगादान दिया जा सके| यह मेरी तरफ से कार्य समर्पण, सहानुभूति, संवेदना जैसे नैतिक मुद्दों पर महत्त्व देने की मांग करती है महामारी के संकट की प्रकृति इस प्रकार की है, जो कि परस्पर सहयोग एवं विश्वास के नैतिक मुद्दों के महत्त्व को भी स्थापित करती है मेरी कार्यवाही और उसका औचित्य मैं स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुख होने के नाते इस महामारी की समस्या के समाधान हेतु नीतिगत निर्णय की प्रभावकारिता पर अधिक बल दूंगा जिस प्रयोगात्मक दवा का उपयोग किया जा रहा है उस पर मैं अपने चिकित्सा विशेषज्ञों को आगे शोध करने का आग्रह करूंगा ताकि तकनीकी रूप से दवा की उपयोगिता को सुनिश्चित किया जा सके| इस कार्य में अधिक तत्परता को प्राप्त करने हेतु मैं आवश्यक संसाधनों की उपलब्धता को तात्कालिक आधार पर सुनिश्चित करूंगा इस दवा पर अन्य देशों के स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुखों से मैं विचार विमर्श करूंगा ताकि इसकी उपयोगिता की सही जानकारी मुझे प्राप्त हो सके| जिन विशेषज्ञों के द्वारा इस दवा के दुष्प्रभाव पर चिंता व्यक्त की जा रही है उनसे भी मैं परामर्श करके एक वस्तुनिष्ठ जानकारी को प्राप्त करूंगा उपर्युक्त आधारों पर अगर मैं दवा के प्रयोग को उचित मानता हूँ तो मैं इसके उप्य्प्ग हेतु अनुमति दूंगा परन्तु साथ साथ इसके साइड इफ्फेक्ट की जानकारी भी मैं लोगों को दूंगा ताकि लोग अपने स्तर पर इस निर्णय को प्राप्त कर सके कि इस दवा का उपयोग करना है या नहीं है ताकि मैं मैं अपने निर्णय में पारदर्शिता को प्राप्त कर सकूँ एवं लोगों की विवेकशीलता या बुद्धिमत्ता का सम्मान कर सकूं इसके साथ साथ मैं इस महामारी से उत्पन्न बिमारी के उपचार हेतु वैकल्पिक दवा एवं टीका के खोज हेतु अपने देश के शोध संस्थानों को प्रोत्साहित करूंगा एवं विश्व के अन्य शोध संस्थानों के द्वारा किये जाने वाले प्रयासों पर नजर रखूंगा ताकि विश्वव्यापी स्तर पर इस महामारी के प्रकोप से प्रत्येक मानव प्राणी को संरक्षण दिया जा सके|
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##Question:पश्चिमी अफ्रीका में एक भयानक महामारी फैली है जिसने अल्पावधि में हजारों लोगों की जान ले ली है और बहुतों को संक्रमित कर दिया है। बीमारी के उपचार हेतु कोई दवा या टीका उपलब्ध नहीं है। आप एक ऐसे देश के स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुख हैं जिसे इस महामारी ने बुरी प्रकार प्रभावित किया है। चूंकि इस बीमारी हेतु वर्तमान में कोई उपचार उपलब्ध नहीं है, लेकिन कुछ अन्य देशों में एक प्रयोगात्मक दवा का उपयोग किया जा रहा है। इस दवा के सकारात्मक परिणाम देखने को मिले हैं और जिसके फलस्वरूप कुछ मरीज इस बीमारी से उबरने में सफल रहे हैं। हालांकि अब तक यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि राहत अकेले दवा से मिली है या किसी अन्य प्रकार से। बीमारी की उच्च मृत्यु दर एवं त्वरित प्रसार को देखते हुए अन्य देशों ने इस प्रयोगिक दवा के बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादन की अनुमति दे दी है। लेकिन कुछ स्वास्थ्य विशेषज्ञ दवा के प्रभाव को लेकर संशकित हैं और उन्होंने इसके उपयोग के विरुद्ध चेतावनी भी जारी की है। उनका कहना है कि इसके जानलेवा साइड इफेक्ट्स; दुष्प्रभाव हो सकते हैं। (a) उपर्युक्त प्रकरण में नैतिक मुद्दों की पहचान कीजिए एवं उन पर चर्चा कीजिए। (b) उपर्युक्त स्थिति में आप क्या करेंगे? कारण बताइए। (250 शब्द; 20 अंक) A deadly epidemic has broken out in West Africa killing thousands of people in a short span of time and infecting many others. There is no vaccine or treatment available to cure the disease. You are the head of the health department of one of the countries that have been severely hit by the epidemic. While there is no treatment currently available for the disease, an experimental drug is being used in some other country. This drug has shown positive results and consequently some of the patients have also managed to recover from the disease. However, it is not yet clear whether the relief came due to the drug alone, or otherwise. Given the high mortality rate of the disease and its rapid spread, other countries affected by this disease have already given a go-ahead for the mass production of this experimental drug. But some health experts are skeptical about the efficacy of the drug and have even warned against its use as it may result in some deadly side-effects. (a) Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case. (b) What would you do in the above situation? Give reasons.(250 Words; 20 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- प्रथम भाग में प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दों की पहचान कीजिये 2- दूसरे भाग में कारण सहित अपनी कार्यवाही को स्पष्ट कीजिये उत्तर प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक मुद्दे नीतिशास्त्र व्यक्ति के जीवन के संरक्षण को सर्वोच्च मान्यता देता है| इस प्रकरण में कई व्यक्तियों की जान जा चुकी है एवं अन्य व्यक्तियों की जान जाने की संभावना बनी हुई है| अतः स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुख होने के नाते मेरा यह प्राथमिक दायित्व है कि इस समस्या के समाधान में किस प्रकार से प्रभावी योगादान दिया जा सके| यह मेरी तरफ से कार्य समर्पण, सहानुभूति, संवेदना जैसे नैतिक मुद्दों पर महत्त्व देने की मांग करती है महामारी के संकट की प्रकृति इस प्रकार की है, जो कि परस्पर सहयोग एवं विश्वास के नैतिक मुद्दों के महत्त्व को भी स्थापित करती है मेरी कार्यवाही और उसका औचित्य मैं स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुख होने के नाते इस महामारी की समस्या के समाधान हेतु नीतिगत निर्णय की प्रभावकारिता पर अधिक बल दूंगा जिस प्रयोगात्मक दवा का उपयोग किया जा रहा है उस पर मैं अपने चिकित्सा विशेषज्ञों को आगे शोध करने का आग्रह करूंगा ताकि तकनीकी रूप से दवा की उपयोगिता को सुनिश्चित किया जा सके| इस कार्य में अधिक तत्परता को प्राप्त करने हेतु मैं आवश्यक संसाधनों की उपलब्धता को तात्कालिक आधार पर सुनिश्चित करूंगा इस दवा पर अन्य देशों के स्वास्थ्य विभाग के प्रमुखों से मैं विचार विमर्श करूंगा ताकि इसकी उपयोगिता की सही जानकारी मुझे प्राप्त हो सके| जिन विशेषज्ञों के द्वारा इस दवा के दुष्प्रभाव पर चिंता व्यक्त की जा रही है उनसे भी मैं परामर्श करके एक वस्तुनिष्ठ जानकारी को प्राप्त करूंगा उपर्युक्त आधारों पर अगर मैं दवा के प्रयोग को उचित मानता हूँ तो मैं इसके उप्य्प्ग हेतु अनुमति दूंगा परन्तु साथ साथ इसके साइड इफ्फेक्ट की जानकारी भी मैं लोगों को दूंगा ताकि लोग अपने स्तर पर इस निर्णय को प्राप्त कर सके कि इस दवा का उपयोग करना है या नहीं है ताकि मैं मैं अपने निर्णय में पारदर्शिता को प्राप्त कर सकूँ एवं लोगों की विवेकशीलता या बुद्धिमत्ता का सम्मान कर सकूं इसके साथ साथ मैं इस महामारी से उत्पन्न बिमारी के उपचार हेतु वैकल्पिक दवा एवं टीका के खोज हेतु अपने देश के शोध संस्थानों को प्रोत्साहित करूंगा एवं विश्व के अन्य शोध संस्थानों के द्वारा किये जाने वाले प्रयासों पर नजर रखूंगा ताकि विश्वव्यापी स्तर पर इस महामारी के प्रकोप से प्रत्येक मानव प्राणी को संरक्षण दिया जा सके|
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आप एक देश में तेल का अन्वेषण करने के लिए लगाई जाने वाली अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बोली (नीलामी) में भारत का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रहे हैं। इस परियोजना के लिए अन्य धनी देश भी बोली लगा रहे हैं। आप सुनिश्चित हैं कि तेल अन्वेषण के लिए आपकी बोली अन्यों से बेहतर और साथ ही सस्ती भी है और यह कि निश्चित ही आप बोली जीत लेंगे। नीलामी से एक दिन पूर्व आपको ज्ञात होता है कि अन्य देश सफल होने के लिए अधिकारियों को रिश्वत देने समेत सारे तरीके अपना रहे हैं। उस (गृह) देश के कुछ अधिकारियों ने भी आपसे संपर्क किया है और भारत को इस बोली में विजय प्राप्त कराने का आश्वासन देने के बदले कुछ मांगें रखी हैं। आप घरेलू आर्थिक एवं रणनीतिक निहितार्थों की दृष्टि से इस बोली के महत्व से अवगत हैं। उपर्युक्त सूचना के आधार पर निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। (a) निर्दिष्ट कीजिए कि इस स्थिति में आप किस/किन नैतिक दुविधा/दुविधाओं का सामना करते हैं। (b) क्या अंतर्राष्ट्रीय लेन-देन में नैतिक चिंताएँ सचमुच मायने रखती हैं या वे घरेलू हितों की तुलना में गौण (द्वितीयक) हैं? (c) उपर्युक्त स्थिति में आपकी कार्रवाई क्या होगी? गुणों और अवगुणों सहित उसका औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए।(250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You are representing India in an international bidding for oil exploration in a country. Other, richer countries are also bidding for the project. You are sure that your bid of exploration is better as well as cheaper than that of others, and that you will definitely win the bid. A day before the auction, you come to know that other countries are employing every means, including bribing the authorities for being successful. Some of the officials of the home country have also contacted you and made some demands in exchange for assurance of India winning the bid. You are aware of the criticality of this bid in terms of domestic economic and strategic implications. Based on above information, answer the following questions. (a) Specify the ethical dilemma(s) that you face in this situation. (b) Do ethical concerns really matter in international transactions or are they secondary to domestic interests? (c) What will be your course of action in the above situation? Justify with merits and demerits (250 Words; 20 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- प्रथम भाग में प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक दुविधाओं को निर्दिष्ट कीजिए 2- दूसरे भाग में अन्तराष्ट्रीय लेनदेनों की नैतिक चिंताओं और घरेलू हितों से उनकी तुलना कीजिये 3- अंतिम में अपनी कार्यवाही, उसकी समीक्षा और औचित्य को प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये (A) प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक दुविधाएं इस प्रकरण में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नीतिशास्त्र के संदर्भ में सत्यनिष्ठा एवं इमानदारी के नैतिक मुद्दों पर बल दिया गया है इसके साथ साथ राष्ट्रीय हित एवं नैतिक मूल्यों के बीच के टकराव या दुविधा की स्थिति में किस प्राथमिकता को स्वीकार किया जाए यह प्रकरण अमीर देशों के द्वारा अपने वर्चस्व को स्थापित करने की बात करता है जिसका माध्यम इस प्रकरण में नैतिक और अनैतिक दोनों है| इस संदर्भ में प्रत्येक देशों के भागीदारी को सुनिश्चित करना प्रजातांत्रिक मूल्यों के अनुरूप है परन्तु अनैतिक माध्यमों का प्रयोग किया जाना उचित और प्रासंगिक नहीं है| (B)अन्तराष्ट्रीय लेनदेनों की नैतिक चिंतायें और घरेलू हितों से उनकी तुलना अंतर्राष्ट्रीय लेनदेन में भी नैतिक चिंताएं विशेष महत्त्व रखती हैं क्योंकि विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बीच के परस्पर सहयोग को उचित दिशा में सुनिश्चित करने हेतु विशिष्ट मूल्यों, सिद्धांतों एवं मानकों का होना अति आवश्यक है| विभिन्न देशों के बीच सामाजिक और आर्थिक विकास के स्तर में अंतर है अतः अन्तराष्ट्री लेनदें के माध्यम से प्रत्येक देशों विशेषकर गरीब देशों के हितों को संरक्षित एवं प्रोत्सहित करने हेतु नैतिक मूल्यों का होना आवश्यक है नैतिक मूल्यों के माध्यम से यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सकता है कि अमीर और गरीब देश इन दोनों के हितों को प्रोत्साहित किया जाए, परन्तु इस प्रक्रिया में इसका झुकाव गरीब देशों के हितों के प्रति अधिक होना चाहिए वर्तमान समय के वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया में राष्ट्रों के लेनदेन की मात्रा अधिक व्यापक होती जा रही है| जो कि अधिक परस्पर सहयोग एवं निर्भरता की मांग करती है| ये अपने आप में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर नैतिक चिंताओं के महत्त्व को प्रोत्सहित करती है| अतः राष्ट्रीय हितों को अन्तराष्ट्रीय हितों के साथ एवं अन्तराष्ट्रीय हितों को राष्ट्रीय हितों के साथ सामंजस्य किया जा चाहिए क्योंकि अंततः यह मानव प्राणी का हित है (C) मेरी कार्यवाही और उसका औचित्य मेरे लिए राष्ट्रीय हित के साथ साथ राष्ट्रीय गरिमा का भी विशेष महत्त्व है| अतः भारत का प्रतिनिधित्व करने के कारण मैं अन्य देशों की तरह रिश्वत एवं अन्य गैर विधिक एवं अनैतिक माध्यमों का समर्थन नहीं करूंगा मेरा प्रयास यह होगा कि इस नीलामी को अधिक निष्पक्ष बनाने हेतु मैं उन देशों के साथ संपर्क स्थापित करूंगा जो रिश्वत जैसे पहलुओं का समर्थन नहीं करते एवं उन राष्ट्रों के सहयोग के द्वारा मैं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंच पर इस समस्या को उजागर करूंगा ताकि ऐसे देशों को हतोत्साहित किया जाए जो रिश्वत आदि का प्रयोग कर रहे हैं| ऐसा करते हुए मैं उस बोली में भाग लूंगा एवं अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों के अनुरूप इस बोली में अपना प्रस्ताव प्रेषित करूंगा, लम्बे समय तक राष्ट्रीय हित को सुनिश्चित करने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि विषम परिस्थितियों में भी भारत के द्वारा सत्यनिष्ठा और इमानदारी को बना कर रखा जाए एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जगत की विश्वसनीयता को प्राप्त किया जाए|
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##Question:आप एक देश में तेल का अन्वेषण करने के लिए लगाई जाने वाली अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बोली (नीलामी) में भारत का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रहे हैं। इस परियोजना के लिए अन्य धनी देश भी बोली लगा रहे हैं। आप सुनिश्चित हैं कि तेल अन्वेषण के लिए आपकी बोली अन्यों से बेहतर और साथ ही सस्ती भी है और यह कि निश्चित ही आप बोली जीत लेंगे। नीलामी से एक दिन पूर्व आपको ज्ञात होता है कि अन्य देश सफल होने के लिए अधिकारियों को रिश्वत देने समेत सारे तरीके अपना रहे हैं। उस (गृह) देश के कुछ अधिकारियों ने भी आपसे संपर्क किया है और भारत को इस बोली में विजय प्राप्त कराने का आश्वासन देने के बदले कुछ मांगें रखी हैं। आप घरेलू आर्थिक एवं रणनीतिक निहितार्थों की दृष्टि से इस बोली के महत्व से अवगत हैं। उपर्युक्त सूचना के आधार पर निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। (a) निर्दिष्ट कीजिए कि इस स्थिति में आप किस/किन नैतिक दुविधा/दुविधाओं का सामना करते हैं। (b) क्या अंतर्राष्ट्रीय लेन-देन में नैतिक चिंताएँ सचमुच मायने रखती हैं या वे घरेलू हितों की तुलना में गौण (द्वितीयक) हैं? (c) उपर्युक्त स्थिति में आपकी कार्रवाई क्या होगी? गुणों और अवगुणों सहित उसका औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए।(250 शब्द; 20 अंक) You are representing India in an international bidding for oil exploration in a country. Other, richer countries are also bidding for the project. You are sure that your bid of exploration is better as well as cheaper than that of others, and that you will definitely win the bid. A day before the auction, you come to know that other countries are employing every means, including bribing the authorities for being successful. Some of the officials of the home country have also contacted you and made some demands in exchange for assurance of India winning the bid. You are aware of the criticality of this bid in terms of domestic economic and strategic implications. Based on above information, answer the following questions. (a) Specify the ethical dilemma(s) that you face in this situation. (b) Do ethical concerns really matter in international transactions or are they secondary to domestic interests? (c) What will be your course of action in the above situation? Justify with merits and demerits (250 Words; 20 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- प्रथम भाग में प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक दुविधाओं को निर्दिष्ट कीजिए 2- दूसरे भाग में अन्तराष्ट्रीय लेनदेनों की नैतिक चिंताओं और घरेलू हितों से उनकी तुलना कीजिये 3- अंतिम में अपनी कार्यवाही, उसकी समीक्षा और औचित्य को प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये (A) प्रकरण में निहित नैतिक दुविधाएं इस प्रकरण में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नीतिशास्त्र के संदर्भ में सत्यनिष्ठा एवं इमानदारी के नैतिक मुद्दों पर बल दिया गया है इसके साथ साथ राष्ट्रीय हित एवं नैतिक मूल्यों के बीच के टकराव या दुविधा की स्थिति में किस प्राथमिकता को स्वीकार किया जाए यह प्रकरण अमीर देशों के द्वारा अपने वर्चस्व को स्थापित करने की बात करता है जिसका माध्यम इस प्रकरण में नैतिक और अनैतिक दोनों है| इस संदर्भ में प्रत्येक देशों के भागीदारी को सुनिश्चित करना प्रजातांत्रिक मूल्यों के अनुरूप है परन्तु अनैतिक माध्यमों का प्रयोग किया जाना उचित और प्रासंगिक नहीं है| (B)अन्तराष्ट्रीय लेनदेनों की नैतिक चिंतायें और घरेलू हितों से उनकी तुलना अंतर्राष्ट्रीय लेनदेन में भी नैतिक चिंताएं विशेष महत्त्व रखती हैं क्योंकि विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बीच के परस्पर सहयोग को उचित दिशा में सुनिश्चित करने हेतु विशिष्ट मूल्यों, सिद्धांतों एवं मानकों का होना अति आवश्यक है| विभिन्न देशों के बीच सामाजिक और आर्थिक विकास के स्तर में अंतर है अतः अन्तराष्ट्री लेनदें के माध्यम से प्रत्येक देशों विशेषकर गरीब देशों के हितों को संरक्षित एवं प्रोत्सहित करने हेतु नैतिक मूल्यों का होना आवश्यक है नैतिक मूल्यों के माध्यम से यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सकता है कि अमीर और गरीब देश इन दोनों के हितों को प्रोत्साहित किया जाए, परन्तु इस प्रक्रिया में इसका झुकाव गरीब देशों के हितों के प्रति अधिक होना चाहिए वर्तमान समय के वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया में राष्ट्रों के लेनदेन की मात्रा अधिक व्यापक होती जा रही है| जो कि अधिक परस्पर सहयोग एवं निर्भरता की मांग करती है| ये अपने आप में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर नैतिक चिंताओं के महत्त्व को प्रोत्सहित करती है| अतः राष्ट्रीय हितों को अन्तराष्ट्रीय हितों के साथ एवं अन्तराष्ट्रीय हितों को राष्ट्रीय हितों के साथ सामंजस्य किया जा चाहिए क्योंकि अंततः यह मानव प्राणी का हित है (C) मेरी कार्यवाही और उसका औचित्य मेरे लिए राष्ट्रीय हित के साथ साथ राष्ट्रीय गरिमा का भी विशेष महत्त्व है| अतः भारत का प्रतिनिधित्व करने के कारण मैं अन्य देशों की तरह रिश्वत एवं अन्य गैर विधिक एवं अनैतिक माध्यमों का समर्थन नहीं करूंगा मेरा प्रयास यह होगा कि इस नीलामी को अधिक निष्पक्ष बनाने हेतु मैं उन देशों के साथ संपर्क स्थापित करूंगा जो रिश्वत जैसे पहलुओं का समर्थन नहीं करते एवं उन राष्ट्रों के सहयोग के द्वारा मैं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंच पर इस समस्या को उजागर करूंगा ताकि ऐसे देशों को हतोत्साहित किया जाए जो रिश्वत आदि का प्रयोग कर रहे हैं| ऐसा करते हुए मैं उस बोली में भाग लूंगा एवं अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों के अनुरूप इस बोली में अपना प्रस्ताव प्रेषित करूंगा, लम्बे समय तक राष्ट्रीय हित को सुनिश्चित करने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि विषम परिस्थितियों में भी भारत के द्वारा सत्यनिष्ठा और इमानदारी को बना कर रखा जाए एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जगत की विश्वसनीयता को प्राप्त किया जाए|
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What do you understand by Jet stream? Describe its characteristics, types and significance. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Define jet streams in the introduction Briefly explain the characteristics of the Jet Streams Highlight various types of Jet streams Describe the importance and role played by Jet streams in atmospheric circulations and community in general. Answer: As per WMO, the Jet stream is a strong narrow current concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. It is characterized by strong vertical and lateral wind share and features one or more velocity maxima. They are originated due to the difference in temperature and pressure gradient between two regions of the atmosphere such as polar and tropical. The larger the temperature differences, the stronger is the wind. Characteristics: 1000s of km in length and 100s km in width They normally blow from west to east. The winds are faster during winters They follow the zig-zag path in the form of Rossby waves Types of Jet-Streams (JS): Polar JS: These are found between polar cell and Ferrel cell with the direction from West to East. These are irregular and discontinuous in nature. Sub-tropical Westerly JS: It is associated with temperature graduation at the poleward limit of the Hadley cell. It is strong in nature. Tropical- Easterly JS: They are opposite in direction to the polar jet stream i.e from East to west. They occur only during summer. It forms over India and Africa in summers and is due to intense heating of the Tibetan plateau and northern plains. Polar night jet stream: It is observed above the troposphere over the polar region during the winters. The direction of these jet streams are from the West to East. These are also known as the stratospheric jet stream Local jet stream: It occurs due to local thermal and dynamic conditions e.g Somalia Jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. Significances It results in the creation of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulations on the surface due to upper divergence and convergence. It affects the local weather conditions It helps in the transportation of pollutants including ozone-depleting substances into the upper troposphere from the urban centers. Aircraft utilize the jetstreams in navigation. Jetstreams help information of temperate cyclones. The monsoon of South Asia is controlled by sub-tropical Westerly jetstream and Tropical Easterly Jet stream.
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##Question:What do you understand by Jet stream? Describe its characteristics, types and significance. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define jet streams in the introduction Briefly explain the characteristics of the Jet Streams Highlight various types of Jet streams Describe the importance and role played by Jet streams in atmospheric circulations and community in general. Answer: As per WMO, the Jet stream is a strong narrow current concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. It is characterized by strong vertical and lateral wind share and features one or more velocity maxima. They are originated due to the difference in temperature and pressure gradient between two regions of the atmosphere such as polar and tropical. The larger the temperature differences, the stronger is the wind. Characteristics: 1000s of km in length and 100s km in width They normally blow from west to east. The winds are faster during winters They follow the zig-zag path in the form of Rossby waves Types of Jet-Streams (JS): Polar JS: These are found between polar cell and Ferrel cell with the direction from West to East. These are irregular and discontinuous in nature. Sub-tropical Westerly JS: It is associated with temperature graduation at the poleward limit of the Hadley cell. It is strong in nature. Tropical- Easterly JS: They are opposite in direction to the polar jet stream i.e from East to west. They occur only during summer. It forms over India and Africa in summers and is due to intense heating of the Tibetan plateau and northern plains. Polar night jet stream: It is observed above the troposphere over the polar region during the winters. The direction of these jet streams are from the West to East. These are also known as the stratospheric jet stream Local jet stream: It occurs due to local thermal and dynamic conditions e.g Somalia Jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. Significances It results in the creation of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulations on the surface due to upper divergence and convergence. It affects the local weather conditions It helps in the transportation of pollutants including ozone-depleting substances into the upper troposphere from the urban centers. Aircraft utilize the jetstreams in navigation. Jetstreams help information of temperate cyclones. The monsoon of South Asia is controlled by sub-tropical Westerly jetstream and Tropical Easterly Jet stream.
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Briefly discuss the salient features of the Indian Constitution.? (150 words / 10 marks)
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Brief Approach: In Introduction briefly write about the constitution i.e. what does it refer to Briefly write about the Indian constitution and discuss notable features of it Conclude your answer briefly by mentioning other features of the Indian constitution Answer: A constitution is a fundamental law of a country that reflects the fundamental principles on which the government of the country is based. It can be both written as well as unwritten. India has adopted a written constitution. Every written constitution in the world has its own unique characteristics, and no exception is the Indian Constitution. But the Indian Constitution has many prominent features that distinguish it from the other Constitutions. The 8 notable features of the Indian constitution are as follows: 1. World"s Longest Constitution The Indian Constitution contains 395 articles and 12 schedules, making it the world"s longest written constitution. Just compare it with other countries" Constitutions. For example, the UK has no written constitution, while the US Constitution contains only seven articles. 2. Taken from various sources The Indian Constitution was framed from multiple sources including the 1935 Government of India Act and Other Countries Constitutions. Feature of Indian Constitution Borrowed From various sources: Basic structure (Federal scheme, Judiciary, Governors, Emergency powers, Public Service Commissions, Administrative details, etc.)- Government of India Act 1935; Fundamental Rights- American Constitution; Directive Principles -Irish Constitution; Cabinet form of government- British Constitution In addition to these, the Indian constitution has also adopted various provisions from the Constitutions of Canada, Australia, Germany, the U.S.S.R., and France. 3. Federal System with Unitary Features The Indian Constitution includes all the federal characteristics of governance such as dual government system (center and state), division of powers between the three state organs (executive, judiciary, and legislature), constitutional supremacy, an independent judiciary, and bicameralism (lower and upper house). 4. Parliamentary Form of Government On the pattern of the British parliamentary system of government, the Indian Constitution has opted for the parliamentary form of government. The key characteristics of the parliamentary form of government are: Executive are members of the legislature, Collective responsibility to the legislature of the Council of Ministers, Rule of the majority party, Prime Minister"s or chief minister"s leadership in the state, Lower house dissolution (Lok Sabha and state assemblies), Cabinet form of Government 5. The balance between the Sovereignty of Parliament and Judicial Supremacy A fine balance has been struck between parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy by the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court is vacuumed by Articles 13, 32, and 136 with the power of judicial review. By its power of judicial review, it can strike down any parliamentary law as unconstitutional. On the other hand, the Parliament, being the representative of the people"s will, has the authority to make laws, and it can also amend the major part of the Constitution through its video vested powers under Article 368. 6. Independent and Integrated Judicial System In India, unlike the United States where there is a two-tiered judiciary, a single judicial system prevails with the Supreme Court at the top, the State and District High Courts, and other subordinate courts below and subject to the supervision of the High Courts. 7. Directive Principles of State Policy In Part IV of the Constitution, the Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSPs) aims to make India a welfare state. Therefore, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar calls the Directive Principles the Indian Constitution"s novel feature. The Principles of the Directive are inherently unjustifiable, that is, they are not enforceable for their violation by the courts. 8. Combination of rigidity and flexibility The Indian Constitution strikes a fine balance between rigidity and flexibility when it comes to ease of modification. Article 368 lays down two types of modifications: 1. Some provisions may be amended by a special parliamentary majority, i.e. a 2/3rd majority of the members of each House present and vote and majority (i.e. more than 50 %) of each House"s total membership. 2. Some other provisions can be amended by a special parliamentary majority and with half of the total states ratifying them. This ensures that with the widest possible majority, the Constitution is amended. At the same time, in the manner of the ordinary legislative process, certain provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament. Such amendments are not within the scope of Article 368. There are many other features of the Indian Constitution such as Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Emergency Provisions, Universal Adult Franchise, etc. but the constitution"s most important features that define and distinguish it from the other World Constitutions have been listed above.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the salient features of the Indian Constitution.? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach: In Introduction briefly write about the constitution i.e. what does it refer to Briefly write about the Indian constitution and discuss notable features of it Conclude your answer briefly by mentioning other features of the Indian constitution Answer: A constitution is a fundamental law of a country that reflects the fundamental principles on which the government of the country is based. It can be both written as well as unwritten. India has adopted a written constitution. Every written constitution in the world has its own unique characteristics, and no exception is the Indian Constitution. But the Indian Constitution has many prominent features that distinguish it from the other Constitutions. The 8 notable features of the Indian constitution are as follows: 1. World"s Longest Constitution The Indian Constitution contains 395 articles and 12 schedules, making it the world"s longest written constitution. Just compare it with other countries" Constitutions. For example, the UK has no written constitution, while the US Constitution contains only seven articles. 2. Taken from various sources The Indian Constitution was framed from multiple sources including the 1935 Government of India Act and Other Countries Constitutions. Feature of Indian Constitution Borrowed From various sources: Basic structure (Federal scheme, Judiciary, Governors, Emergency powers, Public Service Commissions, Administrative details, etc.)- Government of India Act 1935; Fundamental Rights- American Constitution; Directive Principles -Irish Constitution; Cabinet form of government- British Constitution In addition to these, the Indian constitution has also adopted various provisions from the Constitutions of Canada, Australia, Germany, the U.S.S.R., and France. 3. Federal System with Unitary Features The Indian Constitution includes all the federal characteristics of governance such as dual government system (center and state), division of powers between the three state organs (executive, judiciary, and legislature), constitutional supremacy, an independent judiciary, and bicameralism (lower and upper house). 4. Parliamentary Form of Government On the pattern of the British parliamentary system of government, the Indian Constitution has opted for the parliamentary form of government. The key characteristics of the parliamentary form of government are: Executive are members of the legislature, Collective responsibility to the legislature of the Council of Ministers, Rule of the majority party, Prime Minister"s or chief minister"s leadership in the state, Lower house dissolution (Lok Sabha and state assemblies), Cabinet form of Government 5. The balance between the Sovereignty of Parliament and Judicial Supremacy A fine balance has been struck between parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy by the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court is vacuumed by Articles 13, 32, and 136 with the power of judicial review. By its power of judicial review, it can strike down any parliamentary law as unconstitutional. On the other hand, the Parliament, being the representative of the people"s will, has the authority to make laws, and it can also amend the major part of the Constitution through its video vested powers under Article 368. 6. Independent and Integrated Judicial System In India, unlike the United States where there is a two-tiered judiciary, a single judicial system prevails with the Supreme Court at the top, the State and District High Courts, and other subordinate courts below and subject to the supervision of the High Courts. 7. Directive Principles of State Policy In Part IV of the Constitution, the Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSPs) aims to make India a welfare state. Therefore, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar calls the Directive Principles the Indian Constitution"s novel feature. The Principles of the Directive are inherently unjustifiable, that is, they are not enforceable for their violation by the courts. 8. Combination of rigidity and flexibility The Indian Constitution strikes a fine balance between rigidity and flexibility when it comes to ease of modification. Article 368 lays down two types of modifications: 1. Some provisions may be amended by a special parliamentary majority, i.e. a 2/3rd majority of the members of each House present and vote and majority (i.e. more than 50 %) of each House"s total membership. 2. Some other provisions can be amended by a special parliamentary majority and with half of the total states ratifying them. This ensures that with the widest possible majority, the Constitution is amended. At the same time, in the manner of the ordinary legislative process, certain provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament. Such amendments are not within the scope of Article 368. There are many other features of the Indian Constitution such as Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Emergency Provisions, Universal Adult Franchise, etc. but the constitution"s most important features that define and distinguish it from the other World Constitutions have been listed above.
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What do you understand by multidimensional poverty? Explain the Multidimensional Poverty Index. (150 words / 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Define Multidimensional Poverty along with a brief explanation. Body: Briefly discuss the MPI. Model Answer: Multidimensional poverty encompasses the various deprivations experienced by poor people in their daily lives – such as poor health, lack of education, inadequate living standards, disempowerment, poor quality of work, the threat of violence, and living in areas that are environmentally hazardous, among others. Most countries of the world define poverty as a lack of money. Yet poor people themselves consider their experience of poverty much more broadly. A person who is poor can suffer from multiple disadvantages at the same time – for example, they may have poor health or malnutrition, a lack of clean water or electricity, poor quality of work or little schooling. Focusing on one factor alone, such as income, is not enough to capture the true reality of poverty. Multidimensional poverty measures can be used to create a more comprehensive picture. They reveal who is poor and how they are poor – the range of different disadvantages they experience. As well as providing a headline measure of poverty, multidimensional measures can be broken down to reveal the poverty level in different areas of a country, and among different sub-groups of people. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): The MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. MPI tries to assess the deprivation of a household on multiple dimensions at the same time. MPI has three different dimensions of: Health, Education, and Standard of Living on which households are assessed. There are 10 parameters pertaining to these 3 dimensions like : Health (child mortality, nutrition), Education (years of schooling, enrollment), and Living standards (water, sanitation, electricity, cooking fuel, floor, assets). Each indicator has its own criteria for the assessment of deprivation of a household. A household is said to be MPI poor if it is deprived of 3 or more criteria. The indicators in MPI have a close relationship with sustainable development goals(SDGs).
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##Question:What do you understand by multidimensional poverty? Explain the Multidimensional Poverty Index. (150 words / 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define Multidimensional Poverty along with a brief explanation. Body: Briefly discuss the MPI. Model Answer: Multidimensional poverty encompasses the various deprivations experienced by poor people in their daily lives – such as poor health, lack of education, inadequate living standards, disempowerment, poor quality of work, the threat of violence, and living in areas that are environmentally hazardous, among others. Most countries of the world define poverty as a lack of money. Yet poor people themselves consider their experience of poverty much more broadly. A person who is poor can suffer from multiple disadvantages at the same time – for example, they may have poor health or malnutrition, a lack of clean water or electricity, poor quality of work or little schooling. Focusing on one factor alone, such as income, is not enough to capture the true reality of poverty. Multidimensional poverty measures can be used to create a more comprehensive picture. They reveal who is poor and how they are poor – the range of different disadvantages they experience. As well as providing a headline measure of poverty, multidimensional measures can be broken down to reveal the poverty level in different areas of a country, and among different sub-groups of people. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): The MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. MPI tries to assess the deprivation of a household on multiple dimensions at the same time. MPI has three different dimensions of: Health, Education, and Standard of Living on which households are assessed. There are 10 parameters pertaining to these 3 dimensions like : Health (child mortality, nutrition), Education (years of schooling, enrollment), and Living standards (water, sanitation, electricity, cooking fuel, floor, assets). Each indicator has its own criteria for the assessment of deprivation of a household. A household is said to be MPI poor if it is deprived of 3 or more criteria. The indicators in MPI have a close relationship with sustainable development goals(SDGs).
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Suggest measures that can be taken to address poverty and unemployment created due to the covid crisis. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH Briefly discuss the covid crisis. Discuss some measures to deal with the unemployment and poverty crisis created by covid. Conclude with steps taken by the Indian government in this direction. ANSWER COVID-19 is the most serious health crisis the world has experienced in a century and it could also be one of the biggest destroyers of jobs in human history. That matters greatly: when people are stripped of their work, they suffer losses not just of income but also of dignity, meaning, and hope. The International Labour Organization has forecast that the pandemic could reduce global working hours by nearly 7 percent in the second quarter of 2020 equivalent to 195 million full-time jobs. Measure to address unemployment and poverty crisis in the current situation Create a granular view of who needs help to keep their job—or find new work. Realistic Assessment of the present situation of poverty in the country in need of the hour. Build smart, cross-sector solutions to get that help to them fast. Special focus on MSMEs, as these are the most hurt section. One key focus of these interventions must be to stimulate consumer demand and rebuild confidence—and lessons on those topics can be learned from previous crises. Rapidly build online “talent exchanges” to create transparency on job openings and facilitate redeployment. By improving social infrastructure and job opportunities in rural areas, migration to urban areas can be decreased, and thus urban poverty can also be decreased. Subsidies address only short-term issues. There is a need to develop technologies, with the help of which farmers can practice all-weather agriculture. Creating a sufficient number of decent quality jobs for all citizens in the formal and informal sectors to absorb those who are available and willing to work. Promoting labor-intensive industry. There are a number of labor-intensive manufacturing sectors in India such as food processing, leather and footwear, wood manufacturers and furniture, etc. Coherence and convergence in various initiatives taken by the government. PDS system should be strengthened and government should focus on making sure the grains reach those for whom they are procured. "This is no longer only a global health crisis, it is also a major labor market and economic crisis that is having a huge impact on people,” ILO. Responses to save jobs need to be even swifter- solutions and interventions must be designed and deployed in days, greatly accelerating processes that, in normal times, would take months. Continuous employment opportunities and Economic Growth is prerequisites for the removal of poverty. Ultimately, political will is necessary to eradicate poverty from the country through the implementation of various schemes.
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##Question:Suggest measures that can be taken to address poverty and unemployment created due to the covid crisis. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Briefly discuss the covid crisis. Discuss some measures to deal with the unemployment and poverty crisis created by covid. Conclude with steps taken by the Indian government in this direction. ANSWER COVID-19 is the most serious health crisis the world has experienced in a century and it could also be one of the biggest destroyers of jobs in human history. That matters greatly: when people are stripped of their work, they suffer losses not just of income but also of dignity, meaning, and hope. The International Labour Organization has forecast that the pandemic could reduce global working hours by nearly 7 percent in the second quarter of 2020 equivalent to 195 million full-time jobs. Measure to address unemployment and poverty crisis in the current situation Create a granular view of who needs help to keep their job—or find new work. Realistic Assessment of the present situation of poverty in the country in need of the hour. Build smart, cross-sector solutions to get that help to them fast. Special focus on MSMEs, as these are the most hurt section. One key focus of these interventions must be to stimulate consumer demand and rebuild confidence—and lessons on those topics can be learned from previous crises. Rapidly build online “talent exchanges” to create transparency on job openings and facilitate redeployment. By improving social infrastructure and job opportunities in rural areas, migration to urban areas can be decreased, and thus urban poverty can also be decreased. Subsidies address only short-term issues. There is a need to develop technologies, with the help of which farmers can practice all-weather agriculture. Creating a sufficient number of decent quality jobs for all citizens in the formal and informal sectors to absorb those who are available and willing to work. Promoting labor-intensive industry. There are a number of labor-intensive manufacturing sectors in India such as food processing, leather and footwear, wood manufacturers and furniture, etc. Coherence and convergence in various initiatives taken by the government. PDS system should be strengthened and government should focus on making sure the grains reach those for whom they are procured. "This is no longer only a global health crisis, it is also a major labor market and economic crisis that is having a huge impact on people,” ILO. Responses to save jobs need to be even swifter- solutions and interventions must be designed and deployed in days, greatly accelerating processes that, in normal times, would take months. Continuous employment opportunities and Economic Growth is prerequisites for the removal of poverty. Ultimately, political will is necessary to eradicate poverty from the country through the implementation of various schemes.
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What do you understand by migration? Describe various types of migration? What are the pull and push factors of migration? (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Define Migration with data Body: Types and factors of Migration Conclusion: Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: Human migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. People can either choose to move (voluntary migration) or be forced to move (involuntary migration). The International Organization for Migration (The United Nations Migration Agency) defines a migrant as any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a state away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of Person’s legal status; Whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; What the causes for the movement are; What the length of the stay is. According to the International Migrant Stock 2019 report (released by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), India with 17.5 million international migrants has emerged as the top source of international migrants, constituting 6.4% of the world’s total migrant population. Types of Migration- Migration is a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance. It can be international, intra-national, interregional, intra-urban, rural-to-urban or urban-to-rural. On the basis of distance, it may be a long or short distance. On the basis of number, it may be individual or mass; it may be politically sponsored or voluntary. On the basis of social organization, migration may be that of family, community, clan, or individual. On the basis of causes, migration may be economic, social, cultural, religious or political. Migration may be stepwise or direct from the place of origin to the destination. In India, internal migration (fuelled by an increasing rate of urbanization and rural-urban wage difference) is far greater than external migration. India’s urban population is expected to grow from 410 million in 2014 to 814 million by 2050. Factors Affecting Migration- People migrate for a better economic and social life. There are two sets of factors that influence migration. The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics, and socio-economic backwardness. The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property, and a pleasant climate Insurgency, Naxalism, terrorism and militant groups in modem times force people to move out of their homes. The Human Development Report by United Nation Development Programme (2009) highlights that migration is integral to the process of human development and it plays a very important role in achieving sustainable development goals, thereby preventing migration could even be counterproductive. Hence India needs to formulate migration-centric policies, strategies, and institutional mechanisms in order to ensure inclusive growth and development and reduce distress-induced migration, thereby increasing India’s prospects for poverty reduction and achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
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##Question:What do you understand by migration? Describe various types of migration? What are the pull and push factors of migration? (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define Migration with data Body: Types and factors of Migration Conclusion: Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: Human migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. People can either choose to move (voluntary migration) or be forced to move (involuntary migration). The International Organization for Migration (The United Nations Migration Agency) defines a migrant as any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a state away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of Person’s legal status; Whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; What the causes for the movement are; What the length of the stay is. According to the International Migrant Stock 2019 report (released by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), India with 17.5 million international migrants has emerged as the top source of international migrants, constituting 6.4% of the world’s total migrant population. Types of Migration- Migration is a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance. It can be international, intra-national, interregional, intra-urban, rural-to-urban or urban-to-rural. On the basis of distance, it may be a long or short distance. On the basis of number, it may be individual or mass; it may be politically sponsored or voluntary. On the basis of social organization, migration may be that of family, community, clan, or individual. On the basis of causes, migration may be economic, social, cultural, religious or political. Migration may be stepwise or direct from the place of origin to the destination. In India, internal migration (fuelled by an increasing rate of urbanization and rural-urban wage difference) is far greater than external migration. India’s urban population is expected to grow from 410 million in 2014 to 814 million by 2050. Factors Affecting Migration- People migrate for a better economic and social life. There are two sets of factors that influence migration. The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics, and socio-economic backwardness. The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property, and a pleasant climate Insurgency, Naxalism, terrorism and militant groups in modem times force people to move out of their homes. The Human Development Report by United Nation Development Programme (2009) highlights that migration is integral to the process of human development and it plays a very important role in achieving sustainable development goals, thereby preventing migration could even be counterproductive. Hence India needs to formulate migration-centric policies, strategies, and institutional mechanisms in order to ensure inclusive growth and development and reduce distress-induced migration, thereby increasing India’s prospects for poverty reduction and achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
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Listing the reasons for the Quit India movement, discuss the main features of the movement. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- A brief background of the Quit India movement should be provided. Main body- It should be divided into 2 parts: Reasons for the QIM and the features of the movement. Conclusion- conclude with a suitable conclusion . Answer: The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India. Reasons for its launch Due to the failure of Cripps Mission, the country plunged into frustration and anger. Moreover, the win of Japan in Andaman and Singapore busted the myth of British supremacy. In 1942, there was a remarkable change in the attitude of Gandhi. He wrote, “Leave India to God if that is too much leave her to anarchy we would risk it”. The historic meeting at Gowalia Tank (Bombay) happened on the 8th of August 1942. Gandhi addressed the meeting. He urged Indians to follow a non-violent civil disobedience movement. He urged them to act as an independent nation and do not pay any heed to the British diktats/ orders. He also gave the famous exhortation “do or die”. Features of the movement Last Nail in Coffin - QIM from its very beginning was on the line of "Do or Die" clearly indicating complete independence as its ultimate goal. Mass Participation - All sections of society such as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, students, women, traders, etc participated in the QIM. This helped to increase the base of the movement and the politicization of the masses. Support of businessmen to the QIM clearly showed that the movement gave huge confidence to Indians that the British rule to be ended soon. Kept Congress united during the tough times. Second-level leadership got a good opportunity to lead the movement. Parallel Governments - Parallel governments got established at Baliya(UP-First Parallel Government), Tamluk (Bengal), Satara (Maharashtra-Longest Parallel Government), and Talchar(Orissa) during the QIM. At these places, there was no control of the British government for a considerable period of time. Underground movement- Unable to function in the open due to brutal government repression, underground networks began to emerge in various parts of the country. It was carried out by the leaders like Achyut Patwardhan, RP Goenka, Ram Manohar Lohia, Biju Patnaik, Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, J P Narayan, etc. The most daring underground activity was the start of Congress radio which operated clandestinely from different locations in Bombay city. Ram Manohar Lohia regularly broadcasted on this radio. Usha Mehta was the announcer of the Congress radio. It was during this movement that the British realized that they would not be able to govern India for a long time anymore and began to think of ways they could exit the country in a peaceful and dignified manner.
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##Question:Listing the reasons for the Quit India movement, discuss the main features of the movement. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- A brief background of the Quit India movement should be provided. Main body- It should be divided into 2 parts: Reasons for the QIM and the features of the movement. Conclusion- conclude with a suitable conclusion . Answer: The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India. Reasons for its launch Due to the failure of Cripps Mission, the country plunged into frustration and anger. Moreover, the win of Japan in Andaman and Singapore busted the myth of British supremacy. In 1942, there was a remarkable change in the attitude of Gandhi. He wrote, “Leave India to God if that is too much leave her to anarchy we would risk it”. The historic meeting at Gowalia Tank (Bombay) happened on the 8th of August 1942. Gandhi addressed the meeting. He urged Indians to follow a non-violent civil disobedience movement. He urged them to act as an independent nation and do not pay any heed to the British diktats/ orders. He also gave the famous exhortation “do or die”. Features of the movement Last Nail in Coffin - QIM from its very beginning was on the line of "Do or Die" clearly indicating complete independence as its ultimate goal. Mass Participation - All sections of society such as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, students, women, traders, etc participated in the QIM. This helped to increase the base of the movement and the politicization of the masses. Support of businessmen to the QIM clearly showed that the movement gave huge confidence to Indians that the British rule to be ended soon. Kept Congress united during the tough times. Second-level leadership got a good opportunity to lead the movement. Parallel Governments - Parallel governments got established at Baliya(UP-First Parallel Government), Tamluk (Bengal), Satara (Maharashtra-Longest Parallel Government), and Talchar(Orissa) during the QIM. At these places, there was no control of the British government for a considerable period of time. Underground movement- Unable to function in the open due to brutal government repression, underground networks began to emerge in various parts of the country. It was carried out by the leaders like Achyut Patwardhan, RP Goenka, Ram Manohar Lohia, Biju Patnaik, Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, J P Narayan, etc. The most daring underground activity was the start of Congress radio which operated clandestinely from different locations in Bombay city. Ram Manohar Lohia regularly broadcasted on this radio. Usha Mehta was the announcer of the Congress radio. It was during this movement that the British realized that they would not be able to govern India for a long time anymore and began to think of ways they could exit the country in a peaceful and dignified manner.
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What do you mean by Inequality? Explain the reasons for income inequalities in society. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Briefly give the concept of Inequality. 2. Body: Briefly highlight the conventional and modern explanations for reasons for inequalities. Model Answer: Economic inequality refers to how economic variables are distributed among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. Inequality exists in almost all dimensions that can be measured. In Economics, we restrain ourselves to studying inequalities in wealth, income, and consumption. Reasons for inequality: (A) Conventional Reasons: Most of the part of inequality can be explained and is explained through conventional reasons only. These reasons pertain to differences in opportunities created due to accidents of birth or location. A person/place/country may have natural advantages with respect to another place which creates favorable conditions for growth i.e., generation of income and wealth. Such accidents of birth/location usually cause certain natural factors to become key determinants of growth. At the same time, these natural determinants of growth may change over time and other natural factors may take their place. For example, possession of fertile land gave natural advantages to some places or some people to grow faster than others. After that relative importance of fertile land declined and other natural endowments like land-based natural resources such as iron ore, in modern times oil, in the upcoming times" rare metals, etc. have taken the place of the advantage that earlier existed. Therefore, a natural factor is no guarantee to cause high growth but it is an important factor that enables high growth. As factors change, it is up to the person/industry/place/country to generate new factors which will enable it to grow at a pace faster than others. If it does not find new factors which can be exploited for faster growth, then eventually the other places may capture and even leave it behind. Merely existence of natural advantages is not sufficient to explain inequalities. A place must also possess comparative advantages in order to truly grow at a pace much higher than a similar league enrolled pace. For example, two places have similar natural resources, one has a river flowing nearby (like Jamshedpur Vs. Nearby areas). Another example is two students having similar technical knowledge but one with more communication skills. (B)Modern Economic Explanation for Inequalities: Conventionally economic inequalities have been explained by the reason of high profits for entrepreneurs and low wages for workers. It has been a prevailing view that wages are deliberately less and profits intentionally not shared with the workers. While this may be true for many businesses, the modern explanation goes beyond the intention i.e., a deliberate design to keep wages low. The modern explanation is based on the differential application of rule of law that enables poor corporate governance. Businesses indulge in unethical and illegal practices which many times go unpunished or with less than requisite punishment. Businesses indulge themselves in such unethical practices to increase the entry barriers of new firms and prevent themselves from exposure to competition. Less number of firms enable the business to appropriate a higher market share and thus earned the profits of even those firms which would have been there having there been more competition. This higher profit is appropriated by less number of firms whereas the wages are distributed amongst the same large number of workers. As a result, the firms" profits grow at an exceptional rate whereas the workers" wages grow only at an average rate. As a result, there is a huge disparity between per capita wages and per capita profits leading to inequalities. The firm"s behavior is thus like a monopoly where it appropriates entire property to itself without letting other firms to enter into the market.
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##Question:What do you mean by Inequality? Explain the reasons for income inequalities in society. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Briefly give the concept of Inequality. 2. Body: Briefly highlight the conventional and modern explanations for reasons for inequalities. Model Answer: Economic inequality refers to how economic variables are distributed among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. Inequality exists in almost all dimensions that can be measured. In Economics, we restrain ourselves to studying inequalities in wealth, income, and consumption. Reasons for inequality: (A) Conventional Reasons: Most of the part of inequality can be explained and is explained through conventional reasons only. These reasons pertain to differences in opportunities created due to accidents of birth or location. A person/place/country may have natural advantages with respect to another place which creates favorable conditions for growth i.e., generation of income and wealth. Such accidents of birth/location usually cause certain natural factors to become key determinants of growth. At the same time, these natural determinants of growth may change over time and other natural factors may take their place. For example, possession of fertile land gave natural advantages to some places or some people to grow faster than others. After that relative importance of fertile land declined and other natural endowments like land-based natural resources such as iron ore, in modern times oil, in the upcoming times" rare metals, etc. have taken the place of the advantage that earlier existed. Therefore, a natural factor is no guarantee to cause high growth but it is an important factor that enables high growth. As factors change, it is up to the person/industry/place/country to generate new factors which will enable it to grow at a pace faster than others. If it does not find new factors which can be exploited for faster growth, then eventually the other places may capture and even leave it behind. Merely existence of natural advantages is not sufficient to explain inequalities. A place must also possess comparative advantages in order to truly grow at a pace much higher than a similar league enrolled pace. For example, two places have similar natural resources, one has a river flowing nearby (like Jamshedpur Vs. Nearby areas). Another example is two students having similar technical knowledge but one with more communication skills. (B)Modern Economic Explanation for Inequalities: Conventionally economic inequalities have been explained by the reason of high profits for entrepreneurs and low wages for workers. It has been a prevailing view that wages are deliberately less and profits intentionally not shared with the workers. While this may be true for many businesses, the modern explanation goes beyond the intention i.e., a deliberate design to keep wages low. The modern explanation is based on the differential application of rule of law that enables poor corporate governance. Businesses indulge in unethical and illegal practices which many times go unpunished or with less than requisite punishment. Businesses indulge themselves in such unethical practices to increase the entry barriers of new firms and prevent themselves from exposure to competition. Less number of firms enable the business to appropriate a higher market share and thus earned the profits of even those firms which would have been there having there been more competition. This higher profit is appropriated by less number of firms whereas the wages are distributed amongst the same large number of workers. As a result, the firms" profits grow at an exceptional rate whereas the workers" wages grow only at an average rate. As a result, there is a huge disparity between per capita wages and per capita profits leading to inequalities. The firm"s behavior is thus like a monopoly where it appropriates entire property to itself without letting other firms to enter into the market.
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Explain the phenomenon of Walker Cell in a normal year, La-Nina years, and El-Nino years with its effect on the Indian monsoon in a detailed manner. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: A brief discussion about Walker Cell, its role in atmospheric circulation, etc. can be mentioned. Main body: The role of Walker Cell in all three cases: Normal year, El Nino, and La Nina needs to be mentioned. E.g. changes in sea temperature, low, etc. Conclusion: The effect of changes in Walker Cell circulation on the Indian climate can be mentioned. Answer: Walker Cell(circulation) Walker Cell circulation refers to the movement of air in a cell-like/circular fashion near the equatorial region, which results in upwellings. During normal years lower troposphere Walker Cell direction is east to west over the Pacific region. Pacific Ocean Walker Cell broadly supports the trade winds and hence primary atmospheric circulation. Normal year: Walker Cell of the southern Indian ocean is formed during normal years due to low pressure in Australia. Ocean surface winds for Walker Cell in India ocean move from Africa to Australia. The Walker Cell of the Indian ocean supports the north-westerly monsoon which is moving towards Australia. This way normal year Walker Cell supports the December monsoon cycle. Hence, we see normal year Walker Cell strengthen primary atmospheric circulation in the Pacific. For the El Nino years: The whole primary atmospheric circulation is adversely affected by the El Nino conditions. Hence, the normal weather conditions are also adversely affected due to these El Nino. Regions that are normally wet become dry and vice-versa. For La Nina years: El Nina is usually followed by La Nina. During La Nina, intensified high pressure and cold temperatures along the eastern Pacific are witnessed. La Nina causes very high precipitation in India and Australia resulting in floods. Effect on Indian Monsoon cycle: The El Nino year Walker Cell of the Indian Ocean has the surface wind moving east to west, whereas around the December period this region experiences the summer Australian monsoon. Hence, the Walker Cell in this region opposes the monsoon cycle of December the ocean temperature of the western Indian ocean remains warmer than normal during the December to May-June period. Hence, we can conclude that changes in the pattern of ocean currents also have a reflection on the changes in air circulation, which is seen in the variation of Walker Cell circulations, resulting in the phenomena of El Nino and La Nina.
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##Question:Explain the phenomenon of Walker Cell in a normal year, La-Nina years, and El-Nino years with its effect on the Indian monsoon in a detailed manner. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: A brief discussion about Walker Cell, its role in atmospheric circulation, etc. can be mentioned. Main body: The role of Walker Cell in all three cases: Normal year, El Nino, and La Nina needs to be mentioned. E.g. changes in sea temperature, low, etc. Conclusion: The effect of changes in Walker Cell circulation on the Indian climate can be mentioned. Answer: Walker Cell(circulation) Walker Cell circulation refers to the movement of air in a cell-like/circular fashion near the equatorial region, which results in upwellings. During normal years lower troposphere Walker Cell direction is east to west over the Pacific region. Pacific Ocean Walker Cell broadly supports the trade winds and hence primary atmospheric circulation. Normal year: Walker Cell of the southern Indian ocean is formed during normal years due to low pressure in Australia. Ocean surface winds for Walker Cell in India ocean move from Africa to Australia. The Walker Cell of the Indian ocean supports the north-westerly monsoon which is moving towards Australia. This way normal year Walker Cell supports the December monsoon cycle. Hence, we see normal year Walker Cell strengthen primary atmospheric circulation in the Pacific. For the El Nino years: The whole primary atmospheric circulation is adversely affected by the El Nino conditions. Hence, the normal weather conditions are also adversely affected due to these El Nino. Regions that are normally wet become dry and vice-versa. For La Nina years: El Nina is usually followed by La Nina. During La Nina, intensified high pressure and cold temperatures along the eastern Pacific are witnessed. La Nina causes very high precipitation in India and Australia resulting in floods. Effect on Indian Monsoon cycle: The El Nino year Walker Cell of the Indian Ocean has the surface wind moving east to west, whereas around the December period this region experiences the summer Australian monsoon. Hence, the Walker Cell in this region opposes the monsoon cycle of December the ocean temperature of the western Indian ocean remains warmer than normal during the December to May-June period. Hence, we can conclude that changes in the pattern of ocean currents also have a reflection on the changes in air circulation, which is seen in the variation of Walker Cell circulations, resulting in the phenomena of El Nino and La Nina.
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Discuss the various politico-religious uprisings in India before the revolt of 1857. (150 Words /10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction regarding the emergence of the various politico-religious uprising in India. Mention the various politico-religious movements and describe them briefly. Conclude appropriately. Introduction: Many politico-religious uprisings erupted in various parts of India. The major reasons were the unfair British policies and a lack of respect for the local culture and traditions. The main politico-religious movements were the Fakir Uprising, Sanyasi Rebellion, PagalPanthis, Wahabi Movement, Faraizi Movement, and Kuka Movement, 1. Fakir Uprising (Bengal, 1776-77): Fakirs were a group of wandering Muslim religious mendicants. Shortly after the annexation of Bengal in 1776-77, Majnum Shah, the leader of these fakirs, began to levy contributions on the zamindars and peasants and, defied the British Authority. After Majnum Shah’s death, Chirag Ali shah, supported by Pathans, Rajputs, and the disbanded Indian soldiers extended the operations to the northern districts of Bengal. Two famous Hindu leaders who supported him were Bhawani Pathak and Devi Chaudhaurani. The Fakir led by Chirag Ali Shah gained considerable strength and attacked English factories, seizing their goods, cash, arms, and ammunition. There were a number of skirmishes between the fakirs and the Company’s troops. The fakirs were finally brought under the control at the beginning of the nineteenth century. 2. Sanyasi Uprising (Bengal, 1770-1820s): The Hindu Naga and Giri armed Sanyasis once formed a part of the armies of the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal, and also of the Maratha and Rajput chiefs. The immediate cause of the rebellion was the restrictions imposed on the pilgrims visiting the holy places. The Sanyasis raided the English factories and collected contributions from the towns, leading to a series of conflicts between the large bands of Sanyasis and the British forces. After nearly half a century-long strife, the Sanyasi Uprising ended in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. 3. Pagal Panthis: Karam Shah was the founder of the pagalpanth- a semi-religious sect having influence in the northern district of Bengal. An activist fervour to the sect was imparted by Tipu, the son, and successor of Karam Shah. Tipu was motivated by both religious and political motives and took up the cause of the tenants against the oppression of the Zamindars. Tipu captured Sherpur in 1825 and assumed royal power. The insurgents extended their activities to Garo Hills. The area remained disturbed till the 1830s and 1840s. 4. Wahabi Movement: An Islamic revivalist movement founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly, who was inspired by the teachings of Abdul Wahab (1703-87) of Saudi Arabia and Shah WaliUllah of Delhi. Syed Ahmed condemned the western influence on Islam and advocated a return to pure Islam and society. Syed Ahmed was declared as Imam (desired leader) and a countrywide organization with an elaborate secret code for its working under spiritual vice-regents (khalifas) was set up, and Sithana in the north-western tribal belt was chosen as a base for operations. In India, its important centre was Patna though it had its missions in Hyderabad, Madras, Bengal, UP, and Bombay. Since the Dar-Ul-Harb (the land of kafirs) was to be converted into Dar-Ul-Islam (the land of Islam), a Jihad was declared against the Sikh kingdom of Punjab. After the defeat of the Sikh ruler and the incorporation of Punjab into the East India Company’s dominion in 1849, the British dominion in India became the sole target of the Wahabi’s attacks. A series of military operations by the British in the 1860s on the Wahabi base in Sithana and various court cases of sedition on the Wahabis weakened the Wahabi resistance, although sporadic encounters with the authorities continued into the 1880s and 1890s. 5. Faraizi Revolt: The Faraizis were the followers of a Muslim Sect founded by Haji Shariat-Allah of Faridpur in Eastern Bengal. They advocated radical religious, and social-political changes. Shariat- Allah’s son DaduMiyan (1819-60) organized his followers with the aim to expel the English intruders from Bengal. The sect also supported the cause of the tenants against the Zamindars. The Faraizi disturbance continued from 1838 to 1857. Most of the Faraizis joined the Wahabi ranks. 6. Kuka Revolt: This movement was founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also called Sian Saheb) in western Punjab. When the British took Punjab, the movement transformed from a religious purification campaign to a political one. Its basic tenets were the abolition of caste and similar discriminations among Sikhs, discouraging the eating of meat and intake of alcohol and drugs, and encouraging women to step out of seclusion. Most of these revolts were brutally suppressed by the British, however, these movements kept alive the spirit of resistance against the oppression of foreign rulers.
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##Question:Discuss the various politico-religious uprisings in India before the revolt of 1857. (150 Words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction regarding the emergence of the various politico-religious uprising in India. Mention the various politico-religious movements and describe them briefly. Conclude appropriately. Introduction: Many politico-religious uprisings erupted in various parts of India. The major reasons were the unfair British policies and a lack of respect for the local culture and traditions. The main politico-religious movements were the Fakir Uprising, Sanyasi Rebellion, PagalPanthis, Wahabi Movement, Faraizi Movement, and Kuka Movement, 1. Fakir Uprising (Bengal, 1776-77): Fakirs were a group of wandering Muslim religious mendicants. Shortly after the annexation of Bengal in 1776-77, Majnum Shah, the leader of these fakirs, began to levy contributions on the zamindars and peasants and, defied the British Authority. After Majnum Shah’s death, Chirag Ali shah, supported by Pathans, Rajputs, and the disbanded Indian soldiers extended the operations to the northern districts of Bengal. Two famous Hindu leaders who supported him were Bhawani Pathak and Devi Chaudhaurani. The Fakir led by Chirag Ali Shah gained considerable strength and attacked English factories, seizing their goods, cash, arms, and ammunition. There were a number of skirmishes between the fakirs and the Company’s troops. The fakirs were finally brought under the control at the beginning of the nineteenth century. 2. Sanyasi Uprising (Bengal, 1770-1820s): The Hindu Naga and Giri armed Sanyasis once formed a part of the armies of the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal, and also of the Maratha and Rajput chiefs. The immediate cause of the rebellion was the restrictions imposed on the pilgrims visiting the holy places. The Sanyasis raided the English factories and collected contributions from the towns, leading to a series of conflicts between the large bands of Sanyasis and the British forces. After nearly half a century-long strife, the Sanyasi Uprising ended in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. 3. Pagal Panthis: Karam Shah was the founder of the pagalpanth- a semi-religious sect having influence in the northern district of Bengal. An activist fervour to the sect was imparted by Tipu, the son, and successor of Karam Shah. Tipu was motivated by both religious and political motives and took up the cause of the tenants against the oppression of the Zamindars. Tipu captured Sherpur in 1825 and assumed royal power. The insurgents extended their activities to Garo Hills. The area remained disturbed till the 1830s and 1840s. 4. Wahabi Movement: An Islamic revivalist movement founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly, who was inspired by the teachings of Abdul Wahab (1703-87) of Saudi Arabia and Shah WaliUllah of Delhi. Syed Ahmed condemned the western influence on Islam and advocated a return to pure Islam and society. Syed Ahmed was declared as Imam (desired leader) and a countrywide organization with an elaborate secret code for its working under spiritual vice-regents (khalifas) was set up, and Sithana in the north-western tribal belt was chosen as a base for operations. In India, its important centre was Patna though it had its missions in Hyderabad, Madras, Bengal, UP, and Bombay. Since the Dar-Ul-Harb (the land of kafirs) was to be converted into Dar-Ul-Islam (the land of Islam), a Jihad was declared against the Sikh kingdom of Punjab. After the defeat of the Sikh ruler and the incorporation of Punjab into the East India Company’s dominion in 1849, the British dominion in India became the sole target of the Wahabi’s attacks. A series of military operations by the British in the 1860s on the Wahabi base in Sithana and various court cases of sedition on the Wahabis weakened the Wahabi resistance, although sporadic encounters with the authorities continued into the 1880s and 1890s. 5. Faraizi Revolt: The Faraizis were the followers of a Muslim Sect founded by Haji Shariat-Allah of Faridpur in Eastern Bengal. They advocated radical religious, and social-political changes. Shariat- Allah’s son DaduMiyan (1819-60) organized his followers with the aim to expel the English intruders from Bengal. The sect also supported the cause of the tenants against the Zamindars. The Faraizi disturbance continued from 1838 to 1857. Most of the Faraizis joined the Wahabi ranks. 6. Kuka Revolt: This movement was founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also called Sian Saheb) in western Punjab. When the British took Punjab, the movement transformed from a religious purification campaign to a political one. Its basic tenets were the abolition of caste and similar discriminations among Sikhs, discouraging the eating of meat and intake of alcohol and drugs, and encouraging women to step out of seclusion. Most of these revolts were brutally suppressed by the British, however, these movements kept alive the spirit of resistance against the oppression of foreign rulers.
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Explain the measurement of inequality using the Lorenz curve and Gini Coefficient. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Define inequality and the measurement of inequality in the introduction. Explain how Lorenz Curve measures inequality. Explain how the Gini coefficient measures inequality. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Inequality pertains to differences. The differences can be in the incomes earned or the wealth possessed or in the social aspects such as- differences in access to health and education services; differences in access to livelihood opportunities, etc. Measuring inequality refers to giving some statistical measure of the extent of inequality in society. For example- in a simple way stating that the average income of the top half of the population is twice the bottom half conveys the extent of inequality between the two halves. Specifically, inequality is measured by using Gini Coefficient. To arrive at Gini- Coefficient we use the Lorenz curve. Lorenz Curve- The Lorenz curve is the graphical representation of inequality. It plots the distribution of incomes/consumption/wealth in the population by plotting the percentage share in the income of the proportion of the population. Lorenz curve plots the proportion of wealth held by the proportion of people. For ex- out of the total (100%) of incomes earned or wealth owned if 10% of income is earned by 50% of the population that means that the remaining 90% is earned by the remaining 50% population. Hence, there is inequality in society. If there was perfect equality, then every proportion of the population will earn exactly the same percentage of income i.e. 20% will earn 20%, 40% will earn 40, 90% will earn 90, etc. On the other extreme if there was complete inequality then all the incomes would be earned by just 1 person in the population. Therefore, the Lorenz curve would be at Zero for all proportions of the population except for the last person where Lorenz goes to 100. As 100% of the population will always earn 100% of their income. Countries neither are perfectly equal nor unequal and their Lorenz curve lies somewhere between these lines. Gini Coefficient- The Gini index or Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of distribution that was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912. It is used as a gauge of economic inequality, measuring income distribution among a population. The coefficient ranges from 0 (or 0%) to 1 (or 100%), with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality. Thus, a country in which every resident has the same income would have an income Gini coefficient of 0. A country in which one resident earned all the income, while everyone else earned nothing, would have an income Gini coefficient of 1. Gini should not be mistaken for an absolute measurement of income or wealth. Hence, measuring inequality involves comparing income distributions across countries or over time. General ranking criteria applied to income distributions often result in indecisive conclusions; therefore, policymakers prefer a summary index of inequality that can be expressed in a single number.
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##Question:Explain the measurement of inequality using the Lorenz curve and Gini Coefficient. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define inequality and the measurement of inequality in the introduction. Explain how Lorenz Curve measures inequality. Explain how the Gini coefficient measures inequality. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Inequality pertains to differences. The differences can be in the incomes earned or the wealth possessed or in the social aspects such as- differences in access to health and education services; differences in access to livelihood opportunities, etc. Measuring inequality refers to giving some statistical measure of the extent of inequality in society. For example- in a simple way stating that the average income of the top half of the population is twice the bottom half conveys the extent of inequality between the two halves. Specifically, inequality is measured by using Gini Coefficient. To arrive at Gini- Coefficient we use the Lorenz curve. Lorenz Curve- The Lorenz curve is the graphical representation of inequality. It plots the distribution of incomes/consumption/wealth in the population by plotting the percentage share in the income of the proportion of the population. Lorenz curve plots the proportion of wealth held by the proportion of people. For ex- out of the total (100%) of incomes earned or wealth owned if 10% of income is earned by 50% of the population that means that the remaining 90% is earned by the remaining 50% population. Hence, there is inequality in society. If there was perfect equality, then every proportion of the population will earn exactly the same percentage of income i.e. 20% will earn 20%, 40% will earn 40, 90% will earn 90, etc. On the other extreme if there was complete inequality then all the incomes would be earned by just 1 person in the population. Therefore, the Lorenz curve would be at Zero for all proportions of the population except for the last person where Lorenz goes to 100. As 100% of the population will always earn 100% of their income. Countries neither are perfectly equal nor unequal and their Lorenz curve lies somewhere between these lines. Gini Coefficient- The Gini index or Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of distribution that was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912. It is used as a gauge of economic inequality, measuring income distribution among a population. The coefficient ranges from 0 (or 0%) to 1 (or 100%), with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality. Thus, a country in which every resident has the same income would have an income Gini coefficient of 0. A country in which one resident earned all the income, while everyone else earned nothing, would have an income Gini coefficient of 1. Gini should not be mistaken for an absolute measurement of income or wealth. Hence, measuring inequality involves comparing income distributions across countries or over time. General ranking criteria applied to income distributions often result in indecisive conclusions; therefore, policymakers prefer a summary index of inequality that can be expressed in a single number.
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Explain the division of various sectors of the Indian economy with examples. (150 Words / 10 Marks)
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Approach - Give a brief introduction about economic activities Mention Division of Indian Economy as classified by the government institutions with examples. Conclude in brief by mentioning the significance of such classification. Answer Economic activities result in the production of goods and services while sectors are the group of economic activities classified on the basis of some criteria. Institutions like NITI Aayog, Economic Survey, and other official organizations like the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation classify sectors in the following ways – Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary/Services Sector Primary Sector - In the Primary sector of the economy, activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy etc. are some examples of this sector. It is called so because it forms the base for all other products. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, forestry, fishing, it is also called Agriculture and the allied sector. Secondary Sector - It includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector. Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugar cane production etc. activities come under this sector. Hence its the part of a country"s economy that manufactures goods, rather than producing raw materials Examples of Secondary Sector: Small workshops producing pots, artisan production. Mills producing textiles, Factories producing steel, chemicals, plastic, car. Food production such as brewing plants, and food processing. Oil refinery. Service Sector This sector’s activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. By itself, economic activities in tertiary sector do not produce a goods but they are an aid or a support for the production. Goods transported by trucks or trains, banking, insurance, finance etc. come under the sector. It provides the value addition to a product same as the secondary sector. Hence, this sector-wise categorization helps in assessing the performance of the economy of the country and helps the policymakers to take appropriate action to further promote the growth and development of the country.
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##Question:Explain the division of various sectors of the Indian economy with examples. (150 Words / 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach - Give a brief introduction about economic activities Mention Division of Indian Economy as classified by the government institutions with examples. Conclude in brief by mentioning the significance of such classification. Answer Economic activities result in the production of goods and services while sectors are the group of economic activities classified on the basis of some criteria. Institutions like NITI Aayog, Economic Survey, and other official organizations like the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation classify sectors in the following ways – Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary/Services Sector Primary Sector - In the Primary sector of the economy, activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy etc. are some examples of this sector. It is called so because it forms the base for all other products. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, forestry, fishing, it is also called Agriculture and the allied sector. Secondary Sector - It includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector. Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugar cane production etc. activities come under this sector. Hence its the part of a country"s economy that manufactures goods, rather than producing raw materials Examples of Secondary Sector: Small workshops producing pots, artisan production. Mills producing textiles, Factories producing steel, chemicals, plastic, car. Food production such as brewing plants, and food processing. Oil refinery. Service Sector This sector’s activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. By itself, economic activities in tertiary sector do not produce a goods but they are an aid or a support for the production. Goods transported by trucks or trains, banking, insurance, finance etc. come under the sector. It provides the value addition to a product same as the secondary sector. Hence, this sector-wise categorization helps in assessing the performance of the economy of the country and helps the policymakers to take appropriate action to further promote the growth and development of the country.
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What are Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayayalayas? Discuss the significance of Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayayalayas in India. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction of Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalyas and their statutory backing Discuss their significance Highlight some of the shortcomings Conclude the answer by suggesting further improvements Answer: The introduction of Lok Adalats added a new chapter to the justice dispensation system. This system is based on Gandhian principles. It is one of the components of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) systems. Article 39 A of the Constitution of India provides for equal justice and free legal aid. It is, therefore clear that the State has been ordained to secure a legal system, which promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunity. The Gram Nyayalayas Bill was passed by the Parliament on 22nd December 2008 and the Gram Nyayalayas Act came into force with effect from 02nd October 2009. Significance of Lok Adalats: Speedy justice and saving from the lengthy court procedures Justice at no cost Solving problems of backlog cases While conducting the proceedings, a Lok Adalat acts as a conciliator and not as an arbitrator. Significance of Gram Nyayalyas: Gram Nyayalayas are aimed at providing inexpensive justice to people in rural areas at their doorsteps; thus reducing the costs associated with litigation for the common man Disputes are to be settled as far as possible by bringing about conciliation between the parties and for this purpose, the Gram Nyayalayas will make use of the conciliators to be appointed for this purpose; Gram Nyayalayas are to be established for every Panchayat at the intermediate level or a group of contiguous Panchayats at the intermediate level or for a group of contiguous Gram Panchayats thus ensuring equal access to justice Reducing the burden of district courts Though Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalyas were introduced for faster, speedy, and amicable dispute settlement they are marred with some drawbacks like parties often compromise and they finally go to court thus making it a further lengthy process to get justice, informal discussions, and decisions, several states have issued notifications for establishing ‘Gram Nyayalayas’ but all of them were not functioning except in Kerala, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Conclusion: The Lok Adalat and Gram Nyayalyas were a historic necessity in a country like India where illiteracy dominated all aspects of governance. The most desired function of Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalyas may seem to be clearing the backlog, with the latest report showing 3 crores pending cases in Indian courts but the other functions cannot be ignored.
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##Question:What are Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayayalayas? Discuss the significance of Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayayalayas in India. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction of Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalyas and their statutory backing Discuss their significance Highlight some of the shortcomings Conclude the answer by suggesting further improvements Answer: The introduction of Lok Adalats added a new chapter to the justice dispensation system. This system is based on Gandhian principles. It is one of the components of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) systems. Article 39 A of the Constitution of India provides for equal justice and free legal aid. It is, therefore clear that the State has been ordained to secure a legal system, which promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunity. The Gram Nyayalayas Bill was passed by the Parliament on 22nd December 2008 and the Gram Nyayalayas Act came into force with effect from 02nd October 2009. Significance of Lok Adalats: Speedy justice and saving from the lengthy court procedures Justice at no cost Solving problems of backlog cases While conducting the proceedings, a Lok Adalat acts as a conciliator and not as an arbitrator. Significance of Gram Nyayalyas: Gram Nyayalayas are aimed at providing inexpensive justice to people in rural areas at their doorsteps; thus reducing the costs associated with litigation for the common man Disputes are to be settled as far as possible by bringing about conciliation between the parties and for this purpose, the Gram Nyayalayas will make use of the conciliators to be appointed for this purpose; Gram Nyayalayas are to be established for every Panchayat at the intermediate level or a group of contiguous Panchayats at the intermediate level or for a group of contiguous Gram Panchayats thus ensuring equal access to justice Reducing the burden of district courts Though Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalyas were introduced for faster, speedy, and amicable dispute settlement they are marred with some drawbacks like parties often compromise and they finally go to court thus making it a further lengthy process to get justice, informal discussions, and decisions, several states have issued notifications for establishing ‘Gram Nyayalayas’ but all of them were not functioning except in Kerala, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Conclusion: The Lok Adalat and Gram Nyayalyas were a historic necessity in a country like India where illiteracy dominated all aspects of governance. The most desired function of Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalyas may seem to be clearing the backlog, with the latest report showing 3 crores pending cases in Indian courts but the other functions cannot be ignored.
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What do you understand by National Income Accounting? Explain the concept of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) of national income calculation. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Give a brief introduction to National Income Accounting. Define the concept of GDP. Explain the concept of GNP. In conclusion, briefly discuss the importance of national income accounting. Answer - National income accounting refers to the methods or techniques that are used to measure the economic activity of any economy as a whole. National income accounting covers important activities of the economy such as production, consumption and investment. The calculation is based on the cyclical nature of income and expenditure. There are several methods of national income accounting, in which GDP and GNP are important. Gross Domestic Production - GDP is the monetary value of all the goods/services produced in the domestic sector of an economy in a financial year. In other words, the measure of measuring the monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country"s domestic borders in a year is called Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Domestic Sector- Domestic Sector is an economic concept. Under this, the area under political boundaries including territorial waters is included. Apart from this, indigenous embassies located abroad, consulates located abroad, and indigenous military bases and organizations located abroad are included. Similarly, the income earned from the international sector by ships, aircraft, and oil wells operated by the residents of the country is also included in the domestic sector. It is thus clear that the concept of home area is a broader concept than the geographical boundary area. Final goods or services are those which are left out of the process of production and distribution. Under final goods, the goods which are directly consumed by the consumer are called consumer goods. Goods that help in the production process such as machines, equipment, factories, etc. are called capital goods. Apart from these, intermediate goods/services are called those which are used in the production of any goods or services. It is to be noted that these items are not included in GDP/National Income to avoid double counting. Gross National Product - The importance of multinational companies in the international economy is increasing. Therefore, now the real income cannot be calculated by measuring the income within the household limit. Therefore, for the correct measurement of GDP, the measurement of Gross National Product (GNP) is done. In this, the prices of goods and services produced in that country are also added, whether they are being produced outside the country or within the country. Gross National Product is the monetary value of final goods/services produced by the residents/citizens of a country in a financial year. In this, the income received by the citizens of the country from the domestic sector and abroad is added. However, the gross national product does not count the income earned by foreigners based in the country. Thus Gross National Product is an economic concept explaining more real income than GDP. On the basis of these measures, it is easy to assess the status of development, resource distribution, income growth, pace/intensity of growth and growth in the country, and the growth that will happen in the future.
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##Question:What do you understand by National Income Accounting? Explain the concept of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) of national income calculation. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Give a brief introduction to National Income Accounting. Define the concept of GDP. Explain the concept of GNP. In conclusion, briefly discuss the importance of national income accounting. Answer - National income accounting refers to the methods or techniques that are used to measure the economic activity of any economy as a whole. National income accounting covers important activities of the economy such as production, consumption and investment. The calculation is based on the cyclical nature of income and expenditure. There are several methods of national income accounting, in which GDP and GNP are important. Gross Domestic Production - GDP is the monetary value of all the goods/services produced in the domestic sector of an economy in a financial year. In other words, the measure of measuring the monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country"s domestic borders in a year is called Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Domestic Sector- Domestic Sector is an economic concept. Under this, the area under political boundaries including territorial waters is included. Apart from this, indigenous embassies located abroad, consulates located abroad, and indigenous military bases and organizations located abroad are included. Similarly, the income earned from the international sector by ships, aircraft, and oil wells operated by the residents of the country is also included in the domestic sector. It is thus clear that the concept of home area is a broader concept than the geographical boundary area. Final goods or services are those which are left out of the process of production and distribution. Under final goods, the goods which are directly consumed by the consumer are called consumer goods. Goods that help in the production process such as machines, equipment, factories, etc. are called capital goods. Apart from these, intermediate goods/services are called those which are used in the production of any goods or services. It is to be noted that these items are not included in GDP/National Income to avoid double counting. Gross National Product - The importance of multinational companies in the international economy is increasing. Therefore, now the real income cannot be calculated by measuring the income within the household limit. Therefore, for the correct measurement of GDP, the measurement of Gross National Product (GNP) is done. In this, the prices of goods and services produced in that country are also added, whether they are being produced outside the country or within the country. Gross National Product is the monetary value of final goods/services produced by the residents/citizens of a country in a financial year. In this, the income received by the citizens of the country from the domestic sector and abroad is added. However, the gross national product does not count the income earned by foreigners based in the country. Thus Gross National Product is an economic concept explaining more real income than GDP. On the basis of these measures, it is easy to assess the status of development, resource distribution, income growth, pace/intensity of growth and growth in the country, and the growth that will happen in the future.
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Why was the Cripps Mission sent to India? Explain its proposals and reasons for its failure. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction – write breifly about scripps mission. Body – Give reasons why it was sent, its proposals and reason for its failure. Conclude briefly. In March 1942, Stafford Cripps, a member of the War Cabinet, was dispatched to India by the British government. Reasons for sending the Cripps Mission Cripps Mission was an attempt in late March 1942 to secure the full cooperation of Indians in WW2. US President Roosevelt raised the question of Indian political reforms with Churchill and Chiang-kai-Shek on a visit to India in Feb 1941. He expressed his sympathy towards India’s aspiration for freedom. Proposals by the Cripps Mission Dominion status for India. After the end of the war establishment of the constituent assembly. Members of the constituent assembly would be elected by the provincial assemblies and nominated by rulers in the case of princely states. The Pakistan demand was accommodated by the provision that any province which is not ready to accept this new constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future. (Blueprint of partition) For the present the British would continue to exercise sole control over the defence of the country. Reasons for failure Congress objected to - Dominion status instead of complete independence the nomination of members by princely states instead of election Provinces had right to secede from the Indian Union. Muslim league also disliked the idea of single Indian Union. Further, there were differences with the views of Viceroy and Secretary of State which weakened the position of Cripps. Thus the Mission failed to accomplish its goal and the dissatisfaction against British policies grew further.
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##Question:Why was the Cripps Mission sent to India? Explain its proposals and reasons for its failure. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction – write breifly about scripps mission. Body – Give reasons why it was sent, its proposals and reason for its failure. Conclude briefly. In March 1942, Stafford Cripps, a member of the War Cabinet, was dispatched to India by the British government. Reasons for sending the Cripps Mission Cripps Mission was an attempt in late March 1942 to secure the full cooperation of Indians in WW2. US President Roosevelt raised the question of Indian political reforms with Churchill and Chiang-kai-Shek on a visit to India in Feb 1941. He expressed his sympathy towards India’s aspiration for freedom. Proposals by the Cripps Mission Dominion status for India. After the end of the war establishment of the constituent assembly. Members of the constituent assembly would be elected by the provincial assemblies and nominated by rulers in the case of princely states. The Pakistan demand was accommodated by the provision that any province which is not ready to accept this new constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future. (Blueprint of partition) For the present the British would continue to exercise sole control over the defence of the country. Reasons for failure Congress objected to - Dominion status instead of complete independence the nomination of members by princely states instead of election Provinces had right to secede from the Indian Union. Muslim league also disliked the idea of single Indian Union. Further, there were differences with the views of Viceroy and Secretary of State which weakened the position of Cripps. Thus the Mission failed to accomplish its goal and the dissatisfaction against British policies grew further.
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Both Payment Banks and Small Banks are differentiated banks with the common objective of furthering financial inclusion and these banks are necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer by defining Financial Inclusion. Explain the concept of Payment and Small Finance Banks. Discuss how Payment and small finance Banks can help in financial inclusion. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Financial Inclusion is defined as the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services. Due to the non-availability of banking services in rural areas and also to the urban poor, a large section of the population is not able to come out of poverty. Govt. has recently taken many steps for increasing financial inclusion in the country. Among which Payment Banks and Small Finance banks, as recommended by Nachiket Mor and Usha Thorat committee respectively can increase the number of population availing of banking services. Payment banks are a new model of banks conceptualized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). These banks can accept a restricted deposit, of ₹100,000 per person. These banks cannot issue loans and credit cards. Both the current accounts and savings accounts can be operated by such banks. Payments banks can issue services like ATM cards, debit cards, net banking, and mobile banking. Small finance bank (SFB) provides basic banking service of acceptance of deposits and supply of credit to small business units, small and marginal farmers, micro and small industries, and other unorganized sector entities through high technology-low cost operation lending and there is no restriction on the area of operations. It can also sell forex to customers, Sell mutual funds, insurance, and pensions. SFB can convert into a full-fledged bank. Both these banks help in Financial Inclusion in the following manner- These banks have the potential to function almost like a commercial banks but at a much smaller operating cost. Hence they will be able to do business in rural areas also. They help in the branch expansion campaign of the Indian Banking system. More Physical branches mean more accessibility of financial services to the people. They provide small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the migrant labor force which were also excluded from the financial services provided by the banks due to their very low-income base and nature of their job. Low-income households, other unorganized sector entities, and other users will be catered to by these banks and will reduce the number of financially excluded people. They can play the role of mobilizer of awareness regarding financial inclusion and help to link the rural economy with the formal financial sector. Small finance banks addressing the financial services requirements of SMEs clearly serve a much larger base of consumers. SFB serve small tickets size product and services to the lower segment of the society or micro and small enterprise which have been traditionally untouched by the big banks while providing a decent interest rate to interest-sensitive investors. The current requirement of the Indian economy is awareness, affordable, accessible, and accountable financial services, and SFB and payment banks can assist to build a sturdy and financially inclusive economy in India.
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##Question:Both Payment Banks and Small Banks are differentiated banks with the common objective of furthering financial inclusion and these banks are necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by defining Financial Inclusion. Explain the concept of Payment and Small Finance Banks. Discuss how Payment and small finance Banks can help in financial inclusion. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Financial Inclusion is defined as the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services. Due to the non-availability of banking services in rural areas and also to the urban poor, a large section of the population is not able to come out of poverty. Govt. has recently taken many steps for increasing financial inclusion in the country. Among which Payment Banks and Small Finance banks, as recommended by Nachiket Mor and Usha Thorat committee respectively can increase the number of population availing of banking services. Payment banks are a new model of banks conceptualized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). These banks can accept a restricted deposit, of ₹100,000 per person. These banks cannot issue loans and credit cards. Both the current accounts and savings accounts can be operated by such banks. Payments banks can issue services like ATM cards, debit cards, net banking, and mobile banking. Small finance bank (SFB) provides basic banking service of acceptance of deposits and supply of credit to small business units, small and marginal farmers, micro and small industries, and other unorganized sector entities through high technology-low cost operation lending and there is no restriction on the area of operations. It can also sell forex to customers, Sell mutual funds, insurance, and pensions. SFB can convert into a full-fledged bank. Both these banks help in Financial Inclusion in the following manner- These banks have the potential to function almost like a commercial banks but at a much smaller operating cost. Hence they will be able to do business in rural areas also. They help in the branch expansion campaign of the Indian Banking system. More Physical branches mean more accessibility of financial services to the people. They provide small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the migrant labor force which were also excluded from the financial services provided by the banks due to their very low-income base and nature of their job. Low-income households, other unorganized sector entities, and other users will be catered to by these banks and will reduce the number of financially excluded people. They can play the role of mobilizer of awareness regarding financial inclusion and help to link the rural economy with the formal financial sector. Small finance banks addressing the financial services requirements of SMEs clearly serve a much larger base of consumers. SFB serve small tickets size product and services to the lower segment of the society or micro and small enterprise which have been traditionally untouched by the big banks while providing a decent interest rate to interest-sensitive investors. The current requirement of the Indian economy is awareness, affordable, accessible, and accountable financial services, and SFB and payment banks can assist to build a sturdy and financially inclusive economy in India.
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Article 1 in the Constitution states that "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States". What does the term "Union of States" imply? Analyze the reasons behind replacing the term "Federation of State" with "Union of State". (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: As introductory paragraph mentions the union of States and its meaning In Main Body discuss the federation of state and the union of state Then explain the unique circumstances and nature of India"s social and political fabric due to which there was a need to use the union of state lastly, end with a concluding paragraph Answer: According to Article1 of the Indian constitution , it is the union of states. According to Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the phrase union of the state is mentioned instead of the federation of states because the Indian federation is not a result of an agreement among the states like the American federation. He said that a union is neither league of states, united in a loose relationship nor agencies of the union, deriving powers from it. Union and states are created by the constitution and thus, they derive their respective authority from the constitution. Indian constitution has 7 federal features and 14 unitary features. India follows the model of Canada where there is a federation with a strong centre. Reasons behind replacing the term "Federation of State" with "Union of State: India is the country with the 2nd largest population in the world thus it has people with different religions so for the proper functioning of the country and for safeguarding the interest of all people unitary form of government is required but also India is the 7th largest country in the world so for maintaining unity unitary form of government is required. Due to the diverse structure of India, it follows the quasi-federal form of government which includes features of both federation and unitary forms. Generally, India follows the federal form of government where power is divided between centre and state but during the time of emergency or any contingencies, India follows the unitary form of government. It is the merit of the Indian constitution that it visualizes the contingencies and accordingly gives power to the centre to take important decisions. The constitution by adapting itself to changed circumstances strengthens the government to overcome crises. States in India are autonomous but in order to avoid misuse of powers, the centre is provided with some powers to control the functioning of the state. However the centre has more power in India, and intergovernmental cooperation is sought to be promoted within the constitutional framework of India. The state is not dependent on the centre and in normal conditions centre cannot intrude. The Indian constitution-makers defined the Indian federal structure not only by considering theoretical features but also by considering practical features of federalism. Thus, the Indian constitution, therefore, constitutes a new bold experiment in the area of federalism. Indian constitution is neither federal nor unitary it is the combination of both thus more modified and flexible as compared to other countries. Also, an independent judiciary is there to check the proper functioning of the government. Thus the Indian constitution is quasi-federal which safeguards the interest of the people and ensures national unity and growth.
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##Question:Article 1 in the Constitution states that "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States". What does the term "Union of States" imply? Analyze the reasons behind replacing the term "Federation of State" with "Union of State". (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: As introductory paragraph mentions the union of States and its meaning In Main Body discuss the federation of state and the union of state Then explain the unique circumstances and nature of India"s social and political fabric due to which there was a need to use the union of state lastly, end with a concluding paragraph Answer: According to Article1 of the Indian constitution , it is the union of states. According to Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the phrase union of the state is mentioned instead of the federation of states because the Indian federation is not a result of an agreement among the states like the American federation. He said that a union is neither league of states, united in a loose relationship nor agencies of the union, deriving powers from it. Union and states are created by the constitution and thus, they derive their respective authority from the constitution. Indian constitution has 7 federal features and 14 unitary features. India follows the model of Canada where there is a federation with a strong centre. Reasons behind replacing the term "Federation of State" with "Union of State: India is the country with the 2nd largest population in the world thus it has people with different religions so for the proper functioning of the country and for safeguarding the interest of all people unitary form of government is required but also India is the 7th largest country in the world so for maintaining unity unitary form of government is required. Due to the diverse structure of India, it follows the quasi-federal form of government which includes features of both federation and unitary forms. Generally, India follows the federal form of government where power is divided between centre and state but during the time of emergency or any contingencies, India follows the unitary form of government. It is the merit of the Indian constitution that it visualizes the contingencies and accordingly gives power to the centre to take important decisions. The constitution by adapting itself to changed circumstances strengthens the government to overcome crises. States in India are autonomous but in order to avoid misuse of powers, the centre is provided with some powers to control the functioning of the state. However the centre has more power in India, and intergovernmental cooperation is sought to be promoted within the constitutional framework of India. The state is not dependent on the centre and in normal conditions centre cannot intrude. The Indian constitution-makers defined the Indian federal structure not only by considering theoretical features but also by considering practical features of federalism. Thus, the Indian constitution, therefore, constitutes a new bold experiment in the area of federalism. Indian constitution is neither federal nor unitary it is the combination of both thus more modified and flexible as compared to other countries. Also, an independent judiciary is there to check the proper functioning of the government. Thus the Indian constitution is quasi-federal which safeguards the interest of the people and ensures national unity and growth.
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Why did the British East India Company engage in the conquest of India? What were the major factors that enabled East India Company to conquer India? (150 Words/Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of the British conquest in India. Explain the causes which influenced the British conquest of India. Bring the major factors that enabled East India Company to conquer India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: British East India Company was formed by a group of merchants to trade with the east. It was given the permission and exclusive rights to trade with the east, by the queen in 1600. From the very beginning, the company tried to combine trade and diplomacy with war and control of the territory where their factories were situated. Followings were the Causes for the British in conquest in India British French rivalry was the main reason in south India and in the process of countering the French political influence the British EIC developed political ambitions in the south. Conquest had its monetary benefits: (a) The EIC was able to get an additional source of income in the form of revenue in India. (b) Political control boosted EIC’s trade as the British were able to extract trade concessions and better dominate the Indian trade. For example, after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 EIC gradually stop being dependent on Jagat Seth for loans as they got control of Bengal’s Wealth. And then, got control over the revenue administration of Bengal in 1765. The boost in EIC profits was in favour of shareholders" interest and also enabled the company to make regular payments to British State. The private interest of the Company"s officials also contributed to conquest. Objection to misuse of Dastaks was the important reason for the Battle of Plassey 1757 and then after the Battle of Buxar 1764, the Right to duty-free trade in Awadh was extracted by the Treaty of Allahabad 1765. And then misuse of Dastaks began in Awadh. The company officials in the 2nd half of the 18th century returned with huge wealth in England and they were given the titles Nawabs in England. Robert Clive was even tried in British Parliament on the charges of corruption. Conquest was also a product of sub-imperialism. That is due to the personal ambition of men like Robert Clive and Lord Wellesley. EIC was also concerned regarding insecure frontiers as they did not want other foreign powers to threaten EIC in India. Therefore when border Areas became unstable EIC engaged in conquest. For example Punjab, Burma Wars were to save the frontier. EIC wanted stability in law and order for free flow of trade and therefore, it annexed the state if there was maladministration. For example, Awadh was annexed for the same reason. The EIC got the ability to conquer because of the following factors: The British-French rivalry led to an inflow of British troops into India which strengthened EIC militarily. Opportunity to conquer came because of disunity (a) within a state in form of a succession dispute. (b) Disunity among Indian states. Because of the lack of concept of modern nationalism. Indian state treated EIC like any other power in India which could be allied with for personal benefits. In the second half of the 18th century, EIC raised a strong army of its own by recruiting sepoys from India, and the size of this army increased constantly resulting in military superiority over the Indian state. Sepoys of EIC were better paid and paid regularly and were better armed than armies of Indian state due to modern technology. As the monetary ability grew from conquest, it gave way for further conquest. The EIC established its administration in conquered areas so that an efficient administration could lead to the maximization of land revenue. And also ensure law and order for free flow of trade. Therefore EIC moved from indirect rule to direct rule. Thus as a result of these conquests, the British get possession of the richest colony in the world which helped in sustaining the British empire in the world.
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##Question:Why did the British East India Company engage in the conquest of India? What were the major factors that enabled East India Company to conquer India? (150 Words/Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of the British conquest in India. Explain the causes which influenced the British conquest of India. Bring the major factors that enabled East India Company to conquer India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: British East India Company was formed by a group of merchants to trade with the east. It was given the permission and exclusive rights to trade with the east, by the queen in 1600. From the very beginning, the company tried to combine trade and diplomacy with war and control of the territory where their factories were situated. Followings were the Causes for the British in conquest in India British French rivalry was the main reason in south India and in the process of countering the French political influence the British EIC developed political ambitions in the south. Conquest had its monetary benefits: (a) The EIC was able to get an additional source of income in the form of revenue in India. (b) Political control boosted EIC’s trade as the British were able to extract trade concessions and better dominate the Indian trade. For example, after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 EIC gradually stop being dependent on Jagat Seth for loans as they got control of Bengal’s Wealth. And then, got control over the revenue administration of Bengal in 1765. The boost in EIC profits was in favour of shareholders" interest and also enabled the company to make regular payments to British State. The private interest of the Company"s officials also contributed to conquest. Objection to misuse of Dastaks was the important reason for the Battle of Plassey 1757 and then after the Battle of Buxar 1764, the Right to duty-free trade in Awadh was extracted by the Treaty of Allahabad 1765. And then misuse of Dastaks began in Awadh. The company officials in the 2nd half of the 18th century returned with huge wealth in England and they were given the titles Nawabs in England. Robert Clive was even tried in British Parliament on the charges of corruption. Conquest was also a product of sub-imperialism. That is due to the personal ambition of men like Robert Clive and Lord Wellesley. EIC was also concerned regarding insecure frontiers as they did not want other foreign powers to threaten EIC in India. Therefore when border Areas became unstable EIC engaged in conquest. For example Punjab, Burma Wars were to save the frontier. EIC wanted stability in law and order for free flow of trade and therefore, it annexed the state if there was maladministration. For example, Awadh was annexed for the same reason. The EIC got the ability to conquer because of the following factors: The British-French rivalry led to an inflow of British troops into India which strengthened EIC militarily. Opportunity to conquer came because of disunity (a) within a state in form of a succession dispute. (b) Disunity among Indian states. Because of the lack of concept of modern nationalism. Indian state treated EIC like any other power in India which could be allied with for personal benefits. In the second half of the 18th century, EIC raised a strong army of its own by recruiting sepoys from India, and the size of this army increased constantly resulting in military superiority over the Indian state. Sepoys of EIC were better paid and paid regularly and were better armed than armies of Indian state due to modern technology. As the monetary ability grew from conquest, it gave way for further conquest. The EIC established its administration in conquered areas so that an efficient administration could lead to the maximization of land revenue. And also ensure law and order for free flow of trade. Therefore EIC moved from indirect rule to direct rule. Thus as a result of these conquests, the British get possession of the richest colony in the world which helped in sustaining the British empire in the world.
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What are the ways and means of advance (WMA)? Also, point out the major provisions related to WMA. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce the definition of ways and means of advance (WMA). Briefly mention the various type of ways and means of advance (WMA). Mention the various provision related to ways and means of advance (WMA). Conclude accordingly. Answer: Ways and means advances are mechanisms used by the Reserve Bank of India under its credit policy to provide to States, banking with it, to help them tide over temporary mismatches in the cash flow of their receipts and payments. These Ways and means of advance are of 2 types: Normal WMA: where securities are not exchanged. Special WMA: where securities are exchanged. Some major provisions related to Ways and means advances are: WMA is under section 17(5) of the RBI act and in 1997, it was redefined. The centre and the state government can take loans for up to 90 days at the repo rate. They can take extra days also which is 14 days in the case of states and then the rate of interest will be repo rate plus 1%. They can have extra money also than the limit(that is over drafting) and in that case, it is repo rate plus 1%. They can take both extra days plus the overdraft at a repo rate plus a 2 % rate. In the extreme case, it is 90 days plus extra days plus over drafting plus more money than over drafting. then the rate will be repo rate plus 5%. The state"s limit is decided by 3 years average of the state"s balance sheet. In the covid times, the limit for the centre and the state government has been increased by 16% each and the days have been increased from 14 to 21 days to provide adequate space for both state and the central government to deal with any emergent situation.
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##Question:What are the ways and means of advance (WMA)? Also, point out the major provisions related to WMA. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the definition of ways and means of advance (WMA). Briefly mention the various type of ways and means of advance (WMA). Mention the various provision related to ways and means of advance (WMA). Conclude accordingly. Answer: Ways and means advances are mechanisms used by the Reserve Bank of India under its credit policy to provide to States, banking with it, to help them tide over temporary mismatches in the cash flow of their receipts and payments. These Ways and means of advance are of 2 types: Normal WMA: where securities are not exchanged. Special WMA: where securities are exchanged. Some major provisions related to Ways and means advances are: WMA is under section 17(5) of the RBI act and in 1997, it was redefined. The centre and the state government can take loans for up to 90 days at the repo rate. They can take extra days also which is 14 days in the case of states and then the rate of interest will be repo rate plus 1%. They can have extra money also than the limit(that is over drafting) and in that case, it is repo rate plus 1%. They can take both extra days plus the overdraft at a repo rate plus a 2 % rate. In the extreme case, it is 90 days plus extra days plus over drafting plus more money than over drafting. then the rate will be repo rate plus 5%. The state"s limit is decided by 3 years average of the state"s balance sheet. In the covid times, the limit for the centre and the state government has been increased by 16% each and the days have been increased from 14 to 21 days to provide adequate space for both state and the central government to deal with any emergent situation.
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What is e-waste? Discuss the E-Waste Management Rules 2016 for e-waste management. (150 words, 10 Marks)
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Approach A brief introduction: Definition of e-waste Main body: E-waste management rules to be discussed. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given Answer: E-Waste is short for Electronic-Waste and the term is used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliances. It includes their components, consumables, parts, and spares. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India generated more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh tonnes in 2017-18. Against this, the e-waste dismantling capacity has not been increased from 7.82 lakh tonnes since 2017-18. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change notified the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of the E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011. Over 21 products (Schedule-I) were included under the purview of the rule. It included Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury-containing lamps, as well as other such equipment. For the first time, the rules brought the producers under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), along with targets. Producers have been made responsible for the collection of E-waste and for its exchange. Various producers can have a separate Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner. The Deposit Refund Scheme has been introduced as an additional economic instrument wherein the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at the time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment and returns it to the consumer along with interest when the end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment is returned. The role of State Governments has been also introduced to ensure the safety, health, and skill development of the workers involved in dismantling and recycling operations. A provision of penalty for violation of rules has also been introduced. Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee/Council/Corporation ) has been assigned the duty to collect and channelize the orphan products to authorized dismantlers or recyclers. Allocation of proper space to existing and upcoming industrial units for e-waste dismantling and recycling. However, Citing huge gaps in compliance with electronic waste-management rules, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently ordered that scientific disposal of e-waste should be ensured as per rules. The direction has been issued to central and all state pollution control boards. Way Forward: The CPCB may consider steps for compliance with Rule 16 requiring a reduction in the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or spares. It took note that a large number of accidents take place in residential areas on account of unscientific handling of e-waste. This needs special attention for constant vigilance in such hotspots. This also requires review and updating norms for e-waste by the CPCB which may be done within three months. All the state pollution control boards need to identify the hotspots by constant vigil and to coordinate with the District Administration at local levels to prevent damage to the environment and public health and meaningful enforcement of rule of law.
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##Question:What is e-waste? Discuss the E-Waste Management Rules 2016 for e-waste management. (150 words, 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach A brief introduction: Definition of e-waste Main body: E-waste management rules to be discussed. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given Answer: E-Waste is short for Electronic-Waste and the term is used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliances. It includes their components, consumables, parts, and spares. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India generated more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh tonnes in 2017-18. Against this, the e-waste dismantling capacity has not been increased from 7.82 lakh tonnes since 2017-18. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change notified the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of the E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011. Over 21 products (Schedule-I) were included under the purview of the rule. It included Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury-containing lamps, as well as other such equipment. For the first time, the rules brought the producers under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), along with targets. Producers have been made responsible for the collection of E-waste and for its exchange. Various producers can have a separate Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner. The Deposit Refund Scheme has been introduced as an additional economic instrument wherein the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at the time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment and returns it to the consumer along with interest when the end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment is returned. The role of State Governments has been also introduced to ensure the safety, health, and skill development of the workers involved in dismantling and recycling operations. A provision of penalty for violation of rules has also been introduced. Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee/Council/Corporation ) has been assigned the duty to collect and channelize the orphan products to authorized dismantlers or recyclers. Allocation of proper space to existing and upcoming industrial units for e-waste dismantling and recycling. However, Citing huge gaps in compliance with electronic waste-management rules, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently ordered that scientific disposal of e-waste should be ensured as per rules. The direction has been issued to central and all state pollution control boards. Way Forward: The CPCB may consider steps for compliance with Rule 16 requiring a reduction in the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or spares. It took note that a large number of accidents take place in residential areas on account of unscientific handling of e-waste. This needs special attention for constant vigilance in such hotspots. This also requires review and updating norms for e-waste by the CPCB which may be done within three months. All the state pollution control boards need to identify the hotspots by constant vigil and to coordinate with the District Administration at local levels to prevent damage to the environment and public health and meaningful enforcement of rule of law.
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राज्य विधायिका की संरचना की चर्चा करते हुए सामान्य विधेयकों और धन विधेयक को पारित करने के संदर्भ में संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discussing the composition of the state legislature, explain the difference between Parliament and State Legislature in terms of passing ordinary bills and money bills. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में राज्य विधायिका के बारे में सूचना दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में राज्य विधानसभा और विधानपरिषद के बारे में सूचनाएं दीजिये 3- सामान्य विधेयकों और धन विधेयक को पारित करने के संदर्भ में संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| प्रत्येक राज्य का विधानमंडल राज्यपाल और राज्य के विधानमंडल से मिलकर बनता है। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 168 द्वारा राज्य विधानमंडल की व्यवस्था है। इसी अनुच्छेद के अनुसार राज्य विधानमंडल में राज्यपाल के अतिरिक्त विधानमंडल के एक या दोनों सदन शामिल है । जिन राज्यों में दो सदन है- एक को विधानसभा तथा दूसरे को विधान परिषद कहते है। जिन राज्यों में एक सदन है उसका नाम विधानसभा है। राज्य विधानसभा सदस्यों की संख्या जनसंख्या के आधार पर अधिकतम निर्धारित सदस्य संख्या 500 है और न्यूनतम निर्धारित सदस्य संख्या 60 है| उत्तर प्रदेश में अधिकतम 403 लेकिन कुछ राज्यों में जनसंख्या को ध्यान में रखते हुए सदस्यों की संख्या 60 से कम जैसे सिक्किम में 32, गोवा और मिजोरम में 40, पुड्डुचेरी में 30 राज्य विधान सभाओं के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष का निर्वाचन लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष की तरह ही दोनों ही पदाधिकारियों को हटाने की व्यवस्था लोकसभा के पदाधिकारियों की तरह ही है विधानसभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष को लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष की तरह ही शक्तियां प्राप्त हैं विधान सभा के सदस्यों का निर्वाचन, उनके विशेषाधिकार, निर्वाचन क्षेत्र का परिसीमन लोक सभा की पद्धति के अनुरूप ही है राज्य विधान सभा को विधानपरिषद गठित करने के सम्बन्ध में प्राथमिक शक्ति प्राप्त है राज्य विधानसभा और संसदीय लोकसभा के बीच विधि निर्माण के संदर्भ में अंतर है राज्य विधानपरिषद विधानपरिषद का गठन संविधान के अनुच्छेद 169 के तहत होता है इसका सृजन तथा इसको समाप्त करने संबंधी प्रावधान अनुच्छेद 169 में; गठन हेतु राज्य विधानसभा द्वारा विशेष बहुमत(2/3) से संकल्प पारित करके संसद से निवेदन करने पर संसद द्वारा सामान्य बहुमत से विधि बनाकर सृजन या समापन का निर्णय लिया जा सकता है| अनुच्छेद 171 के तहत विधानपरिषद के सदस्यों की संख्या का निर्धारण होता है; अधिकतम संख्या राज्य विधानसभा का एक तिहाई वर्तमान में उत्तर प्रदेश, आंध्रप्रदेश, तेलंगाना, महाराष्ट्र, बिहार और कर्नाटक में विधान परिषद् हैं| सदस्यों का कार्यकाल 6 वर्ष है ; प्रति दो वर्ष पर एक तिहाई सदस्य सेवा निवृत्त होते हैं निर्वाचन अप्रत्यक्ष प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली द्वारा जिसमें एक तिहाई सदस्य स्थानीय निकायों द्वारा, एक तिहाई सदस्य विधानसभा के सदस्यों द्वारा , 1/12 सदस्य, राज्य में न्यूनतम तीन वर्षों से रहने वाले स्नातकों द्वारा , 1/12 सदस्य, माध्यमिक शिक्षा स्तर के शिक्षकों द्वारा जो न्युनतम तीन वर्षों से राज्य के शिक्षण संस्थाओं में कार्यरत हैं शेष अर्थात 1/6 सदस्यों को राज्यपाल द्वारा मनोनीत (कला, साहित्य, विज्ञान, लोक/समाजसेवा और सहकारी/सामुदायिक आन्दोलनों से जुड़े हुए लोगों में से किया जाता है राज्य सभा की तुलना में विधानपरिषद में नामांकित सदस्यों का क्षेत्र प्रतिनिधित्व व्यापक है| विधानपरिषद के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष, विधानपरिषद द्वारा ही निर्वाचित होते हैं| सामान्य विधेयकों और धन विधेयक को पारित करने के संदर्भ में संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल में अंतर अन्य सभी परिस्थितियों में समानता प्रदर्शित करने के बावजूद निम्नलिखित विशिष्ट अंतर हैं 1- सामान्य विधेयक की स्थिति में संसद के दोनों सदनों में गतिरोध उत्पन होने की स्थिति में 6 महीने के भीतर संयुक्त बैठक (अनुच्छेद 108) बुलाने का प्रावधान जबकि राज्य विधान मंडल में यदि दोनों सदनों के बीच गतिरोध उत्पन्न होता है तो विधान परिषद पहली बार में अधिकतम तीन महीने तक उस विधेयक को लंबित रख सकती है| और विधानसभा से दुबारा पारित होकर आने के बाद केवल एक महीने लंबित रख सकती है| अर्थात विधानसभा के पास निर्णायक शक्ति है| (संयुक्त बैठक का प्रावधान नहीं है) 2- संसद द्वारा पारित विधेयक राष्ट्रपति द्वारा हस्ताक्षरित होता है या उस पर वीटो होता है परन्तु राज्य विधेयक के सन्दर्भ में राज्यपाल को अनुच्छेद 201 के तहत विधेयक को राष्ट्रपति के विचारार्थ आरक्षित करने का विवेकाधिकार भी प्राप्त है| ऐसी स्थिति में राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा पारित विधेयक पर अंतिम निर्णय लेने की शक्ति राष्ट्रपति के हाथों में चली जायेगी| 3- धन विधेयक के संदर्भ में विधानपरिषद की शक्ति राज्यसभा की तरह ही है| इस तरह राज्य विधानपरिषद और संसद की राज्यसभा इन दोनों में कुछ समानताएं और कुछ असमानताएं मौजूद हैं|
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##Question:राज्य विधायिका की संरचना की चर्चा करते हुए सामान्य विधेयकों और धन विधेयक को पारित करने के संदर्भ में संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discussing the composition of the state legislature, explain the difference between Parliament and State Legislature in terms of passing ordinary bills and money bills. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में राज्य विधायिका के बारे में सूचना दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में राज्य विधानसभा और विधानपरिषद के बारे में सूचनाएं दीजिये 3- सामान्य विधेयकों और धन विधेयक को पारित करने के संदर्भ में संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| प्रत्येक राज्य का विधानमंडल राज्यपाल और राज्य के विधानमंडल से मिलकर बनता है। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 168 द्वारा राज्य विधानमंडल की व्यवस्था है। इसी अनुच्छेद के अनुसार राज्य विधानमंडल में राज्यपाल के अतिरिक्त विधानमंडल के एक या दोनों सदन शामिल है । जिन राज्यों में दो सदन है- एक को विधानसभा तथा दूसरे को विधान परिषद कहते है। जिन राज्यों में एक सदन है उसका नाम विधानसभा है। राज्य विधानसभा सदस्यों की संख्या जनसंख्या के आधार पर अधिकतम निर्धारित सदस्य संख्या 500 है और न्यूनतम निर्धारित सदस्य संख्या 60 है| उत्तर प्रदेश में अधिकतम 403 लेकिन कुछ राज्यों में जनसंख्या को ध्यान में रखते हुए सदस्यों की संख्या 60 से कम जैसे सिक्किम में 32, गोवा और मिजोरम में 40, पुड्डुचेरी में 30 राज्य विधान सभाओं के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष का निर्वाचन लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष की तरह ही दोनों ही पदाधिकारियों को हटाने की व्यवस्था लोकसभा के पदाधिकारियों की तरह ही है विधानसभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष को लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष की तरह ही शक्तियां प्राप्त हैं विधान सभा के सदस्यों का निर्वाचन, उनके विशेषाधिकार, निर्वाचन क्षेत्र का परिसीमन लोक सभा की पद्धति के अनुरूप ही है राज्य विधान सभा को विधानपरिषद गठित करने के सम्बन्ध में प्राथमिक शक्ति प्राप्त है राज्य विधानसभा और संसदीय लोकसभा के बीच विधि निर्माण के संदर्भ में अंतर है राज्य विधानपरिषद विधानपरिषद का गठन संविधान के अनुच्छेद 169 के तहत होता है इसका सृजन तथा इसको समाप्त करने संबंधी प्रावधान अनुच्छेद 169 में; गठन हेतु राज्य विधानसभा द्वारा विशेष बहुमत(2/3) से संकल्प पारित करके संसद से निवेदन करने पर संसद द्वारा सामान्य बहुमत से विधि बनाकर सृजन या समापन का निर्णय लिया जा सकता है| अनुच्छेद 171 के तहत विधानपरिषद के सदस्यों की संख्या का निर्धारण होता है; अधिकतम संख्या राज्य विधानसभा का एक तिहाई वर्तमान में उत्तर प्रदेश, आंध्रप्रदेश, तेलंगाना, महाराष्ट्र, बिहार और कर्नाटक में विधान परिषद् हैं| सदस्यों का कार्यकाल 6 वर्ष है ; प्रति दो वर्ष पर एक तिहाई सदस्य सेवा निवृत्त होते हैं निर्वाचन अप्रत्यक्ष प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली द्वारा जिसमें एक तिहाई सदस्य स्थानीय निकायों द्वारा, एक तिहाई सदस्य विधानसभा के सदस्यों द्वारा , 1/12 सदस्य, राज्य में न्यूनतम तीन वर्षों से रहने वाले स्नातकों द्वारा , 1/12 सदस्य, माध्यमिक शिक्षा स्तर के शिक्षकों द्वारा जो न्युनतम तीन वर्षों से राज्य के शिक्षण संस्थाओं में कार्यरत हैं शेष अर्थात 1/6 सदस्यों को राज्यपाल द्वारा मनोनीत (कला, साहित्य, विज्ञान, लोक/समाजसेवा और सहकारी/सामुदायिक आन्दोलनों से जुड़े हुए लोगों में से किया जाता है राज्य सभा की तुलना में विधानपरिषद में नामांकित सदस्यों का क्षेत्र प्रतिनिधित्व व्यापक है| विधानपरिषद के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष, विधानपरिषद द्वारा ही निर्वाचित होते हैं| सामान्य विधेयकों और धन विधेयक को पारित करने के संदर्भ में संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल में अंतर अन्य सभी परिस्थितियों में समानता प्रदर्शित करने के बावजूद निम्नलिखित विशिष्ट अंतर हैं 1- सामान्य विधेयक की स्थिति में संसद के दोनों सदनों में गतिरोध उत्पन होने की स्थिति में 6 महीने के भीतर संयुक्त बैठक (अनुच्छेद 108) बुलाने का प्रावधान जबकि राज्य विधान मंडल में यदि दोनों सदनों के बीच गतिरोध उत्पन्न होता है तो विधान परिषद पहली बार में अधिकतम तीन महीने तक उस विधेयक को लंबित रख सकती है| और विधानसभा से दुबारा पारित होकर आने के बाद केवल एक महीने लंबित रख सकती है| अर्थात विधानसभा के पास निर्णायक शक्ति है| (संयुक्त बैठक का प्रावधान नहीं है) 2- संसद द्वारा पारित विधेयक राष्ट्रपति द्वारा हस्ताक्षरित होता है या उस पर वीटो होता है परन्तु राज्य विधेयक के सन्दर्भ में राज्यपाल को अनुच्छेद 201 के तहत विधेयक को राष्ट्रपति के विचारार्थ आरक्षित करने का विवेकाधिकार भी प्राप्त है| ऐसी स्थिति में राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा पारित विधेयक पर अंतिम निर्णय लेने की शक्ति राष्ट्रपति के हाथों में चली जायेगी| 3- धन विधेयक के संदर्भ में विधानपरिषद की शक्ति राज्यसभा की तरह ही है| इस तरह राज्य विधानपरिषद और संसद की राज्यसभा इन दोनों में कुछ समानताएं और कुछ असमानताएं मौजूद हैं|
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What led to the involvement of US in the Vietnam War? Analyze the consequences of this War (150 words/10 Marks)
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Question- What led to the involvement of the US in the Vietnam War? Analyze the consequences of this War (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Write a brief introduction about Vietnam War Mention the background or context of the Vietnam War Explain the reasons behind the involvement of the USA Answer - Introduction The Vietnam War was a prolonged military conflict that started as an anticolonial war against the french and evolved into a Cold War confrontation between international communism and free-market democracy. Vietnam WAR 1961-75 Context- Before World War Two Vietnam had been part of the French Empire. During World War Two it had been invaded by Japan. Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the Vietminh, a resistance army that fought for Vietnamese independence. After World War Two Ho Chi Minh captured Hanoi in 1945 and declared Vietnam independent. The French tried to take control again, but this was unpopular with the people. They were defeated by the Vietminh at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Peace was discussed at Geneva in 1954 and the Treaty of Geneva agreed that the French would leave Vietnam and the country would be split along the 17th Parallel until elections could be held. The elections were never held and the country remained divided: North Vietnam was a communist republic led by Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam was a capitalist republic led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Civil war The Vietminh wanted to unite the country under communist leader Ho Chi Minh. Many of the South Vietnamese people supported Ho Chi Minh as they were unhappy with Ngo Dinh Diem. War broke out between the North and South. From 1958 onwards, the South came under increasing attacks from communists in South Vietnam itself. They were called the National Liberation Front (NLF). Entry of USA The Domino Theory This was the belief that if one country fell to communism, it was likely that the neighbouring one would also fall – similar to a row of dominoes falling over. This had happened in Eastern Europe after 1945. China had become communist in 1949 and communists were in control of North Vietnam. The USA was afraid that communism would spread to South Vietnam and then the rest of Asia. It decided to send money, supplies, and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese Government. The weak South Vietnamese Government Diem was a corrupt leader who refused to give peasants land. He did not like Buddhism and treated the mainly Buddhist population badly. As a result, much of South Vietnam’s population was rebelling against him. The peasants wanted communism and supported the Vietminh and the NLF. In 1963, President John F Kennedy sent 16,000 military ‘advisers’ to help the South Vietnamese army. Diem’s government was overthrown. After this, there was no strong capitalist government in control of the South. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964 On 2nd August 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin. Another attack on Maddox was reported to have taken place on 4th August. Weather conditions were poor and there was doubt as to whether a real attack had taken place. However, in Washington, the attack was presented as a fact and the incident gave the USA the excuse it needed to escalate the war. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - US Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson permission to wage war on North Vietnam. The first major contingent of US Marines arrived in 1965. For the next ten years, the USA"s involvement increased . By 1968 over half a million American troops were in Vietnam and the war was costing $77 billion a year.
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##Question:What led to the involvement of US in the Vietnam War? Analyze the consequences of this War (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Question- What led to the involvement of the US in the Vietnam War? Analyze the consequences of this War (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Write a brief introduction about Vietnam War Mention the background or context of the Vietnam War Explain the reasons behind the involvement of the USA Answer - Introduction The Vietnam War was a prolonged military conflict that started as an anticolonial war against the french and evolved into a Cold War confrontation between international communism and free-market democracy. Vietnam WAR 1961-75 Context- Before World War Two Vietnam had been part of the French Empire. During World War Two it had been invaded by Japan. Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the Vietminh, a resistance army that fought for Vietnamese independence. After World War Two Ho Chi Minh captured Hanoi in 1945 and declared Vietnam independent. The French tried to take control again, but this was unpopular with the people. They were defeated by the Vietminh at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Peace was discussed at Geneva in 1954 and the Treaty of Geneva agreed that the French would leave Vietnam and the country would be split along the 17th Parallel until elections could be held. The elections were never held and the country remained divided: North Vietnam was a communist republic led by Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam was a capitalist republic led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Civil war The Vietminh wanted to unite the country under communist leader Ho Chi Minh. Many of the South Vietnamese people supported Ho Chi Minh as they were unhappy with Ngo Dinh Diem. War broke out between the North and South. From 1958 onwards, the South came under increasing attacks from communists in South Vietnam itself. They were called the National Liberation Front (NLF). Entry of USA The Domino Theory This was the belief that if one country fell to communism, it was likely that the neighbouring one would also fall – similar to a row of dominoes falling over. This had happened in Eastern Europe after 1945. China had become communist in 1949 and communists were in control of North Vietnam. The USA was afraid that communism would spread to South Vietnam and then the rest of Asia. It decided to send money, supplies, and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese Government. The weak South Vietnamese Government Diem was a corrupt leader who refused to give peasants land. He did not like Buddhism and treated the mainly Buddhist population badly. As a result, much of South Vietnam’s population was rebelling against him. The peasants wanted communism and supported the Vietminh and the NLF. In 1963, President John F Kennedy sent 16,000 military ‘advisers’ to help the South Vietnamese army. Diem’s government was overthrown. After this, there was no strong capitalist government in control of the South. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964 On 2nd August 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin. Another attack on Maddox was reported to have taken place on 4th August. Weather conditions were poor and there was doubt as to whether a real attack had taken place. However, in Washington, the attack was presented as a fact and the incident gave the USA the excuse it needed to escalate the war. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - US Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson permission to wage war on North Vietnam. The first major contingent of US Marines arrived in 1965. For the next ten years, the USA"s involvement increased . By 1968 over half a million American troops were in Vietnam and the war was costing $77 billion a year.
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उच्च न्यायालय की शक्तियों की चर्चा करते हुए उच्च न्यायालय के विभिन्न क्षेत्राधिकारों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discussing the powers of the High Court, explain the different jurisdictions of the High Court. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में उच्च न्यायालयों का परिचय देते हुए इनसे से सम्बन्धित सामान्य प्रावधानों की चर्चा कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में उच्च न्यायालय की शक्तियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में उच्च न्यायालय के विभिन्न क्षेत्राधिकारों को स्पष्ट कीजिए 4- अंतिम में उचित निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये उच्च न्यायालय सभी राज्यों में नहीं हैं लेकिन देश के सभी राज्यों के लिए उपलब्ध है| संविधान के भाग 6, अनुच्छेद 214 से 231 के बीच प्रावधान हैं| राज्य उच्च न्यायालय का क्षेत्राधिकार दूसरे राज्यों में भी या संघ शासित क्षेत्र में विस्तारित हो सकता है| उच्च न्यायालय का नाम और स्थान अलग-अलग राज्यों में अलग-अलग हो सकते हैं; उच्च न्यायालयों में न्यायाधीशों की संख्या संविधान के तहत निर्धारित नहीं; उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति तथा स्थानांतरण राष्ट्रपति द्वारा सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के कॉलेजियम की सलाह पर की जाती है (कोलेजियम में SC के मुख्य न्यायाधीश और चार वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश शामिल होते हैं|उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों के लिए शपथ तथा हटाने की व्यवस्था सुप्रीमकोर्ट के न्यायाधीशों की तरह ही है| उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों को राज्यपाल द्वारा शपथ दिलाई जाती है| न्यायाधीशों का कार्यकाल नहीं परन्तु सेवानिवृत्ति की आयु 62 वर्ष है| उच्च न्यायालय की मौलिक शक्तियां अथवा आरंभिक क्षेत्राधिकार कुछ मामले अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में नहीं जा सकते बल्कि इन्हें उच्च न्यायालयों में ही देखा जा सकता है यथा न्यायपालिका की अवमानना का मुद्दा; सांसदों एवं विधायकों के निर्वाचन से संबंधित कोई भी विवाद; मौलिक अधिकारों को प्रभावी तरीके से लागू करने का मामला; अपने राज्य के भीतर संविधान की व्याख्या; कलकता, मद्रास, बॉम्बे और दिल्ली हाईकोर्ट के पास उच्चतर मूल्य के दीवानी मामले (राज्यवार राशि अलग अलग) अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत रिट क्षेत्राधिकार मौलिक अधिकार एवं अन्य सामान्य विधिक अधिकारों की रक्षा हेतु, रिट क्षेत्राधिकार SC की तुलना में ज्यादा व्यापक, उच्च न्यायालय इस अनुच्छेद के तहत अपने प्रादेशिक क्षेत्राधिकार से बाहर जा कर निर्णय ले सकता है यदि सम्बन्धित मुद्दा या तो पूरी तरह से या आंशिक तौर पर उस उच्च न्यायालय के स्वयं के क्षेत्राधिकार के दायरे में हो 1997 में चंद्र कुमार बनाम भारत संघ के केस में SC ने यह निर्णय दिया कि अनुच्छेद 32 और 226 संविधान के मौलिक ढाँचे हैं अनुच्छेद 32 की तरह अनुच्छेद 226 भी सशस्त्र बलों पर लागू नहीं होता आपातकाल के दौरान अनुच्छेद 359 के तहत अनुच्छेद 32 को प्रभावित किया जा सकता है लेकिन अनुच्छेद 226 के लिए इस तरह का कोई प्रावधान नहीं| उच्च न्यायालय के विभिन्न क्षेत्राधिकारो दीवानी मामलों पर क्षेत्राधिकार अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के दीवानी मामलों पर दिए गए निर्णयों के विरुद्ध हाईकोर्ट में अपील की जा सकती है| अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों कोई द्वारा कोई भी हुक्मनामा/आदेश/निर्णय दिया गया हो तो प्रथम अपील के तहत विधि और तथ्य दोनों आधार पर अपील की जा सकती है (यदि दंड की राशि निर्धारित सीमा से ज्यादा है) विधि के प्रश्न का तात्पर्य विधि की व्याख्या से है और तथ्य का संबंध दस्तावेजों एवं साक्ष्यों से है| द्वितीय अपील के तहत विधि के प्रश्न पर चुनौती दी जा सकती है| विशेष तौर पर तब जब उसके साथ लोक महत्त्व का मुद्दा जुड़ा हो और मामले में शामिल पक्ष के अधिकार प्रभावित हो रहे हों| हाईकोर्ट में याचिका दायर करने की समयसीमा 90 दिनों की होती है| हाईकोर्ट के एकल पीठ के द्वारा दिए गए निर्णय को उसी न्यायालय में डिवीज़न बेंच (दो न्यायाधीश) के समक्ष चुनौती दी जा सकती है और इसके लिए 30 दिनों का समय निर्धारित किया गया है| यह व्यवस्था दिल्ली, कलकत्ता, बॉम्बे और मद्रास उच्च न्यायालयों से सम्बन्धित है| इस व्यवस्था को अंतरा-न्यायालयी अपील कहते हैं 1997 में चंद्रकुमार बनाम भारत संघ वाद के बाद से उच्च न्यायालयों को न्यायाधिकरणों के खिलाफ भी अपील सुनने का अधिकार प्राप्त हो गया है आपराधिक मामलों पर क्षेत्राधिकार जब अधीनस्थ न्यायालय के द्वारा किसी भी आपराधिक मामले में 7 वर्ष या उससे अधिक की सजा दी गई हो तो वह मामला HC में अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार के तहत जाएगा| इसके लिए 60 दिनों का समय निर्धारित किया गया है| अन्य क्षेत्राधिकार हाईकोर्ट को संघीय विधि और राज्य विधि दोनों की न्यायिक समीक्षा का अधिकार है लेकिन एक उच्च न्यायालय का निर्णय दूसरे राज्य पर प्रभावी हो, यह आवश्यक नहीं है| उच्च न्यायालय को अनुच्छेद 227 के तहत सेना न्यायालयों को छोड़कर अन्य सभी न्यायालयों पर पर्यवेक्षण का अधिकार है| सुप्रीमकोर्ट की तरह हाईकोर्ट भी कोर्ट ऑफ रिकॉर्ड या अभिलेख न्यायालय की भूमिका निभाते हैं| इस तरह से देखा जा सकता है कि उच्च न्यायालयों को व्यापक क्षेत्राधिकार प्राप्त हैं|
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##Question:उच्च न्यायालय की शक्तियों की चर्चा करते हुए उच्च न्यायालय के विभिन्न क्षेत्राधिकारों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discussing the powers of the High Court, explain the different jurisdictions of the High Court. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में उच्च न्यायालयों का परिचय देते हुए इनसे से सम्बन्धित सामान्य प्रावधानों की चर्चा कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में उच्च न्यायालय की शक्तियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में उच्च न्यायालय के विभिन्न क्षेत्राधिकारों को स्पष्ट कीजिए 4- अंतिम में उचित निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये उच्च न्यायालय सभी राज्यों में नहीं हैं लेकिन देश के सभी राज्यों के लिए उपलब्ध है| संविधान के भाग 6, अनुच्छेद 214 से 231 के बीच प्रावधान हैं| राज्य उच्च न्यायालय का क्षेत्राधिकार दूसरे राज्यों में भी या संघ शासित क्षेत्र में विस्तारित हो सकता है| उच्च न्यायालय का नाम और स्थान अलग-अलग राज्यों में अलग-अलग हो सकते हैं; उच्च न्यायालयों में न्यायाधीशों की संख्या संविधान के तहत निर्धारित नहीं; उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति तथा स्थानांतरण राष्ट्रपति द्वारा सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के कॉलेजियम की सलाह पर की जाती है (कोलेजियम में SC के मुख्य न्यायाधीश और चार वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश शामिल होते हैं|उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों के लिए शपथ तथा हटाने की व्यवस्था सुप्रीमकोर्ट के न्यायाधीशों की तरह ही है| उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों को राज्यपाल द्वारा शपथ दिलाई जाती है| न्यायाधीशों का कार्यकाल नहीं परन्तु सेवानिवृत्ति की आयु 62 वर्ष है| उच्च न्यायालय की मौलिक शक्तियां अथवा आरंभिक क्षेत्राधिकार कुछ मामले अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में नहीं जा सकते बल्कि इन्हें उच्च न्यायालयों में ही देखा जा सकता है यथा न्यायपालिका की अवमानना का मुद्दा; सांसदों एवं विधायकों के निर्वाचन से संबंधित कोई भी विवाद; मौलिक अधिकारों को प्रभावी तरीके से लागू करने का मामला; अपने राज्य के भीतर संविधान की व्याख्या; कलकता, मद्रास, बॉम्बे और दिल्ली हाईकोर्ट के पास उच्चतर मूल्य के दीवानी मामले (राज्यवार राशि अलग अलग) अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत रिट क्षेत्राधिकार मौलिक अधिकार एवं अन्य सामान्य विधिक अधिकारों की रक्षा हेतु, रिट क्षेत्राधिकार SC की तुलना में ज्यादा व्यापक, उच्च न्यायालय इस अनुच्छेद के तहत अपने प्रादेशिक क्षेत्राधिकार से बाहर जा कर निर्णय ले सकता है यदि सम्बन्धित मुद्दा या तो पूरी तरह से या आंशिक तौर पर उस उच्च न्यायालय के स्वयं के क्षेत्राधिकार के दायरे में हो 1997 में चंद्र कुमार बनाम भारत संघ के केस में SC ने यह निर्णय दिया कि अनुच्छेद 32 और 226 संविधान के मौलिक ढाँचे हैं अनुच्छेद 32 की तरह अनुच्छेद 226 भी सशस्त्र बलों पर लागू नहीं होता आपातकाल के दौरान अनुच्छेद 359 के तहत अनुच्छेद 32 को प्रभावित किया जा सकता है लेकिन अनुच्छेद 226 के लिए इस तरह का कोई प्रावधान नहीं| उच्च न्यायालय के विभिन्न क्षेत्राधिकारो दीवानी मामलों पर क्षेत्राधिकार अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के दीवानी मामलों पर दिए गए निर्णयों के विरुद्ध हाईकोर्ट में अपील की जा सकती है| अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों कोई द्वारा कोई भी हुक्मनामा/आदेश/निर्णय दिया गया हो तो प्रथम अपील के तहत विधि और तथ्य दोनों आधार पर अपील की जा सकती है (यदि दंड की राशि निर्धारित सीमा से ज्यादा है) विधि के प्रश्न का तात्पर्य विधि की व्याख्या से है और तथ्य का संबंध दस्तावेजों एवं साक्ष्यों से है| द्वितीय अपील के तहत विधि के प्रश्न पर चुनौती दी जा सकती है| विशेष तौर पर तब जब उसके साथ लोक महत्त्व का मुद्दा जुड़ा हो और मामले में शामिल पक्ष के अधिकार प्रभावित हो रहे हों| हाईकोर्ट में याचिका दायर करने की समयसीमा 90 दिनों की होती है| हाईकोर्ट के एकल पीठ के द्वारा दिए गए निर्णय को उसी न्यायालय में डिवीज़न बेंच (दो न्यायाधीश) के समक्ष चुनौती दी जा सकती है और इसके लिए 30 दिनों का समय निर्धारित किया गया है| यह व्यवस्था दिल्ली, कलकत्ता, बॉम्बे और मद्रास उच्च न्यायालयों से सम्बन्धित है| इस व्यवस्था को अंतरा-न्यायालयी अपील कहते हैं 1997 में चंद्रकुमार बनाम भारत संघ वाद के बाद से उच्च न्यायालयों को न्यायाधिकरणों के खिलाफ भी अपील सुनने का अधिकार प्राप्त हो गया है आपराधिक मामलों पर क्षेत्राधिकार जब अधीनस्थ न्यायालय के द्वारा किसी भी आपराधिक मामले में 7 वर्ष या उससे अधिक की सजा दी गई हो तो वह मामला HC में अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार के तहत जाएगा| इसके लिए 60 दिनों का समय निर्धारित किया गया है| अन्य क्षेत्राधिकार हाईकोर्ट को संघीय विधि और राज्य विधि दोनों की न्यायिक समीक्षा का अधिकार है लेकिन एक उच्च न्यायालय का निर्णय दूसरे राज्य पर प्रभावी हो, यह आवश्यक नहीं है| उच्च न्यायालय को अनुच्छेद 227 के तहत सेना न्यायालयों को छोड़कर अन्य सभी न्यायालयों पर पर्यवेक्षण का अधिकार है| सुप्रीमकोर्ट की तरह हाईकोर्ट भी कोर्ट ऑफ रिकॉर्ड या अभिलेख न्यायालय की भूमिका निभाते हैं| इस तरह से देखा जा सकता है कि उच्च न्यायालयों को व्यापक क्षेत्राधिकार प्राप्त हैं|
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अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति पर टिप्पणी करते हुए जिला न्यायालय की संरचना को स्पष्ट कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Commenting on the appointment of judges in subordinate courts, explain the structure of the District Court. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण, 1- भूमिका में अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के बारे में सूचना दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति पर टिप्पणी कीजिये 3- जिला न्यायालय की संरचना को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारतीय संविधान के भाग-6 में अनुच्छेद 233-237 में अधीनस्थ न्यायालय की चर्चा की गयी है| अधीनस्थ न्यायालय के शीर्ष पर जिला न्यायाधीश होता है| न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति अनुच्छेद 233 के अनुसार जिला न्यायाधीश के पद पर नियुक्ति राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा उस राज्य के हाईकोर्ट के परामर्श से; जिला न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी योग्यताएं निम्नलिखित हैं यथा संघ या राज्य सरकार की सेवा में ना हो; अधिवक्ता या प्लीडर के रूप में न्यूनतम 7 वर्षों का अनुभव हो; हाईकोर्ट के द्वारा नियुक्ति संबंधी संस्तुति दी गई हो; जिला स्तर पर अन्य न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति (अनुच्छेद 234) अन्य न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति राज्य के राज्यपाल के द्वारा राज्य लोकसेवा आयोग की सलाह तथा उच्च न्यायालय के परामर्श के आधार पर जिला स्तर पर न्यायपालिका की संरचना विशेष तौर पर दो भागों में विभक्त है यथा दीवानी और आपराधिक जिला न्यायालय की संरचना दीवानी मामले के तहत पदसोपान जिला न्यायालय अधीनस्थ जज का न्यायालय मुंसिफ न्यायालय; (अधीनस्थ जज का न्यायालय एवं जिलाधीश का न्यायालय दीवानी मामलों में असीमित धन सम्बन्धी शक्तियां रखते हैं| आपराधिक मामले के तहत पदसोपान- सत्र न्यायालय/सेशन कोर्ट(मृत्युदंड या आजीवन की कारावास की सजा) मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट(CJM)(अधिकतम सात वर्षों की सजा दी जा सकती है) न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट का न्यायालय (अधिकतम तीन वर्ष की सजा) ध्यातव्य है कि जिला स्तर पर न्यायाधीश जब दीवानी मामलों की सुनवाई करता है तो जिला न्यायाधीश, और जब आपराधिक मामलों की सुनवाई करता है तो सत्र न्यायाधीश कहा जाता है| जिला न्यायालय के पास न्यायिक एवं प्रशासनिक दोनों ही तरह की शक्तियां मौजूद होती हैं|
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##Question:अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति पर टिप्पणी करते हुए जिला न्यायालय की संरचना को स्पष्ट कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Commenting on the appointment of judges in subordinate courts, explain the structure of the District Court. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण, 1- भूमिका में अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के बारे में सूचना दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति पर टिप्पणी कीजिये 3- जिला न्यायालय की संरचना को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारतीय संविधान के भाग-6 में अनुच्छेद 233-237 में अधीनस्थ न्यायालय की चर्चा की गयी है| अधीनस्थ न्यायालय के शीर्ष पर जिला न्यायाधीश होता है| न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति अनुच्छेद 233 के अनुसार जिला न्यायाधीश के पद पर नियुक्ति राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा उस राज्य के हाईकोर्ट के परामर्श से; जिला न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी योग्यताएं निम्नलिखित हैं यथा संघ या राज्य सरकार की सेवा में ना हो; अधिवक्ता या प्लीडर के रूप में न्यूनतम 7 वर्षों का अनुभव हो; हाईकोर्ट के द्वारा नियुक्ति संबंधी संस्तुति दी गई हो; जिला स्तर पर अन्य न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति (अनुच्छेद 234) अन्य न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति राज्य के राज्यपाल के द्वारा राज्य लोकसेवा आयोग की सलाह तथा उच्च न्यायालय के परामर्श के आधार पर जिला स्तर पर न्यायपालिका की संरचना विशेष तौर पर दो भागों में विभक्त है यथा दीवानी और आपराधिक जिला न्यायालय की संरचना दीवानी मामले के तहत पदसोपान जिला न्यायालय अधीनस्थ जज का न्यायालय मुंसिफ न्यायालय; (अधीनस्थ जज का न्यायालय एवं जिलाधीश का न्यायालय दीवानी मामलों में असीमित धन सम्बन्धी शक्तियां रखते हैं| आपराधिक मामले के तहत पदसोपान- सत्र न्यायालय/सेशन कोर्ट(मृत्युदंड या आजीवन की कारावास की सजा) मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट(CJM)(अधिकतम सात वर्षों की सजा दी जा सकती है) न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट का न्यायालय (अधिकतम तीन वर्ष की सजा) ध्यातव्य है कि जिला स्तर पर न्यायाधीश जब दीवानी मामलों की सुनवाई करता है तो जिला न्यायाधीश, और जब आपराधिक मामलों की सुनवाई करता है तो सत्र न्यायाधीश कहा जाता है| जिला न्यायालय के पास न्यायिक एवं प्रशासनिक दोनों ही तरह की शक्तियां मौजूद होती हैं|
| 71,708
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What is Thermohaline circulation? Discuss the formation of thermohaline circulation in global ocean.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- In this write the meaning of Thermohaline circulation Main Body- Explain step by step process/Formation of the thermohaline circulation Conclusion- Give a brief logical statement giving concluding remarks Answer: Thermohaline circulation is the movement in the ocean caused by temperature and salinity effects which ultimately affect the density of ocean water. Winds drive ocean currents in the upper 100 meters of the ocean’s surface. However, ocean currents also flow thousands of meters below the surface. These deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). This process is known as thermohaline circulation. In the Earth"s polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice. Consequently, the surrounding seawater gets saltier because when sea ice forms, the salt is left behind. As the seawater gets saltier, its density increases and starts to sink. Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold and salty enough to sink. This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the global conveyer belt. Formation of Thermohaline circulation in the global ocean: In North Atlantic Polar Regions, due to the cold conditions of the arctic, the surface freezing of water takes place releasing salt to the lower parts of the photic zone. As this lower photic zone water becomes denser it starts to sink and become deep ocean water This deep ocean water then continues to move first towards the south-polar Atlantic and then continues towards the tropical Northern Indian ocean and partly towards the northern pacific ocean. In these two regions, upwelling of deep ocean water starts to place as the surface water becomes lighter due to warming and starts moving towards North Atlantic as surface flow, in the case of tropical North Indian ocean The continental barrier of Asia also helps in this case. In the case io upwelling in the North pacific ocean, it is mainly due to the continental barrier in the north formed by North America and Asia which does not let much of the deep ocean floor move to the Arctic region, nor allow cold Arctic water to come to north pacific to narrow Bering strait Hence, N pacific water remains relatively warm. This way a global warm surface flow and cool deep ocean flow combine to create global Thermohaline circulation. There are some smaller sub-parts also created in Thermohaline circulation such as the Atlantic Meridional ocean current The movement is the slowest but largest scale movement in the global ocean with one complete circulation taking around 1000 years. This circulation plays a major role in maintaining the earth"s heat balance carrying the largest amount of heat from warmer to colder regions by any ocean movement. They also carry heat to deeper parts of the ocean due to which such regions also have their deep ocean marine life. This also stabilizes the global climate and the climate of the different climatic regions and hence if this circulation is adversely affected, this will also affect global climate and cause climate change.
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##Question:What is Thermohaline circulation? Discuss the formation of thermohaline circulation in global ocean.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- In this write the meaning of Thermohaline circulation Main Body- Explain step by step process/Formation of the thermohaline circulation Conclusion- Give a brief logical statement giving concluding remarks Answer: Thermohaline circulation is the movement in the ocean caused by temperature and salinity effects which ultimately affect the density of ocean water. Winds drive ocean currents in the upper 100 meters of the ocean’s surface. However, ocean currents also flow thousands of meters below the surface. These deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). This process is known as thermohaline circulation. In the Earth"s polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice. Consequently, the surrounding seawater gets saltier because when sea ice forms, the salt is left behind. As the seawater gets saltier, its density increases and starts to sink. Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold and salty enough to sink. This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the global conveyer belt. Formation of Thermohaline circulation in the global ocean: In North Atlantic Polar Regions, due to the cold conditions of the arctic, the surface freezing of water takes place releasing salt to the lower parts of the photic zone. As this lower photic zone water becomes denser it starts to sink and become deep ocean water This deep ocean water then continues to move first towards the south-polar Atlantic and then continues towards the tropical Northern Indian ocean and partly towards the northern pacific ocean. In these two regions, upwelling of deep ocean water starts to place as the surface water becomes lighter due to warming and starts moving towards North Atlantic as surface flow, in the case of tropical North Indian ocean The continental barrier of Asia also helps in this case. In the case io upwelling in the North pacific ocean, it is mainly due to the continental barrier in the north formed by North America and Asia which does not let much of the deep ocean floor move to the Arctic region, nor allow cold Arctic water to come to north pacific to narrow Bering strait Hence, N pacific water remains relatively warm. This way a global warm surface flow and cool deep ocean flow combine to create global Thermohaline circulation. There are some smaller sub-parts also created in Thermohaline circulation such as the Atlantic Meridional ocean current The movement is the slowest but largest scale movement in the global ocean with one complete circulation taking around 1000 years. This circulation plays a major role in maintaining the earth"s heat balance carrying the largest amount of heat from warmer to colder regions by any ocean movement. They also carry heat to deeper parts of the ocean due to which such regions also have their deep ocean marine life. This also stabilizes the global climate and the climate of the different climatic regions and hence if this circulation is adversely affected, this will also affect global climate and cause climate change.
| 71,731
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Discuss the effect of wages on employment? What are your views regarding unemployment being high due to higher minimum wages in the economy? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Introduce the concept of wage rate unemployment. 2. Body: Discuss the effect of wages on employment. Kindly note that this discussion should mandatorily be accompanied by the related graph. Answer: The classical school of economics explains unemployment to be originating due to higher than equilibrium wages. Therefore, it is also called Wage Rate Unemployment. This gives the effect of wages on employment. Effect of Wages on Employment: Labour can be thought of as being exchanged in a market. The suppliers of labour are the people themselves. Their willingness to supply their labour will increase when the price of labour that they get in the market would be higher. When wages are high, more number people would be willing to supply their labour as compared to the number of people willing to supply their labour when wages are low. On the other hand, the demanders of labour are firms i.e., employers. If they have to pay higher wages, then their demand for labour would be less when compared to the demand of labour when the wages are low. Note: Suitable graph should be drawn her showing the quantity of labour supplied and demand is equal and also the scenario when wages are high. Therefore, according to the classical school, the market clears itself i.e, there is nobody whose supply has not been sold and nobody whose demand has not been met. Therefore, there should not be any unemployment. However, if the wages are high, (say at W1), then the quantity of labour supplied(represented through Point B) and Qs is greater than the quantity of labour demanded (Point A, Qd). Conclusion Since there are more number of people in the labour force i.e, willing to work as compared to a number of jobs available. Therefore, there would be unemployment. Wages can be high usually either due to a higher statutory minimum wage or due to higher wages negotiated by a strong labour union.
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##Question:Discuss the effect of wages on employment? What are your views regarding unemployment being high due to higher minimum wages in the economy? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Introduce the concept of wage rate unemployment. 2. Body: Discuss the effect of wages on employment. Kindly note that this discussion should mandatorily be accompanied by the related graph. Answer: The classical school of economics explains unemployment to be originating due to higher than equilibrium wages. Therefore, it is also called Wage Rate Unemployment. This gives the effect of wages on employment. Effect of Wages on Employment: Labour can be thought of as being exchanged in a market. The suppliers of labour are the people themselves. Their willingness to supply their labour will increase when the price of labour that they get in the market would be higher. When wages are high, more number people would be willing to supply their labour as compared to the number of people willing to supply their labour when wages are low. On the other hand, the demanders of labour are firms i.e., employers. If they have to pay higher wages, then their demand for labour would be less when compared to the demand of labour when the wages are low. Note: Suitable graph should be drawn her showing the quantity of labour supplied and demand is equal and also the scenario when wages are high. Therefore, according to the classical school, the market clears itself i.e, there is nobody whose supply has not been sold and nobody whose demand has not been met. Therefore, there should not be any unemployment. However, if the wages are high, (say at W1), then the quantity of labour supplied(represented through Point B) and Qs is greater than the quantity of labour demanded (Point A, Qd). Conclusion Since there are more number of people in the labour force i.e, willing to work as compared to a number of jobs available. Therefore, there would be unemployment. Wages can be high usually either due to a higher statutory minimum wage or due to higher wages negotiated by a strong labour union.
| 71,733
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