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name after thee. The illustrious Vikarna also, O slayer of Madhu, full of devotion to Mahadeva, gratified him with severe
penances and obtained high and happy success. Sakalya, too, of restrained soul, adored Bhava in a mental sacrifice that he
performed for nine hundred years, O Kesava. Gratified with him the illustrious deity said unto him,--Thou shalt become a great
author. O son, inexhaustible shall thy fame be in the three worlds. Thy race also shall never come to an end and shall be
adorned by many great Rishis that shall take birth in it. Thy son will become the foremost of Brahmanas and will make the
Sutras of thy work. There was a celebrated Rishi of the name of Savarni in the Krita age. Here, in this asylum, he underwent
severe penances for six thousand years. The illustrious Rudra said,--I am gratified with thee, O sinless one! Without being
subject to decrepitude or death, thou shalt become an author celebrated through all the worlds!--In days of yore, Sakra, also, in
Baranasi, filled with devotion, O Janarddana, adored Mahadeva who has empty space alone for his garments and who is
smeared with ashes as an agreeable unguent. Having adored Mahadeva thus, he obtained the sovereignty of the celestials.
Narada also, in days of yore, adored the great Bhava with devotion of heart. Gratified with him, Mahadeva, that preceptor of
the celestial preceptor, said these words.--No one shall be thy equal in energy and penances. Thou shalt always attend upon me
with thy songs and instrumental music. Hear also, O Madhava, how in former times I succeeded in obtaining a sight of that god
of gods, that Master of all creatures, O Lord. Hear also in detail for what object, O thou of great puissance. I invoked with
restrained senses and mind that illustrious deity endued with supreme energy. I shall, O sinless one, tell thee with full details all
that I succeeded in obtaining from that god of gods, viz., Maheswara. In ancient times, viz., Krita age, O son, there was a Rishi
of great fame, named Vyaghrapada. He was celebrated for his knowledge and mastery over the Vedas and their branches. I was
born as the son of that Rishi and Dhaumya took birth as my younger brother. On a certain occasion, Madhava, accompanied by
Dhaumya, I came upon the asylum of certain Rishis of cleansed souls. There I beheld a cow that was being milked. I saw the
milk and it appeared to me to resemble Amrita itself in taste. I then came home, and impelled by childishness, I addressed my
mother and said,--Give me some food prepared with milk.--There was no milk in the house, and accordingly my mother was
much grieved at my asking for it. My mother took a piece of (rice) cake and boiled it in water, Madhava. The water became
whitened and my mother placed it before us saying that it was milk and bade us drink it. I had before that drunk milk on one
occasion, for my father had, at the time of a sacrifice, taken me to the residence of some of our great kinsmen. A celestial cow,
who delights the deities, was being milked on that occasion. Drinking her milk that resembled Amrita in taste, I knew what the
virtues are of milk. I therefore, at once understood the origin of the substance that my mother offered me, telling me that it was
milk. Verily, the taste of that cake, O son, did not afford me any pleasure whatever. Impelled by childishness I then addressed
mother, saying,--This O mother, that thou hast given me is not any preparation of milk.--Filled with grief and sorrow at this,
and embracing me from parental affection and smelling my head, O Madhava, she said unto me,--Whence, O child, can
ascetics of cleansed souls obtain food prepared with milk? Such men always reside in the forest and subsist upon bulbs and
roots and fruits. Whence shall we who live by the banks of rivers that are the resort of the Valikhilyas, we who have mountains
and forest, for our home,--whence, indeed, O child, shall we obtain milk? We, dear child, live (sometimes) on air and
sometimes on water. We dwell in asylums in the midst of forests and woods. We habitually abstain from all kinds of food that
are taken by persons living in villages and towns. We are accustomed to only such food as is supplied by the produce of the
wilderness. There cannot be any milk, O child, in the wilderness where there are no offspring of Surabhi.[42] Dwelling on the
banks of rivers or in caves or on mountain-breasts, or in tirthas and other places of the kind, we pass our time in the practice of
penances and the recitation of sacred Mantras, Siva being our highest refuge. Without gratifying the boon-giving Sthanu of
unfading glory,--him, that is, who has three eyes,--whence, O child, can one obtain food prepared with milk and good robes
and other objects of enjoyment in the world? Do thou devote thyself, O dear son, to Sankara with thy whole soul. Through his
grace, O child, thou art sure to obtain all such objects as administer to the indulgence of all thy wishes,--Hearing these words of
my mother, O slayer of foes, that day, I joined my hands in reverence and bowing unto her, said,--O mother, who this
Mahadeva? In what manner can one gratify him? Where does that god reside? How may he be seen? With what does he
become pleased? What also is the form of Sarva? How may one succeed in obtaining a knowledge of him? If gratified, will he,
O mother, show himself unto me?--After I had said these words, O Krishna, to my mother, she, filled with parental affection,
smelt my head, O Govinda, her eyes covered with tears the while. Gently patting my body, O slayer of Madhu, my mother,
adopting a tone of great humility, addressed me in the following words, O best of the deities.'
"My mother said, 'Mahadeva is exceedingly difficult to be known by persons of uncleansed souls. These men are incapable of
bearing him in their hearts of comprehending him at all. They can retain him in their minds. They cannot seize him, nor can
they obtain a sight of him. Men of wisdom aver that his forms are many. Many, again, are the places in which he resides. Many
are the forms of his Grace. Who is there that can understand in their details the acts, which are all excellent, of Isa, or of all the
forms that he has assumed in days of yore? Who can relate how Sarva sports and how he becomes gratified? Maheswara of
universal form resides in the hearts of all creatures. While Munis discoursed on the auspicious and excellent acts of Isana, I
have heard from them how, impelled by compassion towards his worshippers, he grants them a sight of his person. For the
purpose of showing a favour unto the Brahmanas, the denizens of heaven have recited for their information the diverse forms
that were assumed by Mahadeva in days of yore. Thou hast asked me about these. I shall recite them to thee, O son.'
"My mother continued, 'Bhava assumes the forms of Brahma and Vishnu and the chief of the celestials of the Rudras, the
Adityas, and the Aswins; and of those deities that are called Viswadevas. He assumes the forms also of men and women, of
Pretas and Pisachas, of Kiratas and Savaras, and of all aquatic animals. That illustrious deity assumes the forms of also those
Savaras that dwell in the woods and forests. He assumes the forms of tortoises and fishes and conches. He it is that assumes the
forms of those coral sprouts that are used as ornaments by men. He assumes also the forms of Yakshas, Rakshasas and Snakes,
of Daityas and Danavas. Indeed, the illustrious god assumes the forms of all creatures too that live in holes. He assumes the
forms of tigers and lions and deer, of wolves and bears and birds, of owls and of jackals as well. He it is that assumes the forms
of swans and crows and peacocks, of chameleons and lizards and storks. He it is that assumes the forms of cranes and vultures
and Chakravakas. Verily, he it is that assumes the forms of Chasas and of mountains also. O son, it is Mahadeva that assumes
the forms of kine and elephants and horses and camels and asses. He assumes also the forms of goats and leopards and diverse
other varieties of animals. It is Bhava who assumes the forms of diverse kinds of birds of beautiful plumage. It is Mahadeva
who bears the forms of persons with sticks and those with umbrellas and those with calabashes among Brahmanas.[43] He
sometimes becomes six-faced and sometimes becomes multifaced. He sometimes assumes forms having three eyes and forms
having many heads. And he sometimes assumes forms having many millions of legs and forms having innumerable stomachs
and faces and forms endued with innumerable arms and innumerable sides. He sometimes appears surrounded by innumerable
spirits and ghosts. He it is that assumes the forms of Rishis and Gandharvas, and of Siddhas and Charanas. He sometimes
assumes a form that is rendered white with the ashes he smears on it and is adorned with a half-moon on the forehead. Adored
with diverse hymns uttered with diverse kinds of voice and worshipped with diverse Mantras fraught with encomiums, he, that
is sometimes called Sarva, is the Destroyer of all creatures in the universe, and it is upon him, again, that all creatures rest as on
their common foundation. Mahadeva is the soul of all creatures. He pervades all things. He is the speaker of all discourses (on
duties and rituals). He resides everywhere and should be known as dwelling in the hearts of all creatures in the universe. He
knows the desire cherished by every one of his worshippers. He becomes acquainted with the object in which one pays him
adorations. Do thou then, if it pleases thee, seek the protection of the chief of the deities. He sometimes rejoices, and
sometimes yields to wrath, and sometimes utters the syllable Hum with a very loud noise. He sometimes arms himself with the
discus, sometimes with the trident, sometimes with the mace, sometimes with the heavy mullets, sometimes with the scimitar,
and sometimes with the battle axe. He it is that assumes the form of Sesha who sustains the world on his head. He has snakes
for his belt, and his ears are adorned with ear-rings made of snakes. Snakes form also the sacred thread he wears. An elephant
skin forms his upper garment.[44] He sometimes laughs and sometimes sings and sometimes dances most beautifully.
Surrounded by innumerable spirits and ghosts, he sometimes plays on musical instruments. Diverse, again are the instruments
upon which he plays, and sweet the sounds they yield. He sometimes wanders (over crematoria), sometimes yawns, sometimes
cries, and sometimes causes others to cry. He sometimes assumes the guise of one that is mad, and sometimes of one that is
intoxicated, and he sometimes utters words that are exceedingly sweet. Endued with appalling fierceness, he sometimes laughs
loudly, frightening all creatures with his eyes. He sometimes sleeps and sometimes remains awake and sometimes yawns as he
pleases. He sometimes recites sacred Mantras and sometimes becomes the deity of those Mantras which are recited. He
sometimes performs penances and sometimes becomes the deity for whose adoration those penances are undergone. He
sometimes makes gifts and sometimes receives those gifts; sometimes disposes himself in Yoga and sometimes becomes the
object of the Yoga contemplation of others. He may be seen on the sacrificial platform or in the sacrificial stake; in the midst of
the cow-pen or in the fire. He may not again be seen there. He may be seen as a boy or as an old man. He sports with the
daughters and the spouses of the Rishis. His hair is long and stands erect. He is perfectly naked, for he has the horizon for his
garments. He is endued with terrible eyes. He is fair, he is darkish, he is dark, he is pale, he is of the colour of smoke, and he is
red. He is possessed of eyes that are large and terrible. He has empty space for his covering and he it is that covers all things.
Who is there that can truly understand the limits of Mahadeva who is formless, who is one and indivisible, who conjures of
illusions, who is of the cause of all actions and destructive operations in the universe, who assumes the form of Hiranyagarbha,