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body of man becomes subtil and unmanifest. It becomes invisible. How is it possible for piety to follow it?'
"Vrihaspati said, 'Earth, Wind, Ether, Water, Light, Mind, Yama (the king of the dead), Understanding, the Soul, as also Day
and Night, all together behold as witnesses the merits (and demerits) of all living creatures. With these, Righteousness follows
the creature (when dead).[508] When the body becomes bereft of life, skin, bones, flesh, the vital seed, and blood, O thou of
great intelligence, leave it at the same time. Endued with merit (and demerit) Jiva (after the destruction of this body) attains to
another. After the attainment by Jiva of that body, the presiding deities of the five elements once more behold as witnesses all
his acts good and bad. What else dost thou wish to hear? If endued with righteousness, Jiva enjoys happiness. What other topic,
belonging to this or the other world, shall I discourse upon?'
"Yudhishthira said, 'Thy illustrious self has explained how Righteousness follows Jiva. I desire to know how the vital seed is
originated.'
"Vrihaspati said, 'The food that these deities, O king, who dwell in the body, viz., Earth, Wind, Ether, Water, Light, and Mind
eat, gratifies them. When those five elements become gratified, O monarch, with Mind numbering as their sixth, their vital seed
then becomes generated, O thou of cleansed soul! When an act of union takes place between male and female, the vital seed
flows out and causes conception. I have thus explained to thee what thou hast asked. What else dost thou wish to hear?'
"Yudhishthira said, 'Thou hast, O illustrious one, said how conception takes place. Do thou explain how the Jiva that takes
birth grows (by becoming possessed of body).'
"Vrihaspati said, 'As soon as Jiva enters the vital seed, he becomes overwhelmed by the elements already mentioned. When
Jiva becomes disunited therewith, he is said to attain to the other end (viz., death). Endued as Jiva becomes with all those
elements, he attains, in consequence thereof, a body. The deities, that preside over those elements behold as witnesses all his
acts, good and bad. What else dost thou wish to hear?'
"Yudhishthira said, 'Leaving off skin and bone and flesh, and becoming destitute of all those elements, in what does Jiva
reside, O illustrious one, for enjoying and enduring happiness and misery?'
"Vrihaspati said, 'Endued with all his acts, the Jiva quickly enters the vital seed, and utilizing the functional flow of women,
takes birth in time, O Bharata. After birth, the Jiva receives woe and death from the messengers of Yama. Indeed, misery and a
painful round of rebirth are his inheritance. Endued with life, O king, the Jiva in this world, from the moment of his birth,
enjoys and endures his own (previous) acts, depending upon righteousness (and its reverse). If the Jiva, according to the best of
his power, follows righteousness from the day of his birth, he then succeeds in enjoying, when reborn, happiness without
interruption. If, on the other hand, without following righteousness without interruption, he acts sinfully, he reaps happiness at
first as the reward of his righteousness and endures misery after that. Endued with unrighteousness, the Jiva has to go to the
dominions of Yama and suffering great misery there, he has to take birth in an intermediate order of being,[509] Listen to me
as I tell thee what the different acts are by doing which the diva, stupefied by folly, has to take birth in different orders of
being, as declared in the Vedas, the scriptures, and the (sacred) histories. Mortals have to go to the frightful regions of Yama.
In those regions, O king, there are places that are fraught with every merit and that are worthy on that account of being the
abodes of the very deities. There are, again, places in those regions that are worse than those which are inhabited by animals
and birds. Indeed, there are spots of these kinds in the abode of Yama which (so far as its happier regions are concerned) is
equal to the region of Brahman himself in merits. Creatures, bound by their acts, endure diverse kinds of misery. I shall, after
this, tell thee what those acts and dispositions are in consequence of which a person obtains to an end that is fraught with great
misery and terror. If a regenerate person, having studied the four Vedas, becomes stupefied by folly and accepts a gift from a
fallen man, he has then to take birth in the asinine order. He has to live as an ass for five and ten years. Casting off his asinine
form, he has next to take birth as an ox, in which state he has to live for seven years. Casting off his bovine form, he has next to
take birth as a Rakshasa of regenerate order. Living as Rakshasa of the regenerate order for three months, he then regains his
status (in his next birth) of a Brahmana.[510] A Brahmana, by officiating at the sacrifice of a fallen person, has to take birth as
a vile worm. In this form he has to live for five and ten years, O Bharata. Freed from the status of a worm, be next takes birth
as an ass. As an ass he has to live for five years, and then a hog, in which state also he has to remain for as many years. After
that, he takes birth as a cock, and living for five years in that form, he takes birth as a jackal and lives for as many years in that
state. He has next to take birth as a dog, and living thus for a year he regains his status of humanity. That foolish disciple who
offends his preceptor by doing any injury to him, has certainly to undergo three transformations in this world. Such a person, O
monarch, has in the first instance to become a dog. He has then to become a beast of prey, and then an ass. Living his asinine
form, he has to wander for some time in great affliction as a spirit. After the expiration of that period, he has to take birth as a
Brahmana. That sinful disciple who even in thought commits adultery with the wife of his preceptor, has in consequence of
such a sinful heart, to undergo many fierce shapes in this world. First taking birth in the canine order he has to live for three
years. Casting off the canine form when death comes, he takes birth as a worm or vile vermin. In this form he has to live for a
year. Leaving that form he succeeds in regaining his status as a human being of the regenerate order. If the preceptor kills,
without reason, his disciple who is even as a son to him, he has, in consequence of such a wilful act of sin on his part, to take
birth as a beast of prey. That son who disregards his father and mother, O king, has to take birth, after leaving off his human
form as an animal of the asinine order. Assuming the asinine form he has to live for ten years. After that he has to take birth as
a crocodile, in which form he has to live for a year. After that he regains the human form. That son with whom his parents
become angry, has, in consequence of his evil thoughts towards them, to take birth as an ass. As an ass he has to live for ten
months. He has then to take birth as a dog and to remain as such for four and ten months. After that he has to take birth as a cat
and living in that form for seven months he regains his status of humanity. Having spoken ill of parents, one has to take birth as
a Sarika. Striking them, one has to take birth, O king, as tortoise. Living as a tortoise for ten years, he has next to take birth as a
porcupine. After that he has to take birth as a snake, and living for six months in that form he regains the status of humanity.
That man who, while subsisting upon the food that his royal master supplies, commits acts that are injurious to the interests of
his master,--that man, thus stupefied by folly, has after death to take birth as an ape. For ten years he has to live as an ape, and
after that for five years as a mouse. After that he has to become a dog, and living in that form for a period of six months he
succeeds in regaining his status of humanity. That man who misappropriates what is deposited with him in trustfulness has to
undergo a hundred transformations. He at last takes birth as a vile worm. In that order he has to live for a period of ten and five
years, O Bharata. Upon the exhaustion of his great demerit in this way, he succeeds in regaining his status of humanity. That
man who harbours malice towards others has, after death, to take birth as a Sarngaka. That man of wicked understanding who
becomes guilty of breach of trust has to take birth as a fish. Living as a fish for eight years, he takes birth, O Bharata, as a deer.
Living as a deer for four months, he has next to take birth as a goat. After the expiration of a full year he casts off his goatish
body, he takes birth then as a worm. After that he succeeds in regaining his status of humanity. That shameless insensate man
who, through stupefaction, steals paddy, barley, sesame, Masha, Kulattha, oil-seeds, oats, Kalaya, Mudga, wheat, Atasi, and
other kinds of corn, has to take birth as a mouse[511]. After leading the life for some time he has to take birth as a hog. As soon
as he takes birth as a hog he has to die of disease. In consequence of his sin, that foolish man has next to take birth as a dog, O
king. Living as a dog for five years, he then regains his status of humanity. Having committed an act of adultery with the
spouse of another man, one has to take birth as a wolf. After that he has to assume the forms of a dog and jackal and vulture.
He has next to take birth as a snake and then as a Kanka and then as a crane.[512] That man of sinful soul who, stupefied by
folly, commits an act of sexual congress with the spouse of a brother, has to take birth as a male Kokila and to live in that form
for a whole year, O king. He who, through lust, commits an act of sexual congress with the wife of a friend, or the wife of
preceptor, or the wife of his king, has, after death, to take the form of a hog. He has to live in his porcine form for five years
and then to assume that of a wolf for ten years. For the next five years he has to assume that of a wolf for ten years. For the
next five years he has to live as a cat and then for the next ten years as a cock. He has next to live for three months as an ant,
and then as a worm for a month. Having undergone these transformations he has next to live as a vile worm for four and ten
years. When his sin becomes exhausted by such chastisement, he at last regains the status of humanity. When a wedding is
about to take place, or a sacrifice, or an act of gifts is about to be made, O thou of great puissance, the man who offers any
obstruction, has to take birth in his next life as a vile worm, Assuming such a form he has to live, O Bharata, for five and ten
years. When his demerit is exhausted by such suffering, he regains the status of humanity. Having once bestowed his daughter
in marriage upon a person, he who seeks to bestow her again upon a second husband, has, O king, to take birth among vile
worms. Assuming such a form, O Yudhisthira, he has to live for a period of three and ten years. Upon the exhaustion of his
demerit by such sufferance, he regains the status of humanity. He who eats without having performed the rites in honour of the
deities or those in honour of the Pitris or without having offered (even) oblations of water to both the Rishis and the Pitris, has
to take birth as a crow. Living as a crow for a hundred years he next assumes the form of a cock. His next transformation is that